Unit Seven: America Grows Too Big for It’s PantsAs American fulfilled its Manifest Destiny by expanding from sea to sea, the United States began to feel the need

to stretch its wings further. America wanted to imperialize (stronger countries take over a weaker country) just like the European Nations. The United States began its imperial goals with the Monroe Doctrine that warned all European countries that if they “messed” with Latin America, they would have to contend with the United States. Many years later, under the direction of Secretary of State William Seward, the U.S. purchased the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. Americans jokily referred to it as Seward’s Folly, because, at the time, they didn’t think Alaska would be useful for the nation. Other imperialists advocated for the annexation of Hawaii. Years before, the Queen of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was overthrown by an American coup. Under President William McKinley, the United States Congress voted to annex Hawaii in 1898. The imperialistic spirit was fueled by the belief that Americans had a Moral Mission, meaning that the Angelo-Saxon Race of the United States was better than any other on the planet, to “civilize” the people across the globe. All the United States needed was a chance to spread its wings.

This was realized in the Spanish-American war. As a dying world power, Spain was attempting to keep its Cuban colony form revolting in a similar way that the United States had revolted against Great Britain. U.S. President McKinley seemed to want to avoid war, but there were others who would oppose him. Alfred T. Mahan, the author of the Influence of Sea Power upon History, advocated for the expansion of the American Navy around the world. In order to do this, America would need to gain more overseas colonies and a war with Spain would provide this. Theodore Roosevelt, a Senator, also called for the U.S.’s entrance into the war. Roosevelt said the Monroe Doctrine made it America’s duty to help Latin America. But perhaps the most influential in gaining support for the war were two powerful American newspaper publishers, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. These two publishers were big supporters of Yellow Journalism, sensational newspaper articles and exaggerated headlines used to excite the American public. It would be, in the end, Yellow Journalism that launched Americans to pressure McKinley for war.

In 1898, President McKinley sent the U.S. Battleship, the Maine, to protect Americans located in Cuba. The Yellow Journalists published a comment from Spain that called President McKinley a fool. A few days later the U.S.S. Maine mysteriously exploded. Yellow journalists sensationalized the news and the war hawks began calling for war. Congress declared war on Spain, and passed the Volunteer Army Act which created what came to be known as the Rough Riders. Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt became an important leader of the Rough Riders and ultimately a war hero. Congress also passed the Teller Amendment that guaranteed if the U.S. defeated Spain the U.S. would liberate Cuba and not occupy or stay in Cuba. But before the war could be fought in Cuba, the United States attacked Spain in the Philippines, a Spanish Colony. Led by Admiral Dewey, they sank all the Spanish ships and there were no American losses. The war continued on to Puerto Rico and eventually to Cuba. The Spanish surrendered to the Americans. The “Splendid Little War” had officially ended with Spain’s defeat. Peace negotiations were completed under the Treaty of Paris 1898. The Treaty guaranteed the U.S. presence in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. The acquisition of these colonies gave the U.S. the stepping stones to becoming a world power. In response to the U.S. securing the Philippines, the Anti-Imperialist League was created and included people who were against the U.S. gaining other territories. But, America was on a path of expansion and the Platt Amendment would only add on to its imperialistic spirit. The Platt Amendment was proposed and passed in Congress. It Removed American troops from Cuba, but gave the Americans the use of one military base called Guantanamo Bay. It also forbid Cuba from going to other countries for help.

As America’s strength grew, she realized the need for a canal that would connect the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. President Teddy Roosevelt came into office determined to make this happen. He helped the country of Panama revolt against Colombian rule. Once Panama got its freedom, Teddy Roosevelt ensured that the Panama Canal would be built and the United States would pay for the canal and its lease as well as protect Panama in return for ht building and controlling of the canal.

Roosevelt was not a fool when it came to foreign relations. His policy aligned with his favorite African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” It is out of this we get his “big stick” diplomacy. He uses this type of diplomacy in his Roosevelt Corollary, which adds to the Monroe Doctrine when it said that the United States had international police power over its spheres of influences or places the U.S. reached out to especially Latin America. Roosevelt also increased our navy and it was nicknamed “the Great white fleet”.

In an attempt to fight the Americans expanding nature, a Mexicans Emilio Zapata and Pancho Villa launched a series of raids against the Americans. Villa wan eventually assassinated as he entered into turbulent Mexican politics.

American also expanded economically with the passage of the Open Door Policy with China that would allow trade to begin between China and the U.S. It was true that America was expanding as fare as the eye could see.

Goal Seven Review – The Progressive Movement in the U.S. (1890 – 1914)

1. 7.01 (Analyzing) Which statement best describes the role of muckrakers during the Progressive period?A. They rescued children from dangerous working conditions.B. They campaigned for nationwide women’s suffrage.C. They fought government corruption by locking offices.D. They wrote about unsafe living conditions in tenements.

2. 7.02 (Analyzing) “We are no longer petitioners. We are not wards of the nations but free and equal citizens.” Carrie Chapman Catt, 1920 According to the excerpt, which event is Chapman referring to?

