unit 9 western frontier unit 10 immigration unit 11the gilded age unit 12 industrial development...
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Q2 Notes PacketUnit 9 Western FrontierUnit 10 ImmigrationUnit 11The Gilded AgeUnit 12 Industrial DevelopmentUnit 13 Growth of Big BusinessUnit 14 Growth of the Labor MovementUnit 15 Populists and ProgressivesUnit 16 ImperialismUnit 17 WWI
Vanishing Frontier
AMERICA SETTLES THE WEST-LATE 19TH CENTURY
Unit 9
CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE» The ______________
of the Plains Indians was not well known to Easterners
» Native Americans and Whites came into bloody conflicts over the ______________
THE PLAINS
Plains Indians hunt the buffalo.
THE DAWES ACT - 1887»The Dawes Act of 1887 -
attempted to _____________ natives
»breaking up of _____________ and the introduction of natives into American life
By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had been taken
Before After
Assimilation
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ___________
»Destruction of the buffalo: _________ and fur traders shot buffalo for sport
»1800: 65 million»1890: < 1000
SHIRTLESS HUNTER WITH HIS KILL
Increase in RRRefrigerated RR carsLand from ____________ AmericansNew breeds of cattleBoarding houses, saloons, hotels, and restaurants sprung up all over the West
Harsh weatherLess grass for grazingDroughtBeef prices ____________Large businesses bought out smallerFarmers began to buy up more landViolence increased in the Cow Towns
THE CATTLE KINGDOM WILL TAKE A NEW APPROACH…..
TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS
The Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869.
Transcontinental Railroad• Union Pacific began in Council
Bluffs, Iowa (1,087 miles)• Central Pacific began in
Sacramento California (690 miles)
• Met at Promontory Point, Utah• Many immigrants, such as
Irish, _____________and __________________ constructed the railroad.
Railroad ConsolidationAs railroad lines grew in length, __________ ____________
were implemented to improve safety and reliability.
The Union Pacific meets the Central Pacific at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869.
Impact of the Railroads.» Railroads brought growth to the west» The railroads enabled people, supplies, and
mail to move ______________ and cheaply and safer across the plains and the mountains.
» The largest cities and towns developed where major railroad lines met.
» Because of their rapid ____________, western territories began to apply for statehood. Nevada, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington all became states from 1864 – 1890.
The Railroad spurs the growth of other industries.»The lumber industry grows, because
________________ is needed to build the train tracks.
»The steel industry grows because steel is needed to build the tracks.
»The __________industry grows because coal is needed to fuel the train.
»The growth of these industries opens thousands of new jobs for workers.
A difficult life for the farmers:» Farmers had to cut through thick,
hard earth called _____________» Winters were harsh; cold, windy
with a lot of snowstorms called blizzards
» Summers were hot and had little rain
» Farmers had to use a technique called dry-farming (growing crops that needed little water.)
» Sometimes ____________ would eat all the crops
Locust swarm
EXODUSTERS» Many African Americans
moved to the ____________ from the 1840s to late 1890s.
» They were escaping the difficult life in the South where Whites practiced __________________ Laws and denied African Americans their new Constitutional Rights.
I hope there’s no slavery in the
West.
Exodusters moving West.I hope there’s no KKK.
Maybe we can vote in the West.
HOMESTEAD ACT» People staked their claim by
finding a section of _______________ that was marked.
» Then they registered the piece of land with the government.
» After cultivating the land for ________years, it was theirs for free.
Unit 10
Who is imigrating?
-Old Immigration
Western and Northern Europe
-New Immigration, 1890
Eastern and Southern ____________
• Germany, Italy, Russia, Poland (to East Coast)
Asian Immigration
• Come to America to mine, worked on railroads, then as farmers (West Coast)
Hispanic Immigration
• Come to the South and East for political ____________
“America…We were so near it seemed too much to believe. Everyone stood silent- like in
prayer…Then we were entering the harbor. The land came so
near we could almost reach out and touch it…everyone was holding their breath…”
~Rosa Cavalleri, Italian immigrant
Where did immigrants go upon entering America?
