unique & modern industrial cottage print
TRANSCRIPT
1 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
UNIQUE & MODERN
COTTAGE INDUSTRIAL HANDBOOK
EXPLORE YOUR INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL IN MSMEs
VOLUME I
Find the attached investment opportunities at the end of this book
Well researched formulations
BY
FRANCIS BUKENYA
2 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
World Copyright © 2012 by Francis Bukenya Published by Paroma Author House All rights reserved. Francis Bukenya (BA Social Sciences, DIP; Human Resource Management, DIP; Industrial Development) Is a facilitator, writer, researcher, industrial business consultant, Poverty Eradication
projects consultant, experienced community capacity building agent and as an
international workshops conductor on peace, motivation, inspiration and Small Scale Enterprises
consultant
Languages
a. English- Fluent b. Kiswahili- Fluent c. Latin- Fluent d. German-Basic e. Luganda- Fluent f. Kikuyu- Fluent g. French-Basic h. Hindi-Basic i. Runyankole-Basic j. Acholi-Basic k. Kalenjin-Basic
Works by Francis Bukenya
a. Walking In the Pipeline of Success. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-0-0) b. The Tycoon from within the Peasants. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-1-7) c. The Entrepreneurs Mind. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-2-4) d. The African Ideal Dream. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-3-1) e. The Rainbow Woman. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-4-8) f. Cost Cutting Methods. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-5-5) g. Making Soap and Detergents. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-6-2) h. Candle Making. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-7-9) i. Ink Making Tips. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-8-6) j. Making your Own Paint. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-9-3)
Refer to the Kenya National Library Service, P.O. BOX 30573, Nairobi, Kenya
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher and author, not be otherwise
3 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
Printed in Uganda at Paroma Author House. The Author is not to be held responsible for the usage of the content of this book by its readers. The responsibility of taking up the advice and counselling in this manual as well as the usage of formulas and safety precautions where the practicing of the mentioned formulas are concerned is the sole responsibility of the practitioner. ISBN: 978-9966-7490-6-2
4 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 TOPICS COVERED DURING THE PROGRAMME 7
2.1 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) 7 2.2 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME Management 8 2.3 Import and export Trade – Market Requirements 9 2.4 Introduction to all Locally Productive Small and Medium Scale Projects 9 2.5 Resources Identification and Possible Utilization for Jobs Creation 9 2.6 Social Responsibility and Co-Existence 9 2.7 Environmental Protection and Development 10 2.8 Info on current Uganda Government Interventions/Incentives For MSME 10 2.9 Career Match 10 2.10 Self-Help Groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations 10 2.11 Legalities 10 2.12 Table on Industrial Possible Projects on Small and Medium Scale by PAROMA 23
3 SAFETY AND HEALTH 24 4 CLEANSING MATERIALS - Formulas and Procedures 25
4.1 Paroma Multi-purpose Liquid Detergent 25 4.2 Smiling Baby Jelly Moisturizer 25 4.3 Paroma Stripper Detergent 26 4.4 Paroma Bleach For white 26 4.5 Paroma Carpet Shampoo 26 4.6 Paroma Toilet Disinfectant 26 4.7 Paroma Super Disinfectant (Paromax Super) 27 4.8 Paroma Soft Disinfectant 27 4.9 Paroma Direct Distainer (Toilets/tiles) 27 4.10 Paroma Oxygen Bleach 27 4.11 Paroma Supa Degreaser 27 4.12 Paroma Tiles Shine 28 4.13 Paroma Germ x Hand Wash 28 4.14 Paroma Direct Germ x Sanitizer 28 4.15 Paroma Economy Powder soap 28 4.16 Paroma Moisturizer 28 4.17 Paroma Vim Powder soap 28 4.18 Paroma Beauty Soap Error! Bookmark not defined.
5 CANDLE MAKING 29 5.1 Some reference: 29 5.2 Materials needed 29 5.3 Tools 29 5.4 Formula 29 5.5 Procedure 29 5.6 Candle Making Equipment 30
5.6.1 Melting Pot 30 5.6.2 Thermometer 30 5.6.3 Wick 30 5.6.4 Moulds or Containers 31
5 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
5.6.5 Kitchen Scale 31 5.6.6 Safety goggles and Hammer 31 5.6.7 Work Surface Covering 31 5.6.8 Fire Extinguisher 32
5.7 In Summary 32 6 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS 33
6.1 Ingredients used in soap making 33 6.2 Basic Soap Instructions 33 6.3 Soap Making Equipment - What will you need? 34 6.4 Weights and Measures 35 6.5 Quality control measures 35 6.6 Paroma Metal Cleaners 35 6.7 Paroma Metal Shine 35 6.8 Paroma Liquid Metal cleaner 35 6.9 Naphthalene Balls / Paroma Rapic Toilet Balls 35
7 CREAMS AND LOTIONS 36 7.1 Standard Requirements for Creams and Lotions 36 7.2 General Lotion Formulations 37 7.3 Aloe Vera Lotion 37 7.4 Aloe Vera Petroleum jelly 38 7.5 Body Cream 38
8 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION OF MUSHROOMS 39 8.1 Objectives of the training 39 8.2 General introduction to mushroom 39 8.3 Economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms. 39 8.4 Factors affecting mushroom production and processing in Uganda 40 8.5 Overview of mushroom production 40 8.6 Materials we shall use in the primary production of mushroom 40 8.7 Over view of value addition 40 8.8 Materials we shall use to develop mushroom soups and porridge 40
8.8.1 Mushroom porridge. 40 8.8.2 Mushroom soup 41 8.8.3 Starch making > Procedure 41
9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 41 10 TABLE OF AVAILABLE BOOK PAROMA ENTERPRISES LIMITED. 43 11 PAROMA PRODUCTS 46 12 CONTACTS AND REFERENCES Error! Bookmark not defined.
6 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
1 INTRODUCTION
Uganda’s population is estimated at 33 million people. The population is predominately youthful with about 77%
aged below 30 year; Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world. The current global economic belt
down has grossly undermined youth opportunities to access job markets and has worsened unemployment. In
Uganda, Unemployment stands at 4.2% among the general population. However, youth share a disproportionate
burden of unemployment which stands at 4.7%.
The above challenge calls for changing of the mindset to ensure that youth take on enterprise development and
management as viable career path. This therefore necessitates investment in entrepreneurial education.
Entrepreneurial education promotes development of Positive skills, Attitudes and Behavioural practices that
enhance jobs creation, economic growth and improve human welfare.
The Uganda education system orients its graduates towards white collar jobs or wage employment. Rampant
unemployment therefore is a result of youth looking down upon self employment. There is worrying level of
idleness among young people that make them fall prey to several kinds of manipulations and as a result they are
the major combatants in violent situations.
Unemployed young people between the ages 15 to 24 has been recorded at 83 per cent in Uganda according to
the report of Africa Development Indicators (ADI) 2008/09, focusing on the youth and employment in Africa.
According to the report, Uganda’s population also has the highest dependency ratio in Africa — registered at
1:1. (Dependency ratio is the ratio of people younger than 15 or older than 64 to the working age population).
The report says youth unemployment is 68 per cent in Zimbabwe and 56 per cent in Burkina Faso, the other two countries that face challenges similar to Uganda.
According to the UNDP Resident Coordinator Theophane Nikyema Report Uganda managed to reduce poverty from 56 per cent in 1993 to 24.5 per cent in 2010 but unemployment has still remained a big challenge.
According to the World Bank Statistics of 2008/9, unemployed youth make up to 83 percent of the total unemployed people in Uganda.
There is still a lot to be done especially in line with Practical Entrepreneurship like Hands on skill/adaptable/Life skills, Resources utilization, Agricultural Value addition, Cottage Industries as means of creating more jobs for the
youth & encouraging self employment which approach Paroma Enterprises Limited uses.
This project therefore seeks to: (a) equip the youth with entrepreneurial skills to enable them initiate, run and sustain their business. (b) To promote Entrepreneurship culture among the youth so that they are able to start and successfully manage their own businesses as a lifetime career option. (c) To promote access to finances for youth entrepreneurs. (d) to sensitize the young people on the need for self-employment, adaptable and practical entrepreneurship skills with an aim of starting small and medium scale enterprises.
7 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
2 TOPICS COVERED DURING THE PROGRAMME During the programme, various topics will be covered by Paroma and its staff. This manual lays out the topics that
will be focussed throughout the entire programme and will further specifically focus on the process involved with
product production. Specific manuals will be provided in addition to this manual focussing on other subjects then
this manual here covers.
The primary objective of this manual is to provide the general scope of the programme to the reader and detailed
information on the formulas and procedures that this project proposes. It serves as the main framework of
training for those that take their potential career path in practical entrepreneurs serious. All participants can refer
to the relevant section or part of the manual for guidance when needed.
During this programme we shall cover a range of different topics to assist the participants achieving their goals. We shall convey the basic theory and practical demonstration provide information on resources and governmental requirements. In short this manual is written to enable the project’s participants with comprehensive knowledge and reference to practise their skills and get focussed on building up a business. Paroma works with staff each focussing on different topics. Topics that are not covered in this manual but are part of the programme will be covered in a separate specific manual on the topic. Topics during this Programme:
Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME management)
Import and Export trade – The market requirements
Introduction to all locally productive small and medium scale projects
Resources identification and possible utilization for jobs creation
Social responsibility and Co-existence
Environmental protection and development
Information on the current Uganda Government interventions/incentives for MSME
Guide on industrial possible projects on small and medium scale
Career match
Self-help groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations
Legalities Entrepreneurship Development, Customer care, Entrepreneurial Competencies, Entrepreneurship
process, Legal Issues in Business, Formulating Business Plan
2.1 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Capacity building and introducing basic methodology and information tools for strategic, financial, production planning, establishing of business targets, relevant performance monitoring and development of best continuous improvement practices to entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises is the goal of this programme. Youth needs to understand the possibilities, requirements, challenges and planning that is involved and grow the skills that allow them to live productive lives. Objectives for this topic are:
8 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sit at the heart of the economic development of Uganda and indeed the
world at large. Spread across all the other sectors of the economy, they are the key drivers of job creation, innovation and
growth in many countries. Uganda has an extensive MSME sector which accounts for approximately 90% of the entire
Private Sector, over 80% of manufactured output and contributes about 75% to the gross domestic product (GDP).
Furthermore, the sector employs more than 2.5 million people, which makes it one of the largest employers in the country.
Despite the sector’s enormous size and contribution to the economy, the World Bank ranks Uganda’s business environment
129th out of 183 countries and therefore not sufficiently enabling. MSMEs are predominantly informal and young
enterprises, majority of which are aged between 1 and 5 years. For every business created nearly another is closed; hence
the high mortality rate, with less than 10% of the enterprises having operated for more than 20 years. Overly, Uganda’s
MSME sector in is not competitive enough.
Through the Agri business technical working group of the PIRT, Government identified the sector as one of the key areas to
achieve growth, employment and socio-economic transformation in the medium to long term. This Policy has been
formulated in cognizance of the need to create and strengthen MSMEs in Uganda.
From: MSME Policy from Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2011, DRAFT
Introducing basic knowledge, methodology and tools for enterprise strategic, financial and production planning,
Improving capacity for trade, exports, investments, access to markets
Providing relevant training of entrepreneurs and management in its applications for business performance management
Introduce best practices, and knowledge on capital and on how to set up business targets, monitoring of business results and continuous improvement,
Managing innovations and investments,
Uganda has rich resources, great business opportunities as well as challenges to utilize these opportunities effectively. Some of the challenges are lack of access to capital, inadequate business skills and knowledge, poor record keeping and accountability and low level of governance, limited access to relevant information. This topic aims to contribute to address these challenges.
2.2 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME Management
Economic indicators are signalling tough times ahead, with the world global economy is a poor shape affecting trade all over the world. With these challenges ahead, it is important that the small and medium enterprise (SME) community focus on basics -- including profiling of customers, marketing strategies, budget and cash flow management, and advertising and promotional activities. Most SMEs fail to define their "target market" clearly, something which is important for achieving success. Often people persuade themselves to think that being appealing to the widest possible customer base would bring best results. So, what does a small business require to do to make marketing more effective?
9 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
How to select a market segment, which you can serve well than your market competitors? How to build a good database of customers and keep track of your client relationship? What is needed to take care of cash flows, collect accounts receivables, and make the best use of the existing inventories, and review expenses? A tight grasp in cash management can help you determine your fortune at tough times.
2.3 Import and export Trade – Market Requirements
Import and export trading may feature in any medium and small scale business. Sales, marketing and relationships are crucial elements affecting success, as is paying attention to all local legal issues. A basic understanding of this topic will be provided during the programme. It covers subject such as required licenses and permits. Establishing foreign and domestic contacts and compile lists of all foreign and domestic businesses relevant to your chosen trade. A copy of the manual is available to participants of the programme.
2.4 Introduction to all Locally Productive Small and Medium Scale Projects
The entrepreneur needs to be aware of locally productive small and Medium Scale projects. It is important to be able to identify potential partners, but also potential competition. Handouts will be made available that are up to date to assist participants.
2.5 Resources Identification and Possible Utilization for Jobs Creation
This topic is approach in a practical hand on way during the training and focus on how the entrepreneur will be able to identify (locally) available resources and the possible use. Uganda’s economy is mainly – but not solely - agricultural based; Agriculture value addition is an important subject to address here.
2.6 Social Responsibility and Co-Existence
Definition of Social responsibility: the ideal that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. Social responsibility is a duty every individual or organization has to perform so as to maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystem. A trade-off always exists between economic development, in the material sense, and the welfare of the society and environment. Social responsibility means sustaining the balance between the two. It pertains not only to business organizations but also to everyone whose action impacts the environment. This responsibility can be passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advance social goals. If you want to build a business based on these values then you need to consider how. How do you deal with your staff? How do you protect the environment from damage it might have by the production on your product? Do you apply policies in your business that offer equal opportunity to men and women alike? Set goals. What do you want to achieve? What do you want your company to achieve? Do you want to enter a new market? Introduce a new product? Enhance your business's image? Paroma Enterprises itself works to contribute to Uganda Training of the Ugandan Youth and Women in Beginning small and medium scale industries. Funding permitting it sponsors capacity building programmes for youth and women such as on the 26tAug/2011 where the national Practical Entrepreneurship Training system was launched and attended by more than 600 youth sponsored by PAROMA. In addition, on 29th.-1st April-May 2012 a jobs creation practical Training conference was held at Bulange Sentema in Kampala Uganda that was free for all Ugandan Youth and Women sponsored by PAROMA. Bukedde news Paper of 1st May 2012 covered the event.
10 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
2.7 Environmental Protection and Development
Depending upon the nature of your business entrepreneurs will need to make conscious decisions on how their works has on impact the environment. Proper systems need to be in place to ensure that possible damage is reduced to a minimum and the balance is made up positively by providing the best possible care. Chemicals need to be dealt with safely, plastics need to be recycled. Waste needs to be safely disposed of. Where possible; use biodegradable chemicals. All this requires study and investment from the entrepreneur. This topic will be covered in broad strokes during the programme.
2.8 Info on current Uganda Government Interventions/Incentives For MSME
Since the Youth are the most affected by unemployment in Uganda, H.E the president, in accordance with the NRM Manifesto 2011-2016 pledged to support the youth trough various means including the provision of financial resources to enable them engage in productive business enterprises for income generation and employment creation. This topic will introduce the participants to what interventions the government intends and how the participants can ensure they are up to date with the possibilities this offers to the entrepreneur.
2.9 Career Match
If you can’t play the violin then don’t try to be the violist in a concert This topic is approached very practical and aims to assist the participant identity what career choice to make, what they are or can become good at; and what that says they need to develop and learn. It is further handled in a separate manual. Come to our offices and grab yourself a copy.
2.10 Self-Help Groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations
How to set up an entrepreneur partnership individually or with others. What is required by law? What banking
system is needed? How to make policy? In a separate manual this topic will be addressed.