A. tougher child labor lawsB. passage of the 19th AmendmentC. legalization of divorceD. strengthening adoption laws

3. 7.03 (Evaluating) What impact did the use of literacy tests have on African Americans in the South after the Civil War?A. voter turnout increased by African AmericansB. more African Americans were elected to governmentC. most African Americans were denied the right to voteD. the Republican Party’s power increased in the South

4. 7.04 (Evaluating) Which form of new technology had the greatest impact on cultural life at the beginning of the 20th century?A. airplaneB. Model TC. telegraphD. typewriter

Goal Seven Review1. D2. B3. C4. B

Unit EightWhy in the World War I would American get involved?

Prior to the beginning of World War I, Europe had been undergoing a change. Many countries felt extreme nationalism, or love of one’s country. The nationalistic spirit led many countries to begin building up their military in case of war (militarism). Many countries also made alliances or agreements with other countries so that if one was attacked, they would help them. All of these ingredients, nationalism, militarism, and alliances, together made a recipe for disaster that was finally realized on June 28, 1914 when Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. Within the next few days, the Great War or World War I had begun.

As Europe lined up under either the Allied Powers (Russia, Great Britain, and France) or the Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary), the United States declared themselves isolationists or neutral. Wilson decided to follow the advice of George Washington; this position even helped Wilson get reelected in 1916 using the campaign slogan “He kept us out of war”. Even thought the Americans were declaring neutrality it was apparent that they were helping supply the allies with weapons. Under Kaiser Wilhelm II's direction, Germany developed U-Boats (submarines) and practices unrestricted submarine warfare. The United States became angry when the British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sunk and killed 126 Americans. The United States warned Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare. Even though America was outraged over the sinking of the Lusitania, the United States remained neutral. The final event that would lead the U.S to war was the Zimmerman Telegram. Presented to President Wilson after it was intercepted by the British, the Zimmerman Note/Telegram was a letter from the Germans to Mexico promising the Mexicans land that was now part of the U.S. in return for their help in World War I. The Zimmerman Note along with unrestricted submarine warfare launched the U.S. into World War I. Since the Russians had withdrawn to fight their own Civil War against the Bolsheviks, the United States brought much needed support to the Allies. Not all Americans supported the war. For example Jeanette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, was against the war she and others would be called isolationists.

With the slogans, “The War to End All Wars”, and “To Make the World Safe for Democracy”, President Wilson passed the Selective Service Act, allowing males between 21 and 30 to be drafted, and choose John J. Pershing to lead the American Expeditionary Force to France. When the Americans arrived in Europe, the Europeans called them “Doughboys” and led them through the barbed-wire covered no man’s land to the trenches and advised them on how to avoid mustard gas.

While the American military forces were in Europe, the American home front rallied support by displaying propaganda posters, limiting food consumption, and growing victory gardens to help support the war and the men fighting it. American industry also played a big role, by changing what they made from consumer goods to war goods.

Meanwhile, the “Big Four,” Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Woodrow Wilson (USA), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy), gathered to see what could be done to end the war. Wilson created the “Fourteen Points”. Wilson believed the Fourteen Points would ensure lasting world peace.

As the Big Four were discussing the possible end to the war, the Allies, with the help of the U.S. troops, delivered a huge blow to the German lines and shortly after Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated (gave up and left) the German throne. On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered and declared an armistice (cease fire). The “Big Four” met again to compose the Treaty of Versailles in order to end World War I, but Germany was not allowed to attend. Only one of Wilson’s fourteen points was part of the Treaty, the League of Nations was created as a world peace organization. The rest of the treaty seemed to punish Germany for the war which will cause problems later. When Wilson took the treaty home to be ratified, many did not support it. Outspoken leaders, such as Henry Cabot Lodge, fought against the Treaty and joining the League of Nations. Then Wilson suffered from a horrible stroke and would never regain the ability to fight for the ratification. The U.S., once again, supported the idea of isolationism.

Goal Eight – The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914 – 1930)

1. 8.01 (Analyzing) Which reason best explains why the U.S. entered World War I on the side of the Allied Powers in 1917?

A. the assassination of Archduke Francis FerdinandB. the German invasion of Belgium and FranceC. Germany’s sinking of the LusitaniaD. interception of the Zimmerman Note

2. 8.02 (Analyzing) What was President Woodrow Wilson’s goal when the League of Nations was established?

A. to provide agricultural aid to all nationsB. military arms for European nationsC. international security and peace for nationsD. trade for nations in Western Europe

3. 8.03 (Evaluating) What impact did U.S. participation in World War I have on foreign policy at the end of the war?

A. The U.S. retreated to isolationism.B. The U.S. acquired new territories.C. The U.S. joined the League of Nations.D. The U.S. gained allies in the Middle East.

Goal Eight Review1. D2. C3. A

Unit 9: The Roaring Twenties and the Great DepressionPost World War I American was full of problems. President Harding’s Administration was caught in the

Teapot Dome Scandal which involved selling federal oil illegally. Farmers went further into debt. However, the biggest problem came from the fear of immigrants, especially from Russia. This fear led to the U.S. government creating the first quota system, which limited the number of immigrants who came to America.

The Bolsheviks took over Russia in 1917 and it became a communist’s nation. Many Americans feared communism and the U.S. experience the first Red Scare. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted his infamous Palmer Raids, which many were arrested or deported for being suspected communists. This fear even led to death when immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted and executed. Many said this was a result of the fear immigrants and their radical beliefs.

