unit i - module i - grammar

8/12/2019 Unit i - Module i - Grammar

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ENGLISH V

UNIT 1ENGINEERING IN HISTORY.

THE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING

UNIT I - MODULE I - GRAMMAR

AffixesIn English words can be formed from a Root (base +affixes (prefixes and suffixes)

For example from the root faith which means f, we can have some other wordsadding prefixes and suffixes, Example:

PREFIX ROOT (BASE) SUFFIX

FAITHFAITHFUL (FIEL) FUL

UN UNFAITHFUL (INFIEL

A prefix added to a base changes the meaning of the word: unfaithful (infiel)A suffix added to a base changes the grammatical characteristic of the word: faith (fe)

(noun) faithful (fiel) (adjective)

Some of the following prefixes can be difficult for a Spanish speaker to manageThere are also some prepositions which can be placed before the base and changethe meaning of the word.

PREFIX BASE NEW WORDFore tell foretellOff shore offshore

Over weight OverweightUnder weight underweightBack yard backyard


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A suffix does not change the meaning of the word but it changed its grammaticalcharacteristic. There are suffixes to indicate nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, Forexample:

Root (Base) Suffix New word GrammarCharacteristic

Develop ment development nounImprove ment improvement noun

Pay ment payment noun

Dark ness darkness nounSick ness sickness noun

Music Ian musician nountechnic Ian technician noun

Technic Al Technical activity adjectiveCare ful careful adjectiveCare less careless adjectivecount less countless adjectivewhite ish whitish adjectivesmall er smaller adjectiveTall est The tallest Adjective

Care ful Careful adjectiveCareful ly carefully adverb

Careless ly carelessly adverb


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Exercise 1.

Using the above information, choose the correct meaning of the underlined word.

1. What he told us is unbelievable .a.easy to believe b. difficult to believe

2. The technician disconnected the wires.a.linked the wires b.separated the wires

3. It is difficult to trust on a dishonest person.a.a person who tell the truth b.a person who tell lies

4. At the meeting, there arguments and counterarguments.a.ideas in favor b.ideas against

5. No matter antiwar demonstrations, the situation does not changea.demonstrations in favor of war b.demonstrations against the war

6. Some people think politicians are unreliable; some others think they aredependable.a.people we cannot trust on b.People we can trust on.

7. Some engineers are good paid, but others are underpaid.a.they dont receive enough salary b.they receive good salary

8. In nature, some species do not coexist.a.live together b.live separated

9. Electricians have to be careful with electricity. They must disconnect wiresbefore starting any work.a.plug d.unplug


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ING USE

-Ing is a suffix which has different meanings depending on the context and the positionit has in a sentence

ING can be used in progressive tenses. In this case the main verb of the sentenceshall be preceded by the auxiliary be. The main verb shall have the suffix ING. (Thisstructure is used to indicate an activity being performed at the moment) Example: I amwriting a book at the moment.

If the sentence needs to be expresses in a perfect continuous tense, the structureshould be subject +have (has( +been + main verb+ ing. Example: I have been writingthis book since a year ago.

Pay attention to the different uses of -ing as part of the continuous tense.

Sentence tense Meaning

Michael is submitting a proposal Present

progressive

Something

happening at themoment

His friends were submitting a similarproposal a year ago.

Past progressive Something whichhappened in thepast

He and his family will be going onvacation in June

Future progressive Somethingplanned for thefuture

They have not been paying attention tothe expenses of the trip. Presentprogressive Something whichhas beenhappening up tothe present

They will have been visiting many place. Future progressive Something whichwill be happeningin the future


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ING can be found in a noun position.

Subject verb objectWriting essays Is not easy for usWaking fast Is recommended by physiciansHer cooking was delicious

This training Is excellent for my new job.In this political campaign there was not much advertising

ING can be found after a form of the verb to be, acting as noun.

His favorite hobby is walkingTheir favorite sport was fishing in the riverHis problem was making the wrong

decision,

ING can be used as an object after certain verbs:

I miss talking to him .

They enjoy playing soccerHe Said He will consider

accepting yourinvitation

You better stop studying now; it istoo late.

ING is commonly used as an object of a preposition:

My sister needs to wear glasses for readingYou better complete your work before leaving.We just came back from doing sports.


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ING is also used as adjective.

The class was very interestingThe way she writes Is fascinatingThis mall Is changingIt Is a shopping center

We bought a teachingmachine.


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VERBS FOLLOWED BY ING

Verbs followed by ing are also the ones of thinking: remember, forget, imagine, thinkof. Dont forget going to the party. Remember bringing your contribution.

Verbs can be followed by to +ing: I look forward to hearing from you soon. The thiefconfessed stealing the money from the purse. In some companies you cannot object toworking until late.

If a verb if followed by a preposition, the verb after bears ing: In a company, workersnormally begin by checking at the door. My daughter insisted on wearing jeans to theparty Environmental offices dont approve cutting treesSometimes, they noise at parties prevent neighbors from sleeping.

Verbs like overhear, notice, feel, observe, watch can be followed by an object andthen by an infinitive without to. Example: I saw the boys watching the girls.

VERBS + OBJECT + ING

Sometimes there are verbs followed by an object + ing. If the verb is followed by apossessive + ing, it can be considered formal style:

My mother recalled me buying the groceriesMy mother recalled my buying the groceries (formal)

The professor reminded his students checking the homework.The professor reminded their checking the homework.

Verbs normally followed by ing are the ones showing like or dislike, for example:hate, object to, love, detest, disapprove. Example: Some people love going to thecinema, other love going to the disco, but most of them hate waiting on lines.


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unit i - module i - grammar

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