unit 13 ib history of europe - mcquaid 1 unit 13 world war two

Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

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UNIT 13UNIT 13

WORLD WAR TWO


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World War Two Timeline

• 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.

• 1936: Germany sent troops into the Rhineland.

• 1938: The Munich agreement. • 1939: World War Two begins. • 1940: The Battle of Britain. German

blitzkrieg.• 1941: Pearl Harbor. Operation

Barbarossa.


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World War Two Timeline

• 1942: Dieppe. Stalingrad. Mass murder of Jews began.

• 1943: Germans are defeated at Stalingrad.

• 1944: D-Day. U.S. bombs Okinawa and Iwo Jima.

• 1945: Germany surrendered. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United Nations is founded.


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13.113.1

Appeasement


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What is Appeasement?

•Prevent aggressors from starting wars.

•Agree to those demands which seem reasonable.

•Chamberlain used this policy with Hitler in 1938.


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How was Hitler Appeased?

•He violated the Treaty of Versailles.•1933: Germany began to rearm.•Reparations payments cease.•1935: Anglo-German Naval

agreement.•1936: Troops marched into the

Rhineland.•1938: Anschluss with Austria.


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Why did Chamberlain Follow the policy of

“Appeasement?”•Appeasement would allow time

to rearm.•Hitler would defend against

Russian Communism. •People wanted peace.•Britain could not fight Germany

alone.


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Why Appeasement?

•Versailles had been too harsh.•The League of Nations still

existed.•Neville Chamberlain misjudged

Hitler.


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Results of Appeasement

•Britain was discredited. •Millions of people came under

Nazi rule.•Appeasement encouraged

Hitler’s territorial ambitions. •Contributed to the signing of the

Nazi-Soviet Pact.


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13.213.2

Long-Term Causes of the Second World

War


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The Treaty of Versailles

•Land taken from Germany. •Reparations. •The War Guilt clause (Article

231).•Germany was desperate for

revenge.


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The Failures of the League

•Failed to stop aggressive moves in the inter-war period.

•Manchuria and Abyssinia.•The League did not deter Hitler

or Mussolini.


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The Impact of the Depression

• International loans were called in. •Unemployment and poverty spread

rapidly.•Democracies seemed helpless. •Contributed to the rise of

aggressive dictators.•The Depression resulted in

appeasement.


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Hitler’s Ambitions

•Hitler would regain the territory lost at Versailles.

•Lebensraum for his master race.•Destroy communism. •Massive rearmament campaigns

under Hitler.


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Appeasement

•Hitler regarded Britain as spineless.

•The USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

•The Munich Agreement was signed.


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The Nazi-Soviet Pact

•A two-front war was avoided.•Hitler believed the pact would

force Britain to back down over Poland.


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13.313.3

Immediate Causes of WWII

(1938-1939)


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Timeline of 1938

•September 28: The Munich Agreement is signed.

•December 1: Britain sets up a “National Register.


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Timeline of 1939

• January 2: RAF produces 400 planes a month.

•February 15: Defense spending set at 580 million pounds a year.

•March 15: Hitler invades Czechoslovakia.

•April 25: Parliament votes to spend 1 322 million pounds on defense.


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Timeline of 1939

•May 1: The Military Training Act introduces conscription in Britain.

•May 22: Pact of Steel.•August 23: The Nazi-Soviet Pact is

signed.•September 1: Hitler invades Poland. •September 3: Britain declares war

on Germany.


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German Rearmament

•By March 1935 the Luftwaffe had 2500 planes.

•Germany’s army numbered 300,000 men.

•Hitler publicly announced compulsory military conscription.

•France and Britain did not respond.


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Navy

•1935: Anglo-German Naval Agreement.

•Allowed Germany 1/3 the tonnage of the Royal Navy.

•Equal tonnage of submarines.


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Rhineland

•March 1936: 32 000 German soldiers entered the Rhineland.

•France did not respond.•He was confident to look toward

land in the East.•Germany benefited from the

industry rich Rhineland.


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Anschluss with Austria

•German forces entered Vienna on March 15, 1938.

•Britain and France verbally protested.

•100 000 troops were added to the German army.

•Germany gained control of Austrian resources.


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Czechoslovakia

• The German population lived in the Sudetenland.

• Hitler planned to invade Czechoslovakia in 1938.

• Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in Munich.

• The Sudetenland is given to Germany.• Britain warns Germany that Poland

will be protected.


