unit one: founding the nation
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Unit One: Founding the Nation. (1500-1692). Goals of the Unit:. To recognize the reasons for and impact of European colonialism in America. To understand the hardships of early English colonialism and what led to eventual success in the new land. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Unit One: Founding the Nation
(1500-1692)
Goals of the Unit:• To recognize the reasons for and impact of
European colonialism in America.• To understand the hardships of early English
colonialism and what led to eventual success in the new land.
• To be able to explain the similarities and differences between each colonies origin, politics, culture, economics, religion, etc.
Day One: Introduce Unit
GOAL OF TODAY:
To discover what the reasons for and impact of European colonialism in America.
Native Americans
• Inhabited America since about 20,000-35,000 years ago
• Approx. 100 million Native Americans
• Thousands of different cultures and types of civilizations
• Little to no contact until about 1500
An Age of Expansion
• 1450 – Portugal invents caravel– Less wind resistance, allows for faster sea transportation, easier routes– Set up trading posts along Africa’s western coast
• 1492 – Columbus & Spanish fleet discover the Caribbean• 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas
– Splits New World between Spain and Portugal – Spanish succeed in New World• 1500s – Spain and Portugal colonize “the New World” (America)
Why Expansion?
• Economic motives!!!– Set up plantations, forced natives into slavery– Gold, silver, natural resources • All extremely profitable
– Transformed Europe’s economy
Why European Dominance?
• Native American isolation leads to no immunities and less technology
• Disease, battles, harsh rule resulted in loss of 90% of native population
Day Two: English Land in America
GOAL OF TODAY:To understand the hardships of early English colonialism and what led to eventual success
in the new land.
Growth of “New Spain” in America• 1500s – Spain sets up American empire
– Conquer natives in West Indies, expands through North and South America
England Challenges Spain• Protestant England vs. Catholic Spain• 1577 – Francis Drake (backed by
Elizabeth I)– Circumnavigates globe, returns with
loads of stolen Spanish loot – trip profit is 4,600%
Spanish Armada (1588)
• 1588 – Spanish Armada decimated in failed invasion of England– Spanish downfall, English dominance
English Expansion Starts
• 1585 – Lost colony of Roanoke fails– led by Sir Walter Raleigh
• Late 1500s – Economic depression, overpopulation pushes for England’s first establishment in North America
• Jamestown• 1606 – Virginia Company of London
– Receives charter from King James I for settlement in New World– Charter gives settlers same rights as Englishmen– Gold a driving force for trip
Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown
• May 1607 – 100 settlers leave for North America– only 60 survive the trip
• Small beach settlement• Challenges?
– Disease, malnutrition, starvation, inexperience– Native American attacks
• Settlers dying off fast
• Captain John Smith takes over Jamestown in 1608– Forced settlers into line– Negotiated with Native Americans
• “Starving Winter” of 1609-1610– Population drops from 400 to 60
• Lord De La Warr – infamously brutal– Arrives in Jamestown in 1610 with supplies, military– Begins harsh military regime against the Natives
Day Three: Colonies Develop
GOAL OF TODAY:To be able to explain the similarities and differences between each colonies origin,
politics, culture, economics, etc.
Day Three: Colonies Develop
GOAL OF TODAY:To be able to explain the similarities and differences between each colonies origin,
politics, culture, economics, etc.
