unit 6 populations dynamics define these 26 terms: commensalismcommensalism habitathabitat...
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Unit 6Unit 6Populations Populations DynamicsDynamics
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Define these 26 terms:
• CommensalisCommensalismm
• HabitatHabitat• HerbivoryHerbivory• MutualismMutualism• NicheNiche• ParasitismParasitism• PredatorPredator• PreyPrey• Resource Resource
PartitioningPartitioning• SymbiosisSymbiosis
• Age structureAge structure• Population Population
densitydensity• Population Population
distributiondistribution• Population Population
sizesize• Sex ratioSex ratio• Carrying Carrying
capacitycapacity• EmigrationEmigration• ImmigrationImmigration• MigrationMigration
• Age Age structure structure diagramdiagram
• PopulationPopulation• Biotic Biotic
potentialpotential• Density Density
dependent dependent factorfactor
• Survivorship Survivorship curvecurve
• Invasive Invasive speciesspecies
• SuccessionSuccession
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Population DynamicsSpecies
InteractionsUnit 6AChp. 5.2
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REVIEWEcosystems:
Everything is ConnectedWhat is an ecosystem?An ecosystem includes all the different organisms living in a certain area, along with their physical environment
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Two parts of an ecosystem:Biotic Factors:The living parts of an ecosystem which interact with each other and the nonliving parts
Abiotic Factors:The nonliving parts of the ecosystem
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Hierarchy•Biosphere•Ecosystem•Community•Population•Species•Organism
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Niche v.s. Habitat………•Niche: •all of the organism’s relationships with its environment (both living and nonliving), a way of life
•Examples: what it eats, what its parasites are, rotting when it dies, when & how it reproduces, biorhythms, …
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•Habitat:•The actual place an organism lives
•Examples: rain forest, freshwater pond, coral reef,…
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Tolerance & Tolerance & CompetitionCompetition
•Tolerance – ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions–Specialists – very restricted tolerance ranges
•Competition – when multiple organisms seek the same limited resources
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Competitive Competitive ExclusionExclusion
•When a competitor species is very effective and excludes another species from the resource use entirely.–Example: the invasive species zebra mussels outcompeted 20 native mussels in Lake St. Clair by 1997.
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Resource Resource PartitioningPartitioning
•When competing species partition or divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways
•Ex. – birds specialize by particular types of insects & parts of the tree ; can lead to evolution - Galapagos Is.
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SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS
A long-term and physically close
relationship between two organisms from different species in which at least one organism benefits.
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Ways species interact with each other:
•Predation•Competition•Parasitism•Mutualism•Commensalism
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Predation1.Predation – one organism
kills and eats another organism
2.Prey – the organism that is eaten
3.Predator – the organism that does the eating
4.Example: lynx and hare
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Competition:
A relationship between species in which they attempt to use the same limited resource
Can be direct or indirect
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Parasitism1.Parasite – organisms that live
in or on another organism and feed on it without immediately killing it
2.Host – the organism the parasite takes its nourishment from
3.Parasitism – the relationship between parasite & its host
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Mutualism•A cooperative
partnership between two species
•Both benefit•Examples?•Barn cat and farmer•Sea Anemone and
Anemonefish
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Commensalism
•A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
•Example?•Bromeliad and tree•Shark and ramoras
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Herbivory• The interaction when an animal
feeds on a plant• Most common type: insects• In most cases, herbivory does
not kill a plant directly but it may affect its growth and reproduction
• Plant defenses: toxic chemicals, thorns, spines, irritating hairs, hormones that stimulate growth
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Unit 6A (5.2) ReviewUnit 6A (5.2) Review• Explain how competition can affect
an organism’s niche.• How are predation, parasitism, &
herbivory similar? Different?• Human digestive tract is filled with
bacteria that get nutrients by helping digest food. Is this symbiotic? Mutualism or commensalism? Explain.
• Section 5.2 review packet
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Population DynamicsPopulation DynamicsUnit 6BUnit 6B
Describing Describing PopulationsPopulations
Chp. 4.2Chp. 4.2
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Population Population SizeSize
• The # of individual organisms present in a given population at a given time
• May increase, decrease, undergo cyclical change or remain the same over time (healthy pop.)
