units of measurement (1)

8/12/2019 Units of Measurement (1)

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CHAPTER 1

MEASUREMENTSUNITS OF ME SUREMENT


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MEASUREMENTYou are making a measurement when youCheck you weightRead your watchTake your temperatureWeigh a cantaloupe

What kinds of measurements did you maketoday?


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STANDARDS OFMEASUREMENT

When we measure, we use a measuring tool to compare some dimension of an object toa standard.


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SOME TOOLS FORMEASUREMENT


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LEARNING CHECKFrom the previous slide, state the tool (s) youwould use to measureA. temperature ____________________B. volume ____________________

____________________C.time ____________________D.weight ____________________


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SOLUTIONFrom the previous slide, state the tool (s) you would use to measureA. temperature thermometerB.volume measuring cup,

graduated cylinderC.time watchD. weight scale


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MEASUREMENT IN C IIn C I we

Control processmeasure quantitiesuse numbers to report measurements


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LEARNING CHECKWhat are some U.S. units that are used tomeasure each of the following?

A. lengthB. volumeC. weightD. temperature


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SOLUTION

Some possible answers areA. length inch, foot, yard, mileB. volume cup, teaspoon, gallon, pint, quartC. weight ounce, pound (lb), tonD. temperature F


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METRIC SYSTEM (SI)Is a decimal system based on 10Used in most of the worldUsed by scientists and hospitals


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UNITS IN THE METRIC SYSTEM length meter m volume liter L mass gram g temperatureCelsius C


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STATING A MEASUREMENTIn every measurement there is a

Number

followed by aUnit from measuring device


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LEARNING CHECKWhat is the unit of measurement in each of thefollowing examples?

A.The patients temperature is 102F.B. The sack holds 5 lbs of potatoes.C. It is 8 miles from your house to school.D.The bottle holds 2 L of orange soda.


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SOLUTIONA. F (degrees Fahrenheit)B. lbs (pounds)C. milesD. L (liters)


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LEARNING CHECK

Identify the measurement in metric units.A. Johns height is1) 1.5 yards 2) 6 feet 3) 2 metersB. The volume of saline in the IV bottle is1) 1 liters 2) 1 quart 3) 2 pintsC. The mass of a lemon is1) 12 ounces 2) 145 grams 3) 0.6 pounds


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SOLUTION

A. Johns height is3) 2 meters

B. The volume of saline in the IV bottle is1) 1 liter

C. The mass of a lemon is2) 145 grams


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2.1 DISTANCE AND LENGTH

Key Question:How do we accurately communicate length and

distance?


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metercentimetermillimeterkilometerinchfoot milesurface areavolumeweight

metric system

conversion factor

time

interval

precision

accuracy

kilogram gram

mass

English system

atom

inertia

molecule

mixture

element

base

power of ten exponent

scientific notation

distance

length


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2.1 DISTANCE AND LENGTH

measurement -

a quantity and a unit

distance - is a length

the amount of space

between two points


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2.1 TWO SYSTEMS OF UNITS

Science problem solving requires both:

Metric system

English system


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2.1 UNITS OF LENGTH

The common units of measurement in the English

systemare inches, feet, yards, and miles.These four length units are related to the meter.


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conversion factor - is the number by which you multiply or

divide a quantity in one unit to expressthe quantity in a different unit.

2.1 CONVERT UNITS


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2.1 CONVERT LENGTH

A football field is 100 yards long.

What is this distance expressed in meters?


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2.1 SURFACE AREA VS. VOLUME

surface area -

is the measurement of

the extent of anobjects surface or

area without including

its thickness.

volume -

is a measure of the

space occupied by a

object.


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2.1 CALCULATE SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

A basketball has a radius of 12.5 centimeters. Calculate thesurface area and volume of the ball.

1. You are asked to find surface area and volume.2. A ball is shaped like a sphere and you are given theradius.

3. Surface area: A = 4r2; volume: V = 4/3)r34. Solve...


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2.2 TIME

Key Question:How do we measure and describe time?

