understanding creative processes
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Understanding Creative Processes
Takashi IbaPh.D. in Media and Governance
Associate Professor, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Japan http://twitter.com/takashiiba
Innovation & Leadership 2011 (SFC/G-SEC)
Crea%ve Collabora%on
Group Crea%vity
Group Genius
Organiza%onal Crea%vity
Collec%ve Crea%vity
Open Collabora%on
Swarm Crea%vity
Mass Collabora%on
Design Thinking
Innova%on
Crea%ve Class
Conceptual Age
Coolhun%ng & Coolfarming
Collabora%ve Innova%on Networks (COINs)
Creativity matters!
What is Creativity ?
• Can’t one call a process “creative” without the evaluation of novelty by others?
• How can we formulate creative processes that contain much of contingency?
• Are there any difference between individual and group creativity?
What is Creativity ?
1877-0428 © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.04.071
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2 (2010) 6305–6625
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
COINs2009: Collaborative Innovation Networks Conference
1877-0428 © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.04.071
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2 (2010) 6610–6625
COINs2009: Collaborative Innovation Networks Conference
An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity
Takashi Ibaab aMIT Center for Collective Intelligence, Cambridge MA, USA
bFaculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Japan
AAbstract
In this paper, a new, non-psychological and non-sociological approach to understanding creativity is proposed. The approach is based on autopoietic system theory, where an autopoietic system is defined as a unity whose organization is defined by a particular network of production processes of elements. While the theory was originally proposed in biology and then applied to sociology, I have applied it to understand the nature of creation, and called it "Creative Systems Theory". A creative system is an autopoietic system whose element is "discovery", which emerges only when a synthesis of three selections has occurred: "idea", "association", and "consequence". With using these concepts, we open the way to understand creation itself separated from psychic and social aspects of creativity. On this basis, the coupling between creative, psychic, and social systems is discussed. I suggest, in this paper, the future of creativity studies, re-defining a discipline "Creatology" for inquiring creative systems and propose an interdisciplinary field as "Creative Sciences" for interdisciplinary connections among creatology, psychology, and so on.
Keywords; creativity; systems theory; autopoiesis; pattern language
11. IIntroduction
In this paper, a new, non-psychological and non-sociological approach to understanding creativity is proposed. The approach is based on autopoietic system theory, where an autopoietic system is defined as a unity whose organization is defined by a particular network of production processes of elements. While the theory was originally proposed in biology and then applied to sociology, I have applied it to understand the nature of creation, and called it "Creative Systems Theory". A creative system is an autopoietic system whose element is "discovery", which emerges only when a synthesis of three selections has occurred: "idea", "association", and "consequence". With using these concepts, we open the way to understand creation itself separated from psychic and social aspects of creativity. On this basis, the coupling between creative, psychic, and social systems is discussed. I suggest, in this paper, the future of creativity studies, re-defining a discipline "Creatology" for inquiring creative systems and propose an interdisciplinary field as "Creative Sciences" for interdisciplinary connections among creatology, psychology, and so on.
There are several reasons why study of creativity is pursued from so many angles today. First, against the backdrop of the shift from labor-intensive work to knowledge-intensive work, many people involved in business need to make full use of intelligence and creativity for obtaining
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
What is Creativity ?
Creative Systems Theory創造システム理論
Creative Systems Theorybased on the autopoietic systems theory
A creative process is defined as an autopoietic system whose elements are discoveries.
Creative process is a (re-) production network of discoveries.
Each discovery is emerged only when a synthesis of the following three selection occurs: idea, association, and finding.
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
《アイデア》《関連づけ》 《見出す》
Creative Systems Theory
Production Network of Discoveries in Creation
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
Each discovery is produced based on previous discovery, associating the on-going creation.
What is most important is successive production of discoveries.
Discovery, in this context, does not imply it is novel, true, and useful.
Production Network of Discoveries in Creation
• “They succeed by way of many small sparks, and by drawing on collaboration over time to build those sparks into something tremendous. Many of the idea turn out to be wildly off the mark, but it turns out many not-so-good ideas are needed on the way to that rare great idea.” (Sawyer 2007; p.105)
• "Darwin's notebook show that he reached many dead ends and produced a lot of ideas that scientists now consider weird.” (Sawyer 2007, p.106)
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
Creative Systems Theorybased on the autopoietic systems theory
A creative process is defined as an autopoietic system whose elements are discoveries.
Creative process is a (re-) production network of discoveries.
Each discovery is emerged only when a synthesis of the following three selection occurs: idea, association, and finding.