Other issues came to the surface. Marcus Garvey believed in separation of the black and white people. He believed in order to achieve equality; blacks must separate from whites and go “back to Africa”. Religious beliefs were tested in Scopes Trial, which dealt with religious fundamentalism and questioned if evolution or creationism should be taught in schools. The KKK also made its presence known when the height of its membership reached 4 million in 1924. They were also responsible for the large number of lynchings (being killed by a group of people).

However the 1920s were also “roaring”. Women, aka flappers, were able to cut their hair, wear shorter dresses and drank and smoked in public. They also won the right to vote in 1920 with the passage o the 19th amendment. Prohibition started with the passage of the 18th amendment which made alcohol illegal. Speakeasies, illegal clubs, were opened to meet the high demand for alcohol. Advertisements made people want more goods, plus the access to easy credit and installment plans made dreams come true. Black American experienced a sense of pride with the Harlem Renaissance and people everywhere loved listening to the likes of Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington on the radio.

Then on October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed. It crashed for a number of reasons: easy credit, over speculation, and bank depositors taking their money out of the banks and forcing them to close. President Hoover failed to win reelection in 1932. Many disagreed with his idea of rugged individualism, or the belief that the depression will take care of itself. Also, when a group of WWI veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on Washington demanding their promised bonus, Hoover sent in the Army to break up the protest. Americans made fun of Hoover by calling the cardboard shacks many lived in Hoovervilles and the newspapers they had to cover up with Hoover blankets. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Hoover promising the American people a New Deal. F. D. Roosevelt will be the only president elected 4 times.

The New Deal promised that the government will become more responsible for the people. FDR will focus his first 100 days on recovery. First, he closed the banks by declaring a bank holiday. FDR felt that by closing the banks, he could stop people from pulling money out of them and stop the banks from going bankrupt. He also began his famous fireside chats which were radio addresses that kept Americans informed about his New Deal programs.

Many programs, nicknamed the Alphabet Soup, are still around today. For example, Social Security provided a pension for the elderly, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured bank deposits, and the Securities and Exchange Commission, regulated the stock market. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provided electricity to the poor along the Tennessee River. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Public Works Administration (PWA) provided jobs. The Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA) paid the poorest of Americans, the farmers, for not growing crops (subsidy), and destroy excess crops. Programs like the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) focused on making the workplace better and provided relief.

The 2nd 100 days focused on reform, or changing America so that the depression would never happen again. Programs like the Works Progress Administration created many jobs in all types of careers from construction to art. The Fair Labor Standards Act established a minimum wage. The Wagner Act allowed workers to join labor unions.

The 1920s was a time of “boom”, people having a good time and buying more products then ever before. On the contrary, the 1930s was a time of “bust”, banks closed and the stock market crashed (depression) to FDR’s New Deal Programs to help the America people survive.

Goal Nine – Prosperity and Depression (1919 – 1939)

1. 9.01 (Generating) During the early years of the Great Depression many farmers destroyed crops and livestock rather than take them to market. Which action did farmers protest?

A. the organization of farm cooperativesB. bank foreclosure on farmsC. low prices for farm productsD. government sponsored relief programs

2. 9.02 (Analyzing) Which statement best explains this 1920s cartoon? A. Farmers sold their land and took factory jobs.B. The U.S. was half agricultural and half industrial.C. Factories produced large profits and farms declined.D. Industrial pollution drove farmers off their land.

3. 9.03 (Applying) During the 1920s, which event was associated with anincrease in crime and violence in the U.S.?A. the legal prohibition of alcoholB. mass production of the Model TC. the Sacco and Vanzetti trialD. the Spirit of St. Louis flight

4. 9.03 (Analyzing) Which technological invention most influenced dating patterns of teenagers during the 1920s?

A. the silent moviesB. the automobileC. the telephoneD. the radio

5. 9.04 (Organizing) How did the ideas of W.E.B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington differ?

A. Dubois supported Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement,but Washington opposed it.

B. Washington founded the NAACP, but Dubois refused to join it.C. Washington was born a slave and was more outgoing than Dubois.D. Dubois encouraged social equality, while Washington encouraged

economic equality.

6. 9.05 (Evaluating) Which New Deal reform had the greatest impact on enlarging the role of the federal government in American lives?

A. Works Progress AdministrationB. Social Security ActC. Wagner Labor ActD. Civilian Conservation Corps

Goal Nine Review1. C2. C3. A4. B5. D6. B

Review – Teacher Guide/TransparencyW orld War II

The war began in September 1939, when Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland despite the attempts at appeasement in the 1930s. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany but took little action at first. In 1940, Germany started to take over Europe. Later in the summer of 1940, Germany launched an attack on Britain, the first all-air battle. The Battle of Britain was Germany’s 1st military failure, as its air force, the Luftwaffe, wasn’t able to defeat Britain’s Royal Air Force. Italy, an Axis power with Germany & Japan, expanded the war further by invading Greece and North Africa. In June, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The invasion of the USSR would prove to be Germany’s downfall since the USSR was just too big, strong and determined. In 1943, after the turning point Battle of Stalingrad, Germany was forced into a full-scale retreat, after which the Russians pursued them into Germany itself in 1945.