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13.413.4

The Nature of Warfare


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The Nature of the Second World War

•Civilian Casualties are very high.•Ideological Conflict: fascism

versus democracy.•Total War: everywhere is a

battlefield.


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Tactics of the Second World War

•Blockade.•Blitzkrieg or ‘Lightning War.’


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Technology

•Radar: gave the British great advantage.

•Tanks: German tanks were small and fast.

•Aircraft: bombing was a major strategy of the war.


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Technology

•Medicine: prevented infections.•Code Breaking: British were

able to crack the German enigma.


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13.513.5

Russia


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Operation Barbarossa

•A Blitzkrieg style invasion was planned for Russia.

•Russia was heavily unprepared.


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Hitler’s Views

•Hitler’s racial prejudices.•Russia had oil reserves and

wheat.•Control of Russia was basic to

the Nazi program. •Russia was communist.


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Stalin’s Views

•Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact.•Hitler was bogged down in the

West and South. •A British ploy to pull Russia into

a war with Germany. •Blitzkrieg made no sense against

such a large nation.


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The Battle of Stalingrad

• German military methods were studied. • Battle of Attrition would undermine

Blitzkrieg.• German army at Stalingrad become

trapped. • 90% of German casualties came on the

Eastern Front. • Russia had successfully undermined the

Blitzkrieg. • The turning point of the Eastern Front.


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Why were the Germans Defeated?

•Hitler underestimated Soviet forces and equipment.

•The winter of 1941-42 was brutal.•Supply problems. • Inadequate Soviet roads.•Retreating Russians used a

“scorched earth policy.”


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13.613.6

The Pacific Theatre


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Pearl Harbor

•The Americans would be an easy target.

•A devastating attack would leave Japan a free hand in the Pacific.

•The Japanese missed the most crucial targets.


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Pearl Harbor

•The U.S. joined in the fight against the Axis Powers.

•World War Two was now an international war.


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Okinawa

• Part of a three-point American plan. • Japanese forces were to hold the

island at all costs.• The U.S. would destroy the remainder

of Japan’s merchant fleet.• There were four airfields on the

island.• On July 2, 1945 Okinawa was declared

secure by the Americans with heavy casualties on both sides.


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Iwo Jima

• The tiny island had two airfields.• Japanese soldiers had strong

defensive positions. • Iwo Jima was “softened up” by

bombing raids.• The Marines took heavy casualties. • Japanese determination would

influence the use of the atomic bombs.


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Factors in the Decision to Drop the Bomb

•An invasion of Japan would be avoided.

•The U.S.S.R. was set to enter the Pacific War.

•The bomb had cost over two billion dollars.

•Millions of Japanese lives would be saved.

•Only three bombs had been produced.


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Why were the Japanese so successful at the start of

the war?• The Japanese had developed modern

battle tactics.• The Bushido belief. • Japanese soldiers were trained to live

off the land.• Japanese troops were supported by

the locals. • America’s military was not yet fully

deployed.


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Why did Japan eventually lose the Pacific War?

• The U.S. overwhelmed Japan with her manpower and ability to produce war goods.

• Japanese factories were heavily bombed. • Pearl Harbor made great propaganda.• Shipments from mainland Asia to Japan

were sunk. • 104 000 tons of bombs were dropped on

Japan.


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13.713.7

The Holocaust


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Timeline of the Holocaust

•1939: Jews must turn in radios and wear yellow stars of David.

•1940: Jews are forced into ghettos. Nazis begin deporting Jews to Poland.

•1942: Jews are forbidden to use public transportation or attend school. Nazi officials discuss the 'Final Solution.’


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•1943: 80 to 85 percent of the Jews to die have already been murdered.

•1944: Hitler began deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz.

•1945: World War II ends in Europe. The death camps are emptied.


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•1946: Nuremburg Trials.•1947: A Jewish homeland

becomes the State of Israel in 1948.


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Possible Causes of the Holocaust

•Hitler’s personal vendetta.•Hitler may have been mentally

ill. • Jews were prominent within the

Communist party.•Jews had ‘stabbed Germany in

the back.’


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Stage One: Denial of Rights

(1933-1938)• 1933: Jews lose the right to be German citizens.

• 1935: The Nuremburg Laws enforce

segregation.• 1938: All Jewish personal property was

confiscated.• 1933-39: Government propaganda against the

Jews. • 1933-39: Jewish schoolchildren are humiliated.• By 1938, over 25% of the Jews in Germany had

left.