-difficult ____________
• 1-3 weeks in steerage with diseases and not much food
-Ellis Island, NY
immigrant processing
• Physical ____________, government inspection (criminal record)
-Angel Island, SF
• Harsher examinations, detentions
Waiting in line at Ellis Island in New York. This was the major
immigrant in-processing station in the nation, as 17 million
immigrants passed through its gates to gain entrance to the
United States.
What awaited immigrants in America?
-Culture ______________
• Need a home and job in a brand new culture
ethnic communities
• Similar language/customs
-Melting Pot
• Mixing together of all cultures by assimilation
-____________________
• Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
• Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years
Once in America, new immigrants had to endure
physical examinations (to check for disease and lice), as well as
governmental examinations, which checked your criminal
record in your previous country. While many were admitted, some were sent back home.
How did Urban areas grow?
-urban life
1/12 in 1840--1/3 by 1900
-immigrant settlement
• In cities for cheap housing and available jobs
-decline of ___________
new technology, fewer workers
-closing of the frontier
• People move to the cities
-____________________
• Available jobs
-cultural opportunities
Most immigrants settled in and around the major cities because of their proximity to jobs, as well as allowing cultural groups to stay together. When this happened,
places like “Little Italy” and “Chinatown” sprang up across
major cities.
URBAN PROBLEMS
-poor housing
row houses
• Single-family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses
___________________
• Multi-family dwellings; over-crowded, unsanitary
-_______________________
• Mass transit to move people to jobs (street car, subway)
-rising crime rates
• Small police forces and the poor are very desperate
URBAN PROBLEMS
-few city services
water
• Indoor plumbing rare, water _____________to drink
sanitation
• Manure, sewage and trash in streets, foul air
fire
• Wood dwellings with candles and oil lamps
• Small fire departments with limited water supply
-pollution and disease
• Lack of ________________
Who raised awareness to how immigrants were
living?-Social _________________
Christian theme of helping the less fortunate
Salvation Army
-Jacob Riis
“How the Other Half Lives”
• Book about the urban poor written to get help
-Jane Addams
Hull House, Chicago
_______________Houses
• Community centers in slums that provide services to the poor
Jacob Riis and Jane Addams crusade for the poor to improve
their urban living conditions in the major cities.
“Presently she established a kindergarten, a gymnasium, evening classes, clubs for young people and
clubs for old people, and a day nursery where workingwomen might
leave their children. As her work advanced she experienced the need of more room and several buildings were
added to the original brick Hull House.”
A glittering exterior turns out to be a corrupt political core with a wide gap
between the rich and poor
“All that glitters is not gold…”
Unit 11
What did the corrupt govt
do?-________________
• Illegal use of political influence for personal gain
-_______________
• Taking illegal payments for services
-fraud
• Using fake names and the votes of the dead
The construction of the New York County Courthouse involved
extravagant graft and kickbacks. The project cost taxpayers $13
million, while the actual construction cost was only $3 million. The
difference went into the pockets of a political boss and his followers.
What is a _____________Machine?
Political machines helped the poor to gain voting loyalty
-party dominates an area
• Gained control by offering services in exchange for political/financial support
-_________________, loyalty, graft
• Get their people elected, then appoint others with patronage
• Government not helping the poor, city bosses will
-boss controlled many jobs, services
“I’ve been called a boss. All there is to it is having friends,
doing things for people, and then later on they’ll do things for you…You can’t coerce people into doing things for you—you
can’t make them vote for you. I never coerced anybody in my
life. Where you see a man bulldozing anybody he don’t last
long.”
~”Big Jim” Pendergrass, Kansas City “Boss”
Boss Tweed cartoons
What did the Tweed Ring Do?
• William “Boss” Tweed
-controlled NYC
-____________________Hall ring
• Stealing money, corrupt police
• Notorious
-exposed by political cartoonist __________________________
• Exposed the Tweed Ring corruption through a series of cartoons
• Broken in 1871, Tweed put in jail for fraud and extortion
“I don’t care so much what the papers write about me—my
constituents can’t read; but…they can see pictures!”
~”Boss” Tweed on Thomas Nast’s cartoons depicting his Tweed Ring
corruption
The Tammany Tiger LooseA bloodthirsty
Tammany mascot has mauled the
Republic, having broken her shield, the ballot, through
corruption. The rotund emperor, Tammany Boss
Tweed enjoys the spectacle, sitting
among other Democratic
politicians. The way Nast drew the
rampaging tiger looking directly at
the reader, clearly its next victim.
