université de st etienne insa de lyon université de lyon 1 · pdf...
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Philippe Cassagnau
L’extrusion réactive au service du recyclageL extrusion réactive au service du recyclage
Université de St Etienne
INSA de Lyon
Université de Lyon 1
Oyonnax/PEP, juillet 2012
• Reactive Extrusion: To perform chemical reactionsduring continuous extrusion of polymers and/orpolymerizable monomerspolymerizable monomers
• Other terms:– Reactive Compounding: also includes batch mixingp g g– Reactive Processing: also includes RIM (reaction
injection molding)injection molding)
• Extruder: co-rotating twin screw extruder
Advantages / Drawbacks gReactive Extrusion
ADVANTAGES
• Continuous process - Productivity• No solvents necessary Low cost• No solvents necessary – Low cost• Good mixing and transport of high viscosity media• Few viscosity or torque limitations• Chemical modification and compounding in a single step• Possibility to add liquids, solids, gas• Removal of side products by degassinge ova o s de p oducts by degass g• Adjustment of residence and reaction time by modular screw
profileprofile
DRAWBACKS
• Limited number of chemical reactions accessible– Fast kinetics – very limited residence time (<60s)– High conversion and selectivity necessaryg y y– No exothermal reactions (poor heat transfer) specially at
large diameters extruderslarge diameters extruders
E d i i “bl k b ”• Extruder is an expensive “black box”– Few sampling possibilities
Academic point of view!!
– Online analytics limited– Free volume of a 58 mm diameter is 4.5 l !Free volume of a 58 mm diameter is 4.5 l !– Scaling up sometimes an issue !
Reaction type Descriptionyp p
Bulk polymerization Synthesis of high molecular weight (linear, branched, crosslinked) polymer from its monomercrosslinked) polymer from its monomer
Grafting reaction Formation of grafted polymers by reaction between the polymer and functional monomerspolymer and functional monomers
Functionalization Functionalization or modification of functional groups
Controlled Controlled molecular weight degradation of high molecularg g gdegradation polymer (Ex: PP)
Reactive blending Fabrication of compatibilized polymer blends (reaction at the interface)Fabrication of polymer blends by in situ polymerization of one of the two phases (Ex: TPV)Nano-structuration of polymer blends by grafting and polymerization
BULK POLYMERIZATION BY REACTIVE EXTRUSION
P l dditi P l th
TiRO
ROOR OR
RORO
TiOR
RORO O
O
CTi
Living Polymerization: -Caprolactone Polymerization
Polyaddition: Polyurethanes
CO
O
RO RO
O
OC
RO
O O O
Anionic polymerisation: lactam polymerization
Radical: MMA polymerization
N CH O
N CO
R + R N
Hn
N C
On
Base
AktivatorAktivator
OO
O
OO
O
CH3
NH2
+
Polycondensation: Polyetherimides (PEI)
OO CH3 NH2
OO
-2 H 2OCondensation of Bisphenol A-dianhydride with diamines to Polyetherimides:
ON
O
ON
O CH3
CH3
n
Grafting reactionsIntroduction of functional groups onto non polar
polymers (polyolefin)
BaseP l
FreeRadical
polymers (polyolefin)
Polymer Initiator Vent
Melt Mix React Devol Extrude GraftedPolymer
GraftMonomer
Mélange de Polymères
Vue schématique et globale des mécanismes de mélange à l'état fonduVue schématique et globale des mécanismes de mélange à l état fondu
Différentes étapes 1. Eléments de fluide de taille macroscopiques (mm)2 Eti d élé t f d f d2. Etirage de ces éléments sous forme de nappes fondues3. Rupture de ces nappes sous forme de fibres4. Rupture de ces fibres sous forme de gouttes
Rupture causée par des instabilités de Rayleigh
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Un cas d’école: Mélange PP/EVA (80/20)
Développement de la morphologie
Un cas d école: Mélange PP/EVA (80/20)
Fusion des
Réticulation de l’EVApolymères
Mélange non réactif
Equilibre dynamique: Coalescence Rupture
Réticulation
Voir TPV
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PrincipeLe copolymère n'est pas ajouté il est formé grâce à une réaction chimique
Compatibilisation réactive/mélanges réactifs
Le copolymère n est pas ajouté, il est formé grâce à une réaction chimiquependant l'étape de mélange (mélange réactif)
C l è ABPolymère A Polymère B Copolymère AB
+
Suivant que la fonction réactive est portée sur la chaîne ou en bout de chaîne et suivant lenombre de fonctions par chaîne on produit différents types de copolymères (à blocs
Avantage
nombre de fonctions par chaîne on produit différents types de copolymères (à blocs,segmentés, greffés, en peigne).