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
《アイデア》《関連づけ》 《見出す》
Creative Systems Theory
“Creation” asCoupling of Creative, Psychic, and Social Systems
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
発散思考 収束思考
Two Phases of Creative Thinking
Divergent Thinking Convergent Thinking
proposed by Alex F. Osborn, the president of Advertising Agency BBDO, 1939
RulesFocus on quantity
Withhold criticism
Welcome unusual ideas
Combine and improve ideas
idea
Brain Storming as a method for Divergent Thinking
（判断の先送り）
（質より量）
（組合せと改良）
（普通でないアイデアの歓迎）
Exercise: Brain Storming
idea
「新しい目覚まし時計」のアイデアをたくさん挙げてみよう。
Inventing new types of alarm clock!
Collaboration Skills Workshop2004～2008@Keio University
Collaboration Skills Workshop2004～2008@Keio University
Collaboration Skills Workshop2004～2008@Keio University
Collaboration Skills Workshop2004～2008@Keio University
Iba Lab.2004～@Keio University
Iba Lab.2004～@Keio University
Iba Lab. & Tama Lab.2004～@Keio University
Learning Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2008～2009@Keio University
Learning Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2008～2009@Keio University
Learning Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2008～2009@Keio University
Presentation Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2011@Keio University
Presentation Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2011@Keio University
Presentation Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2011@Keio University
Presentation Patterns Project, Iba Lab.2011@Keio University
proposed by Alex F. Osborn, the president of Advertising Agency BBDO, 1939
RulesFocus on quantity
Withhold criticism
Welcome unusual ideas
Combine and improve ideas
idea
Brain Storming as a method for Divergent Thinking
（判断の先送り）
（質より量）
（組合せと改良）
（普通でないアイデアの歓迎）
Creative Systems Theorybased on the autopoietic systems theory
A creative process is defined as an autopoietic system whose elements are discoveries.
Creative process is a (re-) production network of discoveries.
Each discovery is emerged only when a synthesis of the following three selection occurs: idea, association, and finding.
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
《アイデア》《関連づけ》 《見出す》
Creative Systems Theory
Production Network of Discoveries in Creation
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
Each discovery is produced based on previous discovery, associating the on-going creation.
What is most important is successive production of discoveries.
Discovery, in this context, does not imply it is novel, true, and useful.
“Creation” asCoupling of Creative, Psychic, and Social Systems
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
System Formation of an Autopoietic System
(1) Element as Momentary Event
(2) Boundary Reproduction of the System
(3) Element Constitution based on the System
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
Creation-Centered Viewpoint
What is most important is successive production of discoveries.It doesn’t matter where and how discoveries come from.• Maybe from deliberation, spark, or merely by accident.• Maybe by somebody alone or collaboration by more than one person.
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
Both of human and source of ideas are located in the environment of the creative system!
Creation-Centered Viewpoint
Emergence of Momentary Elements
Discovery is emerged from a synthesis of following three selections: idea, association, and finding.
Discovery happens only when a finding is obtained as a result of that an idea is associated to on-going creation.
Iba, T. (2009) “An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity”, COINs2009.
self-reference
alter-reference
自己言及
他者言及
《アイデア》
《関連づけ》《見出す》
Discovery Media
There are intrinsically uncertainties for realization of discovery.• Association of idea.• Far-reaching finding from association of idea.• Success of the discovery
Media is evolutionary achievements for overcoming these uncertainties• Media for inspiration• Media for inference• Media for success
Coupling of Creative, Psychic, and Social Systems
Implications
Think and communicate for successive production of discoveries!
Remember that ideas are always outside your creation!
Design your media for promoting creative processes!
Understanding Creative Processes
Takashi IbaPh.D. in Media and Governance
Associate Professor, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Japan http://twitter.com/takashiiba
Innovation & Leadership 2011 (SFC/G-SEC)
「パターンランゲージ2011」特別対談・鼎談
井庭 崇
×
井上 英之 さん 中室 牧子さん
「社会を変える仕組みをつくる」 11月12日（土）3・4限
×
慶應義塾大学 政策・メディア研究科 特別招聘准教授、ソーシャルベンチャー・パートナーズ東京 ファウンダー慶應義塾大学卒業後、ジョージワシントン大学大学院、ワシントンDC市政府、アンダーセン・コンサルティング（現アクセンチュア）を経て、若手の起業家支援を行うNPO法人「ETIC.」に参画。著書に、『世界を変える人たち』（監訳）、『辺境から世界を変える』（監修・解説）等。
東北大学大学院文学研究科助教専門は教育経済学。慶應義塾大学環境情報学部卒業後、日本銀行（調査統計局および金融市場局）、世界銀行（東ヨーロッパ・中央アジア局）等を経て、コロンビア大学 文理学部大学院 博士課程にて博士号（Doctor of Philosophy in Economics and Education）取得。
大学院棟τ11にて
慶應義塾大学総合政策学部准教授慶應義塾大学環境情報学部卒業後、同 大学院 政策・メディア研究科博士課程修了。博士（政策・メディア）。総合政策学部専任講師、マサチューセッツ工科大学スローン経営大学院 Center for Collective Intelligence 客員研究員等を経て現職。著書に、『複雑系入門：知のフロンティアへの冒険』（共著）等。