Unit 6: Forces of Economic & Social Change

The FIRST Industrial Revolution & its Impact

Causes of the IR (1) “Probably the most important factor of all was the flexibility of the

English social and political system.”—T. Walker Wallbank, Civilization: Past and Present.

(2) “The Agricultural Revolution undoubtedly caused the Industrial Revolution.”—Crane Brinton, A History of Civilization.

(3) “The introduction of raw materials into the English economy from her colonies had a major effect on the Industrial Revolution.”—J. Russell Major, The Western World: Renaissance to the Present

(4) “The favorable business environment in England created by Parliament brought the country into a period of Industrialization.”—Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World.

(5) “The relative isolation of England from continental trends, helped to create an environment in which industrialization can prosper.”—R.R. Palmer, Modern History.

Origins of the Industrial Rev.

(1) Agricultural Revolution Increase in food production; more people fed Population boom=surplus labor for factories

(2) Capital for investment Ready supply of capital due to trading Effective central bank-paper $$

(3) Mineral Resources Coal & Iron abundant; small country; gov’t interested in

infrastructure; movement of goods (4) British Gov’t Favorable to Business

Private property protected; Non-Interference (5) Markets

Colonial empire & naval supremacy (6) Unaffected by continent trends

Technological Advances Technology for cotton

aided business growth New opportunities for

entrepreneurs More efficient to bring

laborers under 1 roof Factories near water Towns spring up around

factories Steam Engine

Applied to all industry Greater flexibility

Transportation Revolution

Consequence of Industrial Revolution in England (a) Transport more raw materials (b) Transport more finished goods

Early Transportation Turnpikes (economic development): Toll Roads Canals Railroads: “most important single factor in promoting

European economic progress” Railroad Revolution

1804: R. Trevithick (5 mph) 1830: Rocket (16 mph) 1840: 2,000 miles of track; 1850: 6,000 miles of track

Transportation Revolution

Helped Industrial Revolution develop: (a) Demand for coal & iron (b) Development of NEW

middle-class investors (c) New job opportunities (d) Decreased prices of

goods, made markets larger

Industrial Factory Factory became chief means of organizing labor

(1) Workers no longer owned means of labor, simply cogs

(2) Forced to work regular hours; not usual (3) Create a system of time-work discipline (4) Working regular unvarying tasks (5) Tough methods to achieve goals (6) Methodism & religion

By 2nd and 3rd generation-working regular hours seemed legit

Industry Spreads to the Continent

Continental Industrialization

Most of Europe was agrarian during 19th century European countries had advances like England Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization

(1) Lack of transportation system (2) Upheavals of war & continental system (Napoleon) (3) Traditional business habits & gov’t involvement (4) Lack of technical education

Spurs to Industrialization (1) Stealing from the British▪ 1825: Developers forbidden from leaving country▪ 1842: Export of machinery illegal

(2) Gov’t support (passed tariffs on goods) (3) Joint-stock investment banks

Social Impact of the IR (1) Population Growth

Famine, plague on decline Increase in food supply Move to urbanization

(2) The Great Hunger: 1845-1851; 3 million Irish are affected

(3) Emigration: Europeans relocated to industrial centers (4) Growth of Cities:

Rural until 1900s 1850: manufacturing & industry (London, Paris, Vienna)

(5) Urban Living Conditions Inner ring: industrial workers Outer ring: skilled artisans Outer-Outer ring: middle class

Efforts at Change Working & Living conditions abhorrent during 1st I. Revolution (1) Edwin Chadwick

Report on the Labouring Population in Great Britain Advocating modern sanitary reforms

(2) Trade Unions Tried to win improvements for members of owntrade Robert Owen: cooperative organizations

(3) Luddites Skilled craftsmen who believed machines were threatening

livelihood (4) Chartists

People’s Charter (1838) by London Working Men’s Association

Universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, elimination of property qualifications

