unesco masterclass sustainable development · unesco masterclass sustainable development session 3...
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Queensland University of Technology
CRICOS No. 00213J1
UNESCO MasterClassSustainable Development
Session 3Environmental Issues
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Session 3Environmental Issues
Module 4 :
Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Session 3Environmental Issues – Module 4
byDr. Connie Susilawati
Civil Engineering and Built EnvironmentScience and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Session 3Environmental Issues – Module 4
Assisted by
Ms. Shi Yee WongPhD candidate
Civil Engineering and Built EnvironmentScience and Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Module 4 Outline
Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development
• Climate Change and Global Warming• Environmental Policies & Laws, Current
environmental issues and control. • Low Carbon Development, Sustainable housing
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
News - FEBRUARY 19, 2015
Baby boy found dead in back seat of car in Kyneton
• Temperatures reached 31.6°C in the Kynetonarea today. Inside the car much higher temperature.– The heat radiation is trapped by the glass, which
makes the inside much warmer than outside.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-boy-found-dead-in-back-seat-of-car-in-kyneton/story-e6frg6nf-1227226009130
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
News - FEBRUARY 19, 2015
Baby boy found dead in back seat of car in Kyneton
• Temperatures reached 31.6C in the Kynetonarea today. Inside the car much higher temperature.– The heat radiation is trapped by the glass, which
makes the inside much warmer than outside.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-boy-found-dead-in-back-seat-of-car-in-kyneton/story-e6frg6nf-1227226009130
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate Change and Global Warming
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• Earth’s atmosphere and climate• Greenhouse effect
Climate change and global warming
Cause?• Industrial revolution• Population growth
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Greenhouse Gas
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)• Methane• Nitrious Oxide• Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Burning - Coal, Oil, Gas– Generate electricity
• Clearing forests and bushlands– Population growth need houses– Food production (agricultural – rice/ wheat and cattle)
• Fertiliser (Nitrious Oxide)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen
climate change?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate Change
• Ice melting• 1985, Villach conference 29 countries agreed
– Climate change• 1992, Rio – Earth summit (United Nation)
– Agreement of a Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
– IPCC (Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change)• 1997, Kyoto Protocol
– Legally binding treaty to curb emissions of CO2 and Greenhouse gases
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Environmental Policies & Laws• International treaty
– UNFCCC– Kyoto Protocol – COP 15 - 2009
• National– Australia– Malaysia– Indonesia
• State/ Regional• Local/ city
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
International Environmental Policies and Agreements
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• Has near-universal membership - 195 parties• These parties are divided into three main
groups: – Annex I (Industrialised countries that are members of
OECD and EIT parties)– Annex II (OECD members but not EIT parties)– Non-Annex I (Mostly developing countries, including
Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia)15
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Kyoto Protocol
• Adopted in Kyoto, Japan
• Enforced on February 2005
• Purpose: An international agreement linked to the UNFCCC
Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Kyoto Protocol
• Aims
17
Sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Enhance energy efficiency
Collaborate with other parties in UNFCCC to enhance effectiveness of their policies measures
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
COP 15 (Copenhagen)
• A crucial event in negotiating process in December 2009
• Outcomes:– Developed countries’ promises to fund actions in
reducing GHG emissions– Agreement on the measurement and verification of
developing country actions
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Cop 15 (Copenhagen)
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COP 15: Reflects principle of
common but differentiated
responsibilities
Kyoto Protocol: emphasises the
differentiated rather than the
common aspects of responsibility
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Climate Change Adaptation Framework (NCCAF)
• Australian Government provided this framework by working together with The Council of Australian Governments (COAG)
• Two priority areas for potential action:1. Building understanding and adaptive capacity 2. Reducing vulnerability in priority sectors and regions
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999– Australian Government’s environmental legislation– Commenced in 16 July 2000– Aim: Provide a truly national scheme of:
• 1. Environmental protection• 2. Heritage protection• 3. Biodiversity conservation
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Source: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/environment/environment_protection_authority
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Australian National Construction Code (NCC)• Minimum standards for building energy
efficiency for detached houses and apartments– Extended from 3 star energy rating (2003) to 6 star
(2010)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
