Unit 1: Three Worlds Collide

Unit 4: Cold War Foreign PolicyLearning Targets 1 - 181. I can define communism.communismIn THEORY the common ownership of the means of production and distribution of wealtha system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as neededproduces a classless societypostulated by Karl Marx

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2. I can define capitalism.capitalismIn THEORY the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of wealtha system in which goods/services are owned/provided by private individualsdecisions regarding prices, wages, taxes, etc determined by an unregulated marketlaws of supply & demandlaissez fairelet alone, hands-offpolicy of non-governmental interferencein economic/social life of the nationpostulated by Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations

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3. I can explain the differences between communism and Communism.communism

CommunismIn THEORY the common ownership of the means of production and distribution of wealtha system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as neededproduces a classless societyheaven

In PRACTICE system of totalitarian dictatorships established after WWIIStalins Soviet UnionEastern European nations under Soviet controlPoland, East Germany, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, LithuaniaHungary 1956, Czechoslovakia 1968, state ownership of property (socialism)human rights/civil liberties restricted

43. I can explain the differences between communism and Communism.communism

CommunismIn THEORY heaven

In PRACTICE totalitarianism5

4. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.Russian Revolution 1917Vladimir Lenins protestations:abolish private property!repudiate war debts!spread the revolution over the world!free oppressed peoplessent shudders throughout imperial capitalistsset up a race for resources worldwide between capitalist and communist nationsThe Cold Warideological war of words6

4. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.divergent political systemUSAmulti/two party systemrepublic (representative democracy)people rule through their elected representativesUSSRone party systemCommunist PartyState aim of spreading communist revolution to countries under imperialist controltotalitarian dictatorship, one party rule74. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.divergent economic systemUSAcapitalisticfree enterprise systemneed of raw materials, marketsimperialisticfrom USSR point of viewUSSRsocialistic, (communism in name only)abolish private propertymajor industries nationalized: mining, transportation, manufacturing, etc...nationalized: placed under governmental control84. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.divergent social systemUSAfree, open societydemocratic, majority rulegovernment of laws, not menall considered equal before the lawUSSRauthoritarian/totalitariangovernment controls all aspects of political, social, economic lifehuman rights/civil liberties restricted

95. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S.McCarthyismnamed for Senator JosephMcCarthy , (R) Wisconsinthe practice of makingunsubstantiated chargesagainst someonecharged State Dept & US Armywith containing communistsympathizers

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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S.1954 televised Army-McCarthy hearingsMcCarthy charged that one of the Armys attorneys had ties to a Communist organizationArmy lawyer Joseph Welch responded with the immortal lines that ultimately ended McCarthy's career:"Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness.When McCarthy tried to continue his attack, Welch angrily interrupted,Senator, may we not drop this? We know he belonged to the Lawyers Guild. Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?censured by his Senate colleagues 1954died in 1957 age 48145. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..H.U.A.CHouse Un-American Activities Committeeinvestigated 43 members of Hollywood film industrywriters, actors, producers, directors, etcwanted to rid Hollywood of suspected Communist influencesHollywood Tendetermined unfriendly refused to answer questions from H.U.A.C.pleaded the 5th Amendmentright not to be a witness against yourselfblacklisteda list of people condemned for having a Communist backgroundcareers ruined as they were not hired to work in Hollywood155. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..H.U.A.Cthe Hollywood Ten16

5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..17

5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..The following transcript of an excerpt from the interrogation of screenwriter John Howard Lawson by HUAC chairman J. Parnell Thomas gives an example of an alternative wording of the question and a sense of the tenor of some of the exchanges:

Thomas: Are you a member of the Communist Party or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?Lawson: It's unfortunate and tragic that I have to teach this committee the basic principles of Americanism.Thomas: That's not the question. That's not the question. The question ishave you ever been a member of the Communist Party?Lawson: I am framing my answer in the only way in which any American citizen can frame his answer to...Thomas: Then you deny it?Lawson: ...a question that invades his...absolutely invades his privacy.Thomas: Then you deny... You refuse to answer that question, is that correct?Lawson: I have told you that I will offer my beliefs, my affiliations and everything else to the American public and they will know where I stand as they do from what I have written.Thomas: Stand away from the stand...Lawson: I have written for Americanism for many years...Thomas: Stand away from the stand...Lawson: And I shall continue to fight for the Bill of Rights, which you are trying to destroy.Thomas: Officer, take this man away from the stand.185. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..Nuclear Arms RaceUS atomic bombings of Japan 1945J. Robert Oppenheimer Director of Manhattan Projectcode name for US effort to build atomic bombWe knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita... Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.Mr. President, I have blood on my hands.19

5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..Soviet detonation of atomic bomb 1949believed Russia was 3-5 years away from such developmentFall of China 1949to CommunismMao Zedongdefeats Chaing Kai-Shekbacked by the USthermonuclear/hydrogen bomb/H-BombUSA - 1952USSR 1953

205. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..Execution of Julius and Ethel RosenbergSoviet atomic bomb September 1949believed Russia was 3-5 years away from such developmentmust have had assistanceJulius and Ethel Rosenbergminor activists in Communist PartyJewish heritageconvicted/executed in electric chairJune, 19531st US civilians executed for espionage

225. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..ICBMsintercontinental ballistic missilebomb sheltersstocked with water, canned goods, batteries, etcmilitary spendingmassive sums for nuclear/conventional weaponswars: Korea, Vietnam, CubaDuck and Coverpreparing for nuclear war (like a fire drill)235. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism affected the U.S..Space RaceSputnik 1957Soviet satelliteYuri Gagarinfirst human to journey into outer space - April 1961Alan Shepardfirst American to journey into outer space - May 1961JFKs New Frontierland a man on the moon and return him to earth before the end of the decadeaccomplished July 20, 1969emphasis on math and science educationexclusion of social science education246. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.Korean Conflictwas described by President Harry S. Truman as a "police action" as it was conducted under the United Nationsreferred to as "The Forgotten War" or "The Unknown Warbecause of the lack of public attention it receivedKorean Peninsuladivided at the 38th parallel - 1945USSR control the NorthUSA control the Southelections scheduled for 194825

6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.North Korea invades South Korea 1950Kim Il-SungCommunist leader of North KoreaUS believes USSR encouragedthe attackUnited NationsResolution 83police actionseveral nations commit troopslargely US effort88% of the 341,000 international soldiers

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Kim Il-Sung6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.General Douglas MacArthurrear action at Inchondrives north to near Yalu Riverborder of Chinaassures Truman China wont getinvolveda fierce anti-Communistwould use occasion to reverse Chinese Communist RevolutionTruman fears nuclear war with Soviet Uniondetonated atomic bomb in 1949Chinese attack U.N. forces!!

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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.war seesaws over 38th parallelstalemate for most of 3 yearsarmistice July, 1953a cease fireno victorcountry remains divided at 38th parallelestablish DMZDe-Militarized Zone28

6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.Truman/MacArthur Controversy

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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.Truman/MacArthur ControversyTrumanlimited war for limited objectivesfeared escalation to nuclear warMacArthurfight total warincluding nuclear weaponsopposed Truman policy publiclyTruman relieves MacArthur of commandreturns home to heros welcomeissue: civilian vs. military authority

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7. I can identify Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro.Fulgencio Batistaelected President of Cuba from1940 to 1944dictator from 1952 to 1959,overthrown by Fidel CastroFidel Castroled revolution against U.S. backed military dictatorship of Batistaturned Cuba into a one-party socialist statenationalized all major industriessocialist reforms undertaken in all areas of society

3233I believe that there is no country in the world including any and all the countries under colonial domination, where economic colonization, humiliation and exploitation were worse than in Cuba, in part owing to my country's policies during the Batista regime. I approved the proclamation which Fidel Castro made in the Sierra Maestra, when he justifiably called for justice and especially yearned to rid Cuba of corruption. I will even go further: to some extent it is as though Batista was the incarnation of a number of sins on the part of the United States. Now we shall have to pay for those sins. In the matter of the Batista regime, I am in agreement with the first Cuban revolutionaries. That is perfectly clear.