2.11 Legalities
CHAPTER ON BUSINESS LEGAL ISSUES
A basic understanding regarding legal issues will be required for all those entering into business life. Licenses,
Permits, Contract writing, Legal requirements on industrial production, tax law, these are some of the issues that
any business person will need to cover to be able to be successful. The topics covered during this training will be
handled in a separate manual.
Bio Sketch
Ms. Mutonyi Flavia the bearer of this Chapter is a young Ugandan woman, open minded,
focused, hard working, self motivated, achievement oriented and with an enterprising mind.
She is a professional lawyer currently working with Mungoma, Mabonga, Wakhakha & Co.
Advocates and also handling legal issues in M/s Paroma Enterprises Limited as well as other
companies like M/s Trans-Cargo Engineering & Contractors (U) Limited
11 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
1. WHAT IS THE LAW GOVERNING BUSINESS LAW IN UGANDA?
a) The Companies Act Cap 110
b) The partnerships Act 2010
c) The Employment Act 2006
d) Contract Act Cap 73
2. WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW?
It refers to the laws that apply to business entities, such as partnerships and
corporations.
3. WHY DO WE STUDY BUSINESS LAW?
a) . To make a business men and women aware about law
b). Law is helpful in maintaining business in legal ways.
c). To have secured business.
d. To make us aware of the legal issues involving businesses and how to deal with them.
e). For Personal development
You will possess an understanding of values and attitudes consistent with your role as a citizen and member of your professional community. You will have the capacity:
To identify and deal with ethical issues. To interact effectively with and show sensitivity towards others. To exercise leadership in local, national, global and professional communities. To adapt to uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity.
f) To get Communication skills All employers want graduates who are able to communicate knowledge, ideas, recommendations and decisions effectively.
You will:
Develop sound oral and written communication skills, including the ability to make professional presentations.
12 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Develop coherent and justified arguments. Strengthen interpersonal communication skills, including the ability to work in
teams. Learn to effectively consult and negotiate. Use contemporary communication technologies effectively.
4. WHAT IS ENTALIED IN BUSINESS LAW?
Business law covers many aspects of the business world. Laws are in place to protect
business owners, individual companies, employers and consumers from the potential
risks of engaging in business transactions.
2.12 Description
o Business law constitutes the legal framework in which organizations conduct business. Business law outlines the rules organizations must adhere to in managing business relationships and determines how customer relations are regulated.
2.13 Components
o The different aspects of business law are wide-reaching. Business law covers organizational structures and the regulations that govern incorporated businesses. Business law also includes consumer credit and consumer protection legislation. Other areas of business law include employment law, contracts and taxes.
o
2.14 Significance
o Business laws are in place to protect the rights of those who engage in business and the customers they serve. Business law is designed to regulate commerce and discourage fraudulent activities within the business world.
5. AT WHAT POINT IS ONE REQUIRED TO SELLECT A BUSINESS NAME OR A COMPANY
NAME?
13 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
When one has a written proposal explaining a new business or business idea and usually
covering financial, marketing and operational
6. WHAT IS A COMPANY?
It is a corporation or, less commonly, an association, partnership, or union that carries
on a commercial or industrial enterprise.
OR
It is a legal entity separate from its members.
The pros and cons
Advantages of a company include :
it is a separate legal entity from the owners; you can own property in the name of the company; there is usually limited liability for the shareholders (unless they have given a personal
guarantee); you may be able to take advantage of tax minimization schemes (legal ones, of course!); it can be owned and operated by only one shareholder and director; it may make it easier to attract capital investment because of shareholders' limited
liability.
Possible disadvantages include:
they can be complicated and expensive to establish and administer if it is a "large company";
if you are not a sole shareholder, the shares may be difficult to sell; if you have only a minority shareholding you may be allowed little or no input into the
affairs of the company; you will only be able to leave the shares in the company to your beneficiaries under your
will, not the assets of the company separately; and they require expensive procedures to comply with reporting regulations.
7. WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE FOR REGISTERING A COMPANY AND /OR A BUSINESS
NAME?
14 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
You must:
choose a name for the company and ensure the name is acceptable for registration, e.g. it is not identical to another name or otherwise unacceptable (e.g. it cannot be the same as a pre-existing name). This can be checked with the Registrar of companies. Remember, this refers only to the corporate name - if the company operates in the public under a different business name, that name must be registered with the Office of Fair Trading;
reserve the company name. It will be reserved for 30 days. Otherwise you can apply to use the name at the time you register, but remember it may already have been taken;
decide on the names of members, directors and the secretary of the company - these people must agree to taking on these roles. A company must have at least one company secretary who may also be a director and member - the secretary has responsibility for record-keeping including registers required by Company Law and minutes of meetings. Changes to appointments and changes of addresses of directors must be supplied to the registrar of companies.
decide where the registered office will be; notify the registrar of companies of certain changes to the business practices of the
company e.g. changes to the registered office, operating hours, company name, substantial transfers of shareholdings;
lodge annual returns with the registrar of companies if this is needed (this is not always the case for a small private companies);
keep company books and records.
8. WHAT ARE TYPES OF COMPANIES?
There are four main types of company:
private company limited by shares private company limited by guarantee private unlimited company
It is important to distinguish between public and private sector organizations, as they will have very different characteristics and objectives.
The Public Sector These organisations are financed by the state and they do not operate in order to make a profit but to provide a public service. Examples of public sector organisations are schools, hospitals, libraries, police and the national defence.
15 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
This type of company has a share capital and limits the liability of each member to the amount unpaid on their shares. PLCs:
can raise money by selling shares on the stock market must have at least two directors and a qualified company secretary
The Private Sector
This type of company may or may not have a share capital but there is no limit to the members' liability. There are relatively few unlimited companies.
These organisations operate in order to make a profit and are split into 2 categories:
Non-Limited Companies This type of company can be set up with relatively few formalities. It can be either a sole trader or partnership and the owner(s) will be personally liable for all of the debts if the business fails. There is no legal requirement for non-limited companies to make any of their financial information public. Non-limited companies are generally referred to as "businesses".
Limited Companies Limited companies can be either privately owned when they are referred to as Limited (often abbreviated to Ltd) or publicly owned (Plc). Some Plc's can sell shares to members of the public on the stock exchange, unlike Ltd's that cannot. The liability for both Ltd's and Plc is limited. This means that if the company fails, the liability of the company's shareholders is limited to the value of the shares and not their personal funds. Or, in the case of companies limited by guarantee (with no share capital) the liability of its members is limited to the amount their members wish to contribute to the assets of a company in the event of it being wound up This structure is often used by charities, Right to Manage, common hold companies and social enterprises to limit the personal liability of their directors and trustees. See our guide on how to set up a social enterprise.
Note that for limited companies, the term in the commercial world to use is "company". All Limited companies are legally required to submit Company Accounts and Annual Returns every year. These documents are filed at the registrar of companies called Amamu House George Street. This information is available to the public. A limited company has similar rights to a person; for example it can buy assets, own property, and it can sue or be sued independently of its directors. It can have detrimental information registered against it too.
9. WHAT IS THE DIFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC LIMITED AND LIMITED COMPANIES.
16 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
PLC's share holdings are usually sold to the public, ie the public part own them.
While
Limited companies, the shares stay in the company with the directors holding them, they
cannot sell them to the public
3 What is the difference between limited liability and unlimited liability company?
A company can be a limited or unlimited. Limited liability company is one which limits the
liability of the members(shareholders) by (1) limited by shares or (2) limited by guarantee.
Therefore Company limited by guarantee is a type of limited company which means the liability
of the members' is limited by the guarantee given by them while becoming the member. The
members have agreed to be liable to the company at the time of liquidation of the company
upto an amount for which he is liable and does not have any other liability. Limited by shares
means the member (shareholder) is liable for the value of the shares only. Members of the
company with unlimited liability has unlimited liability for which they are liable even from their
personal property if required.
10. HOW DOES ONE ASCERTAIN THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY?
As a marketer or owner/operator of your own business, the importance of setting business goals and objectives cannot be understated. Particularly for owner-operated enterprises, objective setting is often done on an ad-hoc basis. (Sound familiar? That’s ok.)
Like all things in life, there is a first time for everything. You will find that setting goals for your business is the best way to measure your success.
Here’s how it works.
Strategic business objectives are the stated milestones that you want your business or organization to achieve. The benefit of developing defined, strategy objectives is that they provide a benchmark against which the small business owner (that’s you!) can gauge their progress.
Defining Strategic Business objectives
All successful organizations, from one-person home-based businesses to Fortune 500 companies, will define their objectives using these 3 rules.
1. Objectives must be measurable and quantifiable.
17 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Lets say for example that you are the owner of Uganda’s Best Pizza, a pizzeria offering take out and delivery services. (Watch out for that brand promise!) You set out to define your objective. You write it down:
“I want to increase my sales.”
Lets build from here. Successful organizations select a goal that can be easily measured and quantified – meaning you have to pick a number – and stick to it. This can be as simple as a sales, revenue or profit number, or it can be expressed as a %. (See section below, Measure what makes sense.)
By way of example, Uganda’s Best Pizza wants to increase sales of delivery pizza by 75% as measured by number of units sold. A good objective? Not really.
2. Objectives must have a timeframe.
You have to set a time horizon for your objectives. If Toronto’s Best Pizza wants to increase sales vs last year by 75%, that’s fine – but not so fine not if it takes 50 years to do so. Pick a time frame: a year, a month, a week, a day. Running with our example,
Uganda’s Best Pizza has decided to increase sales of delivery of pizza(as measured by number of units sold) from July to September by 75% versus the same period last year. Whew – hang on, there’s more.
3. Objectives must be attainable.
This seems intuitive but you would be surprised how frequently this rule is overlooked. Consider your knowledge of your industry and your competitors. Is it realistic to expect your sales to double versus last year? Perhaps. But set your goals at a level that can be obtained, or perhaps slightly above.
Our Pizzerial owner has considered this and realized that a 75% growth in sales is probably unlikely. After reviewing past performance and the actions of competitors, the owner wisely settles on an obtainable objective of 10% increase in sales.
11. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE TERM SHARE CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY?
3.1 Definition of 'Share Capital'
Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a
company has can change over time because each time a business sells new shares to the public in
exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both
common and preferred shares
18 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Investopedia explains 'Share Capital'
The amount of share capital a company reports on its balance sheet only accounts for the initial
amount for which the original shareholders purchased the shares from the issuing company. Any price
differences arising from price appreciation/depreciation as a result of transactions in the secondary
market are not included.
How to Calculate Share Capital
Share Capital (or capital stock) is the fund raised by a listed company through the issuance of common
stock (ordinary shares) and preferred stock (preference shares).
There are different types of share capital such as the Authorized Share Capital, Issued Share Capital,
etc. The authorized capital of a company is the maximum value of securities that a limited company can
legally issue to its shareholders. Issued capital is the nominal value of the part of the share capital that
has been issued to shareholders.
Calculation:
Authorized capital = Number of permitted shares * par value
Issued capital = Number of shares actually issued * par value
3.1.1.1 How are shares transferred to new owners?
To transfer shares in a private company, a seller must complete and sign the appropriate section of a 'stock transfer form' and pass it, together with the share certificate, to the new owner. The new shareholder’s details should be recorded in the company’s Combined Register, along with the number of shares they own. The date the former shareholder transferred their shares should also be recorded. If you have opted for us to hold the first share upon incorporation, we will include the Stock Transfer form in your pack. The name and address of the new shareholder should be entered on the form, which should be filed with the limited company’s records. You should then update your Combined Register to reflect the change.
3.1.1.2 Can my company arrange different share classes?
It is possible for your ltd company’s shares to be issued in different classes. There are several reasons why companies choose to do this; your accountant will be able to help you decide if your company needs different share classes. The main reasons for issuing shares in different classes are:
The company may wish to issue shares to friends or family, but retain full voting rights for the main shareholder/s.
19 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
A company may wish to have the power to distribute dividends at different rates. They therefore issue shares in different classes (e.g. A & B Class Shares) to enable different dividends to be agreed for each class.
12. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES HAVING THE HIGHEST SHARE CAPITAL TO THE
COMPANY
The higher the share capital in the company by a share holder, the higher his
responsibility for the liabilities of the company. Likewise, the higher his profit share.
It also calls for high tax charge by the respective government institutions
13. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE REQUIRED WHEN STARTING UP A COMPANY?
Any seven or more persons, or, where the company to be formed will be a private company, any two or more persons, associated for any lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of registration, form an incorporated company, with or without limited liability as section 3 of the Companies Act Cap 110
14. WHO IS A COMPANY DIRECTOR?
An appointed or elected member of the board of directors of a company who, with other directors, has the responsibility for determining and implementing the company’s policy.
A company director does not have to be a stockholder (shareholder) or an employee of the firm, and may only hold the office of director (see qualifications for directors). Directors act on the basis of resolutions made at directors' meetings, and derive their powers from the corporate legislation and from the company’s articles of association.
As the company's agents, they can bind the company with valid contracts entered into with third-parties such as buyers, lenders, and suppliers (see powers of directors). Directors are the trustees for the firm and not for individual stockholders, but they may be sued by the stockholders as personally liable for the consequences of the acts that are fraudulent or beyond their vested powers. Also, whether appointed validly or not, they are individually and collectively liable for the acts and/or negligence of the firm. (see liabilities of directors).
Unlike stockholders, directors cannot vote by proxy and, unlike employees, cannot absolve themselves of their responsibility for the delegated duties
20 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
4 qualification
1. Capacity, knowledge, or skill that matches or suits an occasion, or makes someone eligible
for a duty, office, position, privilege, or status. Qualification denotes fitness for purpose through
fulfillment of necessary conditions such as attainment of a certain age, taking of an oath,
completion of required schooling or training, or acquisition of a degree or diploma. Qualification
does not necessarily imply competence.
2. Precise limitation (from general to particular) of language, scope, or terms that would
otherwise be interpreted broadly or differently.
DUTIES OF DIRECTORS
Based on the principle that the directors must act with honesty, diligence, and prudence, these
duties include duty of
(1) Avoidance of conflict of interest: directors must declare their interest in any transaction in
which the firm is involved, and follow the instructions of the board of directors in this regard.
(2) Care and skill: directors must exercise caution and competence in all situations as
reasonable persons would under the circumstances.
(3) Confidentiality: directors must not make improper use of the privileged information obtained
as a board member.
(4) Fairness: directors must deal with other directors and stakeholders without bias or favor.
(5) Honor: directors must not engage in any conduct that may bring disrepute to the firm
and/or other directors.
(6) Independence: directors must not compromise on the right to exercise an independent
judgment but, at the same time, must restrict their independence in good faith to favor a
collective decision that will benefit the firm.
(7) Loyalty: directors must act in good faith in the best interest of the firm and whole heartedly
assist the chief executive in achieving the firm's success.
5 Powers of directors
Directors of a firm are vested with certain powers by the corporate legislation and the firm's
articles of association. These generally include power to (1) act as the firm's agents, (2) have
full access to the firm's accounts, (3) cause the firm to enter into valid contracts, (4) pledge the
21 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
firm's assets, (5) borrow and give security, and (6) determine terms and conditions under which
the firm's shares are issued, transferred, and forfeited.
6 liabilities of directors
Directors are usually not personally liable for ultra vires acts (or for the intra vires acts that
exceed the powers vested in them), but may be sued by the stockholders (shareholders) for
breach of the directors' duties. They are also generally not liable for errors of judgment, but
may be sued for negligence by third-parties or stockholders. However, they are held strictly
liable for failure to withhold and/or remit withholding taxes such as employee source
deductions, and sales and commodity taxes such as general sales tax or value-added tax.
15. WHAT COMPANY FORMS ARE REQUIRED WHEN REGISTERING A COMPANY?
a) Form A2 showing the Declaration of Compliance with the requirements of the
companies Act, on application for Registration of a Company.
b) Form A1showing the statement of the Nominal Capital
c) Company Form No.7 showing the particulars of Directors and Secretaries
d) Company Form No. 9 Stipulating the Location of the company offices
e) And many others as we may time to time discuss.
16. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
OF THE COMPANY AND WHAT IS INVOLVED IN EACH?
