23

UNIT 3

Word formation

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

to adapt activity

communication to add complete to recognise to conclude

Vocabulary The below adjectives occur in this unit. Match them with their dictionary meanings. explicit easy to break or damage redundant presented in a clear and direct way fragile relating to the sense of touch cognitive happening at the end of a process, or of maximum value of a property haptic connected with recognising and understanding ultimate well known and easily recognised familiar not needed, more than necessary

Introduction

1 In pairs, ask and answer the following questions. Take it in turns. Put a question mark next to the question you cannot answer.

a) What is an interface? A device/a program/an environment that…/a boundary between…? b) What is the basic difference between CLI and GUI? What are the pros and cons of either? c) What do haptic devices focus on? Are you familiar with any of them?

24

d) What kind of wearable smart devices are there on the market? How/where are they usually worn? What is their purpose?

e) Which non-verbal acoustic signals can serve as the best indicators of human emotional state? f) Which input devices are stationary? Which are moveable? g) Which are the three primary human senses that HCI design and technology takes into account? h) What kinds of signals are produced by machines to provide information for the users? i) What do physical/cognitive/affective aspects of HCI involve?

2 Now read the text and find answers to some of the questions discussed above. User activity has three different levels: physical (the mechanics of interaction), cognitive (understanding and interacting with the system) and affective (user’s attitudes and behaviours). Communication channels enabling interaction with the computer are called modalities. A system based on only one modality is unimodal. Input devices that rely on vision are either switch-based (those using switches and buttons such as keyboards) or pointing devices such as mice, joysticks or touch screen panels. Output devices include any kind of visual display or printer. Devices that rely on audition usually require some kind of speech recognition. They are much more difficult to build than output devices. Nowadays, all kinds of non-speech and speech signals and messages are produced by machines such as beeps, alarms, or navigation commands of GPS devices. The most difficult and costly devices to build are haptic devices. They generate sensations to the skin and muscles through touch, weight and relative rigidity. The new advances can be categorized into three sections: wearable devices, wireless devices and virtual devices. Some of these devices have upgraded previous methods of interaction. As an illustration, there is a virtual keyboard that is made by projecting a QWERTY-like pattern on a solid surface using a red light. The device tries to track the user’s finger movements with a motion sensor. The new generation of interfaces uses intelligence both in the making of the interface (Intelligent HCI) and in the way that the interface interacts with users (Adaptive HCI). One such example is a PDA or a tablet PC that has the handwriting recognition ability and can improve its performance by remembering the corrections made by the user to the recognised text. (From: Human-Computer Interaction: Overview of State of the Art by F. Karray et al, University of Waterloo, Canada)

3 Which of the HCI systems and devices can be used in command-and-action scenarios; for recognising human emotions; in helping to cope with muscular dystrophy; by deaf-mute users; in robotics and virtual reality? human-made noise/sign detection (sigh, gasp, cry..), pen-based interaction, mouse, keyboard, speaker and speech recognition, gesture recognition, gaze detection (eye movement tracking), facial expression analysis, body movement tracking 4 Complete the sentences with the following words: visible, perceptible, legible, tangible, audible. What are the opposites of these words? If you can hear the sound from the player, it is _____________. If you can see the pictures, they are _______________. If you can read the text because the typeface is large or the handwriting is neat, it is ___________. If you sense a difference between two signals, this difference is ____________.

A recording that exists in the physical form is ____________.

25

Reading

MULTIMODAL HCI SYSTEMS

1 Before you read the text, try to answer the following questions. a) How do humans communicate (apart from using words)? b) How do multimodal systems attempt to replicate human-to-human communication? c) Which two kinds of data of the following three: facial expression, body movement, acoustic data, when combined, can give the most accurate picture of human emotional state? Would the results based on the combined modalities be different if analysed by machines as opposed to human judges? Compare your answers with the text below. What point does the author make regarding explicit commands?