• De La Warr immediately declares war with Natives– First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)
• De La Warr’s troops viciously attack Natives• Peace treaty, marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas
– Rolfe is father of tobacco industry• Anglicization of Natives attempted
• Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)– Native’s final effort ends in decimation– Native Powhatan population drops 90%– Disease, disorganization, disposable
English Progress Made• 1619 – self government in Virginia– “House of Burgesses”– King James I didn’t trust H.O.B.• Made Virginia colony of England in 1924
• Tobacco thriving in Virginia• England begins to take over West Indies– Sugar plantations – need for slaves• Imported from Africa (4:1 ratio)• Barbados Slave Code, 1661
Colonies expand between 1607 - 1733
The Plantation Colonies• Maryland, Virginia, N Carolina, S Carolina, Georgia• Devoted to exporting commercial agriculture (tobacco, rice)
– slavery• Plantation style didn’t favor urban growth– Few schools, no printing presses
• Large areas, few rich in power• Church of England dominant faith, mostly tolerant• Tobacco crops destroy soil
The Middle Colonies• The Quakers (Religious Society of
Friends)– Branch of Protestant dissenters in
mid 1600s– Bothersome to authorities, refused
taxes, oaths• William Penn– Wealthy Englishman– 1681 – Granted large amount of land
(Pennsylvania) by King Charles II– Close relationship with James II
(removed Catholic King)
Pennsylvania
• Quakers were simple, devoted, democratic– Against war and violence– Tolerant of natives
• Pennsylvania took in immigrants seeking religious freedom– Excluded Jews and Catholics
• “Blue Laws”– Outlawed ungodly behaviors
• Plays, cards, dice, games, excessive laughter
• By 1700, Pennsylvania became one of the most populated and prosperous colonies
New Jersey and Delaware• New Jersey
– After English take over of NY, granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
– Area in NJ split into two: East NJ and West NJ, both sold to Penn in 1681
– Proprietors of NJ surrender power to royal crown in 1702 – New Jersey combined, colonized
• Delaware– Province of Pennsylvania– Own assembly in 1701– Never “technically” it’s own colony– First state, 1776
The Middle Colonies• NY, NJ, Penn, Delaware– “The Middle Colonies”– Exported lots of grain
• Lumber, fur-trade– More ethnically diverse– More religious tolerance– Economic, social
democracy
The Northern Colonies Develop
• Religious persecution in England– “Separatists” fleeing England arrive at
Plymouth, MA in 1620– Mayflower Compact (1620)
• Bay Colony (1629)– Non-Separatist Puritans fearing more
persecution receive charter to form Massachusetts Bay Company
• Great Migration (1630-42)– 70,000 refugees leave England
• (20,000 to Colonies, 50,000 to West Indies)
• John Winthrop – Governor for 19 years– “city upon a hill”, beacon to humanity, holy
society, religious experiment• Fur trade, fishing, shipbuilding – Mass. Bay Colony
prospers
“Bible Commonwealth”
• Winthrop distrusted democracy– Only Puritan men had voting
rights– “The General Court” annually
elected Winthrop to enforce “God’s law”
– Limited separation of church & state
• John Cotton – devout Puritan preacher
• “Protestant ethic”– Committed to work, spiritually
intense– Fear of hell
“Bible Commonwealth”• Fines, floggings, banishment• Dissention begins– Four Quakers hung– Anne Hutchinson
• Challenges Puritan orthodoxy• Banished from Mass. Bay
– Roger Williams• Young minister, separatist• Extremely opposite views• Banished, begins Rhode Island colony
Rhode Island Colony
• Williams flees to Rhode Island in 1636
• Religious freedom for all– Jews, Catholics, Quakers
• Exiles, refugees flock to R.I.– “Sewer Colony”
• Became fiercely independent
• Official colony in 1644
New England Spreads• Connecticut
– Hartford founded in 1635• Reverend Thomas Hooker and Boston Puritans
populated area• The Fundamental Orders (1639)
– Constitution establishing democracy– New Haven established in 1638
• Merges with other settlements in Conn. Valley– Officially a colony in 1662
• 1677 – Maine purchased by Mass.• New Hampshire absorbed in 1641 by
Mass.– Breaks away in 1679, official colony
Day Four: Colonial New York City
GOAL OF TODAY:To understand the history of colonial New York
City and how it’s past has shaped the city it has become today.
Northern Colonies• Dutch East-India Company and Dutch West-
Indies Company
The 13 Colonies• Virginia – Jamestown, 1607• Massachusetts – Plymouth Plantation, 1620– Mayflower Compact, 1621– Massachusetts Bay, 1630 (Puritans)
• New Hampshire, 1623– Breaks away from Massachusetts
• New York, 1626 (Dutch), Duke of York– New Amsterdam (NY) & Fort Orange (Albany)
• New Jersey, 1626– Originally granted by Lord Carteret & Lord Berkeley– Sold to Quakers in 1674 & 1680– “All men are created equal”
• Maryland, 1634– Formed by Lord Baltimore– Haven for Catholics, Act of Toleration (1649)
• Rhode Island, 1644– Minister Roger Williams exiled from Mass. Bay– Believed in separation of Church & State
• State business bound to corrupt Church• Believed in Native American reparations
• South Carolina (Carolina), 1650– Originally granted to 8 supporters of King Charles I
• Connecticut, 1662– Thomas Hooker breaks from Mass.