John F. Kennedy to Jean Daniel, October 24, 19638. I can describe the changes Castro implemented in Cuba.Cuba became a one-party state under Communist Party governancecentral economic planningexpanded healthcare and educationstate control of the presssuppression of internal dissentnationalizationgovernment takeover of major industries

349. I can discuss the Bay of Pigs invasion.Bay of Pigs 1961CIA organized invasion of Cubain response to Cuban Revolution and nationalization of American-owned propertygovernment take-oversocialismby Cuban migrs and CIA operativesbegun by Eisenhowercontinued by KennedyJFK refused to order air strike

359. I can discuss the Bay of Pigs invasion.Bay of Pigs 1961results:disaster for US forces/Cuban emigresmoved Castro closer to USSRJFK seen as vulnerablein eyes of Sovietsbecome more boldbuild Berlin Wallplacement of defensive missiles in CubaCuban Missile Crisis 1962some suggest rogue members of CIA upset with JFK implicated in his assassination - 1963

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10. I can describe the Cuban Missile Crisis.Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962U-2 Reconnaissance planes discover ballistic missiles in Cubaviolation of Monroe DoctrineJFK orders quarantinea blockade of Cubaintercept approaching ships carrying missilesorders missiles removeda stand-off with Soviet Unionfear nuclear war

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10. I can describe the Cuban Missile Crisis.Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962results:Soviets honor blockaderemove missilesin return for promise not to invade Cubaremove US missiles in TurkeySoviets begin build-up of nuclear forcesavoid inferior position in future

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Harry S. Truman 1945-1953$10 million to France May 1950aid in regaining Indochina50 military advisors August 1950wants France to join N.A.T.O.European alliance to thwart Soviet expansionChina falls to Communism in 1949Issue:U.S. fights WW II to end colonialismCommunist expansion causes U.S. to aid French colonialism to resist Soviet/Chinese expansion

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 1961continues aid to Vietnam$60 millionDien Bien Phu - 1954French fortress/airstriplaid siege by VietminhIke refuses air supportKorean Conflict ongoingFrances Waterloofinal defeatplan to leave

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 1961Dien Bien Phu - 1954

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 1961Geneva Accords - 1954divide Vietnam at 17th parallelHo Chi Minh in NorthNgo Dinh Diem in Southnationwide elections in 1956choose government for all of VietnamFrench plan to leave Vietnam1956elections canceled in Southfear Ho Chi Minh victory

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.John F. Kennedy 1961-1963increase aid to South Vietnam16,000 military adviserscounter-insurgencyclandestine raids into North Vietnamsabotage communication/transportationnetworksAssassination of Ngo Dinh Diempolicies of repression, corruptionloses support of peopleundertaken by S.V.N Generalsquestion of Kennedys involvement

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969continue policy of economicassistance of previous PresidentsGulf of Tonkin Incident - 1964Resolution for all necessary action to protect ourArmed Forcesassured that "the United States ... seeks nowider war"Operation Rolling Thunder - 1964massive bombing campaigns ofNorth Vietnamdesigned to bring to bargaining table

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969combat troops arrive 1965reach peak of 565,000 in 1968Tet Offensive 1968Vietnamese New YearNorth launches military strikes allover South VietnamU.S. Embassy in SaigonUnited States Waterloobeen told were winning the warenergized anti-war movementcaused reversal of U.S. policyJohnson abdicatesdoes not seek re-election!

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Richard NixonVietnamizationde-escalationcontinue aid in money & equipmentgradually withdraw US troopsshift burden of fighting from US to SVN troopsInvasion of Cambodia April 1970halt advance on Ho Chi Minh Trailundertaken secretly (w/o informing Congress)unsuccessful (weakens Cambodian government)rise of Khmer Rougesets off anti-war movement in the US (Kent State)

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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the Vietnam War.Richard Nixontested Vietnamization policy by invading Laos 1971mixed resultspeace negotiationssecret talks in Paris 1969-1972cease fire October 1972Peace January 1973South Vietnam to determine own futurerelease of all American POWswithdrawal of all US forcesNorth Vietnam invades/defeats South Vietnam Vietnam re-unified - 197552