Efforts at Change (1) Factory Acts (1802,

1819) Limited labor for

children btwn 9-16 to twelve hrs/day

Under 9 was forbidden (2) Factory Act of 1833

Children btwn 9-13 to eight hrs/day

Factory inspectors appointed

(3) Coal Mines Act of 1842 Employment of boys

and women under 10 restricted

Cleaning up Napoleon: Conservative vs. Liberal

Ideologies

Congress of Vienna March 1814: GB, Austria, Prussia, & Russia

Remain united to defeat France Ensure European peace after the war

Quadruple Alliance Restore monarchy in Louis XVIII Meet in Sept. to arrange a settlement

Austrian Diplomat: Metternich (1773-1859) (1) Legitimacy ▪ Legitimate power resided in monarchs & institutions▪ Bourbon Kings restored in Spain & France

(2) Balance of Power▪ Each major power balanced militarily & politically▪ France (weakened): Netherlands to the North (Belgium & Dutch);

Confederation of German States; Spain

Ideology of Conservatism Congress of Vienna: marked beginning of conservative

movement to contain liberal & nationalist movements unleashed by French Revolution

Conservatism defined: Ideology relating to maintenance of established institutions (Ancien Regime, monarchy, authority of church); stability Edmund Burke▪ Reflections, 1790: ▪ Sudden change is unacceptable, state unbreakable

Agreements:▪ (1) Hereditary Monarchy is ONLY true acceptable form

of power▪ (2) Organized religion necessary▪ (3) Community over the Individual; ordered society

Conservative Order (1815-1830)

Concert of Europe Congress of Vienna: Meet periodically (4 btwn 1818-

1821) First: Agree to withdraw armies from France;

Quintuple Second: Revolution in Spain & Italy provided issues

Metternich: Principle of Intervention Right to send armies into countries to install

monarchs Britain disagrees Quadruple Alliance send troops in to restore

monarchs in Italy & Spain Great Britain leaves & Congress fizzles

Conservatism in Practice Great Britain:

Corn Law (1815): raised price of grain Hurt Peasantry: Revolt Restrict public meeting & spread of pamphlets to poor

France: Louis XVIII restored; moderate Pushed by Ultraroyalists to return France to monarchy Charles X (1824-1830) concedes; liberal backlash

Russia: Czar Alexander I (1801-1825) faces opposition from

Northern Union (establishment of a constitutional monarchy)

Nicholas I (1825-1855) faces opposition (Decemberist Revolt)

Becomes a reactionary—GREATLY increases power of police

Liberalism…

Liberalism Liberalism Defined: people should be free from

restraint Economic Liberalism: No gov’t interference in

economy Political Liberalism: Restraints on central gov’ts

power, enjoy basic civil rights Influences: Enlightenment, Revolutions, Indust.

Revolution Political Liberals:

Protection of Civil Rights guaranteed by Constitution

Religious toleration; separation of church & state Limited suffrage (middle class dominated) John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859

Liberalism Leads to… (1) Nationalism

Cultural nationalism changed to political nationalism Govt’s should coincide with nationalities ▪ Germany, Italian, Hungarian

(2) Early Socialism Reaction to Industrialization; introduce equality into

social conditions; Capitalism & competition<human & institutional

cooperation; new system organization

OverviewBeginning in 1830, the forces of change began

to break through the conservative domination of Europe, more successfully in

some places than in others.

Finally, in 1848, a series of revolutions moved throughout Europe.

What caused these revolutions?What were the results?

Ultimately, what led to their downfall?