People convey information in a complementary and redundant manner. Thus, in order to accomplish a human-like multimodal analysis of multiple signals, these signals cannot be considered mutually independently. A multimodal HCI, which includes combinations of speech, gesture, gaze, facial expressions and other input, can increase the accuracy of recognition. For example, lip movement tracking (visual-based) can help speech recognition (audio-based) and speech recognition (audio-based) can assist in gesture recognition (visual-based). Multimodal interfaces can offer a number of advantages over traditional ones such as a more natural and user-friendly experience or the ability to provide redundancy to accommodate different people and circumstances. For instance, in a noisy setting, one may provide input through handwriting rather than speech. A natural human-computer interaction cannot be based solely on explicit commands. With the increasing ubiquity of computers, HCI will have to detect various behavioural signals to infer one’s emotional state. People are able to make predictions about one’s emotional state based on their observations of one’s face, body and voice. Studies show that if one had access to only one modality, facial analysis would produce the best predictions. However, this accuracy can be improved by 35% when human judges are given access to face and body modalities together. Machine classification of emotion was most accurate when the facial and vocal data was combined. Results show that the emotion recognition system based on acoustic information only gives an overall performance of 70.9 percent. By contrast, for the bimodal system based on fusing facial recognition and acoustic information, the overall performance was 89.1 percent.

A new direction of research into HCI is to replace common methods of interaction with intelligent, adaptive, multimodal and natural ones. Ambient intelligence or ubiquitous computing is trying to embed the technology in the environment to make it more natural and less visible. 2 a) Combine the expressions from each column to make meaningful collocations. human- expression sensors eye- friendly analysis facial based interaction pen- tracking systems user- computer environment b) Now complete the sentences below with the above triplets.

_____________________________ involving pointer movement based on the direction of gaze or blinking for clicking often help those affected by muscular dystrophy. _____________________________ is most suitable for the visual recognition of emotions. _____________________________ should be pleasurable to encourage further use of technology. _____________________________ are of special interest in the development of mobile and touchscreen devices. A hybrid FPGA-CPU platform creates a ________________________for programmers and designers.

26

3 Fill in the missing prepositions. a) Different research branches focus _____ the concept of multimodality. b) The cognitive aspect of user activity deals ______ human understanding and usage of the system. c) Physical technologies in HCI are designed ____ basic human senses. d) Keyboards and pointing devices mostly rely _____ vision. e) PDA’s adaptive interface enables it to adapt _____ the user’s handwriting. f) The ultimate goal of researchers and designers is to make computer technology invisible ___ the user.

Reading

THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY

1 Read the following texts in groups of five. Then exchange the information by answering the following questions:

a) What kinds of surgical implants are mentioned in the texts? b) According to one of the texts, what is yet another application of 3D printing in surgery? c) Why is Terminator 2 mentioned in one of the texts? d) How is 3D printing technology used on ISS? What potential does it hold for the future? e) What, according to Cody Wilson, is the main reason behind the thriving shadow economy? Give

the explanation in your own words.

NEW 3D PRINTER GROWS ITS OBJECTS (17 March 2015)

A 3D printing process that harnesses light and oxygen has been demonstrated at the TED conference in Vancouver. Its makers say the method is much quicker than current 3D printing methods. The technique was inspired by the film Terminator 2, in which a robot rises from a pool of metallic liquid.

CODY WILSON: 'THE REAL UTOPIA IS RIGHT NOW’ (12 March 2015)

Self- described crypto-anarchist Cody Wilson, who made the first 3D printed gun, has told BBC reporters the shadow economy has become the largest in the world as a consequence of "byzantine"* state regulations. Mr Wilson said that rather looking to the future, the real cyber utopia was in the present. He said the Internet was a powerful tool for both states and individuals. --------- * complicated and difficult to understand

3D-printed implants 'cutting the cost of surgery in Wales' (8 January 2015)

Welsh design experts are working closely with surgeons at the University Hospital of Wales to produce surgical 3D implants. Hip implants or models for reconstructive facial surgery are produced from resin using high intensity lasers.

3D printed heart helps to save girl's life (27 January 2015)

A two-year-old girl who was born with a serious heart defect has had a life-saving operation thanks to a 3D printer. Mina had a hole between two chambers of her heart, but doctors were able to use the printer to create a model to help surgeons plan the successful operation.

27

Recycling center on ISS will enable reuse of discarded plastics (19 May 19 2015)

When it comes to experimentation on the International Space Station, transporting even small items is costly. However, NASA and its partner Made In Space are now planning to install a 3D printing station there. Last year, a small desktop 3D printer was sent up. It was used to print 20 objects preloaded on an SD card; a 21st object was printed based on a file transmitted from Made In Space. The object, a wrench head made from ABS thermoplastic, took about two hours to print. The space station is filled with trash that may be recyclable into polymer for printing new tools. NASA is now working with its partner to create a polymer recycling center on the ISS for that purpose. 3D printing may become a pathway for populating other planets, printing supplies from locally harvested materials or recycling material that is no longer needed. It will also enable more fragile objects to be created in space than could ever be rocketed up because they will not need to withstand the two Gs of pressure during flight.