The memorandum of association specifically comprises terms and conditions binding the
company alone. It is thus a peculiar contract binding the company. It comprises the
objectives of the company. BUT, the articles of association are specifically terms and
conditions binding only the members of the company. Its thus a peculiar contract binding
the company members. According to Katende on law of business organization in East
Africa, the former is the external constitution open for all third parties to see but the
latter is the internal constitution of the company basically dealing with the internal affairs
of the company members, their duties and rights. It’s not easily accessible for the third
parties.
17. WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF OPENING UP A COMPANY ACCOUNT AFTER
REGISTRATION?
a) Certified copy of the Certificate of Incorporation
22 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
b) Certified copy of Company Form No. 7
c) Company Form no. 9
d) Board Resolution fully registered by Registrar of Companies
18. WHY EVERY REGISTERED COMPANY SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO HAVE TAX
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER AND A VALUE ADDED TAX CERTIFICATE.
19. WHY IS A COMPANY REQUIRED TO FILE ANNUAL RETURNS AFTER EVERY END OF YEAR
OF OPERATION?
20. WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY DOCUMENTS WHEN YOU WANT TO CHANGE ANY OF THE
DIRECTORS OF THE Company OR ADD ORTHER DIERCTORS?
21. AND AT WHAT STAGE DO YOU NEED CHANGE THE DIRECTOR OR ADD?
a) When he/she has turned incompetent
b) incapacitated
22. WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU WANT TO ALTER OR ADD OTHER OBJECTIVES IN THE
MEMORANDUM OF THE COMPANY?
It is not easy to alter the memorandum of the company. However when such a need
arises, there has to be a vote to that cause by a 2/3 majority of the company’s share
holders.
23. IS IT POSSIBLE TO CHANGE FROM A PARTNERSHIP TO A LIMITED COMPANY? IF SO
WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE REQUIRED?
Yes, this may be done by surrendering the partnership registration certificate to the
Registrar of companies together with the Articles and Memorandum of Association for
registration
For any legal consultancy in the following
1. Tax registration (Vat, Tin, Tcc, Returns)
2. Company Registration
3. Both Civil and Criminal matters
Please Contact Mungoma, Mabonga, Wakhakha & Co. Advocates
Social Security House, 1st Floor, Western Wing, Plot 4 Jinja Road
p.o box 123 Mukono
Tel: 0774828247 / 0702375985/ 0752394615
23 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
6.1 Table on Industrial Possible Projects on Small and Medium Scale by PAROMA
LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5
Entrepreneurship training Introduction to small scale
industries
Multipurpose liquid detergent Scouring soap powder Washing bar soap
Self-help groups formation Business registration and
taxation details
Toilet disinfectants and antiseptic Degreasers and vehicle cleaners Bathing soap
Resources’ identification Quality control and National
bureau of standard
Bleaches and floor polishes Window cleaners Medicated soaps
Project formation and
management
Packaging and labelling Hand wash Carpet shampoo and maintainer Glycerine Transparent soaps
Bees, Fish and Poultry Keeping Sales and marketing Hand sanitizers Liquid Emulsifier (Booster) Cresol and phenol soaps
Savings and banking Specification of industries Packaging and labelling Packaging and labelling PH measuring and quality
Community development Chemical companies and contacts Pricing and profit calculation Pricing and costing Packaging and labelling
LESSON 6 LESSON 7 LESSON 8 LESSON 9 LESSON 10
Hair shampoo Milking jelly Hand and body lotion Ceramic stubborn stain remover Shoe polish
Hair conditioner Moisturizer and night emollients Facial lotions and creams Linen rust stain remover Shoe cream
Hair treatment Shower gel Body scrubber Linen stubborn stain remover Leather dyes
Hair food Massage oils and natural extracts Body Toner Floor strippers/polish/maintainer Shoe dyes
Packaging and labelling Aftershave gels and creams Body cleansers Manual dishwasher and utensils
stain remover
General dye
PH measuring Packaging and Labelling Packaging and labelling Drainage unblocking products Pricing, costing, packaging, labels
Pricing and costing Pricing and costing Pricing and costing Pricing, costing packaging, labels Quality control
LESSON 11 LESSON 12 LESSON 13 LESSON 14 LESSON 15
Introduction to paints making Candle making Printing Ink Tomato sauce making Fear blocks success
Pigments Floor polishes Ball point ink Tomato ketchup making Connecting dreams to action
Water paints Waste digester Fountain pen Ink Chilli sauce making Achievement, confidence,
courage and persistence
Oil paints Perfumes & fresheners for linen
and foul smelling, bathroom
Starch making and packing Ice cream making Change, choice, priorities, timing,
flexibility and determination
Lacquers Different waxes Glycerine packing Sweets making Stability like t the bald eagle
Enamels Chemical companies Castor oil packing Biscuits making Enthusiasm, optimism, ambition,
faith and hope
Chemical companies Designing machines and woods Olive oil packing Yoghurt making Excellence, integrity, leadership
Packing companies and designing White mineral oil packing Petty Baking Innovation, practicability,
entrepreneurship
Costing and pricing Costing and pricing Costing and pricing Costing and pricing Success, value, prosperity, power
24 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
7 SAFETY AND HEALTH Your health, the health of your co-workers and staff, the health of the environment is very important, as is the health of our mother planet. Make sure you inquire about the necessary safety measures whilst working with chemicals. As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and apply normal common sense you will be able to use the raw materials in a safe way. The products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients that conform to the African standards.
CAUTION: Think about the children!!! Make sure you close your workplace and that no children can get access to your chemicals. Keep all containers safely sealed and in cupboards where kids can’t reach them! Any reckless actions should be avoided while working with chemical To help your awareness of safety measures:
Only ever carry out authorized experiments.
Use the necessary chemical protection gadgets: gloves, protective clothing, boots, eye protection glasses, breathing protection.
Make sure your work place is well ventilated and always avoid inhalation of any chemical fumes.
Never eat or drink whilst working with chemicals.
Always keep water within your work place.
Follow all the instructions indicated on packages for any given chemical and manufacturing process.
Label all chemicals in your work place with their contents.
Make sure you clear up any chemical spills, using authorized chemical dumping cans.
All chemical waste has to be treated before dumping so that they are bio degradable. So you need to make sure you get the information from the appropriate office in your district or municipality about industrial chemical waste disposal!
Make sure the waste cans are sealed.
Put them in an authorized dumping ground for chemical waste as indicated by the proper authorities.
Clear up mercury spills with boric acid.
Clear up the acid spills with sodium bi-carbonate.
25 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
8 CLEANSING MATERIALS - Formulas and Procedures
8.1 Paroma Multi-purpose Liquid Detergent
Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1kg
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (Ufacid/labsa) 1/2kg
Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg
Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 25g
Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 25g
Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide (1 table spoon)
Colour of choice
Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon, Pine, Fauna etc.
Water (cold) 20 litre
Preservatives like sodium benzoate/ formalin 5g/10-20 cc respectively.
Procedure
Put the first 6 ingredients in a plastic bucket and stir with a wooden stick as you add the water little by little.
Keep stirring well until it is becomes a white paste.
Continue adding the water until you used it all (20 litres); you now have a white solution.
Take the powdered colour and stir it well in a little water in a separate container.
Add that colour solution (of point 4) into the liquid white soap solution and stir well with the wooden ladle.
Let this mixture settle for 24 hours before adding the perfume. (At times when you need it quickly you can)
Also just wait for a few hours and put in the perfume and stir well, but preferably after 24 hours).
Pack the liquid soap and you can start using or selling, and make money!
8.2 Smiling Baby Jelly Moisturizer
For the moisturizer “Smiling Baby Jelly”, Paroma Enterprises Ltd invented the formula. You can easily make your moisturizers by using the following:
Petroleum jelly 20kg (white or yellow pure p.j)
White mineral oil/liquidum paraffinum 4 litres
Pure olive oil 1/4ltr
Pure castor oil 200ml
Lanolin 1/2kg
Colour (Oil soluble) as desired
Perfume (Apple, Jasmine, Rose, Lemon, and lavender) as desired. Procedure
Put the petroleum jelly & Lanolin on a slow and low fire.
When it turns to fluid add the rest of the above ingredients one by one as you stir with a wooden stick.
Add colour after mixing it separately with mineral oil.
Add perfume, stir and then put off the fire
Pack the mass while it is still warm.
Label if necessary and let the package settle.
Ready to use and/or sell!
26 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
8.3 Paroma Stripper Detergent
Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 2kg
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (Ufacid/labsa) 1kg
Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg
Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 1/4ltr
Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 1 tabs
Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 4kg
Colour of choice
Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon, Pine, Chantia, Eucalyptus,
Fauna etcetera.
Water (cold) 20 litres
Preservatives formalin 20 cc The Procedure is like 4.2
8.4 Paroma Bleach For white
Magadi Soda 1kg
Chlorine 65% 1kg
Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 1/4kg
Sodium tripolyphosphate 2 tabs
Eucalyptus perfume 50 ml (Optional)
Water/Aqua 20 litres Procedure
Add to clean water the first 4 (four) ingredients and stir continuously until you have a white solution with some residues.
Filter/sieve the mass with a clean white cloth or a clean sieve to remove the residues.
Cover the clear white liquid in a cool dry place for 24 hours
Add the perfume of your choice but Eucalyptus is much recommendable although its optional
Pack the bleach and label for use or sell.
8.5 Paroma Carpet Shampoo
Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles)
cosmetic grade 1kg
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (Ufacid/labsa) 1/4kg
Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg
Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 1/4ltr
Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 1 tabs
Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 2kg
Colour of choice (Optional)
Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon, Pine, Chantia, Eucalyptus,
Fauna etcetera.
Water (cold) 40 litres
Preservatives formalin 20 cc
White vinegar 3 litres
Note: The procedure is like the first steps for liquid soap, only at the end of it all you add the vinegar. It may be without colour. OR
Paroma Dil compound 20 litres
Vinegar 3 litres
Apple oil 100 ml
Simply add the vinegar into Paroma dil compound and later perfume
Pack and label You can get Paroma Dil Compound from all Paroma Sales Centres in East Africa.
8.6 Paroma Toilet Disinfectant
Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1kg
NP9 200g 1/4kg
Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg
Urea 300g
27 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 100gms
Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 1 tabs
Colour of choice (Optional)
Pine oil ¼ litre
Dodger 200gms
Preservatives formalin 20 cc
Water 20 litres
8.7 Paroma Super Disinfectant (Paromax Super)
Creosote Oil 1 kg
Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70% (Ungarol/SLES) 1 kg
Sodium Chloride/salt 1/2kg
Aqua/water 20 litres
Procedure
Mix together Ungarol/sles with salt to get a white paste.
Add water bit by bit into a white solution
Add the creosote oil
Pack and label
It is best for pit latrines and public toilets
8.8 Paroma Soft Disinfectant
NP9 ½ litre
Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70% (Ungarol/SLES) 1 kg
Sodium Chloride/salt 1/2kg
Aqua/water 20 litres
Pine oil 1 litre
Formalin ½ litre
8.9 Paroma Direct Distainer (Toilets/tiles)
Hydrochloric Acid ¼ litre
Phosphoric Acid ½ litre Sodium Hydroxide/caustic soda 100g
Aqua/water 20 litres
Pine oil 1/4
Apple perfume 50 ml
8.10 Paroma Oxygen Bleach
Hydrogen Peroxide 1 litre
Aqua/water 5 litres
8.11 Paroma Supa Degreaser
Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1/2kg
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (Ufacid/labsa) 1kg
Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg
Butyl Glycol 1/2kg
Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 1 tabs
Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 100g
Sodium Meta Silicate ½ kg
Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon, Pine, Chantia, Eucalyptus,
Fauna etcetera.
Water (cold) 40 litres
Preservatives formalin 20 cc
28 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
8.12 Paroma Tiles Shine
Phosphoric Acid 1 litre
Hydrochloric Acid ½ litre
Apple/pine perfume 50ml
Aqua/water 20 litres
8.13 Paroma Germ x Hand Wash
Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70%/Sles/Ungarol(cosmetic grade) 2kg
Sodium chloride/ salt 1kg
Coconut Diethanolamine/C.D.E (Foam Booster) ¼ liter
Pearizer/Ufablend ¼ kg
C.M.C (Carboxy methyl cellulose) 50g
Formalin 10cc (Preservatives)
White mineral oil 100 ml
Glycerin ½ later
Apple oil 100 ml
Perfume like Lavender oil/rosemary oil/ tea tree oil 25 ml
Color (as desired) e.g. Pink
Aqua/Water 20 litres
Procedure
Put the first six (5) ingredients together in a plastic clean bucket and stir well.
Later add water bit by bit as you stir.
To the white solution add the oils one by one and stir well
Add the preservative and stir
Add colour if required and stir well
Let it settle for around 6 hours
Add the perfume oils and pack, label and use.
8.14 Paroma Direct Germ x Sanitizer
Glycerine 1 litre
I.P.A ½ litre
Apple/perfume 50ml
8.15 Paroma Economy Powder soap
Whiting 90 kg
Ufaryl 10kg
Sodium Meta Silicate 2kg
Chlorine 90% ¼ kg
Perfume like lemon 100 ml
All the above ingredients are in form of powder therefore, simply mix and add perfume.
8.16 Paroma Moisturizer
Petroleum Jelly 80 kg
White Mineral Oil 20 litres
Shea oil 2 kg
Colour (oil soluble type) as desired
Perfume like lemon, Eagle, Lady J, Apple etc. ½ litre
8.17 Paroma Vim Powder soap
Soda Ash 25 kg
Sodium Meta Silicate 10 kg
Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 65kg
Perfume like lemon ¼ litre
29 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
9 CANDLE MAKING Candles offer light, warmth and create a pleasant atmosphere. Here is your guide on how to make candles and what you need for them
9.1 Some reference:
Length : Length of candle in inch Weight : Approximate weight of wax in one candle in grams M.R.P. : Maximum Retail Price of candle in the Market Cavities : Candle in the Mould for one cycle it takes approximately in 15 minute Regular Mould : Ordinary Rough finished mould. Mirror Polished : Smooth, Non stick metal & Best Finished to get Machine like Finish Candle. Diameter in mm is given for reference. It may not be exact as Drill Size & mm vary. Hence sizes are approximate size, subject to change as per changes in market size.
9.2 Materials needed Wax
Wicks
Stearic Acid
Cooking oil
Citronella
9.3 Tools Mould
Charcoal stove
2 sauce pans
Jar
Basin
Masks
9.4 Formula
5kg of wax
15 spoons of stearic acid
About 2 litres of water
9.5 Procedure
Get a bigger saucepan of 2 litres of water and then put it on the charcoal stove
30 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
You also get the other smaller sauce pan with wax in it and put it in the sauce pan of water
Then heat from the water will melt down the wax and then apply Stearic acid in it as it melts
After the wax and acid has melted you put citronella the mosquito repellent in the solution.
After that u put the solution in your mould with wicks properly put in using a jar of cup.
Then you wait for 15 minutes for the solution to melt.
You can put the mould in a basin of cold water for the solution to cool down.
After that cut the wicks which are hanging on the top of the mould and then open the mould and remove
the candles carefully.
9.6 Candle Making Equipment
Like every other craft, candle making require some equipment. Fortunately, the candle making equipment required to get started is quite affordable. You can experiment making several different types of candles and gradually add equipment has your interest grows. Here are some
suggestions to get you started.
9.6.1 Melting Pot
The simplest and safest way to melt wax is in a double boiler. Most waxes have a melting point under 200°. The flashpoint, that is the temperature at which the wax will burst into flame, is usually over 300°. Since water boils at 212° using a double boiler insures that the wax temperature stays in a safe range.
Metal pot with a handle and spout used to pour wax is called a pouring pot. You can improvise a double boiler simply by placing the pour pot in a larger pan filled about halfway with water.
This is the way most hobbyist candle makers begin. However, there are dedicated wax melting pots that can handle 50, 75 or even 100 pounds of wax at the time. Many of these use circulating hot water in a metal jacket surrounding the melting pot to maintain a constant, safe temperature.