How was the patronage system
eliminated?-patronage system puts unqualified people in positions
• Leads to _____________ and corruption
• Rutherford Hayes Campaigns for political reform
• Merit system - People should be qualified to hold government offices
______________Act passes
• Civil service jobs tested
President Hayes wants to end the corruption seen during the
Grant presidency by eliminating the use of the patronage system. Why would some
people be against this?
Which American industries do you think make the most money? Why?
Unit 12
Why the 2nd Industrial Revolution?
-by 1880, U.S. is world’s leading producer of goods
- unlimited labor force
- abundant ___________ supply
- iron mining
- discovery of _______ in US
- railroad development
The United States, nearing the turn of the century in the 1880s and 1890s, teemed with immigration from many European nations, as well as many Chinese immigrants. These immigrants provided a steady work force, as well as a cheap work force, as employers could get away with paying them less per hour.
Edwin Drake’s discovery of oil led many to drill for the “black gold.” At first, the unrefined petroleum brought in money for its producers and refiners. Entrepreneurs began petroleum-refining industries to transform the oil into kerosene for lamps, and they got rid of the by-products, like gasoline. It was not until the production of the car and other mechanized items, that oil refining became big business.
What is a _________ _______ government?- government allows
business to do whatever it wants
-unlimited immigration supplied labor
-high tariffs protected American business
-public financing of railroads for shipping goods
What new innovations and technologies were
available in late 1800s?-telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
-light bulb
Thomas Edison
-electric power -Nikola ____________ —AC Power
-_________________ Process
makes mass production of steel possible (skyscrapers)
-typewriter
paves the way for new jobs for women
- Motion picture – silent film
Iron is a dense metal, but it is soft and tends to break and rust. It also usually contains other elements, such as carbon. Removing the carbon from iron produces a lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal—steel. The raw materials needed to make steel were readily available; all that was needed was a cheap and efficient manufacturing process. The Bessemer Process increased iron refining into steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out excess carbon and impurities (which make iron rust). This improved (and cheaper) method of steel production led to a steel boom. Major industries, such as the railroads prospered from this, as well as architectural projects.
Which Entrepreneurs were making money?-John D. Rockefeller
Standard _____________
-Andrew Carnegie
US ________________
-J.P. Morgan
bankers banker
-Cornelius Vanderbilt
railroads
-Dupont Family
steel industry
-James B. Duke
tobacco industry
-George Westinghouse
power and electronics
Unit 13
What are the advantages of big
business?-____________________
•Electricity and innovations make production quick/cheap
-economy of ____________
•The more you produce, the easier and cheaper it is
-manager system
•Appoint qualified employees to oversee production
-Productivity Study (Taylor)
•Limit movement = increase efficiency
Andrew Carnegie perfects production and company
organization to make major profits in his steel company.
What are the disadvantages of Big
Business?-unfair competition
•Difficult for small businesses to compete
-_____________ and __________________
•No unemployment or welfare
•Citizens needed jobs
•Could fire them easily
•Destroyed labor unions
Many Americans began to distrust the big businessmen and the trusts they set up, claiming that they limited
competition and held control over government officials and
Congressmen. How is this represented in the cartoon
presented above?
How did the public react to Big Business?•Some unhappy with rich getting richer and poor getting poorer
Social ________________
-survival of the fittest
-the best businesses survive
- justified their ______________
And while the law of competition may be
sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for
the race, because it ensures the survival of
the fittest in every department.
~Andrew Carnegie
What are the types of big business?
-______________ integration
•Buy out similar competing producers to control industry
-______________ integration
•Earn more money by buying out your suppliers
•Own all phases of production from start to finish
-monopoly
•Company controls all production and sales (high prices)
-trust (Rockefeller)
•Corporations unite to reduce competition
Horizontal and Vertical
Integration allowed big
businessmen to increase their profits
even more by limiting the amount of
competition available.
McDonald’s Corporation:
Example of Vertical Consolidation
Phase: __________Phase: ___________
Phase: ___________
Phase: ___________
Phase: ___________
Sample : _________
McDonald’s Corporation:
Example of Horizontal Consolidation
Business 1: _______Business 2: ________
Business 4: ________Business 3: ________
Business 5: ________
Sample : _________
What is a Robber Baron?