Discussion

THE PROS AND CONS OF 3D PRINTING

1 Discuss the following questions in pairs or groups of three. a) Why is 3D printing also referred to as additive manufacturing? b) What are the drawbacks and risks of 3D printing with regard to

materials/technologies/consumers/non-proprietary nature of the equipment? c) How do you think these risks can be prevented or at least mitigated? d) What are the potential benefits and areas of application compared to traditional manufacturing

(recycling in case of flaws or failure, no need for makeshift solutions, restored link between designer and manufacturer…)?

e) Is it possible (desirable) to control the distribution and sales of 3D printers by authorities, given the existence of open-source 3D printing or the machines’ ability to self-replicate?

f) Do you think that 3D printing will mark the end of planned obsolescence? g) Why are traditional manufacturing technologies and methods referred to as subtractive? 2 Now read the following extracts and compare your views. Additive manufacturing technologies involve the process of sequential-layer material addition/joining under automated control. The output part of the printer moves along the X, Y and Z axis to build an object in 3 dimensions, layer by layer, sometimes only microns thick at a time. This method eliminates the waste of material, as any leftover powdered substrate can be immediately used on another project, alleviating the need for cutting, sanding or drilling, as is common with traditional, subtractive manufacturing methods. Perhaps the most stimulating possibility of this technology is unlimited customisation. If you do not like a feature of the object you are creating, tweak the CAD drawing and print another one.

Yet, there are still a number of issues to be addressed. A major one is the sensitivity of current machines, which require careful optimisation to produce the desired properties. Another technical issue holding back the wider deployment of additive techniques is the limitations of the existing software as there are manufacturing technologies that can produce much more complex objects than can actually be designed.

And there are other problems as well. The world’s leading source of illegal downloads is coming up with downloadable physical models and hopes to keep 3D files available to the masses. On the other hand, as one of the experts has said, one will still need ingredients. ”What if the part is made of exotic material you do not have in stock? A plastic or metal part might work or not.”

28

3 Complete the sentences with the words from the above texts. 3D printing allows you to cu________________ (change it to make fit for you or add unique features) CAD drawings to suit your needs. The layers of the material are added s_______________ly (gradually, one after another). Sometimes it may happen that the base material is rare and is not in s___________ (available). Intelligent HCI systems will have to in_________ (make conclusions about) a person’s emotional state from various behaviour signals. The most a____________ (precise) classification of emotions resulted from f__________ (combining) 2 information channels.

Vocabulary

1 Fill in the missing verbs in the appropriate form based on the context. First, try to do this without referring to the box below.

A CLI is an interface where you have to _____________ in commands in a certain language. By contrast, GUI allows you to start an application merely by _____________ at an icon representing the application and single- or double-_____________ the mouse button. Chording extends the functionality of input devices by combining mouse clicks with the _____________ of a keyboard key. To move an icon from one screen to another, _____________ an icon you wish to move to another home screen and then _____________ (place) it where you want to on that screen. When you hold down a keyboard key, the letter or symbol will be repeated until you _____________ it. _____________ is the act of composing and sending electronic messages, typically consisting of alphanumeric characters, between two or more users of mobile phones or other portable devices. If you want to unlock your smartphone, you have to ____________ the screen. Sometimes I have to t______ each icon on my smartphone two or three times to make it work. 2 Give opposites to the underlined words. a portable computer - a d___________ computer to press a key - to r___________ a key a multimodal interface – a u___________ interface moveable devices – s__________ devices

Language points

TIME EXPRESSIONS

1 Which tenses can be used after the following expressions: when/as soon as, after, before, while, until, once, as long as. Which tenses cannot be used? Which of them means the same as: “if not“ or ”except if“; “during“ ; “only if“; “immediately after“? 2 Now complete the following sentences with the above words. Note that in some sentences more options are possible, in which case there may be a slight shift in meaning.

_______ the text is being written, it appears on the screen. _______ the text has been finished, it should be saved. _______ the printing is done, the user should decide on the layout. _______ the layout has been chosen and the spelling checked, the text can be printed out. You may write onto a disk _______ you are warned that it is full up. You may play computer games _______ you turn the

drag text swipe press drop click type tap point release

29

sound off. There are basically two speech-recognition systems; one carries out the editing _______ the text is being dictated into the machine whereas the other edits the text _______ it has been dictated.