*Students read Section 2.2 AFTER Investigation 2.2


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2.2 TIME

Two ways to think about time:What time is it?

3 P.M. Eastern Time on April 21, 2004,

How much time has passed?

3 hr: 44 min: 25 sec.

A quantity of time is often called a time interval.


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2.2 CONVERTING MIXED UNITS

1. You are asked for time in seconds.2. You are given a time interval in mixed

units.1 hour = 3,600 sec 1 minute = 60sec3. Do the conversion:

1 hour = 3,600 sec

26 minutes = 26 60 = 1,560 sec

4. Add all the seconds:t = 3,600 + 1,560 + 31.25 = 5,191.25 sec


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2.2 TIME UNITS


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2.2 ACCURACY AND PRECISION

accuracy is the quality of being exact and free from error.

how close a measurement is to the true value.

precision is the degree of mutual agreement among a series of

individual measurements, values, or results.


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2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

Key Question:How is mass described?

*Students read Section 2.2 AFTER Investigation 2.3


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Mass is the amount of stuff an object contains.

Two effects mass has on matter: weight

is the force of the Earths gravity pulling down.

Gravity acts on an objects mass. inertia

is the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion.

Inertia comes from mass.


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2.3 MEASURING MASS

kilogram - is the mass of 1 liter of water

or 1,000 cubic centimeters

of water.


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Length Distance ConversionsSometimes information is available in units different than

the desired units. We can use conversion tables to convert

the information into another measurement unit.For example, this table shows inches converted into feet.

There are conversion tables for any type conversion you may

need to make.

The two main measurement systems you will encounter are


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The two main measurement systems you will encounter are

the U.S. Unit of Measurement Standard and the Metric

System of Measurement.

The two tables below show some of the commonconversions among each system.

It is often necessary to convert from Standard to Metric or from Metric to


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It is often necessary to convert from Standard to Metric or from Metric to

Standard. Conversions between systems of measure require conversion

factors.

For example:

If you would like to convert 3 miles (a Standard unit of distance) tokilometers (a Metric unit of distance) you would multiply the miles by

the conversion factor of 1.6093.

3 miles x 1.6093 = 4.8279 kilometers

To convert 3 kilometers to miles you would divide the kilometers by theconversion factor 1.6093

3 kilometers / 1.6093 = 1.8642 miles


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Volume and Density Conversions


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Volume and Density Conversions

Volume and density are related measurements, but measure very different

properties.

Volume:the measure of the amount of space an object occupies.

Density:the measure of the quanity of matter an object possesses.There are both dry and liquid measures:

M

Litre

Major Measurement Systems


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Major Measurement Systems

Two of the major unit measurement systems are:

Metric system

U.S. units of measurement

For the purposes of this lesson, the focus will be on converting Metricunits and U.S. Units of Measurement, referred to as "Standard."


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If 1 ton (T) is equal to 0.907 megagrams (Mg) or

"metric ton" (t) and you have a load of 3.4 tons of

coal. How many "metric tons" of coal do you have?1T = 0.907t

3.4 x 0.907 = "x"

"x" = 3.0838t

So, which is heavier?

3.4T or 3.1t

They actually weigh the same, but are measured

differently.


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For example: Steam coming into a turbine is

approximately 600 Fahrenheit (F). Steam generator

logs require you to convert from Fahrenheit to

Celsius (C).

C = (F - 32) x 5/9

therefore,C = (600F - 32) x 5/9

C = 568F x 5/9

C = 315.556

Therefore, 600F = 315.556C

Another example: You have 3 liters (L) of stearic acid


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Another example: You have 3 liters (L) of stearic acid.

How many fluid ounces of stearic acid do you have?

1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliter (mL)

1 fl oz = 29.57 mL3 L = 3000 mL

3000 mL 29.57 mL = "x"

Therefore, "x" = 101.45 fl ozEvery day, you account the hours you worked on a

time card. While unloading a shipment, you worked

210 minutes. How many hours did you work,unloading the shipment?