9.6.2 Thermometer Although some beginners try to get by without a thermometer, I think that is foolish. Use of the monitor not only ensures safety, it improves the quality of the finished candle. If you pour wax too hot, it tends to shrink as it cools and you may have to re-pour several times. On the other hand, if the wax is too cool when you pour it, you are more likely to have trapped air bubbles and blemishes both in the candle itself and on the surface. In addition, pouring at the wrong temperature will make it more difficult to get a candle out of the mould.
9.6.3 Wick There is as much art as science in selecting the proper wick. The general rule is that the larger the diameter candle, the larger the wick should be. Some wicks are braided. Others have a filament down the centre to make them more rigid. Since wicking is relatively inexpensive, it's a good idea to have several types of wick available so you have several options when producing the candle. As you gain more experience you wick selection will become better and better.
31 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
To help this process, it's good idea to keep a notebook recording which wick you used in which candle. Even things such as the colouring or fragrance added will affect your wick selection.
9.6.4 Moulds or Containers
With a mould, melted wax is poured into a form, allowed to cool and harden and then removed. If you use a container, the candle is never removed - you burn it in the container in which it was formed. Moulds are generally plastic or metal. Plastic melds are usually less expensive, but metal melds are more durable. I suggest starting with aluminium melds in a
simple shape such as a square or cylinder. Containers should be heat resistant for the obvious reasons. Heat resistant glass or metal containers work well. Never use wood, baskets, coconut shells or any other flammable material. I also recommend against using non-heat resistant glass such as ordinary drinking glasses or wineglasses.
9.6.5 Kitchen Scale
You don't have to use a scale, but it will give you more consistent results. The recommended amounts of a fragrance or die are usually so much per pound of wax. You could "guesstimate" but you'll have a hard time re-creating the exact same result again in the future. If you use a scale and keep notes you can re-create a successful candle any time you choose.
9.6.6 Safety goggles and Hammer A hammer? For candle making? Well yes, but these are necessary only if you buy paraffin wax in large blocks. If you do, you'll need to break the wax into smaller pieces that you can add to your melting pot. The easiest way to do that is to strike it with a hammer, but that can cause shards of wax to break off. That's why you need the eye protection of safety goggles. As a neatness tip, put the large block of wax in an empty cardboard carton before you start
hitting it with a hammer. This will keep the smaller wax pieces from scattering all over the room and make them easier to collect. You can avoid all of this if you buy wax in flakes or pearls, which is the way many people start out.
9.6.7 Work Surface Covering
Making candles can get messy, particularly when you're starting out. You probably have had to clean candle wax off a surface at some point in time, so you realize that it can be a problem. In addition to the wax itself, the dyes and fragrances you'll probably be using have problems of their own. If a few flakes of dye are enough to stain a pound of wax, you can imagine what it might do to your clothing or kitchen table. Fragrances can be very irritating and many of the essential oils used in candle making would damage the finishes on furniture if spilled. For all these reasons, it's a good idea to cover your work surface. Most of us start out working in a kitchen. Kitchen surfaces are generally durable and we're going to use the stove to melt the wax. Our work surface will probably be a countertop or the kitchen table.
32 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Several layers of newspaper is a reason protective layer (be sure to keep it away from the stovetop though). I like to use inexpensive plasticized tablecloths. These are neater than newspaper and liquids won't soak through the plasticized surface.
9.6.8 Fire Extinguisher
I hope you never have to use this, but let's face it - when you're making candles you're working with flammable materials so fire is a definite possibility. It's a good idea to have a fire extinguisher readily available. At the very least, have a heavy pot lid handy that you could use to smother the fire in a pot.
9.7 In Summary
As you can see, candle making does not require an extensive collection of equipment. You can make wonderful candles with relatively little candle making equipment: a simple pour pot, a thermometer and a mould.
Most candle makers collection of equipment grows predominantly as they want to increase the number of candles they make at one time.
10
33 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
10 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS Below we shall describe the difference between soaps and detergents and their different types, formulas and procedures, soap analysis and how to control the quality of soap or a detergent.
10.1 Ingredients used in soap making
OILS & FATS CHEMICALS
Coconut oil Alkali below (saponifying agents)
Palm oil Sodium hydroxide/caustic soda Potassium hydroxide/caustic potash
Beef tallow oil Builders below (Increase detergency power)
Cotton seed oil Sodium silicate Borax
Lard Fillers below (add weight to soap)
Mahua oil Talc and clay Starch and magnesium carbonate
Rosin Antioxidants below (prevent rancidity in soap)
Olive oil Ethyl Diamine Tetra Acetic Acids (E.D.T.E.As) Sodium thiosulphate
Castor oil Colours below ( For attracting customers)
Ground nut oil Blue, yellow, green, red. Etc.
Greases Perfumes/fragrances below
Soya bean oil Lavender, Rose, Jasmine, Lemon, Fauna, Baby Q, Pine, Aloe Vera. Etc.
Other vegetable Water (Aqua)
10.2 Paroma Beauty Soap
Palm Oil 20 kg Coconut oil 5 litres
Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 1.5 /2kg
Sodium Silicate 1 kg
Lemon/Jasmine/Eagle perfume 200 ml
10.3 Basic Soap Instructions
Read directions for recipe to make sure you have the required ingredients and gear. 1. Use safety gloves and goggles or eyeglasses. 2. Weigh the required amount of water (distilled is best) into one of the pitchers. To do this places an empty
pitcher on the scale and set to zero. Now measure the amount of water. 3. Using the same method as above weigh the lye needed in the second pitcher. 4. Carefully pour the lye into the pitcher containing the water. You must avoid splashing-this is the most
dangerous step! Never add the water to the lye. 5. Stir solution gently with a wooden spoon until dissolved. Make sure you have sufficient ventilation. Resist the
temptation to lean over the pitcher to get a good look. You do not want to breathe anywhere near this container.
6. While the lye is cooling, melt the fats. The temperature of both must eventually be brought to 100 degrees simultaneously. If the lye solution cools too much, put the pitcher in a pan or bowl of hot water.
34 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
7. Double-check the temperatures of the lye and fat solutions to be sure they are 100-110 degrees (equal temperature is desired).
8. While stirring the fats, pour the lye solution into the melted fat/oil in a thin stream. Stir continuously to ensure the lye mixes into the fat.
9. Continue stirring in a carefully manner to avoid splashing. The mixture should start thickening. You will eventually see "trailing" or lines on the surface. This could take 20 minutes to an hour, usually closer to one hour. Be careful using hand mixers as they can speed things up too much.
10. Pour this liquid soap into your large plastic container mould. Put the lid on and wrap with the towel. 11. Put the wrapped mould in a warm place and allow setting for 48 hours. 12. After 48 hours, un-wrap the mould. The soap should still be warm. If the surface is still very soft leave lid off
for a day. If soap looks abnormal refer to give us a call. When it is as firm it is ready to be removed from the mould.
13. Remove soap from mould. To do this, first pull the plastic mould away from the soap on all sides. Then, turn the mould over onto the needle point screen or plastic. If it doesn't fall out of the mould, push down on the upside down mould and it should pop out. You should have a nice clean block of soap ready to be cut into bars.
14. First, score the surface where the cuts will be made. Then, warm the knife to be used in water. Dry the knife and cut the block into bars of soap.
15. The hand cut bars still need to cure. They will become lighter in weight and slightly smaller. Place them on the plastic needlepoint screen for about three weeks.
16. After one to two weeks, depending on the type of basic soap.
10.4 Soap Making Equipment - What will you need?
1. Kitchen Scale
The scale need not be expensive, but you must be able to re-adjust it to zero each time it is used. This will allow you to weigh ingredients in a container (you first weigh empty and zero the scale - not counting the weight of the container when used). It should be large enough to weigh five pounds.
2. Soap Pot This must be either an enamel or stainless steel kettle. Lye can be corrosive to most other materials. Note that soap made in deeper posts requires less stirring. Pick up an old pot at a tag sale-it will look brand new when you are done!
3. Two plastic pitchers These will be used for mixing and pouring the lye solution. Make sure they have pouring spouts and lids that secure tightly. Each should hold two quarts. They should also be "dishwasher safe" to accommodate the solution that heats up to 200 degrees.
4. Plastic Spoons (the same size as wooden spoons, but plastic ones will not break down with usage) Reserve these spoons, and any other items used with lye, for soap use only!
5. Two Kitchen Thermometers Use only thermometers with glass or stainless steel probes. Aluminium will be destroyed by the lye. Make sure they have attached hooks to secure on the containers. A candy thermometer will be sufficient.
6. Safety Glasses and Rubber Gloves include picture here Always protect your eyes and skin from any contact with the lye or lye solution!
7. Wood or Stainless Steel Ladle You will need a ladle to transfer the soap into the mould(s).
8. Large Plastic Container with Lid
35 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
This will be a large mould to hold your liquid basic soap and should be about 12 quarts. The lid should be secure and the shape a nice rectangle or square. This will make it easy to cut into bars for use or milling.
9. Towel While the basic soap sets it must be kept from cooling too quickly. Wrap your container mould with a towel. This is called "putting the soap to bed".
10. Plastic Needlepoint Screen Once the basic soap is sliced it must cure-surrounded by air. The screen is a thin drying rack that doesn't leave marks behind. You can get this at any store that sells craft supplies.
11. Kitchen Grater You will need this to make milled soap which requires the cured basic soap to be grated before melting.
12. Soap Moulds If you are going to all the trouble to make milled soaps, you should get some nice melds. Special melds are made for soap making but those used for candy or candle-making will do just as well. You could also use tart pans, microwave containers, or even sardine cans! Moulds made for soap work best though when trying to remove the soap once it has set.
10.5 Weights and Measures
8 ounces = 1/2 pound = 226 grams 16 ounces = 1 pound = 454 grams 24 ounces = 1 1/2 pounds = 679 grams
32 ounces = 2 pounds = 907 grams 40 ounces = 2 1/2 pounds = 1.1 kilograms
10.6 Quality control measures
Quality control is determined by the National Bureau of Standards, which is also where you will need to apply for your operational license. For more information please contact: UNBS website for those in Uganda and KEBS website for those in Kenya. The following are the general quality control considerations. 1. Keep the fatty acid content to at most 73.33% 2. Keep the content of matters insoluble in soap to around 1.3%-2.6% 3. Caustic soda/caustic potash PH around 7.5-9 %
10.7 Paroma Metal Cleaners
Oxalic Acid 20 kg
Sodium Bi Fluoride 20 kg
Soap stock 20 kg
10.8 Paroma Metal Shine
Soda Ash 10 kg
Sodium Meta Silicate 50 kg
Soap stock 10 kg
10.9 Paroma Liquid Metal cleaner
Phosphoric Acid 15-25 litres
Ethylene Glycol Môn butyl Ether 7-20 kg
Water 20 litres
10.10 Naphthalene Balls / Paroma Rapic Toilet Balls
36 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Naphthalene 200kg
Camphor 20 kg
Phenol 30 kg
Ceresin 50 kg
Colour/Spirit
Dye
11 CREAMS AND LOTIONS We all know that beauty comes from the inside and shines through in the outside! But some creams and lotions
might help
11.1 Standard Requirements for Creams and Lotions
Creams and Lotions should meet certain Criteria. The quality of your product is important. Value for money is
what your customers will be looking for. If they have bought cream from you that is causing skin irritation once,
they will not buy from you again!
So some guidelines:
The preparation shall be clear or of uniform colour
The cream, lotion or gel shall be free from visible impurities.
All ingredients used, dyes, pigments and colours shall conform to all parts of the East Africa standard for cosmetic raw materials (KS 03-(474))
The cream, lotions or gel shall contain acceptable amounts of the ingredients necessary to affect the intended endues performance as stipulated on the label.
The manufacturer shall certify that all the ingredients used, e.g. mineral oils, extracts from natural herbs, dyes, and perfume etc. shall be in pure form and shall not be harmful or irritating to the skin, potentially harmful substances shall not exceed acceptable limits.
The total amounts of heavy metals shall not exceed 20 PPM
All creams, lotions and gels for skin care shall also comply with the requirements given in the table below when tested.
Standard Requirements for creams, lotions and gels for skin care:
NO CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENT METHOD OF TEST
1. Thermal stability To pass test 37% +1 o c for 48 hrs
2. PH range 4.5 to 8.5 10% solution (of product)
3. Total fatty substance content by mass minimum
5 Hydrolysis with an acid (HCL) 50% and extraction with petroleum spirit 40-60oC and evaporation of solvent
4. Microbiological examination micro-organism per gm. Maximum
100 Colony counts
5. Lead ,PPM max 20 AAS
6. Arsenic PPM max 2 AAS
7. Mercury PPm max 2 AAS
37 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
11.2 General Lotion Formulations
Conditioner Base 1kg
White Mineral Oil 2 litres
Glycerine 2 litres
Preservatives e.g. Formalin/borax/citric acid 1 tabs
Colour (Oil soluble) as desired
Perfume (Eagle, apple, Lady J, Real, Baby Bucky, Lemon, Honey & Aloe Vera)
Hot Water 20 litres Procedure
Heat the conditioner base to fluid form plus all that is in solid form into one mass.
Add the mass into the hot water and stir continuously to a white solution.
Add the oils that are available and stir well
Add the preservatives and stir
Add colours if any like green, yellow, and pink & brown that are oil soluble. You will mix the colours with the any oil like mineral oil separately before adding to the lotion.
Add the perfume like Eagle, Lady J, Real, Baby Bucky, Lemon, Apple, Jasmine, Honey etc. Note: Lotions are given names according to Essential oils, Perfumes and Natural Herbal Extracts added to the above formulas
1. Essential oils Olive oil Castor oil Coconut oil Almond oil Neem oil Chamomile oil Shea oil Aloe Vera oil Lemon grass oil Ginger oil
2. Herbal Extracts Aloe Vera Other additives Lanolin Glycerine Coco butter
3. Perfumes Real Jasmine Eagle Baby Bucky Apple Honey Lemon
11.3 Aloe Vera Lotion
Conditioner base 1 kg
Aloe Vera oil 25 ml
Castor oil 10 ml
Olive oil 100 ml
Mineral oil 2 litres
Glycerine 2 litres
Lavender oil few drops
Colour & perfume as desired
Citric Acid (Preservative)
Hot water 20 litres
Procedure
38 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Pour conditioner base into a clean pan and put on fire into fluid form. (Slow heat) Then stir as you add aloe Vera oil and other oils. Then add colours and perfume as you contribute stirring. Then remove from fire then cool and pack. Colours may be added after making the white lotion. Preservatives may be added.
11.4 Aloe Vera Petroleum jelly
Petroleum Jelly (white) 20 kg
Lanolin ¼ kg
Castor oil 50 ml
Mineral oil 4 litres
Olive oil 100 ml
Aloe Vera oil 25 ml
Colour & perfume as desired Procedure Melt the petroleum jelly on moderate heat and when it has melted then add Lanolin and all the oils as you stir. Remove from fire then add colours and perfume. Then pack in that liquid state.
11.5 Body Cream
Lanolin 28 g
Beeswax or other Soft wax 212 g
Petroleum jelly 57 g
White mineral oil 57 ml
Water 1 litre Procedure
Mix well and use Setting lotion for babies hair
Glycerine 198 g
Gum tragacanth 14 g
Water 1 kg Procedure
Dissolve the gum in the water by heating and then add the Glycerine mixing well.
N/B Rose perfume is quite suitable for all. For other formulas that involve use of Cetyl, Polar wax, Stearic Acid e.t.c please come to our offices for Training
39 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
12 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION OF MUSHROOMS
The overall purpose of the training is to equip the youth with appropriate knowledge and skills that will enhance
their ability to produce and process mushroom produced by them into mushroom soup and porridge.
12.1 Objectives of the training
To impart skills and knowledge to youth in adding value to mushrooms to make soups and porridge so that they can process the mushrooms produced by youth.
To help youth to form collective marketing groups within communities where they work which will be managed in a sustainable manner for easy processing of the mushrooms.
To improve mushroom production project though value addition for increased incomes amongst the community members and youth itself.
