unit vii: states of consciousness: psychoactive drugs
DESCRIPTION
Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs. Background Psychoactive drugs categorized: Medically Specifically, how they effect the CNS . Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs. Background Five Major categories Depressants Stimulants Opioids / Opiates - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
BackgroundPsychoactive drugs categorized:• Medically• Specifically, how they effect the CNS
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
BackgroundFive Major categories 1.Depressants2.Stimulants3.Opioids / Opiates 4.Hallucinogens/psychedelic
drugs 5.Marijuana
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
Psychoactive drugsMy suggestion, make yourself a chart of
the five categories of drugs to help you keep the information in order, like what’s on page 301
For example:• Category• What they do• Effects• Examples
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsWhat they do • Slows (depresses) neural
activity • Mostly effects:–Frontal lobe–Hindbrain
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system &
bodyAfferent & efferent neurons, motor cortex all affected (slowed)• Slows reaction time
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system &
bodyAssociation areas in frontal lobe depressed • Impairs judgment• Impairs long-term planning• Lessens inhibitions• Reduces self-awareness
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system &
bodyBroca’s area affected• Slurring of speech
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system &
bodyEffects cerebellum• Overconsumption -> balance, coordination problems
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on the nervous system &
bodyEffects brainstem (Medulla oblongata) • Depresses automatic functions,
could stop if too much consumed• Heartbeat, breathing, ability to
vomit
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on memory• No effect on short-term recall or existing long-term memories• However, difficult to create long-term memories
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsEffects on memory• Also, state dependant memory• Memories made while intoxicated are hard to remember when sober.• Able to remember next time in that state (drunk)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsMajor depressants • Alcohol• Barbiturates–Anesthesia–Sleeping pills –Also known as “Downers”
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
1) DepressantsMajor depressants, continued • Tranquilizers–AKA: Sedatives –Treat anxiety–Examples: Valium & Xanax
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsWhat they do • Increase activity of the CNS
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system &
body• Heighten alertness• Increase energy• Speed up bodily functions
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system &
body• Speeds up CNS/automatic functions (respiratory, cardiac)• Can overtax/permanently damage these parts of the body
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsEffects on the nervous system &
body• Many mimic effects of neurotransmitters• Highly physically addictive• Tolerance built up quickly • Makes withdrawal difficult
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants • Amphetamines–Synthetic stimulant–“Speed”
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants • Cocaine–Derived from leaves of coca plant–Crack: concentrated form
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants • Ecstasy –Methyenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
• Anything in large enough amounts is a hallucinogen (i.e., stimulant)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants • Caffeine –Most popular drug in the world–Found in coffee, tea, chocolate, soda, etc.
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants • Nicotine–Highly addictive–Found in tobacco
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsMajor stimulants• Nicotine, continued –Mimics neurotransmitters:•Acetylcholine•Dopamine•Vasopressin: causes high blood pressure
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow cocaine works: 1/3• Agonist – blocks reuptake of:–Dopamine–Serotonin–Norepinephrine
• More of them bind to neuroreceptor site than usually do
• Excess of neurotransmitters causes euphoric rush
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow cocaine works: 2/3• Stop use of cocaine • Natural neurotransmitters used
up quicker than usually • Body producing at same rate
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow cocaine works: 3/3• Body crashes because lacks
these neurotransmitters• Leads to agitation (lack of
dopamine) depression (lack of serotonin & norepinephrine)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
2) StimulantsHow ecstasy works: • Dopamine & Serotonin Agonist–Vesicle release excess of both –Blocks reuptake of both
• More of them bind to neuroreceptor site than usually do• Causes good feeling (Serotonin),
want to keep taking it (Dopamine)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are • Derived from alkaloids of resin of opium plant• Can be natural, synthetic, partially synthetic
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are • Used as pain relief• Decreases perception & reaction to pain
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are •Agonist•Mimics endorphins (body’s natural pain block)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are/effects • Sometimes (incorrectly) put into the depressant category• Can depress bodily functions (respiratory functions, etc) • Different method than depressants
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates What they are/effects • Depressants slow hindbrain• Opioids depress respiratory function itself • Causes drowsiness
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates Effects on the nervous system &
body• Intense feeling of euphoria• Highly physically addictive• Tolerance builds up very quickly• More and more needed to
prevent withdrawal• No longer produces euphoria,
just maintaining level to function
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
3) Opiods/Opiates Major opiods• Opium (natural)• Morphine (natural)• Codeine (natural)• Diacetylmorphine (heroin) (semi-synthetic)• Methadone (fully synthetic)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
What they are• Distort perceptions• Cause heightened sensory alertness (colors seem brighter, sounds clearer, etc.) • Cause hallucinations
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Addiction• Not physically addicting• Strongly psychologicallyTypes• Natural substances• Synthetic
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Natural• Mesculine: peyote cactus• Psilocybin: certain types of
mushrooms
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Natural• Mesculine: peyote cactus• Psilocybin: certain types of
mushroomsSynthetic
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Natural• Mesculine: peyote cactus• Psilocybin: certain types of
mushroomsSynthetic • Phencyclidine: PCP or angel
dust• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): acid
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs
Effects•How alter perceptions still unclear• Serotonin receptors?• Effects people differently in different situations (why is unclear)
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaBackground• Sometimes put into one of the other categories• Or, considered its its own category
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaBackgroundDepressants• Depresses the neural system• Depresses inhibitions, judgment, etc
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaBackgroundHallucinogenic• Causes (usually mild) hallucinations
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaBackgroundOpioids• Feeling of euphoria• Drowsiness• However, not derived from opium poppy
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaBackgroundStimulant• Can stimulate mood• Intensifies mood of user
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaWhat it is• Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)• Active ingredient of marijuana • Found in leaves, flowering top of
hemp plant Cannabis• Hashish: cooked down, mashed
into a paste
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system &
body• How THC effects brain largely unknown• THC neuroreceptors found in:–Frontal lobe–Limbic system–Motor cortex
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system &
body• Because THC neuroreceptor
found, neurotransmitter in the body apparently• Haven’t found it & don’t know
what it does• Have found similar
neurotransmitters, just not for THC
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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs
5) MarijuanaEffects on the nervous system &
body• Low physically addictive • High psychologically addictive• THC lingers in body for a month
or so• Body does not build up a
tolerance• Small dose needed to produce
desired effect