underwater performance demonstrations and im responses of ...€¦ · hbx-1/3 –high pressure...

Underwater Performance Demonstrations and

IM Responses of Two Insensitive Explosives IMEMTS 2012, Las Vegas

PVTT Enabling unthinkable

Mari-Ella Sairiala Finnish Defence Forces Technical Research Centre Hannu Hytti, Reetta Kyläkoski Oy Forcit Ab, Forcit Defence Kalle Vehviläinen VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland Ship and Marine Structures Finnish Navy

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PVTT- M.Sc. Mari-Ella Sairiala

1

16/05/2012

Background • FPX V40 explosive has shown extremely good detonation characteristics in

DFC application having remarkably better performance than competing

products

• Underwater performance parameters were measured since FPX V40 is also

explosive fill in BOXER underwater mine disposal charge

• TNT and FOXIT were used as reference explosives since TNT is

extensively tested in various applications and FOXIT is proved to be

effective but extremely insensitive underwater explosive

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2

16/05/2012

Underwater measurements

Measured parameters • Maximum pressures, Pmax

• Time, s

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

Up

otu

ssyv

yys

Etäisyys, m

Paineanturien sijainnitTest setup

Charge

Water surface

Pressure sensors

Test setup

0,1 kg1/3/m < Rred < 0,36 kg1/3/m

Calculated parameters • Time constants, q

• Shock Impulses, Ishock

• Shock energies, Eshock

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3

16/05/2012

Detonation parameters of the

studied explosives

• Detonation velocities and pressures – TNT 6900 m/s ; 18 GPa

– FPX V40 6600 m/s ; 17 GPa

– FOXIT 5500 m/s ; 11 GPa

• Detonation energies according to modified Kistiakowsky-Wilson rule – TNT Q = 4250 kJ/kg

– FPX V40 Q = 7280 kJ/kg (H-6: Q = 7270 kJ/kg)

– FOXIT Q = 8030 kJ/kg (HBX-3 Q = 8930 kJ/kg)

– TNT / Al (60/40) Q = 8470 kJ/kg

• Detonation power (Q x V) – TNT Q x V = 315 kJl/kg2

– FPX V40 Q x V = 435 kJl/kg2 (H-6: Q = 416 kJl/kg2)

– FOXIT Q x V = 413 kJl/kg2 (HBX-3 Q = 328 kJl/kg2)

– TNT / Al (60/40) Q x V = 201 kJl/kg2

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4

16/05/2012

Maximum pressures

q

t

ePP

max

• Pressure decrease

• Time constant, q is the slope

of the initial linear part in the

logarithmic graph

• Pmax is calculated from the

equation of this initial linear

part of the exponential curve

Pressure decrease

1,00E+06

3,00E+06

5,00E+06

7,00E+06

9,00E+06

1,10E+07

1,30E+07

1,50E+07

1,70E+07

1,90E+07

2,10E+07

0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025

FPX V40 TNT FOXIT

Pmax determination

y = 18,187e-1264x

y = 16,496e-1228,4x

y = 15,033e-1360,7x

1

10

100

0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025 0,003

Time, s

Pre

ssu

re, M

Pa

V40

FOXIT

TNT

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5

16/05/2012

Pressure vs. Distance

y = 54,49x1,1541

y = 55,273x1,1409

y = 47,58x1,0948

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350 0,400

Rred, kg1/3

/m

Pre

ss

ure

, M

Pa

FPX V40 FOXIT TNT

Maximum pressures

• Despite lower PCJ values, FPX V40 and

FOXIT showed higher maximum

pressures than TNT

• Results are consistent with literature

values

V40 FOXIT TNT

Rred

Pmax

Rred

Pmax

Rred

Pmax

0,356 18,2 0,359 16,5 0,342 15,0

0,267 11,6 0,245 11,3 0,256 10,5

0,178 7,3 0,179 7,1 0,171 6,7

0,133 0,135 0,128

0,107 4,5 0,108 4,3 0,103 4,1

0,089 3,5 0,090 3,3 0,085 3,2

In addition to gentle slope of the

pressure drop as a function of time,

in aluminized compositions, max

pressure seems to remain higher

also as a function of distance.