French Example of the 1830 & 1848 Revolutions

French Example of the 1830 & 1848 Revolutions

Another French Revolution

Louis XVIII dies; Charles X (1824-1830) succeeds (1) Conservative (2) Restore Ancien Regime ▪ Aristocratic land & Catholicism returned

(3) Dissolves French legislature & calls for new elections

Elections in 1830: Huge victory for liberals Charles X issues set of Edicts (July Ordinances)▪ Censorship of the press, dissolved the legislature

Immediate backlash (July Revolutions) Louis Philippe: King of Constitutional Monarch

Louis Philippe (1830-1848)

Bourgeois Monarch Constitutional Changes (favoring upper Bourgeoisie):

Nobility on merit Financial qualifications to vote are lessened (200,000)

Angered the middle classes; Parisians 1846-1847: Industrial & Agricultural Depression Opposition mounted; Banquets to call for reforms February 22, 1847: Banquet blocked; Louis-Philippe

abdicates Provisional Gov’t established:

Backed by liberals New Constitution Universal male suffrage

Another Napoleon…?! National Workshops

10,000-120,000 Moderates pull program Workers revolt; 4,000 dead

New Constitution (1) Second Republic (2) Unicameral-universal (3) Presidency

Charles Louis Napoleon wins EMPEROR within 4 yrs

Reform In England 1830 marked a year of “change”:

(1) Whigs (liberal) took charge of Parliament (2) July Revolutions in France encouraged Middle Class to call for

change (3) New class had emerged, the Industrial Middle Class who objected

to a British system that excluded them from voting Whigs decided reform was necessary, pass series of acts: (1) Reform Act of 1832

Redistricted England to allow more Industrial Middle Class power Did NOT lower voting qualifications, but did double the number of

people voting Did not affect lower classes, nor change the composition of Commons Effect: IMC gained power in England

(2) Poor Law of 1834 Belief that aid to poor made them lazy and complacent Poor Houses were set up, conditions purposely wretched

1848 Revolutions in Germany & Italy

1848 Revolt in Germanic States

French Revolution 1848 had major effect on Central Europe Germany▪ Rulers (King Frederick IV of Prussia) promise change:▪ (1) Increased civil rights (2) Abolition of press censorship▪ (3) Establish new constitutions (4) Work for a united German

empire

Frankfurt Assembly▪ German states (male suffrage) elected deputies Assembly▪ “Enlightened” members of the IMC (lawyers, profs,

bureaucrats)▪ Controversial▪ (1) Claimed to represent all of Germany▪ (2) Grossdeutsch (include Austria) vs. Kleindeutsch

(exclude Austria)▪ Austrian withdrawl, Prussia follows▪ Frankfurt Assembly disbands in May 1848

1848 “Situation” in Italy

Rebellions break out in the 1830s after July calling for liberal reforms (fail)

Early attempts at unification: Giuseppe Mazzini▪ Young Italy (1831): Creation of a united Italian Republic▪ Urges revolution throughout Italian provinces▪ Sicily, Lombardy, Venice, Piedmont*▪ Effect: Rulers concede to liberal constitution

▪ Result:▪ (1) Austria dispatches army to area▪ (2) Pope Pius IX uses French forces to help regain Rome▪ (3) Unification ends by 1849▪ (4) Piedmont (liberal) sets stage for unification

Failures of 1848 Overall: Liberal backlash broke out in response to

conservative early 19th ce Led to installation of liberal gov’ts w/ liberal constitutions Why Fail?

(1) Unity of revolutionaries made revolutions possible, division ended the revolution▪ Moderate liberals called for increased suffrage

(working class)▪ Reactionaries called for extended reforms▪ Moderates balked, restore order

(2) Nationalistic reasons▪ Hungarians call for independence in Austria ▪ Wouldn’t recognize the rights of Croats, Serbs

The French Revolution Hanover Robert Walpole Frederick the Great Junkers Catherine the G & Joseph II The Pragmatic Sanction (1740) War of Austrian Succession

(1740-48) Seven Years’ War The taille 3 Estates King Louis XVI Estates General Cahiers de doleances Vote by order or by head National Assembly Oath of the Tennis Court The Fall of the Bastille The Great Fear

Declaration of Rights… Olympe de Gouges Women’s March on Versailles Civil Constitution of Clergy