The Normandy Invasion - On June 6, 1944, British, Canadian & US forces launched the D-Day invasion, landing in German-occupied France on the coast of Normandy. General Eisenhower led this air, land, and sea invasion which proved to be the largest in history. By early 1945, Allied forces were closing in on Germany from both east and west. Germany surrendered in May 1945, shortly after the suicide of Adolf Hitler.

The Pacific Theater The war in the Pacific began on December 7, 1941, when Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japan had already been at war with China for several years. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan began expansion throughout the Pacific region.

The U.S. Entrance and Battle of Midway Although the US declared war on Japan the day after Pearl Harbor, it would be months before U.S. forces would get involved militarily. In 1942, the US & Japan engaged in battles, climaxing in the turning point Battle of Midway on June 3–6, 1942. For the first time, aircraft carriers played a decisive role in defeating Japan.

Island Hopping (taking control of some islands to get close to Japan) Fighting continued in the Pacific in 1944 and early 1945, including major battles at Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. By the late spring of 1945, most of Asia had been liberated, and Allied forces were closing in on Japan itself. The Allies began heavy bombing campaigns against major Japanese cities, including Tokyo. This continued through the summer of 1945 until finally, in early August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki. Japan surrendered a few days later.

THE COLD WARThe Cold War began during and after World War II. The main enemies were the United States and Soviet Union,

the only 2 remaining superpowers after WWII. The Cold War got its name because both sides were afraid of fighting each other directly since their nuclear weapons might destroy everything. Instead, they fought each other indirectly by supporting conflicts in different parts of the world and threatening each other. The Cold War was the major force in world politics from 1945 until the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989. Beginning with Harry Truman, the U.S. adopted a policy of containment. The Truman Doctrine was a plan to give money and military aid to countries threatened by communism and it stopped communists from taking control of Greece and Turkey. The Marshall Plan provided help to Western Europe, strengthening it so that the popularity of communist parties declined.

In occupied Germany in June 1948, the Soviets blocked all entrances into the western part of Berlin, Germany. President Truman quickly ordered military planes to fly coal, food, and medicine to the city. The Berlin Airlift continued for more than a year until the blockade ended.

The United States also led the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. NATO was a joint military group designed for collective security. Its purpose was to defend against Soviet forces in Europe [or, as the saying went, "to keep Russia out, America in and Germany down"]. The Soviet Union and its east European allies formed their own joint military group -- the Warsaw Pact -- six years later. The United States then helped eight Asian nations fight communism by establishing the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) which was later dissolved when South Vietnam fell to communism.

In 1953, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin died. His death gave the new American president, Dwight Eisenhower, a chance to deal with new Soviet leaders. Cold War tensions increased, then eased, then increased again over the years around the world, in Vietnam and elsewhere. The Cold War also affected the Middle East, and President Eisenhower promised aid there in the Eisenhower Doctrine. In 1959, Cold War tensions eased a little. The new Soviet leader, Nikita

Khrushchev, in his policy of peaceful co-existence, visited Dwight Eisenhower at his holiday home near Washington. John Kennedy followed Eisenhower as president in 1961. During his early days in office, Cuban exiles invaded Cuba in the Bay of Pigs invasion. They wanted to get rid of the communist government of Fidel Castro. The exiles had been trained by the CIA but the invasion was a failure. In Europe, tens of thousands of East Germans had fled to the west. East Germany's communist government decided to stop them. The Berlin Wall was built separating the eastern and western parts of the city. Guards shot at anyone who tried to flee by climbing over. During Kennedy's second year in office, American intelligence reports discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis easily could have resulted in a nuclear war. But, it ended after a U.S. blockade of Cuba (“the quarantine”) convinced Soviet leader Khrushchev to remove the missiles if the United States agreed not to interfere in Cuba. Relations between east and west also improved when Richard Nixon, the first president to visit China and the USSR, adopted the idea of détente. A major change in the cold war took place in 1985 when Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev held four meetings with President Ronald Reagan. By 1989 there was widespread unrest in Eastern Europe. The Berlin Wall was torn down in November. East and West Germany became one nation again. A few months later, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved. Two years later, after 45 years of protracted conflict and constant tension, the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

KOREAN WAR (1950-53)Cold War tensions eventually exploded in Korea when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950.

Determined not to let Communism spread in East Asia, Truman quadrupled military spending and the UN (in a police action) ordered General MacArthur to push back the North Koreans. MacArthur succeeded and then pushed the North Koreans almost up to the Chinese border. Threatened, over a million soldiers from Communist China poured into Korea, forcing MacArthur to retreat back to the 38th parallel, which had originally divided North Korea from South Korea. When MacArthur began to criticize Truman publicly for his unwillingness to use nuclear weapons in Korea, Truman was forced to fire his top general for insubordination. United States forces remained at the 38th parallel for two more years, at the cost of more than 50,000 American lives, until peace in 1953.