State Environmental Policies and Agreements
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• Environmental Protection Act 1997– Legislation in Australian Capital Territory (ACT)– Aim:
1. Protects environment from pollution and its effects2. Provides regulatory framework to help reduce the
discharge of pollutants
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
State Environmental Policies and Agreements
Australia
Australian Capital Territory
Energy Efficiency Rating (EER)
Statement
Queensland
Sustainability Declaration (2010 -
June 2012)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
City Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Townsville Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy– Maps and identifies potential impacts and subsequent
strategies to manage the effects of climate change
– Undertaken by the Local Government Association of Queensland and Queensland Government
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy (CHAS)
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http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/council/projects/pages/townsvillecoastalhazardadaptationstrategypilotproject.aspx
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Environmental Quality Act (EQA)1974– Forms the basis of much of the legislation in Malaysia– At least 15 laws under EQA– Aims:
1. Prevents, abates and controls pollution2. Enhances the environment
Source: http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80815e/80815E0x.htm
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
State Environmental Policies and Agreements
• Sarawak Natural Resources and Environment (Amendment) Ordinance 2001– Provides legal basis for the implementation of the
State’s Forest Policy– Provides framework for the forest management
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
National Action Plan on Climate Change (RANPI)
• Also known as ‘Yellow Book’• Contains the initial guidance and multi-sectoral
coordination effort to address climate change• Aims:
1. Strengthen the Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP) 2005-2025
2. Reinforce the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2004-2009 and RPJMN 2010-2014
3. Include inputs for the preparation of RPJMN 2015-2019
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Development Agenda
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Bali Action Plan
President’s Statement G20 - 2009
The Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral
Roadmap (ICSR)
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mainstreaming into RPJM
RANPI
GOI’s own budget
Bilateral/multilateral cooperation
( )
Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund
(ICCTF)
Bridges National Action Plan on
Climate Change into 5 years mid term development plan
(RPJM) 2010-2014 & inputs till 2030
Yellow Book
ICCTF – International financing mechanism
channelling investment funds into national CC
initiatives
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Indonesia’s response to climate change
• Integrating sustainable approaches into national development and mainstreaming climate change issues into policies and programs
• Several new laws and regulations introduced to support mitigation and adaptation for addressing climate related disasters: – Law No. 5/1992 on Cultural Heritage – Law No. 28/2002 on Building Development – Law No. 24/2007 on Disasters Management – Law No.26/2007 on Spatial Planning
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate Change Impact:Global warming
• Temperature • Rainfall• Sea level• Tropical cyclones• Snow line• Extreme events
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
• Global temperature and sea level
Source: Spratt & Sutton, 2008, p.41
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
• Global sea level gradually rose in 20th century• Major causes of rising sea level:
– Thermal expansion of the oceans– Loss of land-based ice (from increased melting)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
• Five assessment report1. 1st assessment report (1990) Served as the basis of
UNFCCC Emissions resulting from
human activities substantially increasing the atmospheric concentration of GHG emissions
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https://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
2. 2nd assessment report (1996) GHG concentration have continued to increase Climate has changed over past century
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https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
3. 3rd assessment report (2001) Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate
change Adaptation has the potential to reduce adverse
effects of climate change
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http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
4. 4th assessment report (2007) Climate system warming is unequivocal Many impacts of climate change can be reduced,
delayed or avoided by mitigation
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https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
39
Source: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/figure-1-1.html
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
IPCC
5. 5th assessment report (2014) Increased magnitudes of global warming increase
the likelihood of severe impacts Policies are needed to mitigate climate change
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http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Climate change uncertainty
• Policies must be based on risk management (probability x magnitude of different scenarios)– Most likely scenario but not worse case scenario
• Business as usual too big challenges for target 20
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Impacts of Climate Change
• Agriculture• Forestry• Water resources• Natural environment• Human health