-extreme profits made by business owners
-Public calls for regulation
-Big business practices _______________
-Philanthropy grows:
•Donate money to charities and back to society
Gospel of _____________ (Carnegie)
•Donate money to society (book)
“The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available
wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…Of such as these the
public verdict will then be: ’The man who dies thus rich dies
disgraced.” ~Andrew Carnegie, 1889
Some big businessmen, like Andrew Carnegie, believed in the “Gospel of Wealth,” in which they
donated their money back to society. Carnegie was the most
generous of these, donating 90% of his profits back to society by
building centers for the arts across the country, like Carnegie Hall,
pictured above in NYC.
“There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses
money and nothing else.”
“Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the
good of the community.”~ Andrew Carnegie
“The only question with wealth is, what do you do with it.”
“Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people know you are doing the right
thing.”
~John D. Rockefeller
Although Rockefeller kept most of his assets, he still gave away over $500 million, establishing the Rockefeller
Foundation, providing funds to found the University of Chicago (seen below), and creating a medical institute that helped
find a cure for yellow fever.
What is the ______________ Anti Trust act of 1890?
•Made it Illegal to form a trust that interferes with free trade
•Weak law - never really broke up ________________
“Competition is a sin.” ~John D. Rockefeller
The Standard Oil Company took a different approach to mergers:
they joined with competing companies in trust agreements.
Trusts turned their stock over to a group of trustees—people who ran
the separate companies as one large corporation. In return, the
companies gained large dividends on profits. Trusts were not legal because they limited competition
and free trade.
“What a funny little government!”
Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?“The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth,
which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…of such as these the public verdict will
then be: ‘the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” Andrew Carnegie
“Charity is injurious unless it helps the recipient to become
independent of it.” John D. Rockefeller
“Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people
know you are doing the right thing.” John D. Rockefeller
“There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money
and nothing else.”Andrew Carnegie
Monopoly cartoons
Who is eligible to join?
What were the goals of the union?What were the union’s methods of achieving its goals?What was the public’s perception of the union?
Use the textbook to answer the questions on this chart.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Knights of Labor
p. 484 p. 486, 556, & 589
Unit 14
The Changing American
Labor Force
The Changing American
Labor Force
What were labor conditions like?» Long hours, ________ days a week, few
breaks» Poor working conditions – no safety features» No vacation days, sick days, insurance,
workmen’s ____________» Management does not care about the
worker, only about their output
“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”
Management vs. Labor
Management vs. Labor
“Tools” of Management
“Tools” of Labor
“scabs”
Pinkertons
lockout
_____________
court injunctions
open shop
____________
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
What are the Goals of the Knights of Labor?What are the Goals of the Knights of Labor?
• ___________-hour workday.
• Workers’ cooperatives.
• Worker-owned factories.
• Abolition of child and prison labor.
• Increased circulation of greenbacks.
• Equal pay for men and women.
• ________________ codes in the workplace.
• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
• Abolition of the National Bank.
Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of all!
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of
1877
The Great Railroad Strike of
1877
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in
1886
Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in
1886
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers
How would the AF of L
Help the Workers?
How would the AF of L
Help the Workers?• Catered to the ___________________worker.
• Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
• Maintained a national strike fund.
• Evangelized the cause of unionism.
• Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
• Mediated disputes between management and labor.
• Pushed for _____________________ shops.
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
The Amalgamated Association of
Iron & Steel Workers
Homestead Steel Works
A “Compa
nyTown”:
Pullman, IL
A “Compa
nyTown”:
Pullman, IL
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
President Grover Cleveland
President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that
card will be delivered!
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!
The SocialistsThe Socialists
Eugene V. Debs
International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
“Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW
“Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW
Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.
The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big UnionThe Hand That Will Rule
the World One Big Union
Who is Mother Jones?
“The Miner’s Angel”
Who is Mother Jones?
“The Miner’s Angel” Mary Harris.
Organizer for theUnited __________Workers.
Founded the SocialDemocratic Party in ___________.
One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.