12.2 General introduction to mushroom
Mushroom are fungi belonging in the class of basidiomycetes which have been grown in Uganda since the 1990s on non-edible lingo cellulose waste material or agricultural wastes like cotton husks. Coffee husks, rice straws, sawdust and many more others. Mushrooms are very different from other crops in that they require very small space and are cultivated with a variety of agricultural and industrial wastes. They are also an excellent source of Vitamins B, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid; therefore they can be used to supplement human dietary requirements.
12.3 Economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms.
Nutritional
Mushrooms contain about 85-95% of water, 3% proteins, 4% carbohydrates, 0.1% fats, 1% minerals and vitamins (Tewari 1986).
They can be used as a supplement to diet therefore important to human health and they also have a high nutritive content.
They are important source of proteins comparable to maize, milk and legumes (Quimio 1976)Mushrooms protein is intermediate between that of animals and vegetables (Kurtzman 1976
They are also an excellent source of vitamin B, their carbohydrate ranges between 3-38% on fresh weight basis (Hakes 1981) and they contain appreciable amount of niacin, penetothenic acid and biotin (Subramanian 1986).
They also contain an appreciable amount of potassium, phosphorus, copper and iron but low levels of calcium (Anderson 1942)
They have immune stimulating chemicals and serum cholesterol reducing properties so they are beneficial to HIV Suffers. (Suzuki and ohshima 1974). Economic
Mushroom cultivation creates employment opportunities for many since it is done purely in doors therefore it booms women, children and landless individuals with limited land resource. (Peter oyei 1996).
It is an immense potential both in export and domestic market thus providing income both to the farmers and the country.
40 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Oyster mushroom production is labour-intensive because it involves different activities right away from production up to processing if to be consumed in a processed way and therefore creates employment opportunities to very many people.
The mushrooms have a short growth cycle of only 4 weeks and can be grown throughout the year and since their cultivation does not completely depend on rainfall therefore they can be grown any time of the year (Zadrazil 1978).
12.4 Factors affecting mushroom production and processing in Uganda
Brainstorm session in groups of two participants, two to brain on the
following:
Lack of enough knowledge on mushroom production and processing
Little production due to lack of spawn or expensive spawn, poor quality spawn.
Having one variety in Uganda apart from local mushrooms
Expensive packaging and processing machines
Limited research
Lack of guiding manuals
Limited knowledge on value addition especially on product formulation and development
12.5 Overview of mushroom production
Group exercise; on mushroom growing and what it takes to grow it > Practical session
12.6 Materials we shall use in the primary production of mushroom
Spawns
Substrate
Plastic containers
Strings
Poles
Drums
Cotton seed cake
Gloves
Paroma Bleach
Firewood
12.7 Over view of value addition
Group exercise; on meaning of value addition and what it takes to add value to a product > Practical session
12.8 Materials we shall use to develop mushroom soups and porridge
12.8.1 Mushroom porridge.
Starch
mushroom powder
soya flour
rice flour
millet flour
oat flour
41 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
12.8.2 Mushroom soup
starch
wheat flour
carrots
onions
pumpkins
tomatoes
garlic
spices like; cardamom, cinnamon, white pepper
sodium glutamate
12.8.3 Starch making > Procedure
Wash sweet potatoes thoroughly and peel them,
Rewash them again to remove any dirt.
Smash them with a knife as you put the smashed pieces in water,
Wash the smashed pieces in water and squeeze water out of them
Put aside the squeezed smashed potatoes and leave water alone to settle for about 45 minutes
When water settles drain off of the water and dry the starch that remains down and pack your starch or use it.
13 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Here are some of the most FAQ’s about this package and getting into this industry
Question: How do I know that I will be able to make these products? You see, I dropped out of school last
year and it all sounds too difficult and complicated for me. Answer: These manuals have been especially written with the complete beginner in mind. Everything is
explained in simple terms. If you can do 6th class mathematics and can follow step-by-step instructions, then you will have no problem whatsoever.
Question: Do I need any prior skills in chemistry? Answer: No, you do not need any skills, previous knowledge or experience to be able to manufacture these
products and operate this business. Question: Can an average person make money in this business? Answer: As I have said before, if you simply follow the instructions as laid out for you, you will have no
problem whatsoever. Anyone who will be able to commit to make the right products can make money in this business.
Question: Where will I get the raw materials from? Answer: The raw materials that you will need to make your products are very easy to source in the
chemical manufacturing industries that you will find in this very manual. The chemical mentioned are as common to chemical manufacturing as flour, eggs, milk and sugar are to baking. The manual contains information showing you where from and how to get your raw materials.
Question: What about packaging and labelling? Answer: You will also be able to find the details on sources packaging and product labelling in this
manufacturing manual. Question: Aren’t the formulas very expensive? And will the formulas allow for making top quality products?
42 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Answer: Our formulas are all made from scratch. Only raw materials are used, producing top quality products. In fact these very formulations have been bought and used by different Government Departments and institutions.
Question: What happens if I run into a manufacturing problem and need help or advice? Can I contact you? Answer: The author and the team of researchers are always eager for you to succeed. We are more than
willing to help you with technical assistance as well as other queries you might have. Question: I’m convinced about this business but if too many people get into it, won’t the market become
flooded? Answer: That is highly unlikely as these are necessary, consumable items used in every household and
industry worldwide. The market is absolutely enormous. The particular market you decide to focus on will determine which products you will manufacture. It is highly unlikely for any two readers to manufacture identical products to the same markets in the same region. Your product will be entirely unique as a result of your chosen colour; fragrance and the branding you give it. This can also be further enhanced by other specifics you decide for your product such as foaming, viscosity or thickness.
Question: This business sounds like an answer to my prayers, a dream come true. What is the catch? Answer: The catch is that you must be prepared to do something! Like any business, to make it work you
have to work at it. This is a serious business that demands your commitment as any other business. Do not expect to become a millionaire overnight as this is impossible in any business; only winning the lottery can do that for you. In this business, like in any other, you must be prepared to invest a certain amount of effort to reap its great rewards. If you are not prepared to do this then save your money and don’t buy start.
Question: How come you are prepared to share the Trade Secrets of the manufacturing industry? Aren’t you scared of competition?
Answer: The market is too enormous for anyone to be worrying about competition. Man can only succeed by helping others succeed.
Question: Is manufacturing these products safe? Answer: As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and use normal common sense as with any
activity it is safe. This manual contains further information and safety guidelines to follow. Question: I’m concerned about our environment, are these products biodegradable? Answer: These products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients that conform to the
African standards. Question: What equipment is necessary and will it cost a lot? Answer: As explained before you don’t need to invest in expensive machinery to start-up. You can get
everything you need to start for about 6, 500, - KES ($80). As your business begins to grow, you may wish to invest in mechanical mixers which will make mixing big quantities much easier.
Questions: I don’t want to quit my job. All I want is a bit of extra income. Is this possible? Answer: It is certainly possible, but it all depends on the amount of customers you decide to take on. You
can only accommodate a few small clients when working in you spare time or you can take on some larger clients and, if you don’t have the time, you can get someone to work for you on a temporary basis whenever a bigger order comes in.
Questions: How long does it take to get started? Answer: This depends on how much time you have available to spend on the business. You are strongly
recommended to read through all the material and fully acquaint yourself with the manufacturing process.
43 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
14 TABLE OF AVAILABLE BOOKS PAROMA ENTERPRISES LIMITED. Walking in the Pipeline of Success MINDSET CHECK 1. P.O.OR 2. R.I.C.H 3. Y.E.S 4. N.OW 5. F.E.A.R 6. Fear blocks success 7. Connecting dreams to
action 8. Achievement,
confidence, courage & persistence
9. Change, choice, priorities, timing, flexibility & determination
10. Stability like that of the bald Eagle
11. Enthusiasm, optimism, ambition, faith and hope
12. Innovation, practicability & Entrepreneurship, Success, Value, Prosperity & power
Laundry, Kitchen and Household soaps Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Toilet disinfectants 5. Bleach 6. Hand Wash 7. Window/Glass
Cleaners 8. Dish washing soaps 9. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
10. Packaging and labelling
Powder Soap Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. General powder soap formulas
5. Scouring powder 6. Vim soap powder 7. Metal polishing soap
powder 8. List of Chemical,
tools, Equipment and plastics supplier companies
9. Packaging and labelling
Lotions and Cream Making 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Body and hand lotions 5. Baby lotions 6. Cold lotions 7. Cleansing lotions 8. Body creams 9. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
10. Packaging and labelling
Shoe polish Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Shoe cream 5. Shoe polish 6. She dyes 7. General dyes 8. Leather dyes 9. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
10. Packaging and labelling
Special detergent cleaners Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Carpet shampoo 5. Degreasers 6. Car shampoo 7. Terrazzo detergents 8. Naphthalene Balls 9. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
10. Packaging and labelling
Paints making Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Water Paint 5. Oil Paint 6. Lacquers 7. Enamel 8. List of Chemical,
tools, Equipment and plastics supplier companies
9. Packaging and labelling
Ink Technology Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Printing ink 5. Ball point ink 6. Fountain ink 7. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
8. Packaging and labelling
44 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Modern Cosmetics Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Glycerine 5. Castor oil 6. Olive Oil 7. White mineral oil 8. Petroleum jelly 9. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
10. Packaging and labelling
Tomato sauce Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Tomato sauce 5. Tomato ketchup 6. Chilli Sauce 7. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
8. Packaging and labelling
Sweets and Yoghurt Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Sweets 5. Yoghurt 6. Ice cream 7. List of Chemical,
tools, Equipment and plastics supplier companies
8. Packaging and labelling
Hair Care Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Hair Shampoo 5. Hair Conditioner 6. Hair food 7. Hair treatment
8. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
9. Packaging and labelling
Special Hair products Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Hair Relaxer 5. Hair Brilliantine 6. Hair lotions 7. Hair Anti-dandruff oils 8. Hair Dyes 9. Permanent waving
creams 10. Setting lotions 11. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
12. Packaging and labelling
Skin Cleansers and Treatment Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Facial scrubbers 5. Facial toners 6. Body cleansers 7. Anti-wrinkle oils and
creams 8. Massage oils 9. Muscle relaxers 10. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
11. Packaging and labelling
Candle Making Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Ice candles 5. Shell candles 6. Water candles 7. Tin foil candles 8. Angled candles 9. Jam jar candles 10. Chunky candles 11. Scented candles 12. Floating candles 13. Tapered candles 14. Cinnamon candles 15. Single colour candles 16. Egg shaped candles 17. Multi-collared
candles 18. Rolled beeswax
candles 19. Orange scented
candles 20. Mosquito 21. List of Chemical,
Chalk Making Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. School Chalk 5. Collared Chalk 6. Dustless Chalk 7. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
8. Packaging and labelling
45 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
tools, Equipment and plastics supplier companies
22. Packaging and labelling
Drainage and Anti-septic Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Jez pit Latrine disinfectant
5. Bio-pit digester 6. Phenol Disinfectant 7. Toilet Stain remover 8. Sinks & Drainage
Unblocking agent 9. Linen cleaners 10. Toilet water 11. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
12. Packaging and labelling
Practical Entrepreneurship Handbook 1. Business Idea 2. Business Registration 3. Taxation 4. Banking & books
keeping 5. Suppliers and
distribution Channels 6. Sales & marketing 7. Pricing strategy 8. Product stages 9. Strategic Planning 10. Monitoring 7
evaluation 11. Local & international
trade
Agricultural value addition 1. Fruits and Vegetable
treatment 2. Flowers & perfumes 3. Bananas & potatoes 4. Essential oils making 5. Bio-Fuel/Bio-gas 6. Starch extraction
Herbal Consumer Products 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Herbal Petroleum Jellies
5. Herbal creams 6. Herbal oils 7. Herbal creams 8. Herbal lotions 9. Herbal soaps 10. Herbal foot powder 11. Herbal muscle relaxer 12. Herbal Hair care
products 13. List of Chemical, tools,
Equipment and plastics supplier companies
14. Packaging and labelling
Agro Processing Handbook 1. Sugar 2. Milk Powder 3. Fruit powder 4. Powders e.g. ginger &
garlic powder 5. Vegetable cooking oil 6. Tomato sauce & Chilli
sauce 7. Fresh & Artificial juice 8. Concentrates &
powders 9. Farming and
processing spices 10. Skin to leather 11. Bio gas & Diesel 12. Crisps (Gonja, cassava,
Confectionary Industry Handbook 1. Cakes 2. Cookies 3. Bread 4. Biscuits 5. Chewing gum 6. Sweets & toffee 7. Ice cream 8. Yoghurt 9. Jam
Assorted Small Enterprises Handbook 1. Candles 2. School Chalk 3. Envelops & Paper
bags 4. Plastic waste
recycling 5. Book binding & safety
matches 6. Office, paper & wood
glue 7. Mosquito Repellent 8. Shoe polish & creams 9. Naphthalene balls
Salon Common Products Handbook 1. Hair wave &
treatment 2. Hair shampoo in all
types 3. Hairs oils 4. Hair toners and
creams 5. Hair conditioner 6. Hair Gel 7. Hair Pomade 8. Hair Neutralizers 9. Hair dyes 10. Hair anti-dandruff oils
& creams 11. Nail polish & remover
46 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
potato etc.)
