Unit 4

Helping people around the world

Unreal conditionals andthings hoped for or desired

Grammar and usage

Look at the situation and the expression.

1. We planned to go for a picnic last week, but it was cancelled because of the rain.

If it had stopped raining, we would have gone for a picnic last week.

2. He will tell you everything when he is here, but he won’t come until next month.

If he were here now, he would tell you everything.

3. We planned to have a football match tomorrow, but I’m not sure now as the weather seems rather bad and I think it might snow tomorrow. The snow may affect our schedule and the match may be put off.

If it should snow tomorrow, we would have to put off the match.

4. They won’t come to see us as they don’t have enough time.

If they had enough time, they would come to see us.

1. 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） If it had rained last night ( 过去 ), it would be very cold today ( 现在 ).

If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.

If Jenny were in town, I would have heard about it.

2. 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为 if引导的条件句。

可以用介词或介词短语，如 otherwise、 or和以 with、 without、 in case of或 but for开头的短语代替 if 从句来表示隐含的虚拟语气。With (If I had) more money, I could help more people in need.

Without (If we didn’t have) the UN goodwill Ambassadors, people working on projects would not have been encouraged.

But for (If there was no) the help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their fund.

I’m too busy now, otherwise/or (If I weren’t so busy now) I would help you do the work.

Without electricity human life ______ quite different today. A. is           B. will be          C. would be         D. would have beenHe hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ______ a goal. A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored

C

D

[Practice]

I _____ through that bitter period without your generous help. （ 2011 陕西卷） A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone解析：介词短语“ without + 名词”在句中作状语，本句中表示与过去事实相反，用虚拟语气，故选 couldn’t have done 。

A

[ 高考真题 ]

3. 可以用 even if、 as if、 as though和 if only 来引导非真实条件句。

I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.

Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about it.

Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.

If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!

When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if ______. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been brokenIf only he ______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie

C

C

[Practice]

4. 在 wish和 would rather 后的从句中用虚拟语气。I wish there were no wars in the world.

I would rather you hadn’t talked me about it.

--- Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined. --- I wish they ______ always late. （ 2011 北京卷） A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been

[ 高考真题 ]

A

解析： wish 接从句，如果表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，通常用一般过去时；如果表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，通常用过去完成时。从 always 判断这说的是通常情况，是与现在事实相反的假设，所以应该用一般过去时。

5. suggest, insist, request, demand, order 等表示“建议、坚持、要求、命令”等含义时，这些动词后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即“ should+ 动词原形” (should 可省略 ) 。

常见动词有：一个 “坚持” (insist) ；两个 “命令” (order, demand) ；三个 “建议” (advise, suggest, propose) ；四项 “要求” (demand, require, request, ask) 。

注意：(1) 当 suggest 表示“暗示，说明，表明”时，不用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词视情况而定。 His pale look suggested that he was in poor health.(2) 当 insist 是“坚持说，硬说”之意时，不用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词形视情况而定。 He insisted that he had done nothing.

Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention ________ ( 讨论 ) at the meeting. (discuss) （ 2010 湖北）答案： (should) be discussed 　　解析： insist 表示“坚决主张”引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句结构是 “ should”( 可省略 )+ 动词原形”，主语 problem 是要“被讨论”。

[ 高考真题 ]

6. It’s necessary / important / strange / surprising / natural… that…句式表达了说话人的命令、要求、建议或者惊讶，从句中应用 should + do, 其中 should 可省略。

It’s necessary that John (should) take the exam first.

7. It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原形，但 should 不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

1. We demanded that we ______ of any change in the plan.  A. informed    B. would be informed     C. be informed    D. had been informed2. It’s necessary that he _____ a recognized qualification.  A. has       B. have C. had       D. having

C

B

[Practice]

3. It's high time we _____ our attention to this problem.  A. turned          B. turn                 C. had turned        D. would turn4. If only you _____ him what I said! Everything would have been all right.  A. didn't told      B. hadn't told               C. would not tell     D. would have not told

A

B

5. He must have had an accident, or he _____ here then.  A. would have been     B. had been C. should have been    D. could be6. Much labor would have been saved if the electronic computers _____ before.  A. had invented      B. were invented C. should have been invented D. had been invented

C

D

7. ______ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.  A. Were they to      B. Could they          C. If they              D. Would they8. Five minutes earlier, and we ______ the last bus.   A. had caught      B. should have caught     C. could have caught  D. caught

C

A

9. You _______ the clothes! We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing. A. shouldn't have washed B. mustn't have washed C. can not have washed  D. needn't have washed

D

10. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.   A. has to get        B. were to get            C. had got              D. could have got

B

11. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ______ himself.   A. injure      B. had injured     C. injured     D. would injure12. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _____ after 11 o'clock at night.   A. were not played         B. not to play C. not be played             D. did not play

A

C

13. You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _____ on business first.    A. would go          B. will go             C. went               D. have gone14. It is important that enough money _____ to fund the project.   A. be collected      B. must be collected  C. was collected     D. can be collected

C

A

15. I don't think it advisable that Tom _____ to the job since he has no experience.   A. is assigned       B. will be assigned    C. be assigned           D. has been assigned16. You _____ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.   A. needn't have seen  B. must have seen   C. might have seen         D. couldn't have seen

C

D

17. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned   C. would telephone         D. had telephoned18. It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made.   A. is not started    B. will not be started   C. not be started      D. is not to be started

A

C

19. I wish I _____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.   A. could have slept   B. slept             C. might have slept       D. have slept20. I _____ her to the party but I didn't know her well.   A. ought have invited    B. would have invited C. should invite      D. may have invited

A

B

21. You ____ to town to see the film last week. It will be on TV tomorrow.  A. needn't go     B. should not go       C. had better not go     D. needn't have gone22. --- Would you have called her up had it been possible? ---Yes, but I ____ busy doing my homework. A. was B. were C. had been D. would be

A

D

23. It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline   A. must be sent     B. would be sent     C. be sent                   D. were sent24. It is important that we _____. A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave

D

C

Translation

1. 我不知道他的电话号码 , 否则我就打电话给他了。I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I would have telephoned him.

2. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.

3. --- 如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？ --- 会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。

---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?---- Yes, but I were busy doing my homework then.

4 ．如果你昨晚没有看电影那么晚的话，你现在就不会那么困了。If you hadn’t seen that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.

5. 没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.