• If a population declines rapidly, it can mean extinction is coming (ex. Passenger pigeon)
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Determining Population Determining Population SizeSize
• In almost all cases, population size is estimated using sampling techniques.–Ecologists count the # in a smaller sample area, then estimate the # in the larger overall area
–Sometimes it is easier to find signs of organisms instead of the organisms themselves
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Population Population DensityDensity
• # of individuals within a population per unit area
• Higher population densities make it easier to find mates or group together, however crowding leads to parasites and competition
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Population Distribution• Describes how organisms are
arranged within an area• Random distribution – individuals
arranged in no particular pattern• Uniform distribution – organisms
are spread evenly in an area• Clumped distribution – individuals
arrange themselves based on availability of resources
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Age Structure & Sex Age Structure & Sex RatiosRatios
• # of organisms of each age within a population
• Age structure diagrams – tools scientists use to show the age structure of populations
• Sex ratio – proportion of males to females
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4.2 Review• How is a population’s size related to
its well-being?• Which population of flamingos is
more dense: 15 flamingos in a 5-square-meter area, or 40 flamingos in a 10-square-meter area?
• Describe the 3 patterns of population distribution. Which of these is the most common distribution in nature?
• 4.2 review packet
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Population DynamicsPopulation DynamicsUnit 6CUnit 6C
Population GrowthPopulation GrowthChp. 4.3Chp. 4.3
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Factors that determine Population
Growth• Births, deaths, immigration, emigration
• Natality – rate of birth• Mortality – rate of death• Survivorship curve –
shows how likelihood of death varies with age, Types I, II, & III
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•Type I – individuals are most likely to die when they are old
•Type II – mortality remains constant throughout an individual’s lifetime
•Type III – mortality is highest for young members of the population
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Migration• Seasonal movement into or
out of an area• Immigration – arrival of
individuals from outside a given area
• Emigration – departure of individuals from a given area
• Births & immigrations add individuals to a population; deaths & emigrations subtract
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Calculating Population Calculating Population GrowthGrowthindividuals added – individuals subtracted
•Tells us net change in population size•Ex. – annual birthrate = 18/1000, annual death rate = 10/1000, annual immigration rate = 5/1000, annual emigration rate = 7/1000. Calculate annual growth rate•(18 + 5) – (10 + 7) = 6 •Usually expressed as a percent•(6/1000) x 100% = 0.006 x 100% = 0.6%
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How Populations How Populations GrowGrow
• Exponential Growth – when a population increases by a fixed % each year, J curve
• Logistic Growth – describes how a population’s exponential growth is slowed and finally stopped by limiting factors which determine its ultimate carrying capacity
• In nature, usually populations fluctuate or rise & crash
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Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors• Density-dependent factors –
high population density increase competition for resources; ex. – predation, disease, food & water
• Density-independent factors – limiting factors whose influence is not affected by pop. density; ex. – floods, fires, landslides, climate change
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Biotic PotentialBiotic Potential•The maximum ability of an
organism to produce offspring in ideal conditions
• Influenced by gestation time (embryo to birth) and generation time (birth to sexual maturity), as well as # of offspring born at a time
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4.3 Review• A population has a birthrate of 10/1000, a
death rate of 9/1000, an immigration rate of 3/1000, and an emigration rate of 7/1000. What is its growth rate? Is the population getting larger or smaller?
• What is the difference between exponential growth & logistic growth? Which is more common over long terms in nature?
• In your own words, define limiting factor and biotic potential.
• 4.3 review packet
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Population DynamicsPopulation DynamicsUnit 6DUnit 6D
Community StabilityCommunity StabilityChp. 5.4Chp. 5.4
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Ecological Ecological SuccessionSuccession
• Somewhat predictable series of changes over time experienced by a community
• Primary succession – when a disturbance is so severe, no vegetation or soil life remains
• Secondary succession – begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy all living things
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• Pioneer species – colonize newly exposed land first in primary succession; ex. – lichen take firm hold on rock, capture moisture, release acids, soil begins to form
• Climax community – a stable community that “completes” the succession process; ex. – beech-maple forests, old growth forests
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Invasive Invasive SpeciesSpecies• Non-native organisms that
spread widely in a community because they lack limiting factors
• Not all exotic species become invasive as some stay small & localized
• Not all invasive species are bad, ex. – European honeybee
• Bad ex’s – zebra mussels, cane toad, kudzu vine
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5.4 Review5.4 Review• Explain how disturbances can throw a
community out of a balanced state and into a period of adjustment.
• List examples of primary & secondary succession and describe the stages; identify the factors that determine the type of succession that will occur.
• Identify a pioneer species & list several examples in different ecosystems.
• Describe the how, when, where of climax communities.
• List examples of invasive species in Florida.