INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 1

Chapter 1

Form and Function

Adjustable Wrench

What are the parts of a wrench?

1 Handle

2 Worm-screw

3 Jaws

4 Fixed

5 Adjustable

1

2

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What are the functions of each part?

The handle is where the wrench is held and stabilized. The worm-screw is turned to adjust the size of the jaws to the correct width by moving the adjustable away from the fixed.

Form and Function

Human bodyAnatomy = the partsPhysiology = the function of the parts

As we go through this class, take notice of how different parts of the body look the way they do because of their function.

Form fits function.

Levels of Organization

What makes an organism living or not?

Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions in the body

Characteristics of Life

Movement

Responsiveness

Growth

Characteristics of Life

Reproduction

Respiration

Digestion

Absorption

Characteristics of Life

Circulation

Assimilation

Excretion

Refer to table 1.1

Requirements of Organisms

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen

Used to release energy from food Water

Required for metabolism, provides transportation to substances throughout body

FoodProvides necessary nutrients for energy and building

materials Heat

Product of metabolism Pressure

Important in breathing and blood circulation

How to measure heart rate?Radial or Carotid

Measure resting HRJumping Jacks for 1 minuteSit and measure HR

What happens to your HR after the jumping jacks?

This is an example of homeostasis.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Regulated through negative feedback mechanismsThree components:

○ Receptors – provide information about the internal environment

○ Set point – “normal” condition○ Effectors – cause responses to alter the

internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanism

Example: body temperature regulation (pg 8)

Body Cavities

Cranial cavity

Vertebral ColumnThoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Organ Systems

11 organ systems in the body (pg 13)

All 11 organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Organ Systems

Integumentary systemSkin, hair, nails, sweat glandsProtect and help regulate body

temperature

Skeletal SystemBones, ligaments, cartilageProvides framework and protects

internal organs

Organ Systems

Muscular SystemMuscles provide forces to move

body parts

Nervous SystemBrain, spinal cord, nerves, sense

organsCommunication of changes inside

and outside bodyCoordination of movement

Organ Systems

Endocrine SystemGlands, hormonesRegulates metabolism

Cardiovascular SystemHeart, arteries, veins, capillaries, bloodTransport blood throughout bodyCarries oxygen to cells and carbon

dioxide away from cells

Organ Systems

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph

nodes, thymus, spleenTransport fluid back to blood streamImmune response

Digestive SystemMouth, esophagus, stomach, liver,

intestinesBreaks down food into simpler forms

that can be absorbed

Organ System

Respiratory SystemlungsExchanges gases between blood and

air

Urinary SystemKidneysRemoves waste from blood Regulates water and salt

concentrations

Organ Systems

Reproductive SystemProduces a whole new organismMales and Females have different systems

Pg 13

Body Sections

1.Frontal plane

2.Sagittal plane

3.Transverse plane

Pg 15

Relative Positions