(1790) Sans-coulettes Mountain & Girondin Committee of Public Safety Maximillian Robespierre Reign of Terror Thermidorean Reaction Napoleon Bonaparte First Consul Concordat of 1801 Civil Code or Napoleonic Code Continental System Quadruple Alliance Louis XVIII

Industrialization & Political Trends

Agricultural Revolution Steam Engine Cotton/Textile Industry Great Britain Modern Train The Grand Exhibition

(1851) Joint-Stock Companies Ireland Robert Owen Luddites Chartists Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich Principle of Legitimacy Balance of Power

Conservatism Edmund Burke Concert of Europe Principle of Intervention Tories Peterloo Massacre Charles X Ultra-Royalists Liberalism On Liberty Thomas Malthus Nationalism Louis-Philippe Second Republic Charles Louis Napoleon

Yep.

Analyze the arguments and practices concerning religious toleration from the 16th to the 18th

century.

ThesisAnalyze the arguments and practices concerning

religious toleration from the 16th to the 18th century.

1. Provides an appropriate, explicitly stated thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. Thesis must not simply restate the question. The thesis must address arguments and practices,

though it does not necessarily need to use both the terms “arguments” and “practices” explicitly. The complete thesis must appear in either the introduction OR the conclusion (INTRO)

Thesis #1 “Different people took different routes regarding

their practices and arguments about religious toleration. Some political leaders supported religious toleration for political purposes, other rulers used it to maintain peace and stability, enlightened thinkers supported religious toleration based on principle, and some rulers did not support religious toleration out of religious conviction.”

Thesis #2 “Many Europeans struggled over the issue of

religious toleration. The arguments and practices included toleration, non-toleration, and compromise. The debate came down to peace or not within the state.”

Thesis #3 “There were lots of arguments and practices

concerning religious toleration in Europe. These can be looked at in several distinct ways.”

2012 Question

Analyze various arguments that emerged over the course of the nineteenth century about how

to improve the lives of European workers.

POV Analyzes point of view or bias in at least three

documents. The essay must make a reasonable effort to

explain why a particular source expresses the stated view by▪ relating authorial point of view to author’s place

in society (motive, position, status, etc.); OR▪ evaluating the reliability of the source; OR▪ recognizing that different kinds of documents

serve different purposes; OR▪ analyzing the tone of the documents; must be

clear and relevant.

IS IT POV????? Castellio, as a French Protestant from a Catholic country must

have faced intolerance himself (Doc 1).

Document 1 is reliable because Sebastian Castellio is a theologian and a man of faith would be foolish to lie. (Doc. 1)

By banning Protestant faith across his nation, King Louis XIV attempted to secure his own kingdom and power from the threats of uprising. (Doc. 8)

Because these Levelers were writing in a pamphlet, they likely used particularly strong language to get people to support them against a monarchy they felt was religiously oppressive. (Doc. 6)

Day 3: Absolutism Peace of Augsburg Thirty Years’ War Peace of Westphalia Gustavus Adolphus Absolutism Divine Right Monarchy Jacques Bousset Cardinal Richielieu Intendents Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin The Fronde Edict of Fontainebleu Palace at Versailles War of Spanish Succession Treaty of Utrecht

Boyars Peter the Great Westernize/Warm Water Port Great Northern War Amsterdam James I Petition of Right Long Parliament Triennial Act Oliver Cromwell Republic/Commonwealth Charles II Test Act Glorious Revolution William and Mary English Bill of Rights

Day 4: Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

Ptolemy Copernicus On the Heavenly Spheres Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo The Starry Messenger Isaac Newton Principia William Harvey Margaret Cavendish Rene Descartes Discourse on Method Francis Bacon

Philosophes Thomas Hobbes The Leviathan John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Encyclopedia Adam Smith J. Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft Methodism Deism Hanover Robert Walpole Frederick the Great Junkers Catherine the G & Joseph II The Pragmatic Sanction (1740) War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) Seven Years’ War