Reading

OLED VS LED LCD – WHICH DISPLAY TECH IS BETTER? (By A. Williams, March 2016, abridged)

1 Read the following text and find at least 7 different examples of informal style. What are the neutral counterparts of these expressions and forms? There‘s an old battle going on between the two display types. Both can be found across monitors, TVs, mobile phones, cameras and pretty much everything else. LCD is the more common type of display in use. If you see a TV described as ‘LED’ it‘s actually an LCD display with a backlight made of LEDs to illuminate their pixels. OLED is completely different as OLED’s pixels produce their own light. What this means is that the brightness of an OLED display can be controlled pixel-by-pixel. This sort of control is impossible with an LED LCD. Some people say OLED is the future, but is it really that much better than a good LED LCD display? We’re going to look into how these display techs differ and what they are good for. In cheaper TVs and LCD-screen phones LED LCD screens use LED backlights that actually sit to the side of the display, not right behind it. So with LED LCD screens, control over the level of brightness across the display is limited. Take an LCD display into a darkened room and you’ll notice that parts of an image aren’t perfectly black, because you can still see the backlight showing through. A contrast ratio tells you how much brighter a display’s whites are compared to its blacks, and a decent LCD screen might have a contrast ratio of 1,000:1. The whites are a thousand times brighter than the blacks.

In an OLED display, as a pure black screen should not emit any light at all. There are LED LCD displays that are good at replicating the contrast of OLED, though, called direct LED displays. Here, the LEDs sit right behind the LCD panel, giving a screen greater control over how bright certain areas of a screen are.

Direct LED-lit TVs still don’t have pixel-level control over light levels like OLED. Instead, a display has ‘zones’ or groups of LEDs than can be dimmed. It can be extremely useful for blacking-out the bars you see when watching a 21:9 cinema aspect movie on a 16:9 TV, but generally isn’t as good at dealing with more complicated tasks.

2 Find the original expressions in the above text that match the neutral ones given below. competition – is visible, is easy to see – almost completely – however - so (like e.g. in “so long“, “so good“ etc.) - of a good enough standard or quality - are located - 3 Read the following text and complete the sentences below it. Perhaps the most exciting development in the display industry has been the discovery of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) in the late 1980s. In particular, polyphenylene vinylene was found to emit yellow-green light when sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. The researchers quickly realised the commercial potential of this discovery, especially for the manufacture of displays which emit their own light. These would offer significant advantages over liquid crystal display, in which a separate light source has to be filtered in several stages to produce image.

30

PLEDs have a number of advantages over liquid crystal devices:

PLED is an emissive technology: it emits light as a function of its electrical operation. A PLED display does not require additional elements such as backlights, filtes o polarisers. PLED technology is very efficient and is suitable for the creation of ultra-thin lighting displays

that will operate at lower voltages. The resulting benefits include brighter, clearer displays with viewing angles approaching 180 degrees and simpler construction resulting in cheaper, more robust display modules and fast response times. The biggest technical problem left to overcome has been the limited lifetime of organic materials. Also, the intrusion of water into displays can damage or destroy the organic materials. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing and may limit the longevity of more flexible displays. 4 Complete the sentences based on the above texts.

PLED uses emissive technology, which means that no..............................................................................

In LCD monitors, the contrast ratio is lower because.................................................................................

Although Direct LED-lit TVs offer better control over lighting, certain areas of the screen.....................

When watching a 21:9 cinema aspect movie on a 16:9 Direct LED-lit TV, you can.................................

The most serious drawbacks of OLEDs/PLEDs are shorter......................... compared to LCD displays and sensitivity to water; the latter can be eliminated by............................................................................ 5 Answer the following questions. Which of the two technologies: is more energy efficient, is less costly, requires extra lighting, allows a better viewing angle, generates light when voltage is applied, allows thinner displays, has a shorter lifespan? 6 a) Give the terms for the following definitions. The first letters of the target words have been provided.

a) r__________ r___________ – the number of times the image on the display is redrawn each second b) a__________ r___________ – proportional relationship between the width and height of the screen c) s ___________ s_________ – the physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed, usually described by the length of its diagonal d) r_________________ - the number of distinct pixels in each screen dimension that can be displayed b) Now complete the following sentences using the above expressions. Monitors with a 27-inch ________________ may have a __________________ of 3840 x 2160. In 2008, the computer industry started to move from 4:3 __________________ to 16:9. Screen flicker caused by the plugging in of any other device is often due to an improperly calibrated _______________________.