1 hour (hr) = 60 minutes (min)

210 min 60 = "x"

"x" = 3.5 hrs


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2.3 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Scientific notation works by expressing very small orvery large numbers as the product of two numbersthat are individually much easier to deal with.

The first number is called the base.

The second number is a power of ten.

The base is usually written with only one digit in front of the decimal point.

ex. 2,500 would be written 2.5 103 The small numeral 3 in 103is called the exponent.


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atom - the smallest particle of an

element that can exist alone or incombination with other atoms.

elementcomposed of all of the same kind

of atom.


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molecule - is a neutral group of atoms that are chemically bonded together; it

is the smallest particle of a compound that can exist by itself and

retain the properties of the compound.mixture - is a substance that contains a combination of different

compounds and/or elements and be separated by physical

means.


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The three most common forms of matter are calledsolid, liquid, and gas.

At temperatures greater than 11,000 C the atoms ina gas start to break apart and form plasma.


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Solids - Atoms in a solid stay together because the energy peratom is too low to break the bonds between atoms.

Liquids- Liquids flow because atoms have enough energy tomove around by temporarily breaking and reforming bondswith neighboring atoms.

Gases- Gas atoms have enough energy to completely breakbonds with each other.

Plasma- In plasma, matter becomes ionized as electrons arebroken loose from atoms.


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Length:

1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) = 0.6214 miles (mi) =3281 feet (ft)

1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1.0936 yards (yd) = 3.281feet = 39.37 inches (in)

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters (mm) = 0.3937 inches 1 micron(m)= 10-6 meters = 10-4 centimeters = 3.937 x 10-5 inches


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Area:

1 square kilometer (1 km2) = 106sq. meters (m2)= 0.3861 sq. miles (mi2) = 247.1 acres

1 m2= 104sq. centimeters (cm2) = 1.196 sq.yards = 10.764 sq. feet = 1550.0 sq. inches


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Volume:

1 cubic kilometer = 109cubic meters (m3) = 0.2399 cubic miles

1 cubic meter = 106cubic centimeters = 1.308 cubic yards = 35.31 cubic feet =61024 cubic inches

1 litre (1) = 1000 cm3= 10-3cubic meters = 0.264 US gallons (US gal) = 61.024 in3


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Mass:

1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kilograms =2204.6 avoirdupois pounds (means pound ofmass not force)

1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) = 2.2046avoirdupois pounds


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Time:1 day = 86400 seconds (s)

1 year (yr) =3.156 x 107seconds


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Velocity/Speed:

1 m/s= 3.281 feet/second = 3.6 kilometers/hour = 2.237 miles/hour

1 kilometer/hour = 0.62 miles/hour (mi/hr)

1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour = 1.151miles/hour = 0.51 m/s = 1.85 km/hr

Force:


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1 newton (N) = 1 kilogram meter/(sq. second)=0.2248 pounds force

Pressure:1 atmosphere = 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa) =101.32 kilopascals (kPa) = 14.7 pounds/ sq. inch(lb/in2) = 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) =29.92 inches of mercury

10 millibars (hPa) = 1 kilopascal (kPa)

1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 newton /meter2= 0.01 millibars(mb) = 0.01 hectopascals (hPa)

1 millibar (mb) = 1 hectopascal (hPa)


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Temperature:

Temperature ino

C = 5/9(temperaturein oF - 32)

Temperature in oF = 9/5(temperature inoC) + 32

Temperature in K = temperature in oC+ 273.15


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Energy:

1 joule (J) = 1 newton meter (N m) = 1 kg m2s-2= 0.239 calories = 1 wattsec (W s)

1 calorie (cal)= 4.186 joules (J)

1 langley = 1 calorie /square centimeter

1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 x 106J

Power:


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1 watt (W) = 1 joule / second (J / s) =14.3353 calories /minute (cal/min)

1 calorie/second = 4.186 joules /second(J/s) = 4.186 watts (W)

1 calorie/minute = 0.06973 watts (W)

1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts (W)

units of measurement (1)

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