McCarthyism—In 1950, first-term Wisconsin Republican senator and member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), Joseph McCarthy, accused more than 200 federal employees of being communists, resulting in their being blacklisted. Even though McCarthy had no proof to support these claims, Americans supported his goals to find more “Soviet agents” hiding in Washington. Thousands of people were wrongfully persecuted. McCarthy’s influence ended when he accused the U.S. Army of harboring (hiding) communists.

VIETNAM WARThe Geneva Accords of 1954 divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel into North Vietnam (communist and led by Ho

Chi Minh) and South Vietnam. U.S. policy at the time was dominated by the domino theory, which held that the “fall” of North Vietnam to Communism might trigger all of Southeast Asia to fall, setting off a sort of Communist chain reaction. Under Eisenhower, the US began to offer support to South Vietnam to fight the Communists. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy sent US “military advisors” to Vietnam to help train the South Vietnamese army. After North Vietnamese forces allegedly attacked U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964, President Johnson was given the power to send in US troops under the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Bombing campaigns such as 1965’s Operation Rolling Thunder continued, and the conflict in Vietnam escalated. Johnson’s “Americanization” of the war led to a presence of nearly 400,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam by the end of 1966. The Viet Cong’s guerrilla tactics frustrated and demoralized U.S. troops. In 1968, the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong launched a massive campaign called the Tet Offensive. Although the United States pushed back the offensive and won, U.S. public support for the war decreased. In 1968, frustrated U.S. soldiers killed unarmed Vietnamese civilians in what came to be known as the My Lai Massacre. Protests against Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia and the draft grew violent, resulting in the deaths of four students at Kent State University in 1970. Nixon began a policy of Vietnamization, promising to withdraw U.S. troops gradually and hand over the war effort to the South Vietnamese. After secret negotiations in 1972, a cease-fire was finally signed in January 1973 and the last U.S. military left Vietnam in March of 1973. In 1974, North Vietnamese forces stepped up their attacks on the South. On April 30, 1975, the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese, who reunited the country under communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam..

Goal Ten – World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930-1963)

1. 10.01 (Analyzing) Which statement best explains the rise of totalitarian governments in Europe after World War I?

A. The people hated democracies because the U.S. was prosperous.B. Anarchy spread very quickly across war torn Europe.C. There was no United Nations to prevent a communist takeover.D. The people wanted help to recover from the depression.

2. 10.02 (Knowledge) Which World War II victories in the Pacific are considered turning point battles for the U.S.?

A. Burma and OkinawaB. Coral Sea and MidwayC. Guadalcanal and Iwo JimaD. Britain and Bulge

3. 10.03 (Knowledge) Which group suffered official discrimination during World War II?

A. Japanese AmericansB. German AmericansC. Italian AmericansD. Mexican Americans

4. 10.04 (Generating) What foreign policy idea is expressed in this 1940s cartoon?

A. The U.S. formed a military alliance with Russia.B. The U.S. intends to airlift supplies to West Berlin.C. The U.S. accepts Russia’s authority over BerlinD. The U.S. agrees to give the U.N control of Berlin.

5. 10.05 (Knowledge) Which international organization was formed to promote world peace?

A. OASB. NATOC. United NationsD. SEATO

6. 10.05 (Evaluating) Which statement is true about the function of the United Nations?

A. It can send UN soldiers from member nations as “peacekeeping forces”around the world.

B. It can force nations at war to submit disagreements to the SecurityCouncil.

C. It includes the U.S., Japan, Iran, Iraq, Britain, France, Italy, North Korea, and Nigeria.

D. It uses most of its funding to bring rogue nations to the General Assemblyfor trials.

Goal Ten Review1. D2. B3. A4. B5. C6. A

Review – Teacher Answers

Civil Rights Movement by African AmericansBlack Americans’ quest for official racial equality began the moment Reconstruction ended in the late

1870s. In 1954, Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP’s chief lawyer, managed to overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine (established in Plessy v. Ferguson) in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Sympathetic Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren convinced his fellow justices to declare that segregated public schools were unequal.

In 1957, Arkansas governor Orval Faubus chose to ignore a federal court order to desegregate the state’s public schools and used the National Guard to prevent nine black students (“The Little Rock Nine”) from entering Central High School in Little Rock. Although President Dwight D. Eisenhower personally opposed the Brown decision, he sent federal troops to integrate the high school by force thereby asserting federal supremacy over the state.

In 1955, the modern civil rights movement was effectively started with the arrest of Rosa Parks. She refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery city bus. After the arrest, blacks throughout the city joined with Martin Luther King, Jr. and organized the Montgomery bus boycott, boycotting city transportation for nearly a year before the Supreme Court finally struck down the city’s segregated bus seating as unconstitutional.

In 1957, King formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to rally support from southern churches for the civil rights movement. Inspired by Mohandas Gandhi, King hoped the SCLC would lead a large-scale protest movement based on nonviolent civil disobedience.