Language points

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES

1 Fill in the missing articles (A/AN or THE) where necessary. If no article is required, mark this with a dash (-). ___ shape-shifting display is __ large surface that sits on ___ top of __ series of pins, actuators and linkages. By moving each actuator, ___ pin it is attached to can be moved up or down. A projector

31

mounted above __ surface provides context to the shapeshifting pins, giving them ___colour and highlighting depth. The table can move ___ ball, mirror ___ book or display ___3D charts. Key areas of interest include 3D visualisations of CT scans and ___other medical uses as well producing terrain models, which could be used by ____urban planners and architects. ___ technology could also allow people in one place to interact with 3D versions of people or objects in ___different location. ___ person in one location moves or puts __ object in front of ___ depth-sensing camera. ____ camera sends signals to ___ motorised pin screen somewhere else and that is where ___ 3D image pops up.

2 Complete the missing information and find examples in the above text about shapeshifting displays to illustrate the following rules. Make any necessary corrections to the articles you have filled in.

I. THE ________________ ARTICLE can often be replaced with “one” or “any” and is used

a) with a singular count noun, when you are talking about just one of something that has not been mentioned before, for example: ______________________________

b) when modifiers or qualifiers are added to give more information about the person or thing you are referring to, for example: _____________________

c) with many expressions of quantity, such as ____ number of, ____ group of, _____ set of, ____ couple of, ____ range/____ array of or ________________

d) after a link verb, for example: A joystick is _____ upright lever, or __________ .

II. THE __________________ ARTICLE can often be replaced with “this”, “that”, “these”, ‘those” and is used

a) when we know which one because it has been mentioned before, for example: _________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _

b) in set phrases with noun + of + noun, for example: ______________________________________

c) when a noun is defined by a phrase or clause that follows, for example: ______________________

d) when it is unique or unique in that context, for example __________________________________

III. NO ARTICLE is used when we make generalisations using

a) plural nouns, for example: __________________________________________________________

b) or uncountable nouns, for example: ___________________________________________________

Discussion

UBICOMP – THE THIRD WAVE OF COMPUTING

1 Discuss the following questions in pairs or groups. a) Have you heard of ubiquitous computing? If so, what is the main idea behind the term? b) So far, there have been two waves of computing: the first wave - one (mainframe) computer, many users, and the second wave – one (personal) computer, one user. What do you think will the third wave of computing involve? Has it started yet? If so, what are the proofs? c) What changes has this paradigm shift brought to our lives? What are potential technical, social, legal, security, health concerns? d) How does ubiquitous computing differ from cloud computing? 2 Now compare your ideas with the following text.

Ubiquitous computing (the term coined by Mark Weiser in 1988) relies on the convergence of wireless technologies, advanced electronics and the Internet. The concept refers to a setting where

32

people interact with embedded computers and where networked devices are aware of their surroundings and peers and are able to provide services or use services from peers.

Privacy advocates are concerned about the "big brother" aspects of pervasive computing, but most researchers feel it will improve efficiency. An example of a practical application of this technology is the replacement of old electric meters with smart meters. In the past, electric meters had to be manually read by a company representative. Smart meters will report usage in real-time over the Internet. They will also notify the power company when there is an outage, reset thermostats, send messages to display units in the home and regulate the water heater.

3 What do you think will the smart devices of the future be like: flexible/rigid, flat/curved, angular/rounded; versatile (multipurpose) or single-purpose? Will their size decrease or increase? While the three forms of ubiquitous devices proposed by M. Weiser (tabs, pads and boards) were macro-sized, had a planar form and incorporated visual output displays, without these three features, we may now obtain a much more diverse range of smart devices: Dust - miniaturized devices that can be without visual output displays, such as Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) ranging from nanometres through micrometres to millimetres. Skin - fabrics based upon light emitting and conductive polymers, organic computer devices that can be formed into more flexible non-planar display surfaces and products such as clothes and curtains Clay - ensembles of MEMS that can be formed into arbitrary three-dimensional shapes. 4 Match the following half-sentences with the half-sentences below. 1 When you press Alt+Tab (Cmd+Tab on Apple computers), 2 When you select an option with a mouse or press a special function key, 3 When you press the Windows key logo + D, 4 Triple-clicking on a paragraph 5 You can right-click your desktop 6 The pinch-zoom gesture is triggered on your smarphone or tablet 7 You can also zoom in and zoom out pictures 8 If you remove the bezel from your monitor,

a) a pop-up window opens suddenly. b) automatically selects the entire paragraph. c) this will display the desktop screen or restore hidden programs when pressed a second time. d) you may void your warranty. e) you can switch between programs running in the background. f) to change the background or arrangement of files and applications. g) when the second finger is pressed on the screen. h) by double-tapping your smartphone screen.