Avantage• La réaction chimique ne peut avoir lieu qu'à l'interface donc le copolymère va s'y trouver (aumoins initialement)
P d é ité d f i diff l l è• Pas de nécessité de faire diffuser le copolymèreInconvénient• Nécessité d'utiliser des polymères réactifs (au mieux une faible proportion) qui sont chers.• Le processus d'extraction du copolymère par le cisaillement n'est pas forcément supprimé.
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Réactions usuelles en compatibilisation réactive
O OAmine
O
O
ANH2 B+ N
O
AB
C li A h d id
OH
Cyclic Anhydride
A
O O
OH B+ A
OHO
O
B
Epoxy Acide
THE REACTIVE EXTRUSION PROCESSA Relevant and Valuable Technology for Polymer Materials
Formulations
Bulk Polymerization
FillersPlasticizersAdditives
Blending &gReactive Blending
Grafting &Functionalization
In situ Filler Modification
DevolatizationMaterialsShaping
Many Advantages :-Improve the selectivity of the reactions-NO viscosity limitations
D l ti tiSome Drawbacks :Sh t id ti- Devolatization
-Avoid the formation of undesired products-Implement process control-NO organic Solvents/GREEN PROCESS
-Short residence times Number of chemical reaction limited
- Scaling up sometimes an issue
REACTIVE PROCESSING
Chemistry Py Process
From COPERION web site
Towards Reactive Extrusion Modeling
FLOW HEAT TRANSFERFLOW
• Residence timesff
HEAT TRANSFER
• Convection
• Mixing effect
• Melt flow behavior• Dissipation
W2
REACTION
• Reaction kinetics
• H t f tiHomogeneous conditions?
Heat of reaction
SCALE-UP
• Reactive extrusion modelingReactive extrusion modeling
What do we need ?
Flow modeling along the twin screw extruderFlow modeling along the twin screw extruder
Kinetic equations = f (t T ) = f (t T )Kinetic equations = f (t, T,...) = f (t, T,...)
Change in rheological beha ior ith reaction e tent = f (
Change in rheological behavior with reaction extent
+ coupling0,015
Q=10 kg/h
FLOW• Residence time
HEAT TRANSFER• Convectionp g
0,005
0,01
E(t)
Q=6 kg/h
Q=3 kg/h
• Mixing effect
• Melt flow behavior• Dissipation
REACTION• Reaction kinetics
LUDOVIC Software0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Time (s)
Q=1 kg/h
• Reaction kinetics
• Heat of reaction
New Trends in Reactive Processing
High Shear Extruder: N:1200 rpm
REACTIVE EXTRUSION IN IMP/AXELONE-CAMPUS
IMP – Polymer Materials Engineering Lab. Head UMR: Prof. Ph Cassagnau philippe.cassagnau@univ‐lyon1.fr
3 IMP locations3 IMP locationsand 2 and 2 subsub--locations locations
INSA Lyon, VilleurbanneProf. Etienne FLEURY etienne.fleury@insa‐lyon.fr
INSA‐OynnaxWith specific processing equipments
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1POLYTECH – VilleurbanneProf. Philippe CASSAGNAU
Université Jean Monnet, Saint‐Etienne Prof. Christian CARROT CARROT@univ‐st‐etienne.fr
Institut Joliot Curie ENS LyonHôtel à ProjetsChemistry‐Physic‐ Biology
SCIENTIFIC POLICY & OBJECTIVESSCIENTIFIC POLICY & OBJECTIVESFrom Molecules and Nano-Objects to (Nano)structured Materials& Applications by Considering Polymer Chemistries, Processes, and Modeling
PolymerizationPolymerization
ExampleExample : : SustainableSustainable approachesapproaches for for designingdesigning and use of and use of polymerspolymers
ApplicationsApplications
NanostructuresNanostructures
MoleculesMolecules and and NanoNano--ObjectsObjects
PolymerPolymerCh i tCh i t
PolymerizationPolymerizationProcessesProcessesPolymerPolymer ProcessingProcessing
MultiscaleMultiscalemorphologiesmorphologies
ChemistryChemistry
MM ddMonomersMonomers and and polymerspolymers fromfromrenewablerenewable resourcesresources
BulkBulk, UV, , UV,
SolventSolvent‐‐freefreeprocessesprocessesEnergyEnergy savingsaving InterfacesInterfaces BlendsBlends
PolymersPolymers for for EnergyEnergyConsiderationConsideration of of LCA LCA approachesapproaches
, ,, ,solidsolid state … state … polymerizationspolymerizationsRobustRobust chemistrieschemistries
Reactive extrusion Closed moldcuring (RTM)
Interfaces Interfaces BlendsBlends
Biosourced polymer-based materialsRecycling
MembranesBiosourced polymer-based materialsRecyclingReversible materials
Click chemistryReactive extrusion
Reversible materials
IMP Collaborative Projects & Budget 2012
75 projects are running
220 220 persons