unit 2: river civilizations ch 2 & 4. why do civilizations develop around rivers?
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 2: River Civilizations
Ch 2 & 4
Why do civilizations develop around rivers?
Mesopotamia – pg 30
aka the “Fertile Crescent” Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Area would flood every year leaving many nutrients in the soil
Good: great for farming Bad: unpredictable rainfall is hard to live in
Discuss How does food supply affect the
development of civilization?
So What is Being Done About It?!? Check out this wikispace that my class last fall
created. http://3rdblockfood.wikispaces.com/Schools
For homework, do a 3-2-1 about the content on the wikispace. 3: Things you didn’t know 2: Things you found interesting 1: Question you have
Make sure to read all 7 tabs! There will be a quiz tomorrow to check that you did read and understand
Sumer: City-States Sumer is one of the oldest
civilizations, dating back to 4500 BC
Sumer had a number of cities sharing the same culture but developed their own separate gov’ts with their own rulers ie Iredell County is like Sumer with the cities of
Statesville, Mooresville, Troutman, Olin, Union Grove, Love Valley, Stony Point, etc.
Sumerian Religion Polytheism: believed in many gods
Gods had some human traits, but they were immortal and all powerful
Believed that human souls went to the “land of no return” located between the earth’s crust and the ancient sea
Not a joyful happy “heaven” but a gloomy and boring eternity awaited the dead
Research Sumerian gods
1. Enlil
2. Enki
3. Inanna
4. Nanna
5. Ninurta
What are they the god of? What would you pray to them for?
Sumerian Gov’t Each city-state had a
ziggurat, or temples, in the center or town Governments were controlled by the temple
priests = theocracy Priests acted as a go between with the gods In return, people offered crops to the priests
Sumerian Social Classes
Kings, landholders,
priests
Wealthy merchants/artisans
Field workers(majority of Sumer)
Slaves(Prisoners of war)
Sumerian Women Women were given many more rights than
most other (more modern) civilizations. Could work as merchants, farmers, or artisans Could own property Could join the priesthood Some learned to read and write
Sumerian Tools and Technology** Invented the wheel, the sail, and the plow Used bronze for tools and weapons Developed a number system and used principles of
arithmetic and geometry Measured 360 degrees in a circle
Architecture: built arches, columns, ramps, and pyramid-style ziggurats
Conquering Empires Sumer’s city-states were always fighting
with each other which made them susceptible to attack from other civilizations Sargon of Akkad: 2350 BC took control of Sumer
and spread their culture throughout Mesopotamia Babylonians: 2000 BC invaded and took over.
Set the capital at the city of Babylon The most powerful leader of the Babylonians was
Hammurabi
Hammurabi Hammurabi’s most notable
contribution was his set of laws They were engraved in stone and placed all over the
empire, which unified the many different groups of the culture
282 specific laws dealing with community, family relations, business conduct, and crime (pg 34) Punishments were based on retaliation
(eye for an eye)
Examples of Laws If a man has stolen the goods of a temple or palace, that man
shall be killed, and he who has received the stolen thing from his hand shall be put to death.
If a man has stolen ox or sheep or ass or pig or ship, whether from the temple or the palace, he shall pay thirtyfold. If he be a poor man, he shall render tenfold. If the thief has nought to pay, he shall be put to death.
If a man's wife be caught lying with another, they shall be strangled and cast into the water.
If a man's wife, for the sake of another, has caused her husband to be killed, that woman shall be impaled.
If a man, after his father's death, has lain in the bosom of his mother, they shall both of them be burnt together.
Discuss Why do humans need punitive laws to deter
them from committing crime?
Egypt: Pyramids on the Nile Nile river flows northward
across Africa for over 4100 miles From Wilmington, NC
to Los Angeles, CA is 2592.11 miles
Gift of the Nile Floods every summer would leave fertile soil
(silt) to farm with Farmers built irrigation systems to regulate
water to their wheat and barley crops Egyptians worshipped the Nile as a god Surrounded by desert keeping Egyptians
isolated
Isolation of the Egyptians Pro’s
Con’s
Pharaohs Rule as Gods In Egypt kings were gods and were called
Pharaohs Pharaohs controlled religion, government, the
army, and the well being of all Egyptians
Theocracy: government in whichrule is based on religious authority
Pyramids
Egyptians believed that their king ruled after death Had an eternal life force called Ka
Kings tombs (Pyramids) were more important than their palaces and needed to meet their needs in the after life
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/?assetGuid=88ac6bd6-193f-4f7f-84b7-68352faf0e73&fromMyDe=0&isPrinterFriendly=0&provider=&isLessonFromHealth=0&productcode=US&isAssigned=false&includeHeader=YES&homeworkGuid=20 minutes
http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt/videos#king-tut1min, 30 sec
Egyptian Religion Polytheism: believed in over 2,000
gods and goddesses Life after death
A person was judged after death to determine if they would go to the Other World
The rich and royalty had their bodies preserved by mummification
Book of the Dead had prayers, and spells for help guide the soul in the after life
Discuss Why would a theocracy be an effective form
of government?
Research Egyptian Gods1. Hathor
2. Isis
3. Osiris
4. Bastet
5. Sobek
What did they look like?
What would you pray to them for?
Mummification (pg 38 & 39) “First, they draw out the brains through the nostrils with and
iron hook. . . Then with a sharp stone they make an incision in the side, and take out all the bowels. . . Then, having filled the belly with pure myrrh, cassia, and other perfumes, they sew it up again; and when they have done this they steep it in natron (salt), leaving it under for 70 days. . . At the end of 70 days, they wash the corpse, and warp the whole body in bandages of waxen cloth”
The brain, liver, and other internal organs were saved in Canopic jars
Egyptian embalmers were so skillful that modern archeologists have found mummies with hair skin and teeth
Think-Pair-Share How did the Egyptian belief in the afterlife
compare to that of the Sumerians?
Egyptian Social Classes- People could change social class through marriage or career success- In order to move up to the high class, people had to be able to read
and write- Slaves could earn their freedom as a reward for loyal service- In the higher classes, women had the same rights as men
RoyalFamily
Landowners,Gov’t Officials, Priests,
Army Commanders
Merchants, Artisans
Peasant Farmers, Laborers(largest)
Slaves
Science and Technology Developed a calendar that was 365 days, (12
months with 30 days) by observing the star Sirius to determine the length of a solar year They were only off by 6 hours!
Egyptian number system allowed them to collect taxes and build remarkable architecture
Egyptian doctors were able to measure heart rate, cast broken bones, and even conduct minor surgeries
Write-To-Learn How might the Egyptians practice of
mummification increase their development of medicine?
Writing Hieroglyphics
Symbols carved into stone creating a language
We learned the language of Egyptians through the Rosetta Stone
Scribes were highly ranked in society
Developed papyrus: paper like sheets made from marsh reeds
Write a prayer in Hieroglyphics Write a prayer to the Egyptian god that you
researched in class. Write vertically as the Egyptians did Your prayer must be able to
be deciphered by a classmate