Business Development Consultancy handbook 1. Capacity building &
Orientation training 2. Business and fundable
proposal writing 3. Projects report and
Monitoring & Evaluation
4. Products development 5. Packaging & branding 6. Trademark, Patent
and Copyright registration
7. UNBS, KEBS and ISO certification processing
Cleansers, Soaps & Detergents Handbook 1. Bar soap (all types) 2. All types of Liquid soap 3. Spot, stain, ink
remover 4. Paints, varnish, and
enamel remover 5. Rust, oil and grease
removers & powder soap
6. Anti septic & medicated soaps
7. Dry cleaning/laundry detergents
8. Dry cleaners/laundry pre-spotters
9. Dish & window glass cleaners
10. Radiator & cooling system cleansers
11. Drain pipe and lavatory cleaners
Modern Soap Making Handbook 1. FAQ 2. Safety precautions 3. Legal information on
UNBS, URA and business registration
4. Bar soap Formulas 5. Liquid soap formulas 6. List of Chemical,
tools, Equipment and plastics supplier companies
7. Packaging and labelling
Assorted Technical MSME’s Advice 1. Mobile phone repair 2. Motor bike servicing 3. Audio & video editing 4. Computerized graphic
designing 5. Motor winding 6. Basic electrical
Engineering 7. Computer cartridge
refilling & printer servicing
8. Screen & heat transfer printing
9. FM Radio frequency extension
10. Basic metal fabrication
11. Servicing motors, water pumps, generators & transformers
15 PAROMA PRODUCTS Dairy Industry Products Paroma Sanitizer Paroma Hand Wash Cream Paroma Multipurpose Heavy Duty
Detergent (pH 10 & above) Paroma CIP Chemicals Paroma Water treatment
chemicals
Swimming Pool Products ParomAlgicide (Algae Growth
Control Micro-Biocide) Paromapool Chlorine 65% (Pool
Sanitizer) Paromapool Super Chlorine 90%
(Pool Sanitizer) Paromapool Flocculator (Clears All
Suspended Particles In The Pool) Paromapool pH Minus (pH
Downward) - Liquid Paromapool pH Plus (pH Upwards)
- Powder Paromapool Brilliant (Maintains A
Blue Natural Color) Paromapool Antistain - Liquid
Textile & Laundy Hygiene products Paroma Chlorine Bleach (Powdered
Bleach For Whites Only) Paroma Industrial Bleach (liquid
Bleach for whites only) Paroma Booster (Cuts Grease And
Boosts The Cleaning Power) Paroma Oxygen Liquid Bleach
(Liquid Bleach For Both Whites & Colored)
Paroma Basic Fabric Detergent Paroma Fe (Special For Iron Based
Stains On Fabrics) Paroma Liquid Rust Remover (For
Spotting) Paroma Hand Wash Fabric
Detergent Paroma PB Special For Proteinous
Stubborn Stains (Blood) Paroma Super- Single Application
47 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
(3 In 1) Paroma XDH (Recommended For
Areas With Extremely Hard Water) Paroma General Fabric Disinfectant Paroma Phenolic Disinfectant Paroma Biological Detergent
Personal Hygiene Products Paroma Shower Gel Paroma Hair Shampoo Paroma Hand & Body Lotion Paroma Hand & Body Cream Paroma Mouth Wash Paroma Hand Washing Cream Paroma Hair Conditioner Paroma Hair Treatment Paroma Hair Relaxer Paroma Glycerine Paroma Anti-dandruff oil Paroma Smiling Baby Jelly Paroma Herbal Jelly Paroma Body powder Paroma body oil Paroma Skin cleanser
House Keeping Hygiene Products Paroma Carpet Cleaning Shampoo Paroma Car Cleaning Shampoo Paroma Ceramic Tiles & Toilet
Bowl Cleaner Maintainer Paroma Ceramic Stubborn Stain
Remover Paroma Terrazzo Detergent Paroma Toilet Disinfectant Paroma Floor Polish Paroma Scouring Powder Super
Grade & Economy Grade Paroma Glass Shine Liquid Paroma Hand Washing Cream “P”
Kitchen Hygiene Products Paroma Multipurpose Liquid
detergent Paroma Multipurpose Heavy duty
liquid detergent (Dishwasher) Paroma Sterilizing powder – Legu
plus (Sanitizer for vegetable salads and general sanitizing)
Paroma Powdered Destainer for all Kitchen equipment
Paroma Oven and Grill Cleaner – (Use cold/hot)
Paroma Degreaser Paroma unblocking wonder (fats) Paroma Methylated spirit – for
keeping food warm Paroma Machine Rinsing Liquid Paroma Machine Dish Washing
Detergent
48 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
16
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOW INCOME EARNERS IN UGANDA 2015 and
beyond
Francis Bukenya (“OLI MUGAGGA NE PAROMA MUKIDUUKA KYA MAGEZI”)
Paroma Enterprises limited
P.O BOX 27529, KAMPALA
Office No: +256-783-542-432,
+256-779-032-207
+256-704-324-810
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.paromauganda.com
Our Motto: Quality Every Time
17
18
49 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
19
20 PAROMA PRODUCTS
Dairy Industry Products
Paroma Sanitizer
Paroma Hand Wash Cream
Paroma Multipurpose Heavy
Duty Detergent (pH 10 & above)
Paroma CIP Chemicals
Paroma Water treatment
chemicals
Swimming Pool Products
ParomAlgicide (Algae Growth
Control Micro-Biocide)
Paromapool Chlorine 65%
(Pool Sanitizer)
Paromapool Super Chlorine
90% (Pool Sanitizer)
Paromapool Flocculator
(Clears All Suspended
Particles In The Pool)
Paromapool pH Minus (pH
Downward) - Liquid
Paromapool pH Plus (pH
Upwards) - Powder
Paromapool Brilliant
(Maintains A Blue Natural
Color)
Paromapool Antistain - Liquid
Textile & Laundy Hygiene products
Paroma Chlorine Bleach (Powdered
Bleach For Whites Only)
Paroma Industrial Bleach (liquid
Bleach for whites only)
Paroma Booster (Cuts Grease And
Boosts The Cleaning Power)
Paroma Oxygen Liquid Bleach
(Liquid Bleach For Both Whites &
Colored)
Paroma Basic Fabric Detergent
Paroma Fe (Special For Iron Based
Stains On Fabrics)
Paroma Liquid Rust Remover (For
Spotting)
Paroma Hand Wash Fabric Detergent
Paroma PB Special For Proteinous
Stubborn Stains (Blood)
Paroma Super- Single Application (3
In 1)
Paroma XDH (Recommended For
Areas With Extremely Hard Water)
Paroma General Fabric Disinfectant
Paroma Phenolic Disinfectant
Paroma Biological Detergent
Personal Hygiene Products
Paroma Shower Gel
Paroma Hair Shampoo
Paroma Hand & Body Lotion
Paroma Hand & Body Cream
Paroma Mouth Wash
Paroma Hand Washing Cream
Paroma Hair Conditioner
Paroma Hair Treatment
Paroma Hair Relaxer
Paroma Glycerine
Paroma Anti-dandruff oil
Paroma Smiling Baby Jelly
Paroma Herbal Jelly
Paroma Body powder
House Keeping Hygiene
Products
Paroma Carpet Cleaning
Shampoo
Paroma Car Cleaning Shampoo
Paroma Ceramic Tiles & Toilet
Bowl Cleaner Maintainer
Paroma Ceramic Stubborn
Stain Remover
Paroma Terrazzo Detergent
Paroma Toilet Disinfectant
Paroma Floor Polish
Paroma Scouring Powder
Super Grade & Economy
Grade
Kitchen Hygiene Products
Paroma Multipurpose Liquid
detergent
Paroma Multipurpose Heavy duty
liquid detergent (Dishwasher)
Paroma Sterilizing powder – Legu
plus (Sanitizer for vegetable salads
and general sanitizing)
Paroma Powdered Destainer for all
Kitchen equipment
Paroma Oven and Grill Cleaner –
(Use cold/hot)
Paroma Degreaser
Paroma unblocking wonder (fats)
Paroma Methylated spirit – for
50 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Paroma body oil
Paroma Skin cleanser
Paroma Glass Shine Liquid
Paroma Hand Washing Cream
“P”
keeping food warm
Paroma Machine Rinsing Liquid
Paroma Machine Dish Washing
Detergent
COSTS RAW MATERIALS
Petroleum Jelly Bleach Vik Glycerine Lotion
a. Petroleum Jelly 80kg 680,000/=
b. White oil 40 ltrs 260,000/=
c. Essential oils 50,000/=
d. Perfumes 100,000/=
e. Colors 20,000/=
f. 100g plastic bottles @
200x1000pcs 200,000/=
g. 250g plastic bottles @
350x1000pcs 350,000/=
h. Labels @ 300x2000pcs
600,000/= Grand Total: 2,260,000/=
a. Magadi soda 3kgs@2000x3=60
00/= b. Chlorine 65%
@10,000x3= 30,000/=
c. Caustic soda 2kg@
5000x2=10,000/= d. S.t.p.p 1kg
20,000/= e. Vik bottles @
800x100pcs=80,000/=
f. 2 Jericans of 2oltrs each
@6500x2=13,00/= g. Labels
@500x100=50,000/=
Grand Total: 209,000/=
a. Glycerine 60kg@8500x60=510,000
/= b. Additives
500,000/= c. Plastics
@400x2000pcs=
800,000/= d. Labels
@100x2000=200,000/=
Grand Total: 2,010,000/=
a. C.B,C.S.A,GMS,CENTRIMIDE
B.P 3kg @ 40,000x3=120,0
00/= b. White oil 20ltrs@8500x2
0=170,000/= c. Essential oils
100,000/= d. Propyl Paraben
1kg 30,000/= e. Perfumes
100,000/= f. Colors 20,000/= g. Plastics 200ml
bottles@500x300=150,000/=
Grand Total: 690,000/=
51 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
ITEM QUANTITY COST
Weighing scale 1
Jugs 5
Wooden big ladles 5
Black Drums with a tap
210ltrs
5
Big sieves 5
Sauce pan/stainless 3
Small buckets 5
Large Buckets 4
Gas Tank, regulator and gas
cook
1
Charcoal stoves big and
small2
2
Laboratory tables 4
Spoons 4
Laboratory gowns/Eplones 5
Gloves, goggles,gum boots
and other chemical
protection gadgets
5@
Product Shelves 4
Cleaning Towels 5
Masking tap 2
Thermometers 3
Water supply
Film Sealer 1
Total Estimated
52 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
UGANDA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (UNBS)
Requirements Uganda National Bureau of Standards in Industrial skills training
The figures below are not accurate so please visit UNBS offices for better results.
N0 ITEM Standard Document Lab fees Samples
1 Petroleum Jelly 35,000/= 136,000/= 200g per
product
2 Hair Shampoo 35,000/= 100,000/= 2 ltrs per @
3 Hair Lotions 35,000/= 156,000/= 200gx2@
4 Hair Gel 35,000/= 156,000/= 200gx2@
5 Skin Lotion/Gel 35,000/= 156,000/= 500g @
6 Pomades/Brilliantine 35,000/= 90,000/= 500g@
7 Hair Relaxer 35,000/= 150,000/= 500@
8 Labeling of
cosmetics
@ 10,0000 N/A
9 Prohibited
Substance
a. Lead 50,000/=
b. Mercury
50,000/=
c. Hydroquinone
40,000/=
N/A
10 Bar soap 35,000/= 220,000/= 3 bars
11 Liquid Soap 35,000/= 150,000/= 2 ltrs
12 Bleach 35,000/= 70,000/= 2ltrs
13 Candles 35,000/= 70,000/= 4 packs
14 Toilet Soaps 35,000/= 220,000/= 6 pcs
15 Emulsion paint 35,000/= 120,000/= 2 ltrs
16 Gloss paint 35,000/= 50,000/= 2 ltrs
17 Enamel 35,000/= 120,000/= 2lts
18 Lacquers 35,000/= 120,000/= 2 ltrs
53 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
TOTAL
PACKAGING & PRICING OF THE PRODUCTS
S/No
:
PRODUCT ID: DESCRIPTIO
N
QTY
1
QTY
2
QTY3 PRICE
1
PRICE
2
PRICE
3
1 PASH PASH
Liquid soap
Cleans gently,
removes stains
and refreshes
1litre 5liter
s
20litre
s
2000 8000 25000
2 PASH PASH
Disinfectant
Killing germs
in toilets,
fabrics and
surfaces
1litre 5litre
s
20litre
s
3000 10000 45000
3 PASH PASH
Terrazzo
Floors, tiles
and urinals
1litre 5litre
s
20litre
s
3000 12000 40000
4 PASH PASH
Distainer
Stain go for
ever
1litre 5litre
s
20litre
s
3500 15000 45000
5 PASH PASH
Softer
Best for all
fabrics
1litre 5litre
s
20litre
s
3000 10000 50000
6 PASH PASH For white
clothes,
1litre 5litre 20litre 3000 10000 40000
54 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Bleach surfaces and
toilets
s s
7 PASH PASH
Windowleen/Gla
ss Cleaner
Cleans &
keeps Glass
shining
1
Litre
5litre
s
20litre
s
7000 30000 70000
8 PASH PASH
Hand washing
cream
Kills germs
and softens
hands
1litre 5litre
s
20litre
s
10000 45000 80000
9
PASH PASH
Glycerine
All skins
smoothening
oil
50ml 2000
10 PASH PASH
Lotion
For all skin
types
2000
11 PASH PASH
Stripper
Soap
For all
coloured
clothes &
Surface
1ltr 5ltrs 20ltrs 3000 10,000 40,000
12 PASH PASH
Hair Conditioner
Special for
Hair
Conditioning
1ltr 5ltrs 20ltrs 2000 7000 25,000
13 PASH PASH
Baby Jelly
For all skin
types
50g 2500 4000
55 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
COST OF PRODUCTION, SALES PRICE, GROSS & NET PROFIT
Practical Courses
1. Liquid detergent/Soap
2. Petroleum Jelly Making (Plain Jelly, Colored, Colorless Jelly, Perfumed Jelly, Herbal Jelly,
Medicated Jelly and Body Ointments/Jelly)
3. Bleach liquid like Jik/Vik/Topex/Ace
4. Toilet disinfectants/Antiseptic soap
5. Hand & Body Lotion (Glycerine lotion, lanolin lotion, herbal lotion, cleansing lotion,
medicated lotion, toning lotion and moisturizing lotions)
6. Glycerine
PASH PASH Multi-purpose Liquid Detergent 20ltrs
1. Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles)
cosmetic grade 1kg 2. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (Ufacid/labsa)
1/2kg 3. Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg 4. Coconut diethanolamine (C.D.E) 25g 5. Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 25g 6. Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide (1 table spoon) 7. Color water soluble type like blue, green, yellow or pink 8. Perfumes like Rose, Lavender, Jasmine, Lemon, Pine,
Fauna e.t.c.
56 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
9. Water (cold) 20 liters 10. Preservatives like sodium benzoate/ formalin 5g/10-20 cc respectively.
Note: Total cost of products with Chemicals, plastics, labels and transport inclusive is 23,000/= Total cost 23,000/= Sales price: 30,000/= Gross profit: 7,000/= Other costs: 2,000/= Net profit: 5,000/=
PASH PASH Petroleum Jelly 20kg (240pcs @ equals to 100g)@2,500
You can easily make your moisturizers by using the following: 1. Petroleum jelly 20kg (white or yellow pure p.j) 2. White mineral oil/liquidum paraffinum 4 ltrs 3. Pure olive oil 1/4ltr 4. Pure castor oil 200ml 5. Glycerin 1 ltr 6. Color (Oil soluble) as desired 7. Perfume (Apple, Jasmine, Rose, Lemon, and lavender) as desired.
Total cost will include plastics, labels, promotion, sales and marketing below. Total cost: 400,000/= Sales @ 2500x240=600,000/= Gross Profit: 200,000/= Other costs: 50,000/= Net Profit: 150,000/=
PASH PASH Bleach For white/like Vik 20ltrs @ 7000/= 1. Magadi Soda 1kg 2. Chlorine 65% 1kg 3. Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 1/4kg 4. Sodium tripolyphosphate 2 tbs 5. Eucalyptus perfume 50 ml (Optional) 6. Water/Aqua 20 ltrs
Total cost plastics, labels inclusive Total cost: 50,000/= Sales: 140,000/= Gross profit: 90,000/= Other costs: 20,000/= Net Profit: 70,000/=
57 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
PASH PASH Toilet Disinfectant 20ltrs @3000/= 1. Sodium laurel Ether sulphate 70% (Ungarol/sles) cosmetic grade 1kg 2. NP9 200g 1/4kg 3. Salt/ sodium chloride 1kg 4. Urea 300g 5. Sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.P.) 100gms 6. Caustic soda/sodium hydroxide 1 tbs 7. Color of choice (Optional) 8. Pine oil ¼ ltr 9. Dodger 200gms 10. Preservatives formalin 20 cc 11. Water 20 ltrs Total cost includes plastics, labels etc Total cost: 32,000/= Sales price: 60,000/= Gross profit: 28,000/= Other costs: 5,000/= Net Profit: 23,000/=
PASH PASH Hand and Body Lotion 20ltrs @ 200ml 2500/= hence 1 ltr 10,000/=
1. C.S.A/GMS/BASE 1kg 2. White oil 5ltrs 3. Essential oils Olive, castor, neem, moringa, chamomile, coconut etc 4. Emulsifiers 5. Preservatives Propylene Paraben 6. Lanolin 1kg 7. Petroleum Jelly 1/2kg 8. Water 9. Colors 10. Perfumes
Total cost with plastics, labels etc inclusive Total cost: 140,000/= Sales price: 200,000/= Gross profit: 60,000/= Other costs: 10,000/= Net Profit: 50,000/=
PASH PASH Glycerine 20 ltrs producing 400pcs of 50ml @ 2000/= 1. Glycerine B.p 20kg @ 8500/=
58 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
2. Perfume 3. Color 4. Plastics 400 bottles @ 400/= 5. Labels 400 pcs @ 200/=
Total cost includes plastics, labels etc Total cost: 470,000/= Sales price: 800,000/= Gross profit: 330,000/= Other costs: 30,000/= Net profit: 300,000/=
1. Essential oils Olive oil Castor oil Coconut oil Almond oil Neem oil Chamomile oil Shea oil Aleo vera oil Lemon grass oil Ginger oil
2. Herbal Extracts Aleo vera Other additives Lanolin Glycerine Coco butter
3. Perfumes Real Jasmine Eagle Baby Bucky Apple Honey Lemon
21 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Here are some of the most FAQ’s about this package and getting into this industry
Question: How do I know that I will be able to make these products? You see, I dropped out of school
last year and it all sounds too difficult and complicated for me.
59 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Answer: These manuals have been especially written with the complete beginner in mind.
Everything is explained in simple terms. If you can do 6th class mathematics and can follow
step-by-step instructions, then you will have no problem whatsoever.