A new student group called the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was launched in 1960 after the highly successful student-led sit-in in Greensboro, North Carolina. SNCC went on to coordinate peaceful student protests against segregation throughout the South. The students also helped the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organize Freedom Rides throughout the Deep South. The overwhelming public support from the North for Freedom Riders prompted Martin Luther King Jr. to launch more peaceful protests, hoping to anger die-hard segregationists. In 1963, King focused all of his energy on organizing a massive protest in the heavily segregated city of Birmingham, Alabama. Birmingham’s commissioner, “Bull” Connor, cracked down on the protesters using clubs, vicious police dogs, and water cannons. The violence during the Birmingham protest shocked northerners even more than the violence of the Freedom Rides and convinced President John F. Kennedy to risk his own political future and fully endorse the civil rights movement. Meanwhile, in 1963, King and the SCLC joined forces with CORE, the NAACP, and the SNCC in organizing the March on Washington in August. More than 200,000 blacks and whites participated in the march, one of the largest political rallies in American history. The highlight of the rally was King’s “I have a dream” speech.

Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, but the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, honored his predecessor’s commitment to the civil rights movement, expanding his idea of the Great Society. He therefore pressured Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, an even tougher bill than Kennedy had hoped would pass. The act outlawed discrimination and segregation based on race, nationality, or gender. The same year, the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified (passed), outlawing poll taxes as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. Furthermore, SNCC activists traveled to Mississippi that summer on the Freedom Summer campaign to register more black voters, again hoping their actions would provoke segregationist whites.

In 1965 MLK Jr. joined thousands of blacks in Selma peacefully trying to register to vote. Police, however, attacked the protesters on “Bloody Sunday,” hospitalizing several activists in the most violent crackdown yet. The same year, an outraged Lyndon B. Johnson and Congress responded by passing the Voting Rights Act to safeguard blacks’ right to vote. The act outlawed literacy tests and sent thousands of federal voting officials into the South to supervise black voter registration.

Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam was the most vocal critic of King’s nonviolent tactics. Instead, Malcolm X preached black self-sufficiency, just as Marcus Garvey had four decades earlier. He also advocated armed self-defense against white oppression, arguing that bloodshed was necessary for revolution. However,

Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam after numerous scandals hit the organization, and he traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, on a religious pilgrimage in 1964. When Malcolm X returned to the United States, he joined forces with the SNCC in the nonviolent fight against segregation and racism. However, he was assassinated in early 1965.

In 1967, Stokely Carmichael argued in his book Black Power that blacks should take pride in their heritage and culture and should not have anything to do with whites in the United States or anywhere else. Frustrated activists in Oakland, California, responded to Stokely Carmichael’s “black power” theories and formed the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Black Panthers, armed and clad in black, operated basic social services in the urban ghettos, patrolled the streets, and called for an armed revolution.

Black revolutionaries such as Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panthers, along with the scores of race riots that rocked America between 1965 and 1970, frightened many white Americans and alienated many moderates who had supported peaceful protest. In 1968, a white man named James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he addressed a crowd gathered in Memphis, Tennessee. King’s death, combined with the increasing amount of violence, effectively ended the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

The Women’s MovementAfter the war, women's employment status was not guaranteed, and much of the economy rushed to

rehire men. The publication of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystiqu e , which critiqued suburban white women's socialization and experience as intolerable, had many women ready to fight for change. The first new feminist organization was the National Organization for Women (NOW) which Friedan helped found along with Gloria Steinem in 1966. The goal of NOW was to pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) that would end discrimination based on gender. It never passed due in part to the works of Phyllis Shlafely.

Latino American MovementsAfter World War II ended, the Bracero Program was soon introduced. This program made it easier for

Mexicans to come to the United States as farm workers, but it often lead them to be exploited by their employers. César Chávez lobbied to end the Bracero Program. Later he helped found the United Farm Workers movement and led a boycott of grapes in order to advance migrant workers rights.

Japanese American MovementBeginning around the 1960s, a younger generation of Japanese Americans who felt energized by the

Civil Rights movement began what is known as the "Redress Movement", an effort to obtain an official apology and reparations from the federal government for interning their parents and grandparents during World War II.The movement's first success was in 1976, when President Gerald Ford proclaimed that the evacuation was "wrong." In 1980, under Jimmy Carter, a commission was established by Congress to study the matter. President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which provided redress of $20,000 for each surviving detainee, totaling $1.2 billion dollars. On September 27, 1992, the Amendment of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, appropriating an additional $400 million in order to ensure that all remaining internees received their $20,000 redress payments, was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush, who also issued another formal apology from the U.S. government.

American Indian Movement (AIM)The American Indian Movement (AIM), is a Native American activist organization in the United

States that burst on the international scene with its seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. AIM was cofounded by Dennis Banks, Herb Powless, Clyde Bellecourt, Eddie Benton Banai, and many others in 1968. Russell Means was also one of the early leaders of AIM.

In the decades since AIM's founding, the group has led protests advocating Native American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States. AIM has often supported other indigenous interests outside the United States, as well.

Goal Eleven – Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945 – 1980)

1. 11.01 (Analyzing) The above cartoon appeared at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962? Which nations were represented by the missiles?

A. the U.S. and CubaB. the U.S. and the Soviet UnionC. Cuba and MexicoD. Cuba and the Soviet Union

2. 11.02 (Integrating) Which action taken by President Harry Truman represented an attempt to respond to Civil Rights issues?

A. desegregating the militaryB. desegregating public schoolsC. outlawing segregation in housingD. outlawing segregation in higher education

3. 11.03 (Evaluating) What impact did the Civil Rights Movement have on the women’s movement during the 1960s and 1970s?

