A. Standard of Competency : The students are able to understand the parts of

speech

B. Basic Competencies The students are competent to identify Nouns,

Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverb, Articles,

Preposition, Conjunctions, Interjections

A. Text

The Education System in Indonesia

The Ministry of National Education administers all educational policies, guidelines and

implementation in Indonesia. All citizens in the country have to finish 9 years of education, 6

years at elementary level and 3 in middle school.

The constitution stated that education in the country is divided into two parts, formal and

non-formal. A formal education is divided again into three levels, primary, secondary and

tertiary education.

Children with ages 5 to 6 or 7, attend kindergarten. It is not mandatory for Indonesian

toddlers but the objective is to train them for primary school. Normally, the kindergarten

years are divided into "Class A" and "Class B" pupils spending a year in each class.

Indonesian attends elementary school from ages 7-12. Based on the national constitution, this

stage of education is mandatory to all Indonesian citizens.

Part of main education in Indonesia is called Middle School. From ages 13-15 students attend

Middle School for 3 years after graduating from elementary school. Indonesian citizens are

not required to attend high school based on the national constitution, since they only need 9

years of education. Students may attend to a university after finishing from high school or

college.

Higher education method in the country consists of college or academy, polytechnic, institute

and university. The objective of professional education is to train the students to master

certain knowledge and/or capability and it consists of Diploma Education.

(Taken from: www.spainexchange.com)

B. Comprehension Questions

Exercise 1: Answer the following questions briefly. Base your answer on the text above!

1. What does minister of national education administer?

2. Does citizen have to attend kindergarten??

3. What do school, hospital and shops provide?

4. How long do the students spend in the kindergarten?

5. When do the students attend the middle school?

6. What does education method consist of?

7. Compare the system in Indonesia with the system in Australia, the USA, and the UK!

C. PARTS OF SPEECH (JENIS - JENIS KATA)

Below are several parts of speech or kinds of word that can be found in English:

1. Nouns : kata benda

2. Pronouns : kata ganti (pengganti noun)

3. Verbs : kata kerja

4. Adjectives : kata sifat

5. Adverbs : kata keterangan

6. Articles : kata sandang

7. Prepositions : kata depan

8. Conjunctions : kata penghubung

9. Interjections : kata seru

NOUNS

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.

a. A person : Ani, Budi, Chandra, etc

b. Animal : cat, dog, horse, etc

c. A place : Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, etc

d. A thing : book, table, computer, mountain, house, etc

e. An abstract idea : agreement, truth, democracy, sight, etc

A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject

complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

Types of Nouns

a. Proper noun

Since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing we always

write the proper noun with capital letter. The names of days of the week, months,

historical documents, institutions, organizations, religions, their holy texts and their

adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun.

Example of proper noun: Yogyakarta, May, Monday, Indonesian, etc

b. Common noun

A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense --

usually, we write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common

noun is the opposite of a proper noun.

Example of common noun: town, people, neighborhood, mountain, village, computer,

etc

c. Abstract noun

An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through

your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.

Example of abstract noun: happiness, safety, democracy, freedom, etc

d. Concrete noun

A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive

through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is

the opposite of an abstract noun.

Example: judge, files, clerk, dog, beach, waves, agent, etc.

e. Collective noun

A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could

count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a

whole is generally as one unit. You need to be able to recognize collective nouns in

order to maintain subject-verb agreement. A collective noun is similar to a non-

countable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable noun

Example: family, team, group, committee

f. Countable noun

A countable noun or count noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and

it names anything or anyone that you can count. You can make a countable noun

plural and attach it to a plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of

non-countable nouns and collective nouns.

Example: student, candy, child, tooth, mouse, etc

g. Non-countable/Uncountable noun

A non-countable noun (mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and

which refers to something that you could (would) not usually count. A non-countable

noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to

collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns

Example: water, sugar, sand, salt, information, etc

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a

noun or noun phrases. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we

didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. We would have to say things

like:

Do you like the teacher? I don't like the teacher. The teacher is too pompous.

With pronouns, we can say:

Do you like the teacher? I don't like her. She is too pompous.

Types of Pronouns

a. Personal pronoun :

Subjective Objective Possess. Adj. Possess. Pron. Emphatic/

Reflexive

I

You

We

They

He

She

It

Me

You

Us

Them

Him

Her

It

My

Your

Our

Their

His

Her

Its

Mine

Yours

Ours

Theirs

His

Hers

Its

Myself

Yourself/yourselves

Ourselves

Themselves

Himself

Herself

Itself

1) Subjective pronoun

A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the

sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they.