Workers Benefits Today
Workers Benefits Today
The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor
The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor
Right-to-Work States Today
Right-to-Work States Today
Populist and ProgressiveReform Movements
1880-1920Unit 15
What is the Populist Party?
THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A POPULIST
CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR
___________organizing together to form a political party
Railroads have all the power and farmers have none
Populism – the movement of the ______________ (1892)
What did Populist want to reform?Economic reforms: increase of _________supplya rise in crop prices lower taxes a federal loan program
Political reforms: direct election of senatorssingle terms for presidents_______ -hour workday and
reduced immigration
Why did they want these reforms?THE PANIC OF1893_____________ went
bankruptthe stock market lost
value 15,000 businesses and
500 banks collapsed3 million people lost
their _____________unemployment 20%
THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED IN 1893
How did populism end? Bryan (populist) and
McKinley (Republican) in heated election (________________ Wins)
Populism collapsed but leaves a message that: that the downtrodden
can _____________and be heard
An agenda of reforms, many of which would be enacted in the 20th century
THE PEOPLE’S PARTY WAS SHORT-LIVED BUT LEFT AN
IMPORTANT LEGACY
What is the Progressive Era?»A time where Reform minded people
wanted to see a change in ___________, government, and the economy
»Why?˃ Over crowded cities - no sewage systems, tenement
living, increased immigration, poor conditions˃ Factory system – pro business attitudes did not
protect workers˃ Corrupt government and __________________
attitudes
What are the Progressives 6 major goals?»_____________ Protection»Cleaning Up the Cities»Consumer Protection»_________________ Protection»Government Reform»Women’s Suffrage
Who was _________during the progressive era?» Theodore Roosevelt – became President after
McKinley’s assassination. Known as the “Progressive President” and the “Trustbuster”˃ ___________________Deal
» William Taft – not as Progressive as TR, but supported the goals
» Woodrow Wilson – elected in 1912 as a Democrat, criticized for his lack of Progressive vision, but passed more Progressive laws than the previous 2
1. Labor Protection» _____________Anti-Trust Act – trust
busting» Clayton Anti-Trust Act – allowed
labor unions to strike and protest peacefully
» ______________ Labor Laws – 1912» Safety Laws» Worker’s Compensation
2. Cleaning Up the Cities
• Jacob Riis – How the other half lives
• Settlement Houses – help the poor
• _______ Amendment – income tax
• Women’s Christian Temperance Movement – ___________ amendment - no alcohol
3. Consumer Protection» Upton Sinclair
˃ The _______________ (book)˃ Lead to the _________Inspection
Act˃ Pure food and Drug Act – stop the
sale of contaminated foods and called for truth in labeling
4. Environmental Protection» Roosevelt made conservation a primary concern of
his administration» 148 million acres of _______________reserves» 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and he
established 50 ________________sanctuaries and several national parks
5. Government Reform» Stop Government
_____________ like Tammany Hall
» Need to pass test to hold office
» _________ Amendment – direct primary, direct election of senators
6. Women’s Suffrage» National Women’s Suffrage Association» Years of _____________, petitions, marches» ____________ Amendment passed 1920
give women's right to vote
Unit 16
“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United
States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to
extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and
safety.”
- The Monroe Doctrine -
-stay out of ___________ affairs
-___________ advice
-had been policy of government (since ______________ Doctrine)
• Do not get involved in the affairs of other nations
Why did America chose Isolationism?
What is Imperialis
m?- Build an __________ beyond U.S.
- taking colonies for economic interests (raw goods, new __________)
-Everyone else is doing it
- spheres of influence: regions where a particular country has rights over mines, railroads and trade
“Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours…We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products…Great
colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow
about our posts of trade.”
- Senator Albert Beveridge -
How did America build
its empire?-Alaska : 1867
Seward’s Folly
Purchased from ________
•Congress believed there was nothing in Alaska
-Hawaii : 1898
overthrew the Queen of Hawaii
•Led by American _____________ planters in Hawaii
“I, Liliuokalani,…do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional
government of the Hawaiian Kingdom…Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest…yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States
shall…undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the
constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian islands.”
Why did America get involved with Cuba?
(Spanish-American War)
-The Spanish Ruled _______
•90 miles south of Florida
-Spanish ruled harshly
•Cubans rebel and ask for US help; want independence
-yellow _______________
•Hearst and Pulitzer
•Exaggerated news for public sympathy and increased circulation
The rebellious Cubans appealed to America for help against Spain.
