unit d: agricultural equipment systems - international programs - afghan agriculture ·...
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Unit D: Agricultural Equipment Systems
Lesson 2: Operating, Calibrating, and Maintaining Agricultural Tillage Systems and Equipment
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Terms
• Clean tillage • Compaction • Conservation
tillage • Floatation • Minimum tillage
• Mulch tillage • Power hop • Primary tillage • Secondary tillage • Tillage • Traction
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Objective #1
What is the purpose of tillage systems and equipment used in
agriculture?
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General Tillage Goals CONSERVE ENERGY • Tractors • Tillage • Harvest and transport • Crop drying • Fuel storage and handling • Alternate energy sources WATER MANAGEMENT • Water management • Irrigation • Drainage
CONSERVE SOIL • Cover crop • Strip crop • Crop rotation • Residue management • Tillage • Contour furrows • Terraces • Windbreaks • Mulch and manure
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What is tillage?
– Mechanical, soil stirring actions carried on for the purposes of nurturing crops
• Primary tillage – A deep, at least 6”, operation that loosens the soil
to reduce soil strength and mix residue and fertilizers into tilled layer
• Secondary tillage – Used to kill weeds, cut and cover crop residue,
incorporate herbicides and prepare a pulverized seedbed at a depth 5” or less
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Tillage Equipment
Chisel Plow
Plow
Subsoiler or V-Ripper
Disk
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Tillage Equipment
Disk Harrow
Row-Crop Cultivator
Combination Tool
Rotary Hoe
Field Cultivator
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Objective #2
What tillage systems and equipment are used in
agriculture?
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Tillage Systems
• Conservation tillage – Field operations required for profitable crop
production while minimizing soil erosion – Leaves at least 30% residue cover
• Conventional tillage – Sequence of tillage operations traditionally
used in your area – Leaves less than 15% residue cover
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Tillage Systems
• Clean tillage – Operations which prepares a seedbed
having essentially no residue on the surface • Minimum tillage
– Minimum soil manipulation necessary for crop production
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Tillage Systems • Reduced tillage
– Less intensive and less aggressive than conventional
– Number of operations is decreased or tillage implements require less energy
• Mulch-till – Conservation tillage that tills the entire soil
surface – At least 30% of residue remaining
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Objective #3
How is tillage equipment calibrated?
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Traction, flotation, soil compaction
• Traction – Linear force, pull or draft resulting from
torque applied to tractor tires • Floatation
– Ability of tires to stay on top of the soil surface
• Compaction – Firming of soil caused by wheel traffic
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Adding weights to the tractor • Additional weights may
be required to gain maximum drawbar pull and sufficient traction
• Adding ballast (weight) to drive wheels and front end most common way to improve traction
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Effective ballast
• Two-wheel drive tractors – Distribute 25 to 35% of weight on front with
75 to 65% of weight on rear • Mechanical front wheel drive tractors
– Split 35 to 40% on front and 65 to 60% of weight on rear
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Four-wheel drive tractor weights
• Standard towed implements – 51 to 55% on front and 49 to 45% on rear
• Hitch mounted implements – 55 to 60 % on front and 45 to 40% on rear
• Towed implements causing high down loads on drawbar – 55 to 65% on front and 45 to 35% on rear
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Tire tread indications for proper weighting of the tractor
• Too much weight used – Tire tracks are sharp and
distinct • Too little weight is used
– Tire marks entirely wiped out
• Proper weight – Cleats in tire pattern is
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Balancing tractors
• Power hop – MFWD and 4WD
tractors may experience simultaneous loss of traction and a bouncing, pitching ride under high drawbar loads
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Considerations for tillage implements
• Properly adjust implements to save time and fuel
• Most problems with tillage tools caused by improper adjustment or faulty component
• Instructions in owner’s manual should be followed to obtain top performance
• Problems can be prevented with simple maintenance at the beginning of the season
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Safety Considerations • No safety device can replace a careful
operator • Match equipment to the tractor • Provide proper tractor ballast and weight split
for tractor stability • Match hydraulic connects • Park implement on a firm flat surface • Don’t permit people between tractor and
implement
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Safety
• Always lower implement to ground when not in use
• If working on equipment in raised position, block so it won’t fall
• Use proper size pins and secure with a clip • Never carry riders on tractor or implement • Check wings before transporting • Transport in narrowest configuration
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Objective #4
How is tillage equipment maintained?
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Preventative Maintenance • Minimizes the chances
for breakage, costly repair bills, and loss of time
• All moving parts in Contact with other parts require lubrication at point of contact
• If dirt will collect do not lubricate as the dirt will wear the part faster
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Preventative Maintenance
• Consult operator’s manual for lubricating instructions and location
• Proper use of field machinery decreases operating costs
• Checking & repairing machinery during off season saves time & money
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Simple Maintenance Operations
• Lubricate according to instructions, clean grease fittings to avoid forcing dirt into bearings
• Clean, inspect, and lubricate or repack wheel and coulter bearings
• Examine hydraulic hoses, couplings, and cylinders for wear, damage or leaks
• Check for loose or missing bolts and nuts
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More maintenance
• Replace worn, dull, or cracked soil engaging components
• Check and replace bent or cracked components
• Check alignment of soil engaging parts – Level the implement side to side and fore and aft – Measure vertical distances to check
• Check safety trips and reset mechanism • Make certain all tires are inflated
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Review
• What is the purpose of tillage systems and equipment used in agriculture?
• What tillage systems and equipment are used in agriculture?
• How is tillage equipment calibrated? • How is tillage equipment maintained?
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