Example: You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.

2) Objective pronoun

An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a

verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal

pronouns are: me, you, her, him, it, us, you, and them.

Example: After reading the pamphlet, Julia threw it into the garbage can.

3) Possessive pronoun

A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession

and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns

are mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, and theirs. Note that possessive personal

pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like my, her, and their.

Example: This is yours. Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.

4) Reflexive pronoun

You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.

The reflexive pronouns mentioned above (myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) can also act as an intensive pronoun.

Example: The Dean often does the photocopying herself so that the secretary can do

more important work.

5) Intensive pronoun

An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasize its antecedent. Intensive

pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns.

Example: I myself don’t like it. The Prime Minister himself visited our class.

b. Demonstrative pronoun

A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. The demonstrative

pronouns are this, that, these, and those. This and these refer to things that are nearby

either in space or in time, while that and those refer to things that are farther away in

space or time. This and that are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases and these

and those are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrative

pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjective, though, obviously, you use them

differently. It is also important to note that that can also be used as a relative pronoun.

Example: This must not continue. I want these.

c. Interrogative pronoun

An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are who,

whom, which, what and the compounds formed with the suffix ever (whoever,

whomever, whichever, and whatever). Note that either which or what can also be used as

an interrogative adjective, and that who, whom, or which can also be used as a relative

pronoun. You will find who, whom, and occasionally which used to refer to people, and

which and what used to refer to things and to animals. Who acts as the subject of a verb,

while whom acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a verbal.

Example: Who will meet the delegates at the railway station? Whom do you think we

should invite? What on earth is that?

d. Relative pronoun

You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or

clause. The relative pronouns are who, whom, that, and which. The compounds whoever,

whomever, and whichever are also relative pronouns.You can use the relative pronouns

who and whoever to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, whom and whomever to

refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition.

Example: The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected. You

may invite whomever you like to the party.

e. Indefinite pronoun

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or

thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. The most

common indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each,

everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some,

somebody, and someone. Note that some indefinite pronouns can also be used as

indefinite adjectives. An indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective, but it is

used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

Example: Something smells good. Many like salsa with their chips.

VERBS

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts

something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being.

The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence. The verb

conveys an understanding of the action expressed, or it conveys the state of the subject.

a. Action:

Tom hit the ball.

The verb is hit. Tom acted; he hit something. The verb describes the action.

b. State

The sky is blue.

The verb, is, conveys the state of the subject. The verb does not convey a sense of action.

The sky has a blue state. Blue is the color that describes the sky. The word blue is an

adjective in the sentence, "The sky is blue."

Intransitive and Transitive verbs

An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not require a direct object or a complement to

complete its meaning. The word "intransitive" literally means "does not carry across."

Therefore, the action of the verb does not transfer to an object, that is, a person or thing that

receives the action of the verb. Often, adverbs or adverb phrases will appear in these

sentences to expand the basic meaning of the verb.

Example: The audience laughed. The guest has arrived.

Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either

active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct

object.

Example: The boy kicked the ball.

The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action.

Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional

phrase or omitted in the sentence.

Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard.

The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been

as an auxiliary or helping verb.

Linking Verb

Linking verbs are verbs used as linking or action. They that do not show action; instead, the

linking verb renames or describes the subject. An example "You looked happy." The verb

looked is used as a linking verb in the example sentence. Many times the verb looked is an

action verb because something is looking for something, but in the example sentence, looked

describes you in the predicate and that makes looked function as a linking verb. If the word

happy is used in the subject, then happy would have been an ordinary adjective.

Words used as linking verbs: feel, taste, look, smell, appear, grow, remain, stay, turn, seem,

sound, become, prove

Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs. How do you tell

when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs? If you can substitute am, is, or

are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. If, after the

substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead.

ADJECTIVES

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words.

An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb.

Example: My husband knits intricately patterned mittens.

Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives.

Example: Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow.

Types of Adjectives:

a. Possessive adjectives

A possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) is similar or identical to a

possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun

phrases.

b. Interrogative adjectives

An interrogative adjective (which or what) is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it

modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.

c. Demonstrative adjectives

The demonstrative adjectives this, these, that, those, and what are identical to the

demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases.

d. Indefinite adjectives

An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun,

pronoun, or noun phrase

Adjectives: word order

a. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together. They may contain facts objectives or

opinion objectives. Facts objectives give information about something (age, size, color,

etc) while opinion objectives tell us what someone thinks of something.

Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives

Opinion Facts

A delicious hot soup

An intelligent young man

b. Sometimes there are two or more fact adjectives. Very often, but not always, we put fact

adjectives in this order:

EVALUATION/ OPINION

APPEARANCE/ QUALITY

AGE / PERIOD

COLOR/PATTERN

ORIGIN / MATERIAL

TYPE / FUNCTION

beautiful SIZE / MEASURE  new-born red GEOGRAPHICAL  TYPE 

good big / large old green French 1st classbad small / little young blue Mexican multi-purposeugly low new light-yellow beach wirelessinteresting high antique striped mountain HD / 3-Dfascinating heavy ancient dark blue oceanic men'sintelligent SHAPE  five-year-old deep purple MATERIAL  FUNCTION

pretty triangular brand-new pink ceramic huntingunsightly square five-day-old brown cotton cookingfoul CONDITION  century-old rose wooden walking

stupid chipped mature olive titanium runningsilly broken middle-age aqua   dancing

ridiculous rotten teenage lime   front-loading

easy shiny prehistoric polka-dot   off-road

Comparison of adjectives

We use the positive degree to compare two equal nouns, the comparative degree to

compare two unequal nouns, the Superlative degree to compare three or more Nouns

Example of Positive degree: His house is as big as my house

Example of comparative degree: His house is bigger than my house

Example of superlative degree: His house is the biggest in the neighborhood.

Positive Comparative Superlative

bold bolder boldest

deep deeper deepest

near nearer nearest

rich richer richest

tall taller tallest

Positive Comparative Superlative

careful more careful most careful

enjoyable more enjoyable most enjoyable

forgetful more forgetful most forgetful

useful more useful most useful

wonderful more wonderful most wonderful

Positive Comparative Superlative

bad worse worst

good better best

little less least

ADVERBS

Adverb is a word that gives more information about when, where, how, to what degree, or

in what circumstances something happen. Adverb gives explanation on verb, adjective and

adverb. An adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Types of adverbs

a. Adverb of Time

This shows when an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question

When? It is either placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Example: I phoned you yesterday. I saw her walking along the river last week. 

b. Adverb of Place

This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question

Where? It is placed after the verb.

Example: I live here. / He fell down. 

c. Adverb of Manner – This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the

question How? It is usually placed just after the verb.

Example: She sleeps soundly. / He drives quickly.  

d. Adverb of Degree or Quantity – This answers the questions, To what degree? or How

much? It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb.

Example: It is too dark for us to see anything. / Last night it rained very heavily. 

e. Adverb of Frequency – This answers the question How often?

Example: He will never have finished in time. / We always go to school by bus.     

f. Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of negation (No)

Example: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no, not at all, by no means. 

g. Interrogative Adverb (Question) For example: When? Where? How? Why? How

much/often?    

h. Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why. These words are the same in form as

Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions.

Example: The time when he arrived. / The scene where the accident occurred. / He

knows how to do it. / The reason why he left. 

Comparison of Adverbs 

Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison – the

Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs which end in ‘-ly’ form the

Comparative with ‘more’ and the Superlative with ‘most’.

Positive Comparative Superlative

comfortably more comfortably most comfortably

happily more happily most happily

kindly more kindly most kindly

loudly more loudly most loudly

noisily more noisily most noisily

ARTICLES

An article is often considered an adjective because it always modifies a noun or noun phrase.

Types of Articles

1. Indefinite Article: A or An  

A is used: 

a. Before a word which begins with a consonant. Ex: a woman 

b. Before a singular, countable noun. Ex: a banana 

c. When we mention something for the first time. Ex: I saw a dog.  

d. Before a word with a long sound of ‘u’. Ex: a university, a uniform, a  useful

book, a European, etc. 

e. Before the word one. Ex: a one-way street, a one-eyed man, a one-year course,

a one-day holiday, etc. 

An is used: 

a. Before a noun which begins with a vowel. Ex: an apple. 

b. Before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent ‘h’.

Ex: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honour, an honourable man, etc.

c. Before a singular, countable noun which begins with a vowel or silent ‘h’. Ex: an

orange 

2. Definite Article: The

The is used: 

a. When the same thing or person mentioned again, that is, a particular thing or

person. Ex: I bought an orange. The orange is sweet.. 

b. When there is only one such thing. Example: the earth, the sun, the moon. 

c. Before the names of famous buildings, etc. Ex: The Eiffel Tower, The Great Wall

of China. 

d. When a singular noun is used to point out a whole class, race, group, etc.