Many Americans agreed with their need, yet many still did not want
to fight. The yellow journalists, led by Hearst and Pulitzer, spurred
war fever by printing sensationalized war stories to
spark American sympathy.
Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war
between the U.S. and Spain
This drawing of male Spanish officials strip search an American woman
tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels appeared on the front page
of Hearst’s paper.
The press played a tremendous part in leading the charge toward
America's involvement in Cuba. Two publishers, William Randolph
Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, stood out among these opportunists. They perceived the conflict with Spain as their chance to increase circulation of their newspapers. Seizing upon
the opportunity to capitalize on the growing spirit of American
patriotism, Hearst and Pulitzer printed sensational anti-Spanish
stories. Graphic illustrations commissioned from some of the
country's most-talented artists and stories written by premiere authors
and journalists of the day were fodder for fueling the flames of war.
Together, Hearst and Pulitzer created a frenzy among the
American people by reporting the alleged brutality of the Spanish
toward the Cuban rebels. (However, acts of outrage committed by the
Cubans were seldom mentioned.) By the time the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, the pro-war press had roused national sentiment to the point that President McKinley
feared his political party would suffer if he did not engage in war
with Spain.
“No man’s life, no man’s property is safe in Cuba. American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American property is destroyed on all sides… Wounded soldiers can be found begging in the streets of Havana…The horrors of a barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native population are witnessed in all parts of the country. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on
the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!...Is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?”
-Pulitzer’s New York World, 1896-
What occurred to start the Spanish-American
War?-De Lome Letter
•Spanish ambassador insulting American President
•Printed in _________________
-U.S. sends ship to observe
-USS Maine explodes in Havana
•260 dead
•Newspapers all blame Spain
•Probably a fire that started inside ship
-”Remember the____________”
•Battle cry for war against Spain
•U.S. declares war in April 1898
“You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.”
~William Randolph Hearst, yellow journalist newspaper
producer
“The deafening roar was such a burst of thunder as perhaps one never heard before. And off to the right, out over the bay, the air filled with a blaze of light,
and this in turn filled with black specks flying in all directions.”
“The sailors’ wounds were all over them – heads and faces terribly cut, internal wounds, arms, legs, feet, and hands burned to the live flesh.”
- Clara Barton from Havana Harbor -
Cartoons Published in American Newspapers
Why did American capture the Philippines?-U.S. attacks Spanish
colony when war starts; capture the islands
•Destroys all _____________ ships
•Helps Filipino rebels
American wanted: Raw goods, markets
•Close to _________
In the Battle of Manila Bay, Spain lost over 381 men, while American
lost only one sailor.
Meanwhile in Cuba…
_________________ (rag-tag group of volunteers) – Teddy Roosevelt Leader
- San Juan Hill : U.S. Cavalry defeats Spanish
”Splendid Little War”
•Fighting is short lived (15 wks)
•More died of disease than battle
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Puerto Rico is part of U.S.
U.S. buys Philippines ($20 million)
•Spain gives up Guam to the U.S. and Cuba is free
U.S. now has an ____________
What about Asian Interests?
- Many _____________ to buy US goods
- Places in China that are influenced by foreign nations
-Open Door Policy
- John Hay asked for access to China afraid America would get forced out
-Asked leaders to share trading rights in ___________ with the U.S.
-Boxer’s Rebellion
- Chinese upset with foreigners killed 200 people
What is going on in Panama?
-Panama is part of Colombia
-U.S. tries to negotiate a ___________treaty
Want a shortcut between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
-Colombia refuses
-Panama has a ______________ backed by the U.S.
-America gets its canal built between 1904-1914
Cost- $380 million
Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years
Signaled that America was climbing towards the #1 World Power
The Panama Canal Controversy
Although Roosevelt denied any role in planning the revolution that freed Panama from Colombia, he later said, “I took the canal zone and let
Congress debate, and while the debate goes on the canal does also.”
Big Stick Diplomacy
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt
How is foreign policy influenced by imperialism?