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Stage Two: Acceleration of Persecution (1938-

1941)•Expulsion and Gettoization. •As Nazi territory expanded, so

did the number of Jews. •Ghettos.•Kristallnacht.


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Stage Three: The Holocaust

(1941-1945)•The Einsatzgruppe.•The Wannsee Conference.•The ‘Final Solution.’


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Nuremburg Trials

•Those responsible needed to be brought to trial.

•Nuremburg sets a precedent in human rights.

•22 high ranking Nazi officers were charged.

•19 defendants were convicted.


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How Could the Holocaust Happen?

•Well established anti-Semitism existed.

•There was always the fear that you will be next.

•All people were implicated in some way.

•The Allies must accept some blame. •Hitler knew nothing of the violence.


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13.813.8

Historiography of Adolf Hitler


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Hitler on Hitler

•Mein Kampf.•Written to create a myth rather

than describe his life.


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The Journalists’ Hitler

•Journalists of the 1920’s and 1930’s.

•Nazis were brutal thugs.•Most journalists went into exile

after 1933.


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The 1950’s

•Hitler genuinely believed in his cause.

•Hitler was ‘great in action’, outmaneuvered opponents.


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The ‘Hitler-Wave’ of the 1960’s

•Without Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.

•An example of ‘the power of personality’ in history.


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The 1970’s

•Began to use objective terminology.

•Psycho-historians suggested Hitler was psychotic.


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Debates of the 1980’s and 1990’s

•Hitler was a product of his environment.

•He would have gotten nowhere at any other time or place.


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Historiography of the Holocaust

•Functionalists refute the contention that Adolf Hitler was the sole initiator of the Holocaust.

•Nazi policy emerged due to competition between groups.

•The functionalist view is generally accepted by most academic historians.


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13.913.9

Wartime Conferences


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Tehran

•November 28 to December 1, 1943.

•‘Big-Three’ (Stalin, Churchill and FD Roosevelt).

•Decide the direction of World War Two in Europe.


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Issues Discussed at Tehran

•The second front was discussed.

•Entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan.

•The possible creation of an international organization after the war.


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Yalta

• February 3, 1945.• The defeat of Nazi Germany was

imminent.• Churchill saw a democratic Europe headed

by Britain.• Stalin wanted an increase in Soviet power

and safeguards against further attacks.• Roosevelt saw a world democracy headed

by the U.S.


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Decisions at Yalta

•Germany would be divided into zones of occupation.

•Stalin agreed to “free elections” in Poland.

•The Soviet frontier would advance westwards.


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Decisions at Yalta

•The USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan.

•Trials would be set for leading war criminals.

•A meeting would be held to establish the UN.


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Potsdam

•July 16 – August 2, 1945 to decide on the structure of post-war Europe.

•Truman (United States) and Atlee (Great Britain).

•All Truman would say at Potsdam was that America had a weapon of awesome power.


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The U.S.S.R.

•Stalin wanted security from future attack by creating a buffer zone of friendly countries.

•Stalin demanded that Germany make reparations to help Russia rebuild.


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The United States

• Bargaining power was strengthened by money and the recently tested atomic bomb.


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Britain

•England was bankrupt.•Many colonies claimed

independence.•British were concerned about a

Soviet presence in Eastern Europe.


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Decisions at Potsdam

•The USSR would begin collecting reparations from its zone of occupation.

•The allies agreed to divide Berlin into four sectors.


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13.1013.10

The United Nations


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The Atlantic Charter

•All countries should have a democratic government.

•Countries would trade freely with one another.

•All countries would share in world prosperity.

•Weaponry would be reduced.


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The Structure of the United Nations

•The General Assembly. •The Security Council. •The Economic and Social Council. •The International Court of

Justice. •The Secretariat.


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Agencies

•World Health Organization (WHO).

•International Labour Organization (ILO).

•UNESCO.•International Atomic Energy

Authority.


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Other Effects of WWII

•United States and the USSR emerge as superpowers.

•Decolonization gained momentum.

•Communism spread rapidly. •United Nations and the European

Economic Community are developed.


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Other Effects of WWII

•Fascism was discredited. •War was condemned as morally

wrong. •The introduction of the Nuclear

Age.


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unit 13 ib history of europe - mcquaid 1 unit 13 world war two

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