A. Most women remained in homemaker and caretaker roles.B. Women gained the legal tools to fight discrimination.C. Fewer women enrolled into institutions of higher learning.D. Many companies hired women as presidents and chairwomen.

4. 11.04 (Analyzing) Which statement best explains why the U.S. became involved in the Vietnam Conflict?

A. To protect U.S. corporations in Southeast Asia.B. To acquire colonies for additional raw materials.C. To prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.D. To support peacekeeping troops sent by the United Nations.

5. 11.05 (Analyzing) What effect did the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik have on the U.S.?

A. it proved that the Soviet Union could duplicate a U.S. innovationin technology

B. caused a demand for more funding on math and science educationin high schools

C. it resulted in a better relationship between the U.S. and Soviet UnionD. the federal government reduced spending on math and science

education

6. 11.06 (Analyzing) Which issue was most damaging to President Richard Nixon during the Senate Watergate hearings and eventually led to his resignation?

A. Congress intended to invoke the 25th Amendment.B. Vice President Spiro Agnew had accepted bribes.C. The special prosecutor threatened to resign due to loyalty.D. Nixons’ personal conversations had been recorded on tape.

Goal Eleven Review1. B2. A3. B4. C5. B6. D

Unit 12 “Story”Harry Truman became president after the death of FDR in 1945. Truman ultimately ended World War

II by deciding to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to save 100,000 American lives. After WWII, Truman had to fight a new war, the Cold War. The Cold War was a war of words, but few actions. Truman needed to fight the spread of communism by the Russians and planned on helping with the containment of communism through the Marshall Plan (aid to help Europe rebuild after WWII) and the Truman Doctrine (which promised to help Turkey and Greece fight communism). Truman will always be remembered as the president who desegregated the army. He was also president during the Korean War (1950-1953) and had to fire Gen. Macarthur for suggesting the use of nuclear weapons to end the Korean “problem”.

Dwight Eisenhower was first made famous by leading the invasion of Normandy (D-Day) during WWII. As president, he helped Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas integrate by sending in federal troops to escort students to class. However, he was reluctant to help too much in the Civil Rights movement because he did not want to upset the white supporters. When the Russians beat the US into space, with the launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower pushed to pass NASA and also passed the National Defense Education Act (which focused education more on science and math). He also created the Interstate Highway Act which allowed for easy transportation of weapons and citizens in case of an attack on America.

In the election of 1960s, John F. Kennedy ran against Richard Nixon and participated in the first televised debates. Kennedy won the election and started his New Frontier program. He focused on civil rights issues and increased government spending, yet made tax cuts. He also started programs like the Alliance for Progress (to help keep communism out of Latin American countries) and Peace Corps (volunteers to help in Third World countries). He also made the promise to land the first man on the moon in 10 years (it would happen in July of 1969 with Neil Armstrong). JFK was killed in November 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. Many of his social programs would be continued by his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson.

When Lyndon B. Johnson took over for JFK, he had a lot on his plate. He continued many of JFK’s New Frontier programs in his Great Society. He focused on helping the poor with programs like Head Start (to help underprivileged children go to pre-school) and Medicaid (heath insurance for the underprivileged). He truly believed that the government should be helping the people with his War on Poverty programs, like increasing welfare programs. Like JFK’s Peace Corps, Johnson started a program called VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) which helped the poor in the US. However, Johnson was faced with another JFK issue. JFK first sent military “advisors” into a civil war in Vietnam. Johnson was faced with the question “What do I do next?” He decided escalate, send more troops into the war. In fact, after the USS Maddox was attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave the president “all means necessary to defend” countries against communism, and so the Vietnam War started. We were fighting in Vietnam to keep North Vietnam from spreading communism to South Vietnam. Many people in America did not agree with the Vietnam War. LBJ had to deal with protests led by students, like the SDS or Students for a Democratic Society, on college campuses, and protests in DC and other major cities around the US. LBJ decided not to run again in 1968, which led to the Richard Nixon winning the presidency.

After the election of Richard Nixon many issues continued from LBJ. The biggest was what to do in Vietnam. Nixon wanted “Peace with Honor” and promised one through Vietnamization (a gradual pull out of American troops and returning power to South Vietnam). However, neither was done, and the US lost its first war ever. US troops were pulled out in 1973, and by 1975, South Vietnam had fallen to North Vietnam. While the war was going on, many protested the fighting. It even resulted in the deaths of 4 students at Kent State in Ohio. Nixon also was dealing with environmental issues and created the Environmental Protection Agency which oversaw laws like the Clean Water and Air Acts. The start of an energy crisis happened when OPEC countries created an oil embargo against any country which supported Israel. Nixon also had to deal with the continuing Cold War. In fact, he was the first president to ever go to China. After Washington Post journalist, Woodward and Bernstein exposed the Watergate scandal, Nixon became the first president to ever resign from office

Gerald Ford took over as president and was the only president to never be elected! His first controversial acts was to pardon (or forgive) Nixon. He focused on human rights with the Helsinki Accords. As prices rose, and the economy decreased or worsened, Ford created a plan to help lower stagflation (high

unemployment and high inflation) with his Whip Inflation Now (WIN) volunteer programs (however it didn’t work). In the election 1976, Jimmy Carter barely defeated Ford.