Example: The bear is a strong animal. 

e. Before the special names of a rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, groups of

islands, certain organizations, political parties, and countries such as the U.S.A.,

the U.K., The Nile, The Dead Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The

United Nations, The Republican Party, etc. 

f. Before the names of holy or important books. Example: The Qu’ran, The Bible. 

g. Before an adjective when the noun is understood. Example: The poor need help. 

Articles are not used:

a. Before the name of a person: Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (not A or The

Michael Jackson) 

b. Before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road. Example: Barcelona is a

beautiful city. (not A or The Barcelona) 

c. Before names of materials. Example: Gold is found in Australia. (not A or The gold) 

d. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense. Ex: We love all beauty. (not a beauty

or the beauty)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are words placed before Nouns and Pronouns. They are used to show time,

position and direction. Prepositions are words that link noun or noun equivalent (noun phrase,

pronoun or gerund) to another word by expressing such relationship, as:

a. Time : at, before, after, during, etc

b. Location : at, in, on, over, under, etc

c. Direction : to, across, towards, etc

d. Purposes : to, for, etc

Ex: In the morning, they received a phone call from Randy, telling them about his trip

to Australia

Time:At

On

In

by

hourpart of the day

daydates

monthyearseasonpart of day

at or before

at 5 o’clock, at 8 pmat noon, at midnight

on 8 Juneon Saturday

in Mayin 2009in summerin the morning

The show will begin at 8 pmThey will arrive at noon

They got married on 8 JuneI usually go to movie on Saturday

The training will begin in MayHe started working in 2009She will start her study in summerThey had arrived in the morning

I hope I will graduate by next yearThe assignment must be submitted by Monday

Place:At

On

Point, spotIn or aroundRoad, street

at 12 North Streetat homeon South Street

He lives at 12 North StreetShe must be at home nowThere are many stores on South

In

Between

Among

Over

By

Touch the baseCountryCityRoom

Two items

More than two

Moving above

Next to

on the tablein Indonesiain Jakartain the class

StreetMother put the plates on the tablePeople are very friendly in IndonesiaIt is very crowded in JakartaThe students sit nicely in the classThe house is between two large riversAmong his children, Ahmad is the smartestWe’ll talk about the problem over lunch todayI sat by the statue with the bag next to me

For For + period of time

How long something goes on

I’ve lived in this house for two years

During During + noun When something happens

We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday

While While + subject + verb

When something happens

We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday

CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions join words, phrases and sentences together.

Conjunctions joining words. Example: I have a car and a house.

Conjunctions joining phrases. Example: The fisherman is happy walking along the river and

carrying a bucket full of fish.

Conjunctions joining sentences:

Example: He walked to his car. He got into it. He walked to his car and got into it.

Will you have tea? Will you have coffee? Will you have tea or coffee?

She is tired. She cannot sleep. She is tired but she cannot sleep.

Besides ‘and', ‘or' and ‘but', other common conjunctions include: because, if, so, although,

unless, therefore, etc.

Conjunctions can join nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Example:

I have a pen and a book. (Joining two nouns)

He joked and we laughed. (Joining two verbs)

She is beautiful and tall. (Joining two adjectives)

He eats quickly and noisily. (Joining two adverbs)

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are words or phrases which are introduced into sentences. Interjections are short

exclamations. They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually

more in speaking than in writing.

Interjection meaning example

Ah expressing pleasure Ah, that feels good.

expressing realization Ah, now I understand.

expressing resignation Ah well, it can't be helped.

expressing surprise Ah! I've won!

Alas expressing grief or pity Alas, she's dead now.

Dear expressing pity Oh dear! Does it hurt?

expressing surprise Dear me! That's a surprise!

Eh asking for repetition It's hot today. Eh? I said it's hot today

expressing enquiry What do you think of that, eh?

expressing surprise Eh! Really?

inviting agreement Let's go, eh?

Er expressing hesitation Lima is the capital of...er...Peru.

Hello expressing greeting Hello John. How are you today?

expressing surprise Hello! My car's gone!

Hey calling attention Hey! Look at that!

expressing surprise, joy Hey! What a good idea!

Hi expressing greeting Hi! What's new?

Hmm expressing hesitation/doubt/

disagreement Hmm. I'm not so sure.

oh, o expressing surprise Oh! You're here!

expressing pain Oh! I've got a toothache.

expressing pleading Oh, please say 'yes'!

ouch expressing pain Ouch! That hurts!

Uh expressing hesitation Uh...I don't know the answer to that.

uh-huh expressing agreement Shall we go? Uh-huh.

um, umm expressing hesitation 85 divided by 5 is...um...17.

well expressing surprise Well I never!

introducing a remark Well, what did he say?