12. I can identify Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh.Ngo Dinh Diemleader of government of SouthVietnamanti-colonialistanti-communistCatholicrestricted Buddhist practicescorrupt, oppressive rulealienated much of populationcanceled elections 1956feared Ho victory

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12. I can identify Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh.Ho Chi MinhVietnamese nationalistleader of Vietnam independencemovementVietminh vs. Vietcongdefeated Japanese forces at end ofWW IIdeclares Vietnamese independenceSeptember, 1945using whos words?both the George Washington &Thomas Jefferson of Vietnamled revolutionary forces, declared independence!oh, almost forgot, a communist! Ask why?

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13. I can explain how the U.S. got involved in the Vietnam War.Lets skip this one as it is explained in the next several targets 56

14. I can analyze the events of the Gulf of Tonkin.Gulf of Tonkin Incident August - 1964U.S.S. MaddoxAmerican destroyer attacked by North Vietnam in Tonkin Gulfmuch confusion surrounding the detailsan apparent 2nd attack on U.S.S C. Turner Joysome suggest US precipitated/exaggerated the attackLBJ asks Congress for power to take Gulf of Tonkin Resolutionall necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.

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15. I can discuss the My Lai Massacre.My Lai Massacre March 1968mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians between 347 and 504 villagersincluded women, men, children, and infantswomen gang-raped & bodies mutilated26 U.S. soldiers were initially chargedLieutenant William Calleyguilty of killing 22 villagerssentenced to life imprisonmentserved three and a half years under house arrest

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15. I can discuss the My Lai Massacre.My Lai Massacre March 1968three U.S. servicemen who had tried to halt the massacre and protect the wounded were initially denounced by several U.S. Congressmen as traitorsWarrant Officer Hugh Thompson, Jr.helicopter pilotreceived hate mail and death threats and found mutilated animals on their doorstepswere later widely praised and decorated by the Army for their heroic actions

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16. I can discuss the Kent State shooting.Kent State University May 19704 students shot and killedby Ohio National Guardsmenprotesting the secret invasion of Cambodiainspired OhioCrosby, Stills, Nash

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17. I can discuss the Pentagon Papers.Pentagon Papers7,000 page Defense Department documentauthorized by Robert McNamaraSecretary of Defense leaked to New York Times by Daniel Ellsbergrevealed government lies concerning Vietnamfurther eroded public support for the Vietnam War

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Daniel EllsbergRobert McNamara 18. I can describe Napalm and Agent Orange.Napalmjellied gasolineused as incendiary device

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18. I can describe Napalm and Agent Orange.Agent Orangechemical defoliantspray on jungles of Vietnamto defoliatedestroy cover of guerrillafighters

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19. I can analyze the impact of Operation Cyclone (Afghanistan) on the collapse of the Soviet Union.Operation Cyclone - 1979 - 1989code name for the C.I.A program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahadeenrebel fighters in Afghanistanresisting Soviet Unions invasionone of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations$2030 million per year in 1980rose to $630 million per year in 1987begun by Jimmy Carter, continued/expanded by Ronald Reagan

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19. I can analyze the impact of Operation Cyclone (Afghanistan) on the collapse of the Soviet Union.Operation Cyclone - 1979 - 1989U.S. armed and trained over 100,000 insurgentsa mix of weapons, tactics, logistics, training programsto enhance the rebels ability to fight a guerilla war against the SovietsU.S. provided Stinger antiaircraft missilesupplied to the mujahadeen in very large numbersstruck a decisive blow to the Soviet war effortallowed lightly armed Afghans to defend against Soviet helicopter landings in strategic areasforced Soviets to spend massive amountsUSSRs Vietnam

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19. I can analyze the impact of Operation Cyclone (Afghanistan) on the collapse of the Soviet Union.Operation Cyclone - 1979 - 1989aftermath:withdrawal of Soviet troopson February 15, 1989Soviet forces suffered over 14,000 killed and missingover 50,000 woundedUS also leaves area in a vacuumallows Islamic extremists to fill voidTalibanharbors al-Qaeda

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