5 Divide into groups of three. Read about some of the top 10 emerging technologies for 2016, then decide which of the inventions and innovations you consider the most ground-breaking and why. Nanosensors and the Internet of Nanothings: With the Internet of Things expected to comprise 30 billion connected devices by 2020, one of the most exciting areas of focus today is now on nanosensors capable of circulating in the human body or being embedded in construction materials.

33

FACE UBIQUITOUS ACCURATE SPEAK ADD ANALYSE VISUAL RECOGNISE

Once connected, this Internet of Nanothings could have a huge impact on the future of medicine, architecture, agriculture and drug manufacture. 2D Materials: Graphene may be the best-known, single-atom layer material, but it is by no means the only one. Plummeting production costs mean that such 2D materials are emerging in a wide range of applications, from air and water filters to new generations of wearables and batteries. Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars may not yet be fully legal in most geographies, but their potential for saving lives, cutting pollution, boosting economies, and improving quality of life for the elderly and other segments of society has led to rapid deployment of key technology forerunners along the way to full autonomy. Organs-on-chips: Miniature models of human organs – the size of a memory stick – could revolutionize medical research and drug discovery by allowing researchers to see biological mechanism behaviours in ways never before possible. Open AI Ecosystem: Shared advances in natural language processing and social awareness algorithms, coupled with an unprecedented availability of data, will soon allow smart digital assistants help with a vast range of tasks, from keeping track of one’s finances and health to advising on wardrobe choice.

6 Which of the above paragraphs quote: lower investments, less damage to the environment, simulation of biological processes, the widest range of applications? 7 Look at the following examples of smart technology: which would you approve of the most: Implantable/ingestible/intimate-contact (stick-on tattoo) chips, biological enhancements (such as improved vision/hearing/memory – which would you go for? What is the difference between virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR)? Can you give examples of AR and VR devices?

Revision

1 Fill in the missing articles where necessary. If no article is required, mark this with a dash (–). A data glove is 1____ input device for 2____ human-computer interaction, often in 3____virtual reality environments. 4____various sensor technologies are used to capture physical data. 5____ motion tracking device is usually attached to capture 6____ global position/rotation data of 7____ glove. These movements are then interpreted by 8 ____ software that accompanies 9____ glove. Expensive high-end wired gloves can also provide 10____ haptic feedback, which is 11____ simulation of 12____ sense of touch.

2 Complete the sentences below with the following words: screen size, capacity, frequency, resolution.

The _____________ of the CPU, also called the clock speed, is usually measured in GHz. The _____________ of a storage device is usually measured in GB and TB. ___________ is measured in pixels. ___________ is measured in inches diagonally.

3 Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the words in capitals.

a) The _____________ of computing blurs the line between different channels and modes of interaction.

34

b) _____________ and hearing are two of the five senses that closely work together. c) A ____________ __________ system is a computer application capable of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image. d) The Text to _____________ service understands text and natural language to generate synthesized audio output with appropriate cadence and intonation. e) ________________ manufacturing refers to a process by which digital 3D design data is used to build up a component in layers by depositing material. f) Although proponents of voice stress ___________ claim high levels of ________ in detecting lies and deceptions, empirical research on the validity of the technique has been far from encouraging. 4 Fill in the missing words. To p_______________ (cast an image on a screen) a QWERTY-like pattern on a solid surface To t________________ (follow) the finger’s movements To a________________ (perform, complete) a human-like analysis To i_______________ (make conclusions about) one’s emotional state from different behaviour signals To co_______________ (communicate or express) information

5 Give synonyms to the underlined words. pervasive computing – u____________ computing expensive solutions – c_______y solutions longevity of a device - l____________ of a device tailored models – c_________ed models copy a function – to re___________ a function to annul a warranty – to v______ a warranty

6 Complete the prefixed and suffixed words in the sentences based on the context and provided synonyms or descriptions. Some delicate tools and spare parts will have to be 3D-printed directly on space stations, because they would not with_________ (endure) the enormous pressure during the flight. While a number of objects were printed based on the files that had been pre________ (recorded beforehand) on an SD card prior to the flight, one object was printed based on a file trans__________ (moved) to the space station remotely from Earth. Before PLEDs go into the mainstream, designers and manufacturers will have to over__________ (deal with successfully) a few technical problems. The good point about 3D printing is that any _______over (redundant) material can be immediately re_________ (utilised again) to produce a completely new object. Technological con_________ is the tendency of different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.