• In search of land ownership – property ownership required• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• North Carolina splits from SC, 1729– Geographically different from SC– Abandon slave holding aristocracy, institute democracy
• Pennsylvania, 1681– A land grant to the Penn family– William Penn creates Quaker haven– “Holy Experiment” guarantees religious freedom, liberal land
grants and political participation to all• Delaware, 1776
– Originally part of Penn for sea access– Geographically isolated, already had independent legislature
• Georgia, 1733– Established in attempt to alleviate the overcrowding in England
debtor’s prisons– Buffer between Spanish Florida and South Carolina
Day Five: Colonies Develop
GOAL OF TODAY:To understand what life was like in the various
colonies and how they were both similar and different politically, socially, religiously,
economically, etc.
Living in the Colonies• What was life like in the early days
of the colonies?– Harsh conditions– Disease was rampant– Few people survived past 40 or 50
years– 6:1 ratio of men to women
• 1720 – female population rises in Virginia
• Family life starts becoming more established
• Tobacco thriving in Virginia and Maryland– Indentured servants– “Headright system”
• Sponsorship of indentured servants were rewarded with land ownership
Day Six: Colonial Society
GOAL OF TODAY:To understand what life was like in the various
colonies and how they were both similar and different politically, socially, religiously,
economically, etc.
Bacon’s Rebellion• Late 1600s – many poor, single, free men
lacked– Money, land, women, work
• Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion – 1676– 29 year old planter in Virginia– Rounded up 2,000 men to protest Governor
William Berkeley’s friendly policy on Indians• Berkeley had successful fur-trading relations with
Indians – he refused to change his policy– The mob stormed and murdered Indian villages
then torched the capitol– Bacon dies of sudden disease and Berkeley
crushes rebellion• What does this result in?
– A search for less troublesome labor for plantations…• Slavery
Slavery in the Colonies
• Africans in Jamestown, 1619– By 1670, population at 2,000
• 1680s English wages rise - leads to…– Less indentured servants leaving for
America– Black slaves started to outnumber
white servants• 1700s – slave trade to colonies
increasing– 1750 – slaves account for half off
Virginian population– South Carolina ratio (2:1)
• The Barbados Slave Code of 1662 still in effect
Slave Life
• Life for slaves tougher in the south– Rice vs. Tobacco– Illegal to teach slaves to read
• Slaves begin to develop hybrid languages
• Music becomes part of culture• Revolts:– 1712 – rebellion in NYC
• 12 whites killed, 21 slaves executed– 1739 – South Carolina slaves revolt
and try to escape to Spanish Florida – stopped by local militia
Social Gap in the South
• A social gap begins to widen in the Southern colonies1. Great Planters: owned large amounts of slaves and land;
ruled the region's economy and monopolized political power.
2. Small Farmers: largest social group; tilled their own modest plots and may have owned one or two slaves.
3. Landless Whites: many were former indentured servants.4. Slaves
New England Society• Migrated as families, not individually– Women married young, large families– Marriage and family life prioritized
• Disease not as much of a factor in NE– Life expectancy: 70 years
• Women usually held more power in the South – why?– Life expectancy much lower in South– Men held much more power in New England
• New England law was very severe and strict • “The Scarlet Letter” by Nathaniel Hawthorne
New England Society
• New England well organized– New towns legally chartered– Meetinghouses• Democratic roots
– Education: • <50 family towns had to provide
primary education. • <100 had to provide secondary
education.• Harvard, MA (1636)• William and Mary, VA (1693)
Puritanism’s Hold on Society• “Jeremiad”– Sermons that scold church-goers and
spread fear of hell and • 1662 – “Half-Way Covenant” – New formula for Church membership– Almost all could participate in Church,
even non or half-converted– Church was in need of membership
and money – more membership = more money
• Results:– weakened religious devotion from
early Puritan days– Line between “elect” members and
others disappearing
Salem Witch Trials• 1690s – A group of
adolescent girls claim bewitchment
• Accusations quickly became political, social
• Mass hysteria: witch-hunt leads to executions of 20 people
• Witch-hunt hysteria ends in 1693
Celebration of Learning!(AKA a Test)
• Small test:– 50 points– 20 multiple choice (2 points each)– 1 short answer (10 points)
– Major theme of the test will be comparing and contrasting the colonies, and the development/history of each.