Question: Do I need any prior skills in chemistry?
Answer: No, you do not need any skills, previous knowledge or experience to be able to
manufacture these products and operate this business.
Question: Can an average person make money in this business?
Answer: As I have said before, if you simply follow the instructions as laid out for you, you will
have no problem whatsoever. Anyone who will be able to commit to make the right
products can make money in this business.
Question: Where will I get the raw materials from?
Answer: The raw materials that you will need to make your products are very easy to source in the
chemical manufacturing industries that you will find in this very manual. The chemical
mentioned are as common to chemical manufacturing as flour, eggs, milk and sugar are to
baking. The manual contains information showing you where from and how to get your raw
materials.
Question: What about packaging and labelling?
Answer: You will also be able to find the details on sources packaging and product labelling in this
manufacturing manual.
Question: Aren’t the formulas very expensive? And will the formulas allow for making top quality
products?
Answer: Our formulas are all made from scratch. Only raw materials are used, producing top quality
products. In fact these very formulations have been bought and used by different
Government Departments and institutions.
Question: What happens if I run into a manufacturing problem and need help or advice? Can I contact
you?
Answer: The author and the team of researchers are always eager for you to succeed. We are more
than willing to help you with technical assistance as well as other queries you might have.
Question: I’m convinced about this business but if too many people get into it, won’t the market
become flooded?
Answer: That is highly unlikely as these are necessary, consumable items used in every household
and industry worldwide. The market is absolutely enormous. The particular market you
decide to focus on will determine which products you will manufacture. It is highly
unlikely for any two readers to manufacture identical products to the same markets in the
same region. Your product will be entirely unique as a result of your chosen colour;
fragrance and the branding you give it. This can also be further enhanced by other specifics
you decide for your product such as foaming, viscosity or thickness.
Question: This business sounds like an answer to my prayers, a dream come true. What is the catch?
Answer: The catch is that you must be prepared to do something! Like any business, to make it work
you have to work at it. This is a serious business that demands your commitment as any
other business. Do not expect to become a millionaire overnight as this is impossible in any
business; only winning the lottery can do that for you. In this business, like in any other,
you must be prepared to invest a certain amount of effort to reap its great rewards. If you
are not prepared to do this then save your money and don’t buy start.
Question: How come you are prepared to share the Trade Secrets of the manufacturing industry?
Aren’t you scared of competition?
60 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Answer: The market is too enormous for anyone to be worrying about competition. Man can only
succeed by helping others succeed.
Question: Is manufacturing these products safe?
Answer: As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and use normal common sense as with
any activity it is safe. This manual contains further information and safety guidelines to
follow.
Question: I’m concerned about our environment, are these products biodegradable?
Answer: These products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients that conform to
the African standards.
Question: What equipment is necessary and will it cost a lot?
Answer: As explained before you don’t need to invest in expensive machinery to start-up. You can
get everything you need to start for about 6, 500, - KES ($80). As your business begins to
grow, you may wish to invest in mechanical mixers which will make mixing big quantities
much easier.
Questions: I don’t want to quit my job. All I want is a bit of extra income. Is this possible?
Answer: It is certainly possible, but it all depends on the amount of customers you decide to take on.
You can only accommodate a few small clients when working in you spare time or you can
take on some larger clients and, if you don’t have the time, you can get someone to work
for you on a temporary basis whenever a bigger order comes in.
Questions: How long does it take to get started?
Answer: This depends on how much time you have available to spend on the business. You are
strongly recommended to read through all the material and fully acquaint yourself with the
manufacturing process.
MANUFACTURING BUSINESS IN UGANDA MSMEs
There are many different types of manufacturing business ideas. Do you want to become an
industrialist?
Do you need ideas on how to start a small scale manufacturing business?
Then below are the best manufacturing business ideas and opportunities to start.
One good thing about venturing into the manufacturing business is that you make money producing
goods that people need.
Secondly, you add value to the society with respect to employment creation and lastly; you will create a
ripple effect on the community your factory is sited.
Manufacturing business is one of the most profitable businesses that an entrepreneur can venture into.
Many entrepreneurs have succeeded in this business and many are still succeeding in it.
Success in manufacturing business depends largely on the acceptability of the products by the
consumers and therefore one must be careful to choose a manufacturing business idea that will be
viable and feasible enough to turn into a product that will be acceptable by consumers.
Are you an entrepreneur looking for manufacturing business ideas to start?
Have you search very hard to discover production business ideas but could not just get a viable one? if
you say yes to any of these two questions, then I’m glad to tell you that this article is for you.
In this Article I will be revealing some viable, profitable and evergreen manufacturing business ideas
that you can start with low capital.
61 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
I believe you will surely get one of the ideas that will change your life for better financially.
Before I do justice to the focus of this article, I will like to explain some things which you need to
know before you can venture into manufacturing business.
Manufacturing business may be quite challenging because of certain standards you must meet up with
before you can be registered and for your product to be allowed to be sold to consumers.
As I said above, the major uphill to this business is registration. You may have to register your business
with relevant agencies before you can be allowed to operate.
The registration most of the time are challenging considering the stringent standards that must be met
and the money that may be required for such registration.
However, there are some manufacturing business ideas that don’t need formal registration and can even
be started from home.
Another challenge being faced by entrepreneurs who want to go into production business is inability to
get enough capital for start up and for expansion.
Getting capital for start up may not be easy, but with a well written business plan, it will be easy to
approach financial institutions for funds.
However, there are still so many manufacturing business ideas you can start that will require minimum
capital to begin, instead of cracking you brain on big ideas that you cannot get money to take off the
ground.
You can also start by renting the equipment that will be used for production and get your own as you
go.
Small scale manufacturing business will be very lucrative, if the product you are producing is in high
demand or is a daily need product.
Therefore, you must be careful in the choice of production business ideas, so that you can have a
successful business.
You should try to choice ideas that will be easy for you to raise money to start.
Having realized these facts, I did some research to discover some manufacturing business ideas that
are in high demand, viable, evergreen and have low start up capitals.
21.1 List of Small Scale Manufacturing Business ideas and Opportunities
The following are some of the manufacturing business ideas that I considered to have met the
criteria needed to have a successful manufacturing business:
How to Start a Bottled Water Production Company
How to Start a Nylon Production Company
How to Start a Candle Making Business from Home
Innovative Product Ideas
Start a Candle Making Business from Home in Uganda
Soap and Detergent:
Though this industry is very competitive, this production business idea a profitable one.
62 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
What you need is creativity to distinguish your product from the crowd.
If you have a way to make your product unique in the market, people will always patronize you.
The two products are daily need products and they are in high demand.
You can never fail in this business if you know what you are doing.
It is very important to get the best hands to work for you and use the right formula and equipment for
your production, so as to get quality product.
Remember, there are so many soap and detergent industries out there, people will patronize good
product only.
Drinking Water Production:
Drinking water made the list of viable and evergreen manufacturing business ideas because it is an
indispensable thing in life.
There is a general belief that you cannot do water business and fail.
Yes, I agree with this belief because it has been proven and tested and found to be true by many
entrepreneurs.
One cannot fail in this business if you know the right things to do and how to do them.
Drinking water production can be in different categories such as sachet, bottled or even gallons.
The most important thing in this business is the source of water and the purification method you
employ.
You must ensure you have a good source of water and employ the best technique to purify the water.
If people discover that the source of your water is bad or you are using an outdated or bad method of
purification you will loss customer and your business will be in problem.
The market of water business is ever ready and you will enjoy the market as far as you produce quality
product.
Animal Feeds Manufacturing:
Although anybody can do this business but it is best for agriculture expert who have enough experience
in animal feeds.
If a non-agriculture expert wants to venture into this business he must involve the hands of an expert
so that things will be done in the right way.
63 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
The demand for animal feeds is on the increase every day as people are venturing into livestock
farming to keep up with the increase in the world population.
With the rate at which the world population is growing now, the only way out of food crisis is to
embrace agriculture and that is what is already happening.
This has positioned animal feed production business in the fore front among the evergreen and viable
manufacturing business ideas.
The market is there, so you don’t have problem with that.
As for other business what you need to succeed is quality product, because farmers are ready to spend
on quality product that will give good returns on investment.
Book Manufacturing:
This is another evergreen and viable manufacturing business idea because book is a daily need product.
like water, animal feeds, soap and detergent, book is very important and is used by all categories of
people.
Book is used by students in schools and colleges to write note, it is used in the offices to take record, it
is used at home, it is used the church, in fact it is used everywhere.
This simply means that there is ready made market for this product. You can specialize in the
production of exercise books or high education books or special record taking books or venture into the
production of all categories of books depending on the start up capital that you have.
You must ensure you produce quality product always and be creative especially with the graphics on
the cover of your books because this attract people most, especially young students.
Chemical Manufacturing Business idea:
There are some chemicals which are in high demand both in schools and industries.
Examples of such chemicals are ethanol, ethylene, caustic soda etc. Most of these chemicals are easy to
produce and require relatively low capital to set up.
This business is very lucrative because the production cost of most of this chemicals especially
ethanol is very low compare to the cost at which the product will be sold.
This manufacturing business idea is virgin because many entrepreneurs have not discovered the rich
business potential of this sector.
64 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
The market is ever ready because people need these chemicals on a daily basis for manufacturing of
different products.
Biogas Production: This is the one of the latest viable, evergreen and lucrative manufacturing business
ideas.
This manufacturing business is not only profitable but is in total support of the world environmental
protection effort.
The best way to produce gas is through waste product because everything is natural and it will not
pose any environmental pollution unlike the gas production from crude oil.
It has also solved the problem of waste disposal because almost all the waste products can now be used
to produce biogas while the remains after production can still be used as fertilizer on our farms.
This business is easy and cheap to set up. All you need is the equipment and waste products.
The market is also ready because the gas generated can be used be used to generate electricity, cook at
homes, used in industries etc.
This business is evergreen and there is no fear of being out of business.
Yoghurt Production:
Yoghurt manufacturing business idea is a profitable and viable business that can be started with low
capital.
The business can be started from home and you will be having good returns on investment immediately
you start production, this is because it is also one of the products that are in high demand by people.
The equipment and the raw materials are the things you need to get started with this production
business and they can be gotten with some money. Another thin you will need in this business is
distributing van to distribute the products to your customers.
Bag design and Manufacturing:
Hand bag design and manufacturing find its way into the list of viable and evergreen manufacturing
business ideas because of high demand of this product by almost everybody.
There are different types of bags but the one that caught my attention most is ladies hand bags.
Ladies cannot go without hand bags, it has become their habit and they can spend any amount of
money on quality and well designed bags.
65 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
This has made this business a lucrative one and it is a promising manufacturing business idea for
entrepreneurs that are creative. What you need for this business is a modern sewing machine and your
ideas.
When I say your ideas I mean you must be creative to come up with designs that will be unique and
stand out in the market because that is what people are interested in.
Don’t forget to use quality materials to get quality product because no matter how good your design is,
if you compromise on good quality product, customer will flee away from your product.
You can sell the bags to wholesalers or retailers or sell to consumers directly depending on the volume
of production.
You can also sell them online by displaying them on your website, social media networks or
eCommerce website like eBay, amazon etc.
Shoe Design and Manufacturing:
This business is just like bag design and manufacturing business. Everybody wants to use top class
design and quality shoes. This simply means the market is ever ready to accommodate the product at
any time.
To be successful in this business, one must be creative and come up with latest design that cannot be
found elsewhere. This evergreen manufacturing business idea can be started from home and even with
low capital.
Ready Made clothes manufacturing: People now prefer to buy ready made clothes than to buy clothes
and give to a designer to sew.
This is because people find it easy to buy from a shop without undergoing the stress of going to
anybody to sew for them.
They also get very quality, well designed product at the same or even cheaper price than a badly
designed clothes that one designer will sew for them.
These clothes are sewed with modern sewing machine and good technology. The business is lucrative
and requires relatively low capital to set up.
You don’t necessarily need to be a designer before you can do this business, if you have the capital,
you can set it up and get the best hands to work for you.
You can market you products in different ways such as advertisement, posters and handbills, displaying
the product online especially on social networks and eCommerce sites etc.
You will need to get an apartment to display you products and where people can meet you to buy. It is
not advisable to sell at the same place where you are producing, get a separate apartment.
66 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Other Businesses Ideas to Start in Uganda
Education Investment potentials
Guide Business Ideas on Education in Uganda
How to Make Money Teaching English Language Online
How to Start a Tutoring Business in Uganda
Investment in Eco Friendly and Environment Green
Uganda Business ideas on Eco Friendly & Green
Business Ideas about Recycling Business
Ideas for Scrap Metal Recycling Business
Ideas about Waste Recycling Business
How to Buy and Sell Scrap Metal for Profits
Waste Disposal Business ideas
Uganda Automotive Business
Automotive Business
Opportunities and ideas in the Automotive
How to Buy and Sell Used Cars Online for Profits
Ideas on How to Buy and Sell Used Cars
Uganda Car Wash Business Guide and Ideas
Buy and Sell Used Motorcycles
Investment in Art and Crafts
- How to start a Business in Art and Crafts
Hobbies that Make Money
Ideas for Uganda Money Making Hobbies
Tips on How to Start a Photography Business
How to Start a Cake Decorating Business
Uganda Basket Weaving Business Ideas
Agriculture & Farming Business ideas
Agriculture business ideas in Uganda
Investment in Agriculture and Livestock
Uganda Livestock Farming Business Ideas
Invest in Sport Businesses
Business ideas and Opportunities in the Sports Industry
67 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Invest in Tour and Travel Businesses
Tourism and Hospitality Business Opportunities
Travel Agency in Uganda - Uganda Tour Agents
Tourist Escort Agency Business in Uganda
Speciality Travel
Manufacturing Businesses
Small Scale Manufacturing Business ideas
water bottling company in Uganda
Innovative Product Business Ideas to Start in Uganda
Nylon Production Company - Polythene bags
Candle Making Business from Home in Uganda
Home Based Business ideas
Service Business Ideas You Can Start Right Now
Babysitting Business - 10 steps
Party Rental Business in Uganda
Car Wash Business in Uganda
Start a Laundry Business in Uganda
Security and Protection
Business Ideas and Potentials in the Security Industry
Start an Executive Protection Agency in Uganda
Start a Security Guard Company in Uganda
Pet Animals Business Potentials
Home Based Business Ideas for Pet Lovers in Uganda
Dog Breeding Business for Profits in Uganda
Dog Grooming Business in Uganda - Pet Dogs
Dog Walking Business from Home in Uganda
Real Estate Business Ideas
Best Real Estate Business Ideas in Uganda
Become a Real Estate Agent in Uganda
Become a Real Estate Appraiser in Uganda
Property Management Company in Uganda
Online and Offline Retail Business
Online Fast and Free - Online Web Marketers
68 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Hot Small Retail Business Ideas
Internet Business Ideas for earning money online
Buy and Sell Used Furniture both Home and Office
Start a Used Bookstore Business in Uganda
Buying and Selling Used Cell Phones Online and Offline
Web Hosting Company Business Plan - in Uganda
SEO business in Uganda -How to Start Your Own
Successful blog business in Uganda
Web Based Business Ideas and Opportunities in uganda
Ideas on Selling used Books Online and Offline
Oil and Petroleum Business ideas
Oil and gas in Uganda - Oil Business
Cooking Gas Retailing Company in Uganda
Kerosene Business in Uganda Step by Step
Gas Station Business in Africa - Uganda
Food Business Potentials
Home-Based Business in the Food Industry
Medical and Health Care Business
Fast Food Business in Uganda
Ideas for a Food Cart Business in Uganda
Restaurant Business in Uganda
Coffee Cart Business in Uganda -
Coffee Shop Business in Uganda for Profit
Catering Business from Home in Uganda
Hot Dog Cart Business in Kampala Uganda
Mango Export Business in Uganda
Mobile Food Truck Business in Uganda
Import and Export Business Potentials
Successful Import and Export Business in Uganda
Television Video Production Company
media & publishing business ideas
Earn Money From Home As A Product Sourcing Agent
Big Money Importing From China to Uganda
Freight Brokerage Business in Uganda
Buy and Sell Used Cars in Uganda for profit
Fashion and Design Business Investments
Fashion And Beauty Startups
Clothing Line Business in Uganda - Free Tips
69 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
the Beauty Care Industry in Uganda
How to Start Selling Human Hair Extensions
Hair Salon Business- Easy-to-Follow Instructions
Fashion Business in Uganda with no Money
Entertainment Small Business in Uganda
Ideas in the Movie Industry
Wedding Planning Business in Uganda
Television Video Production Company in Uganda
Investors guide 2014: Top 10 Investment opportunities in Uganda
By Taddewo Senyonyi
Uganda has been able to achieve stable annual economic growth averaging 7% per annum since the
year 2007, making Uganda one of the fastest growing economies in East Africa. Various reports
released in 2013 indicate that Uganda has emerged a favourite destination for foreign investors in the
East African region due to macro economic stability and the discovery and the ongoing exploration of
oil. The 2012 Index of Economic Freedom ranked Uganda the 8th freest economy in Africa.