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Impacts of Climate Change
• Coastal zones– Sea level rises, cyclone and rainfall– Flooding, sediment, erosion, salt water intrusion,
shoreline retreat– Loss of coral reefs, migration pathways– Rising water tables– Infrastructure – low land
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen climate
change?• How could you contribute in
responding to climate change?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Cooling the earth
• Zero carbon emission• Remove carbon • Pump Sulphate aerosols into stratosphere• Beyond business as usual
• Biofuels• Carbon Trading – total emission target
(decrease quantity and increase price)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Response to Climate Change
• Renewable energy – Solar, Wind, geothermal• Public transportation – rail not fly• Recycle• Rain water collection – reuse• Fan not air condition• Trees – re-afforestation)• Energy efficiency materials (less) and
appliances
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Development with minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions
• Also known as 1. Low-emission development strategies (LEDS)2. Low-carbon growth plans
• Describe forward-looking national economic development plans
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development• Exploring Sustainable Low Carbon Development
Pathways Project– Aim: discover how to combine both sustainable
development and climate protection– Funded by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Bread for
the World (BftW), World Wide Fund (WWF), Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) and ACT Alliance of Churches
– Started in 2013 in four pilot countries: Peru, Kazakhstan, Vietnam and Tanzania
– Supports campaigns that promote low carbon sustainable development strategies in Asia as well
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Exploring Sustainable Low Carbon Development Pathways Project– Form the ground of understanding based on five key
areas:• Low carbon• Ecologically sustainable• Human rights-based• Socially inclusive• Nationally appropriate
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Good connection to sustainable housing• Sustainability – focused on environmental, social
and economic dimensions
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin– A living community in the late 1990s– Owners and builders need to meet specific building
codes– A project that encourage sustainable building
practices by:1. Improve quality of life 2. Reduce on-going operation costs
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin– Home to over 200 people– Several small businesses– Active community – weekly events– Contains 147 lots over 270 acres of land
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Low Carbon Development
• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Sustainable housing
• Discussion with Shi Yee Wong (PhD candidates QUT)– Why we need sustainable housing?– What are the characteristics of sustainable housing?– Why we do not build sustainable housing?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Why we need sustainable housing?
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Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity in houses
Changing climate and triggered more extreme weather
Increased occurrences of
natural disasters Housing damage
Potential loss of housing value
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
What are the characteristics of sustainable housing?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Why do we not build sustainable housing?
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Owners/End Users
Constructors
Developers
Investors
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Why do we not build sustainable housing?
• Market misconception– Sustainable house incurs additional costs– Additional benefits are not reflected in market value– Lack of financial justification
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
• The Queensland Government’s initiative towards healthy and sustainable housing
• Location: Rockhampton• Reason for choosing this location:
– Faced challenges in terms of climate changes (experienced both hot and humid summer days)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research House
• Building shape and orientation:– Maximise northern exposure for moderating homes
internal climate• Ventilation
- Ventilation in ceiling cavity- Aligning windows and doors for good cross ventilation
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Research house
• Building material– Subject to consistent high temperatures– Lightweight building materials (timber and steel)– Enable heat to be released quickly to the cooler night
air• Insulation
– Bulk insulation (external walls)– Using reflective foil insulation (roof)
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Action Plan
• Awareness • Policies and laws, guidelines,
subsidies/incentives• Voluntary/mandatory• Earth Hour
– Saturday, 28 March 2015 @ 8:30pm local time (96 countries) – including Australia, Indonesia and Malaysia
• What next?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131
• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen climate
change?• How could you contribute in
responding to climate change?
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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R
Module 4 Outline
Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development
• Climate Change and Global Warming• Environmental Policies & Laws, Current
environmental issues and control. • Low Carbon Development, Sustainable housing
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Queensland University of Technology
CRICOS No. 00213J
Thank you
Questions and Answers
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