UNIT II SITE PLANNING

Syllabus:Surveys – Site analysis – Development Control – Layout regulations- Layout design concepts.

SURVEYS

• Carried out by looking for facts already recorded by investigators and authorities and by original field work

The town planning survey tells the present state of the town and finds out the details of

1. The people, their needs and occupations and how they follow them.

2. The land and building and how they satisfy the needs of the people.

Necessity

The two mail advantages of a fully documented survey is as follows

1.The survey helps to find the relationship between complicated activities of a town life.

2.It helps to give solution towards the local requirements.

Collection of data

The following four surveys are carried out to collect data

I. Functional surveyII.Social surveyIII.Territorial surveyIV.Vital survey

Functional surveyThe functional aspects of town life are

studied.The items included are

- means of communication-conditions of industry

Types of information collected in functional survey

1.Roads2.Railways

3. Air ports and sea ports4. Waterways and canals5. Local industries6. Mines and their location7. Probable cost of the scheme.

Social survey: Town- history, architecture, health, housingTypes of information collected1.Ancient ruins of historical building2.Architectural character3.History of growth4.Preservation of wild life5.Parks and play grounds6.Public services- water supply, sewerage,

electricity, telephones, street lighting.

Territorial survey

Physical features, agricultural soil, forests, climatic conditions are studied

1.Geology2.Contours of land3.Rivers, oceans and lakes4.Climatic conditions5.Forest and other natural vegetation

Vital survey-The population aspects.1. History of the past growth of population2. Density of population

Types of survey

I. Preliminary SurveyII. National SurveyIII. Regional surveyIV. Civic Survey

I.Preliminary SurveyThe data collected- preliminary in nature1.Electric power and its distribution2.Highways- conditions of road3.Housing – Existing housing4.Industries5.Land use- Density and character of towns6.Railways7.Water supply and Sewage

II.National Survey- A study of natural resources

1. Administration- The aspects of land survey

2. Agriculture- Types of agricultural soil & crop Patterns

3. Communication facilities- Roads, Railways, Waterways

4. Geography- Extent of sea coast

III. Regional surveyThe town to be planned – should fit into the

conditions prevailing in the region

IV. Civic SurveySurvey done by the conditions in and around

the town1.Communication amenities2.Contour- helps in deciding gradients of

roads3.Existing land use and land value

4. Historical background5. Housing – Characteristics of houses6. Industries7. Population8. Preservation of natural features9. Public buildings10. Public health11. Public services12.Topography.

Site AnalysisWhat is Site planning?

Site planning is the art of arranging • Structures on the land and Shaping, spaces between

them• Art linked to Architecture, Engineering, Landscape

Architecture and City Planning• Site plan locate objects and activities in space and

time• The site plan may be concerned with a small cluster

of houses, a single building and the surrounding space and a small community built in a single operation.

Site Identity and Change• Site and the purpose for which it is used

should be identified• Every site, when disturbed it takes time

to experience the mutual adjustment of its elements

• The flow of water has created a drainage pattern

• A site is composed of many factors above, below and on the ground

Many factors are involved in the analysis of the site which are to be considered

I. Natural Factors1. Geology2. Topography3. Hydrography4. Soil5. Vegetation6. Wild Life7.Climatic factors

II. Cultural Factors1. Existing Land use2. Linkages3. Traffic and Transit4. Density and Floor area ratio5. Utilities6. Existing Buildings7. Historic factors

III. Aesthetic Factors1. Natural Features2. Spatial Pattern

Development ControlDevelopment Control is the process involving land use control in which the development carried out by any agencies both private and public is checked in the benefit of whole society.Modern town planning helps in a systematic regulation to be followed in the use of land.

Factors to be considered in the complex urban system1. Physical factor – based on size and density of

population2. Functional factor – based on predominance

of activities3. Administrative factor

Certain issues to be considered1. Sporadic growth of private properties2. Sprawl of slums3. Major transportation congestion

4. Crowding of residential and industrial zones5. Availability of land for reclamation and thus

offering new opportunities for development.

Need for Development Control• Control over development and use of land and

buildings by local authorities may appear to be an interference with –Traditional property

rights and – Individual liberty

• It helps to avoid the chaotic growth of towns and to promote – Health

– Safety morals – General welfare

of the community

Aims and Objectives of development control

1. Guides development or the use of land and preserves other sites from the undesirable development

2. Prevents the misuse of land so that it will not injuriously affect the interests of the community

3. It sets certain frame work of the development process – help in the improvement of the total environment

4. The rules should be flexible enough for the changing population and the complex needs of urban society

Tools of development controlThe most common tools are1.Sub division control2.Height control3.Plot coverage control4.Set back control5.Floor Area Ratio(FAR) control6.Density control7.Building line control8.Architectural control9.Advertisement control

Layout RegulationsRole played by local authority

The local authority can regulate -the individual plot development by

regulating building line-specifying land use-controlling density and building heights-controlling the use of special building

materials-insisting on specific designs of elevations

in certain areas

Aim of layout regulations

Preparation of layouts which will satisfy -higher standards with respect to open

spaces outside-adequate area inside the building -to provide good light and ventilation

Layout regulations

1. A good layout can be prepared by planning a high density of order of 300-350 persons/acre.

2. The buildings should be located taking care of the prevailing breeze and day light.

3. Large scale layouts can use all the various shapes, forms and types of buildings.

Layout regulations4. In large scale developments, as it takes time

for completion provisions should be made for any adjustments.

5. To evolve a good layout design the following facilities have to be taken care

- Traffic Engineering- Housing design- Recreational facilities-Social aspects-Architectural treatment.

Layout regulations6. No incentives is given for planning problem in

small scale layouts.7. Large scale development- take care of both

social and individual needs.8. When large scale development is done new

cities are developed, old cities are improved.9. Isolated plot by plot development are not be

allowed as they don’t provide all the facilities for good.

10. The main objective of preparing layout has not changed over the years.

Layout regulations11. By adopting new planning trends, it can

evolve model layouts providing traffic safety and health safety.

12. A good layout can be made, it is not costly, it can be made economical in many ways.

Layout Design Concepts

What is layout?The term layout refers to establishing proper relationship between buildings, roads and surrounding open spaces on a reasonably big area of land.

Design concepts involvedThe concept should give standards, principles for any development so that individual plots can be developed following the standards and principles.The principles that are followed are

-Size, -Boundaries of plots, -Local shops should be provided-Internal roads-Open space- Recreational areas should be

provided.