Notably, foreign investors require a minimum of US$100,000 in planned investment in order to secure
an investment license from the Uganda Investment Authority (UIA), whereas for local investors, the
minimum planned investment requirement is US$50,000. Local investors, however, may proceed with
their investment without licensing with the UIA. Dr.
Maggie Kigozi, a former Executive Director, UIA, a business woman and mentor in a recent interview
said: “We need investors in every area particularly the oil sector; we need a refinery, various agro
based industries, Vaseline and agriculture which is more sustainable.” However, from various reports
and expert views, The CEO’s Taddewo Senyonyi examines the top 10 investment opportunities worth
staking your money in 2014.
1. Commercial agriculture
the World population stands at over 7 billion people while Uganda’s population, growing at a rate of
3.2% is over 35m people. Urban population globally is also growing. This presents an opportunity for a
bigger market and as the East African Community takes centre stage, any potential investor shouldn’t
over look the agricultural sector. There are numerous investment opportunities in livestock production,
70 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
crop production and the whole agricultural chain. Notably, Uganda not only has fertile soils but also
favourable climate compared to her counterparts in the region. A recent World Bank report says
Uganda’s comparative advantage is in agriculture and education. The research says Uganda is
only exploiting 2% of her entire agricultural potential. This explains why foreign investors are opening
up vast farmlands in various parts of Uganda. Commercial farming means using irrigation system,
improved seeds and inputs as well as mechanization.
2. Information Communication Technology (ICT)
According to UIA, Uganda’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is one of the
most vibrant within the region, as good legal and regulatory frameworks exist. The newly developed
and highly qualitative ICT infrastructure is also ready to accommodate more future investments.
Opportunities in ICT include establishment of information and communication infrastructure and
broadband services, business process outsourcing services, computer and related equipment hardware
assembly, high level ICT training facilities on international standards, ICT business services
incubation, hardware repair training facilities, software development niches, setting up information
technology virtual zones (ITVZ), and setting up Internet service provider facilities in other parts of
Uganda. With the information age, any investment in ICT will definitely be worth it.
3. Early childhood education and technical institutions
It is a public secret that Uganda is the region’s education hub, explaining why students from Kenya,
Rwanda, Sudan and Tanzania flock Ugandan Universities, Colleges and Secondary schools for better
quality education. In 2012, the education sector attracted over US$ 50 million (about Ushs125bn)
from foreign students alone. However, given the many universities and secondary schools,
real investment opportunities do exist in early childhood education and technical institutions.
Corporates and middle income earners are for the best day care centres as well as quality
primary education. This is because they understand that children develop rapidly during their early
years and the experiences they go through have implications for their (children’s) well being,
school readiness and later success in life.
Therefore, an investment in a day care centre and primary school with enough facilities is worth
it. Also, any potential investor should look at technical education. This is because technical students are
job makers compared to their counterparts who go to universities only to graduate seeking for white
collar jobs. Positively, Ugandans are beginning to embrace technical education and the recent
introduction of “Skilling Uganda” by the government is a testimony that investment in technical
education is not only worth but will reduce youth unemployment significantly. Currently,
youth unemployment stands at 62%.
4. Real Estate
“I have a feeling that large scale housing projects for the low to middle income workers require a large
boost of investments compared to what we can generate locally,” Dr. Frank Sebbowa, the Executive
Director, UIA, said in a recent interview. Similarly, Paul Collier, Professor of Economics, University of
Oxford & Co-Director of the International Growth Centre (IGC), speaking as the guest at a recent
public lecture themed “Development Challenges for Africa” organized by Bank of Uganda together
71 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
with Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development and the International Growth
Centre (IGC) said: “The future is of efficient cities”.
He said it is important to build a city with modern infrastructure/buildings for the middle and low
income earners. Thus, investing in housing and real estate in Uganda is another lucrative investment
that investors should consider seriously. You can decide to invest into construction of low cost housing
in urban and semi urban areas. Or you can invest in provision of construction equipment and
manufacturing of building materials.
5. Tourism and Hospitality
A World Bank report indicates that Uganda’s tourism earnings in 2012 hit over US$1 billion,
significantly up from 2011 when estimates put tourism income to over US$800 million. Importantly,
Uganda’s tourism has recorded steady growth over the last ten years. Indeed various reports point to
Uganda as one of the top tourism destinations not only in Africa but the world at large. This presents
investment opportunities in tourism and hospitality. According to Uganda Wildlife Authority, there are
opportunities for development of new eco-tourism products and services, within and outside the
national parks, by the private sector or through public private partnerships.
These include but not limited to luxury tented camps and cottages, House Boats, Cruise Launches on
the Nile and Sport fishing on the Lakes Victoria, Albert, Edward and George, Walking Safaris in the
wilderness areas and the volcanic craters, Canopy Walkways in tropical forests and sky trams,
Mountaineering packages for Rwenzori, Elgon and Mgahinga Mountains, Nature walks, game farming,
game ranching and sport hunting on private property (private wildlife reserves) and Internal air
transport services to the national parks and other domestic touristic hubs. To sum it up, Kigozi, says:
“We need young smart people to package tourism products; invest in islands, parks, Martyrs (Uganda
Martyrs) many people go to visit Mecca and pay, so we can also package our martyrs and reap from
them.”
6. Manufacturing and Food Processing Industries
According to UIA, Uganda’s manufacturing output has also been expanding by more than 10%
annually over the last eight years. Opportunities exist in virtually all areas, ranging from
beverages, leather; tobacco based processing, paper, textiles and garments, pharmaceuticals,
fabrication, ceramics, glass, fertilizers, plastic/PVC, assembly of electronic goods, hi-tech and medical
products. Importantly, once the agricultural sector is developed and embraced by more Ugandans on a
commercial level, more agro based industries will be set up. This will greatly reduce
Uganda’s expenditure abroad as value will have been added to the produce previously imported in raw
form. This will also create more employment opportunities.
7. Forestry
Forestry also is ripe for investment. With over 4.9 million hectares of rich forest vegetation, Uganda
possesses abundant potential in areas like timber processing for export, manufacture of high quality
furniture/wood products and various packaging materials. There are also opportunities in afforestation
and reforestation, especially of medicinal trees and plants, and soft wood plantations for timber, pulp
72 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
and poles. Globally, carbon trading is increasingly becoming an investment avenue aimed at reducing
emissions and slowing climate change. This system involves growing forests on a large scale for the
purpose of reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the investor is paid handsomely.
8. Fish Farming
Like forestry, fisheries deserve a mention independent of agriculture. This is because it is the second
highest foreign exchange earner for Uganda, with export revenues amounting to an estimated US$1160
million from only 20,562 tons of fish export in 2012. Notably, fish production is low in
Uganda because subsistence fish farming dominates.Large fresh water expanses are home to a wide
variety of fish products and investment opportunities are available for fish farming and the
establishment of more fish processing factories on lakes other than Lake Victoria.
9. Bonds and Equities
There are a lot of investment opportunities in Uganda’s capital markets. Investing in stocks not only
presents an opportunity to have ownership in a company but also get good returns. Many corporate and
businessmen across the world invest heavily in bonds, equities and other asset classes. A potential
investor can get more financial and investment advice about the stocks market from investment
advisors like African Alliance Uganda as well as stock brokers.
The Oil and Gas sector has many investment opportunities
Oil and gas
The mineral sector presents lots of investment opportunities to both local and foreign investors. The
ongoing Oil and gas exploration in the Albertine Graben and Gold mining in Busoga region all present
opportunities to investors.
73 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Emerging Infrastructure like the Refinery, pipelines and storage facilities, Service Provision in the
fields of Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and environmental consultancy are some of
the many available opportunities.
However, for local investors to benefit, they should enter into Joint Ventures with companies holding
licenses in the country. The local investors should also maximize or enter into joint ventures for
infrastructure development like road networks especially in areas in and around the Albertine Graben.
UGANDA INVESTMENT AUTHORITY RECOMMENDATIONS
Mandate of UIA
• Investment Promotion
• Investment Facilitation and aftercare services
• Facilitation and support for Micro, Small & Medium
Enterprises
(MSMEs)
• Development of Industrial & Business Parks
• Policy advocacy
The National Vision The Presidential Investors Round Table (PIRT) identified the MSME sector as one of the key drivers of
economic growth, job creation and socio-economic transformation. In Uganda a ‘Micro Enterprise’ is
an enterprise employing up to four people, with an annual turnover of Uganda shillings 12 million,
while a ‘Small Enterprise’ is defined as an enterprise employing between 5-50 people, with an annual
sales/ revenue turnover or total asset of upto Uganda shillings 360 million. A medium enterprise
employs more than 50 people with an annual sales turnover or assets of between 360 million to 30
billion. The SME Division supports and facilitates the development of MSMEs who are majorly
domestic entrepreneurs.
Services offered by the SME Division
Enterprise Creation and Development Program• Entrepreneurship
Training
The training enables entrepreneurs to access and utilize appropriate
business skills and information which increase efficiency. The programme
is demand driven and training is carried out in groups of 50-70
entrepreneurs.
• Technical Skills Training for Value Addition
UIA is works through a network of MSME member Associations, i.e.
Uganda Small Scale Association, Uganda Women Entrepreneurs’
Association Limited (UWEAL), Katwe Small Scale Sssociation etc. to
74 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
provide hands-on training in value addition in the following subsectors; Dairy (processing and
packaging of dairy products), Textile design (Tie and Dye), Motor cycle repair and servicing, Baking,
and soap manufacture, among others.
Development of Business Partnerships/Linkages The Business to Business (B2B) linkages programme is implemented in partnership with the private
sector actors and Diplomatic Missions in Uganda. The approach seeks for business opportunities
between MSMEs and the transnational or large domestic companies, as well as between the MSMEs
themselves. The initiative supports the creation of joint venture investments, improves access to
appropriate technologies and the transfer of technical and or managerial skills.
Implementation of Local Content in Oil and Gas Sector The project focuses on building the capacities of local entrepreneurs/ businesses to take advantage of
the emerging business opportunities in the sector while at the
same time building businesses and markets that go beyond the Oil
and Gas sector. In order to enhance implementation,Hoima
Enterprise Centre and Park was jointly set up in partnership with
Tullow Oil and Traidlinks at Bunjumbura in Hoima Municipality.
The operation of the Centre is currently being managed by
Traidlinks. The Centre has two broad initiatives:
i. Enterprise development from which MSMEs are able to access
a number of business related support services e.g. business
mentoring, market information, and shared office facilities etc.
ii. Agri-supply, which focuses on sustainable agricultural development where Small holder farmers’
have access to a number of support services which include among others; production planning, central
food handling and grading centre, shared storage and transport facilities etc.
Industrial Subcontracting and Partnership Exchanges Programme (SPX) SPX is a technical cooperation programme that links domestic MSMEs to the supply chains of large
domestic or international companies as well as among the MSMEs themselves. The aim of the SPX
programme is to develop the capacities of the MSMES to meet
buyer needs and identify profitable business opportunities along
the various value chains.
Cluster Development (Commodities and Service Clusters) The cluster based development approach enables domestic
entrepreneurs’ to integrate their business systems into global
value chains by providing economies of scale and recognizing the
role of multiple stakeholders in the system. The cluster based
development approach seeks to address the challenges of isolation in small firms by creating a critical
mass of mutually beneficial business relations. The programme is majorly focused on developing
sustainable clusters for the priority commodities identified by the Government of Uganda.
75 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Regional Exhibitions (access to Markets and networking) UIA in collaboration with Team Uganda members (e.g. Uganda Registration Services Bureau, Uganda
Revenue Authority, the Immigration Department, Private Sector Foundation Uganda, Uganda National
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Uganda Small Scale Industries Association, Uganda National
Bureau of Standards, Uganda Industrial Research Institute and other promoters of MSMEs) hosts
regional exhibitions that are fully paid for by the Government. Participating
in exhibitions is one of the strategies that firms and indeed MSMEs use to
access new markets, demonstrate product usage and obtain feedback from
their customers. Exhibitions give consumers a chance to meet as many
service providers as possible.
Provision of Business related Information, Business advisory and
Counseling UIA seeks to maximize the growth potential, prosperity and sustainability
of small businesses through enhanced access to information and business
advice. The SME Division provides firsthand business related information on investment opportunities.
About 250 business ideas are available on the UIA website to guide potential SME Investors.
Advocacy for and on behalf of SMEs UIA continues to engage with key stakeholders to improve the investment climate for MSMEs. This is
done through research and active participation in various activities that are geared towards improving
the business climate. A number of research findings and policy recommendations have been made.
These are accessible on the UIA website.
Creation of the District InvestmentCommittees The Division is facilitating and supporting the formation of District Investment Committees. There is
also a drive to revive the existing ones that have not been active. These will enable the private sector
and Local governments to actively participate in facilitating and
supporting MSMEs growth by taking the lead in attracting,
promoting, facilitating and retaining both domestic and Foreign
Direct investments in the districts.
Provision of Business Incubation Services Business Incubators help both start-ups and existing small
businesses to grow sustainably, hence lowering the mortality rate
through the use of good businesses practices and appropriate
technology. UIA is in the process of setting up a mixed-use business incubation centre at Kampala
Industrial Business Park (KIBP) in Namanve to Facilitate, support and nurture MSMEs.
76 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
One Stop Centre Services The One Stop Centre at UIA offers free investment support for domestic and foreign investors through
provision of a number of services which include among others;
• Investment licensing
• Tax registration and advisory by Uganda Revenue Authority (URA)
• Business registration by Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB)
• Immigration services for foreign staff
Sectors for Investment The sectors for investment include;
• Agriculture– commercial farming and value addition (agro processing)
• ICT
• Tourism (Hotels and creative Industry)
• Oil and Gas
• Mineral beneficiation (Adding value to minearals
• Mining and Manufacturing
• Infrastructure ( Roads and Energy)
• Services– Health, Education and Finance
77 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
KEY CONTACTS
Uganda Registration Services Bureau Tel: +256 414 2235219/235915;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.ursb.go.ug
Uganda Revenue Authority Tel: +256 414 444602-4/620;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.ura.go.ug
Uganda National Chamber of Commerce Tel: +256 753 503035;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.chamberuganda.com
Uganda National Bureau of Standards Tel: +256 414 505995/222369 ;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.unbs.go.ug
Uganda Industrial Research Institute Tel: +256 414 286245;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.uiri.org
Uganda Export Promotions Board Tel: +256 414 2235219/235915;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.ugandaexportsonline.com
Uganda Manufacturers Association Tel: +256 414 221034/287615/2;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.uma.or.ug
Uganda Women Entrepreneurs Association
78 © World copyright 2012 by Francis Bukenya. No part of this publication may be copied in any form without prior
permission in writing by the author. [email protected] +256783542432
Limited Tel: +256 414 343962;
Website: www.uweal.co.ug
Uganda Small Scale Industries Association Tel: +256 414 286838;
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.ussia.or.ug
Uganda Development Bank Tel: +256 414 355530/355555/6
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.udbl.co.ug
Uganda Micro Finance Support Centre Tel: +256 414 233665;
Website. Www.msc.co.ug