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Unit II

•Classical Civilizations• Greece

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City- state:A city and its surrounding lands

functioning as independent political unit.

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Polis:

Greek word for city-state 7/2013

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Limited Democracy:

Form of gov’t where only a “select” segment of society participates in government.

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Direct Democracy:

Form of gov’t where the citizens make the laws themselves through mass meetings.

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Totalitarianism:A society where everything is

controlled by either the gov’t or a dictator.

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Pericles:Leader of Athens during its

GOLDEN AGE

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Golden Age

• A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in a time of peace

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Oligarchy:Form of government where a few

people rule/make the decisions for the rest of society

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Alexander the Great:356 BCE-323 BCE

He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the

Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences

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Hellenistic:Blending of eastern and western cultures as a result of Alexander

the Greats conquests

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Unit II

•Ancient Rome

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Republic:System of government in which

officials are chosen by the people

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Patricians:Aristocratic landowners of the

early Roman Republic

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Plebeians:Commons of the early Roman

Republic made up of farmers and artisans

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Twelve Tables of Roman Law:System of laws during the Roman

Empire

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Absolute Ruler:A leader who has TOTAL POWER

(his way or the highway!)

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Augustus:First emperor of the Roman

Empire whose reign ushered in the PAX ROMANA

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Pax Romana:A 200 year period of relative peace

throughout the Roman Empire. Occurs during the first two centuries C.E.

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Christianity:Currently the most popular religion in the world based on the number of worshippers found throughout the world. While this monotheistic religion developed

from Judaism, there are several key differences in its teachings. Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century CE. The Christian holy book is called

the Holy Bible.

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Jesus Christ:Founder of Christianity. Considered by Christians to be the son of God and the Messiah. He is the central figure in the

Christian Religion.

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Diaspora:A forced “scattering” of a people (Jews/Africans)

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Subcontinent• Large area that is a separate part of a

continent divided by natural barriers (desert, mountains).

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Subcontinent physical features

• Himalaya Mts., Deccan Plateau, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Thar Desert, E& W Ghats, (Brahmaputra River, Ganges River, Indus River), Hindu-Kush Mts.7/2013

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China Physical Features• Himalaya Mts., Eastern lowlands, Huang

He River, Yangtze River, Xi River

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Archipelago• A group or chain of islands

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Japanese archipelago• Four main islands. (Hokkaido, Honshu,

Shikoku, Kyushu)

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Asoka• (? – 232 BCE) King of the Maurya

dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion (religious tolerant).

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Gupta Dynasty• (320 – 550) C.E.) Ruling family in India

during its golden age. Responsible for many achievements.

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Centralized Government

• A government which controls all aspects of society from a central location or through a central system

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Civil-service

• Created by the Han, government positions in which employees are hired based on examination scores (merit).

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Assimilation

• The adoption of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people.7/2013

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Confucius

• Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships. Also known as Kong Fu Zi.7/2013

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Confucianism• Philosophy created by Confucius to

bring order back to society—dominates Asia culture.

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Filial Piety• Respect and obedience owed to

parents/elders by children.

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Sub-Saharan Africa• Africa BELOW the Sahara Desert

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Desertification• Process by which semi arid land

turns to desert

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Sahel• Area directly bordering the Sahara to its

South that is undergoing desertification

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Escarpment• Tall cliffs/walls of rock that dominate parts

of the West coast of Africa; barrier to transportation and communication

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Nile, Congo, Zambezi, Niger

• Main river systems of Africa

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Savanna• Flat, grassy plains of Africa; home to

much of the wildlife (lions, tigers, wildebeests, etc)

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Kilimanjaro & Kenya• Two major Mountains in Africa

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Tribe• A social grouping of people

sharing the same culture

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Clan• A group of people united by

kinship or descent (blood). A tribe may be made of many clans.

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Griot• In West African culture, a Griot is the

“story-teller” of the tribe. They keep the history of the tribe alive by passing it orally (stories, songs, etc…) to the children of the tribe.

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Consensus• A general agreement among

members of a given group.

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Bride Wealth

• A payment that is made by the future husband to the bride’s family. Family/marriage alliance.7/2013

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Ancestor Worship• Worship given to deceased relatives who

are believed to be closer to the Gods, and therefore able to grant favors.

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Animism• Belief system whereby spirits are

present in animals, plants and nature

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Subsistence Farming• Farming in which farmers grow only

enough food to feed the family and to pay taxes or feudal dues. Also called self-sufficient farming.

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Extended Family• Family structure that includes parents,

children, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

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Bantu• Speakers of a related group of languages

who, beginning about 2,000 years ago, migrated from West Africa into most of the southern half of Africa.

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Migration• The mass movement of people

from one area to another.

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