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6

16/05/2012

Maximum pressures

- Experimental vs. Literature

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4

Rred, kg1/3/m

Pm

ax

, M

Pa

FPX V40 experimental H-6 HBX-1

Good correlation with

explosives having similar

Al content and Q-values

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7

16/05/2012

Shock impulses • FPX V40 and FOXIT showed much higher Ishock values than TNT

• FOXIT has even higher Ishock than FPX V40

Shock Impulses

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350 0,400

Rred, kg1/3/m

Imp

uls

e, kP

as

FPX V40 FOXIT TNT

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025 0,003 0,0035 0,004

Time, s

Pre

ssu

re, M

Pa

FOXIT V40 TNT

q5

0

PdtIShock

FOXIT showed the highest IShock values

- Lower Pmax

+ Low gradient of pressure drop

+ Pressure remains higher for longer time

Higher Al content and Q value

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8

16/05/2012

Shock impulses –

Experimental vs. Literature

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350 0,400

Rred, kg1/3

/m

Imp

uls

e, k

Pa

s

TNT experim. TNT

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350 0,400

Rred, kg1/3

/m

Imp

uls

e, k

Pa

s

H-6 HBX-1 FPX V40 FOXIT

TNT results correlate quite

well with literature values

At shorter distances FPX V40

and FOXIT have higher Ishock

values than H-6 or HBX-1

Because of higher oxygen

content?

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9

16/05/2012

Shock energy

y = 2,2170E+06x3,5034E-01

y = 2,9552E+06x5,2304E-01

y = 1,8027E+06x4,0356E-01

0,0E+00

2,0E+05

4,0E+05

6,0E+05

8,0E+05

1,0E+06

1,2E+06

1,4E+06

1,6E+06

1,8E+06

2,0E+06

0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4Rred, m/kg1/3

Sh

ock e

nerg

y, J/k

g

FOXIT V40 TNT

Shock energy

• FPX V40 has the highest Eshock value, although Ishock was lower than for FOXIT

– Shock energy difference increased with decreasing distance to charge in favor

of FPX V40

• Despite higher detonation values (VoD, PCJ), TNT showed lower Eshock values at all

measured distances

– The Eshock values were lower even if the shock compensation coefficient is

taken into account

q

5

0

224

dtPmc

RE

ww

shock

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10

16/05/2012

IM responses - FPX V40

• Unfortunately the IM testing of BOXER has been delayed, and

although the testing has begun, no results are available at this

point.

• FPX V40 has been extensively tested in Forcit’s DFC, where IM

properties have been verified as follows

Test Reaction level

Bullet Impact V, No reaction

Fast Heating V, Burning

Slow Heating V, Burning

Sympathetic Reaction V-VI, Burning / Deflagration

Fragment Impact V, Burning

Shaped Charge Jet I-II, Detonation /Partial Detonation

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11

16/05/2012

Conclusions • According to these results

– FPX V40’s underwater performance is superior to TNT, H-6 and HBX-1/3

– High pressure stage of shock lasts longer increasing the shock impulse

– Shock energy is higher than FOXIT’s especially with short distances from the charge

• IM test results show that insensitiveness does not compromise high energy content or detonation performance

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12

16/05/2012

Fortuna balls Lips of eager women Lady Luck thanks the brave man Carves a notch on the headboard Life is the color of the missing card I played away my homestead - ridgepole and all The blackest ace, the mirror of soul If I didn't win with these, I lost Now the blackest ace is the mirror of soul

From the song

The Blackest Ace

~ (= Scythe) Orig. lyrics Kaarle Viikate

Engl. translation Marko Niskapohja

Thank You for Your Attention

underwater performance demonstrations and im responses of ...€¦ · hbx-1/3 –high pressure...

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