-Roosevelt Corollary-
• Addition to the Monroe Doctrine called…
-______________Policy
• U.S. will use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America
• -Taft’s ___________Diplomacy
• Replace European loans with American loans
• Stabilize Latin America – replace bullets with dollars
Teddy Roosevelt argued that disorder in Latin America might “force the United States…to the
exercise of an international police power” in order to protect US
interests.
Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
1914-1918
Unit 17
What were the MAIN causes of WWI?___________________– The
growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending
ALLIANCE SYSTEM – By 1907 Europe was divided into two armed camps
_____________________– Economic and political control over weaker nations
NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
Which Alliance was America in?Triple _______________): France, Britain, and Russia
The Triple ______________ powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and soon the Ottoman Empire
FRANCE BRITAIN RUSSIA
TRIPLE ENTENTE
What sparked WWI? The Balkan region AKA “Power keg of
Europe” became unstable:
Russia wanted access to the Med. Sea
Germany wanted a railroad to the Ottoman empire
Austria-Hungary, took control of _______________
Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne was gunned down by a ________________ radical igniting a diplomatic crisis
The Archduke is assassinated in
Sarajevo in June 1914
Where did the fighting begin? On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, following a strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan:
Attack Paris and ______________
prevent a two-front war for _________________
The Schliefflen Plan
What is up with trench warfare?
The Allies retreated to the Marne River in ______________
Between enemy trenches was “_________________ land” – an area pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire
British soldiers standing in mud
The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in such a harsh environment.
German Soldiers
Why does America want to stay neutral? In 1914, most Americans saw _________ reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away – they wanted neutrality
Most importantly, American _________interests were far stronger with the Allies
French propaganda poster portrayed the Germans as inhuman and impacted
American attitudes toward the Germans
How does the War finally hit America? 1st 2 years of war: America
was _______________ weapons to the allied forces
Both the Germans and British imposed naval blockades on each other
The Germans used U-boats (submarines) to prevent _______________ to the North Atlantic ships are sunk
German U-boat 1919
What inches America closer to war? The ________________ Disaster:
A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American tourists
claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition
Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against ________________ and the Central Powers
May 7, 1915
What is the Zimmerman note?The Zimmerman Note:
a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German Ambassador in ______________, proposed an alliance
Germany promised Mexico a return of their “lost territory” in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Next came the sinking of four unarmed U.S. merchant ships by German subs
America declares _________ April 2 1917
Encoded message from Germany to Mexico
(Zimmerman note)
Is America ready for war? America was not ready for war
– only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared
Congress passed the _________________________ Act in May of 1917 (draft)
About 2 million American troops reached Europe
“____________________” eager to fight and welcome relief for European troops
What new weapons are used in the war?
Machine Guns – Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute
The ______________– New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads
Airplanes – Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a fleet of planes that could deliver bomb loads
____________Gas – mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy
GERMANY COLLAPSES, WAR ENDS
Austria-Hungary, surrendered to the Allies
That same day, German sailors ___________against their government
_______________to exhausted to continue
So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, Germany signed a truce ending the Great War
War ends 11/11/18
How does the War end?
What are American’s doing at home? The entire U.S.
_______________ was focused on the war effort
In the process, the power of the U.S. government _____________
Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy
What are Victory Gardens?Food Administration (FA)
declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “_________________”
Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public _______________
Farmers grew almost 30% more by adding 40 million acres of farmland
What are Liberty bonds? The U.S. had two
major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war (________________)
The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort
The rest was raised through war ___________ sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)
How did Women help the War Effort?
Took _________________jobs:railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers,
factory workers, and miners
served as volunteers in organizations such as the Red Cross
Their service hastened the passage of the ______________ Amendment in 1920 giving women the right to vote
What are the Terms of the treaty? Big 4:
United States, Italy, _________, Britain
Met to establish treaty of ____________
Hall of Mirrors
What did the Treaty of Versailles say?9 new nations established
includes: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire empires are no more
_______________________:
Cannot maintaining an army
give Alsace-Lorraine back to France
Must pay _________billion in reparations to the Allies
The Big Four met at Versailles
What legacy is left by WWI? The propaganda campaign provoked powerful _____________ in society
created political instability and violence for many countries
____________ -1st communist state
Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict
WWI 1914-1918
22 million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20 million wounded.