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Environmental Studies

An Introduction

For Technologists and Engineers

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 The Earth From Space

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Man on the Earth

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 The EARTH’S Overall Energy Balance

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At the top o the atmosphere

Incoming energy Outgoing energy

Units Source Units Source

+100Short wave radiation from the sun.

-23Short wave radiation reflected back tospace by clouds.

  -7Short wave radiation reflected to spaceby the earths surface.

  -!"#on$ wave radiation from theatmosphere into space.

  -"#on$ wave radiation from clouds intospace.

  -%12+&'

#on$ wave radiation from the earthssurface into space. & is the heat$enerated by the radioactive decay inthe core( escapin$ into space.

+100   -(100+X)

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The atmosphere itself 

Incoming energy Outgoing energyUnits Source Units Source

+1" )bsorbed short waveradiation by $asses in theatmosphere.

-"#on$ wave radiation emitted tospace by clouds.

+! )bsorbed short waveradiation by clouds. -%!"+&'

#on$ wave radiation emitted tospace by $asses in atmosphere.

+10!+& )bsorbed lon$ waveradiation from earthssurface. & is heat fromcore.

-"*#on$ wave radiation emitted toearths surface by $asses inatmosphere.

+,onvection %risin$ air

warms the atmosphere'.

 

+2!eat released into theatmosphere by water,ondensation

+15+X   -(15+X) 

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At the earth's surfaceIncoming energy Outgoing energy

!nits Source !nits Source

"#$A%sor%ed short &averadiation rom the sun'

()**+")a,-../ong &ave radiation emitted %ythe surace'

"01A%sor%ed long &averadiation rom gasses

in atmosphere'

()2")%,-..Removal o heat %y convection

)rising &arm air.'

"-

3onductive Heat romthe Earth’s 3ore')Source radioactive

decay.

()4#")c,-..

Heat re5uired %y the processes oevaporation and su%limation andthereore removed rom the

surace'

"*#2"-

  (*#2"-

7 8ote a " % " c 9 -

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A Section through the :lanet

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 The Outer 3rust

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Sections o the Atmosphere

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 The EnvironmentIts Organic and Inorganic

3omponents

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 The EnvironmentIt’s Biotic and A%iotic 3omponentsBiotic 3omponents A%iotic 3omponents

 The :roducers EnergyRadiation rom the sun

 The 3onsumers The /and and ;ater Bodies

 Their :hysical and 3hemicalE

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Some o the inorganic components

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Energy Flow Through the Ecosystem

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A Typical )Energy. Food3hain

>rass ((? grasshopper ((? mouse ((?sna@e ((? ha&@

Food 3hains are idealisations and rathertoo simple to represent the actual o& oenergy )as Food. in an Ecosystem

A Food ;e% is a %etter representation o&hat actually is happening

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A Food ;e%

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/EE/S I8 THE FOO= ;EB)Trophic /evels.

3onsumer Trophic level Food source

Her%ivores primary plants

3arnivores secondary animalsor higher

Omnivores secondary plants C animals

  or higher=etritivores detritus

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 The 3ycles

Energy is not the only thing o&ingthrough an Ecosystem'

/ie :rocesses have other needs

Space Ship Earth is a closed system)nothing comes in or goes out eDceptenergy.

 Thereore the %est &ay to considerthe o& o the other needs is toconsider them as sets o

33/ES

%et&een the a%iotic and %iotic arts

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Another ie& o the ;ater3ycle

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Carbon Cycle

Th Nit C l

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The Nitrogen Cycle

h h h l

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The Phosphorous Cycle

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 THA8 O!

 THE E8=