President Jimmy Carter set his own style of government. He was a champion for human rights. He also worked closely with Israel and Egypt helping bring some peace between those 2 countries in the Camp David Accords. When the US supported Israel and provided health care to the ousted Shah of Iran, OPEC stopped selling oil to the US causing an energy crisis in the US. Carter also had to deal with a near nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania that scares Americans away from nuclear power. Americans were taken hostage by the Ayatollah Khomeini’s followers, in what became known as the Iran Hostage Crisis. This would end up costing Carter his re-election bid in 1980.

Ronald Reagan became president in 1980, after the Iranian’s refused to give up our hostages while Carter was in office. Reagan was elected as a conservative president by the American New Right Coalition, or conservative Christian fundamentalists. He wanted to help stimulate the economy and came up with “Reaganmics” or supply-side economics. He thought that by cutting taxes for the rich, that it would “trickle down” to the poor and help them out. He appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O’Connor. The thing that everyone remembers Reagan for was his strategic defense initiative (SDI), better known as Star Wars. He is also credited with working with the Soviet premier, Mikhail Gorbachev, and ending the Cold War. However, his presidency was also tainted by the Iran-Contra Affair, in which the government was accused of illegally selling weapons to Iran and then taking the money and giving it to people in Nicaragua fighting the government. Reagan left the country in debt and it was up to his vice-president George H. W. Bush (or Bush da daddy) to get us out.

George H.W. Bush (aka da daddy) won on promises of “No new taxes”. Under Bush, Texas v. Johnson was passed, allowing citizens to burn the American flag in protest. It was protected by the 1st Amendment freedom of expression. He also passed the Americans with Disabilities Act, which was to help with the “graying of America”. Bush also sent American troops into Kuwait to help fight back Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait. The short lived invasion became known as the Persian Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm. Bush ran for re-election in 1992, but was defeated by a young governor from Arkansas.

Democrat Bill Clinton became president in 1992. The first thing he did was reduce the national deficit by cutting government spending and raising taxes. He also created the Family and Medical Leave Act which provided emergency leave of absences from work and signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). He also passed the Brady Bill which required a 5 day waiting period on the purchase of guns. Clinton appointed the 2nd woman to the Supreme Court, Ruth Ginsberg. He also became the 2nd president in history to be impeached (formally accused of a crime.) after lying to a grand jury. The first was Andrew Johnson (because he violated the Tenure of Office Act), Nixon was NOT impeached, he resigned before it happened.. Clinton also sent help to Kosovo, Bosnia and Somalia because they were suffering from famine. After Clinton served his 2 terms, in came another Bush. This is only the 2nd time in history that a father-son had both served as president. (John Adams and John Quincy Adams).

George W. Bush was elected in a very controversial election in 2000. After numerous recounts, requested by Democrat Al Gore, Bush was declared the winner. As president, Bush had to deal with terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, DC on September 11, 2001, where over 3000 people were killed. Bush launched “pre-emptive strikes” to attack the “Axis of Evil” to target those nations who helped a terrorist. The first target was Osama bin Laden, who is head of al Qaeda. The attacks led to new laws being passed like the Patriot Act which required more in depth background searches. It led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security to help detect terrorists. Bush is having to deal with a lot of back lash from people about the Iraqi War, now that Saddam Hussein is out of power and was executed. TO BE CONTINUED…

Goal Twelve – The United States since the Vietnam War (1973 – Present)

1. 12.01 (Integrating) Which U.S. president is associated with events such as as the oil crisis, Camp David Accords and the Iran Hostage Crisis?

A. Gerald FordB. Richard NixonC. Jimmy CarterD. Lyndon Johnson

2. 12.02 (Evaluating) What impact has Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (1971) had on major American cities today?

A. Many middle class whites moved from the inner city to suburbs.B. Most inner city schools are predominately Asian and Latino.C. Busing continues to be used as an option to achieve diversity.D. The majority of American children attend private schools.

3. 12.03 (Analyzing) Which factor was a major cause of the stagnant economy in the United States during the early 1970s?

A. the dependency on imported foodB. the increase in gasoline pricesC. the decline in service sector jobsD. the increased production of automobiles

4. 12.04 (Evaluating) How has the recent immigration issue affected American attitudes in the past five years?

A. Americans argue we are a nation of immigrants, let all come.B. Americans are divided on the immigration issue, but can live with it. C. Polls show that most Americans want to end illegal immigration.D. Illegal immigrants are taking jobs from American citizens.

5. 12.05 (Analyzing) Which U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that it was illegal to achieve diversity through the use of racial quotas?

A. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)B. Swann v. Board of Education of Charlotte-Mecklenburg (1971) C. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)D. Texas v. Johnson (1989)

6. 12.06 (Evaluating) How has the Patriot Act impacted American society after the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001?

A. All citizens must take an oath not to harm the U.S. or its territories.B. It issues fines for any disrespect to the American flag or the military.C. The president and Justice Department has greater power and authority.D. It profiles all citizens and collects intelligence on each one.

Goal Twelve Review1. C2. A3. B4. C5. C6. C