UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD

FK 2015 177

MINIATURIZATION OF UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA

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MINIATURIZATION OF UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA

By

NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of

Science

January 2015

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COPYRIGHT

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text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright

material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may

be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial

purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may

only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti

Putra Malaysia.

Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of

the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

MINIATURIZATION OF UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA

By

NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD

January 2015

Chair: Assoc. Prof. Alyani Binti Ismail, PhD

Faculty: Engineering

The main aim of this research is to reduce the size of RFID tag antenna using several

miniaturization techniques. The tag antenna comprises of meandered lines and

capacitive – tip loading integrated with two square split – ring resonators (S – SRRs). It

was simulated using 3D full – wave electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave Studio

2013) on FR4 epoxy substrate with the dielectric constant of 4.4, the loss tangent of

0.02 and the thickness of 1.53 mm. The UHF RFID chip used in this design was

MURATA RFID Magicstrap LXMS31ACNA-010 chip with the impedance of 12 –

j106.3 Ω at 921 MHz. The antenna has been designed to cover the frequency range in Malaysia, 919 MHz to 923 MHz. A parametric study of the proposed tag antenna was

carried out in order to optimize the main effected parameters. The performance of the

proposed tag were analysed in terms of return loss, antenna gain and maximum

readable range. As compared to other passive UHF RFID tag antenna it is found that

the size of antenna has achieved 61% reduction in size. It occupies the volume of 48 ×

22 × 1.53 mm3. The measured read range of the proposed tag antenna is 4.60 m. Details

of the proposed tag antenna design and measurement results are presented and

discussed.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Sains

PENGECILAN UHF RFID ANTENA LABEL

Oleh

NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD

Januari 2015

Pengerusi: Prof. Madya Alyani Binti Ismail, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Tujuan utama penyelidikan ini dilakukan adalah mengenai proses pengurangan saiz

antena label menggunakan beberapa teknik pengecilan. Antena label yang dicadangkan

mengandungi dipol yang mempunyai garis lenturan dan kemuatan hujung yang

berintegrasi dengan dua struktur square split – ring resonators (S – SRRs). Ia

disimulasi menggunakan 3D full – wave electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave

Studio 2013) di atas substratum epoksi FR4 dengan pemalar dielektrik bernilai 4.4,

kehilangan tangent sebanyak 0.02 dan ketebalan bernilai 1.53 mm. UHF RFID cip yang

digunakan di dalam rekabentuk ini adalah cip MURATA RFID Magicstrap LXMS31ACNA-010 dengan galangan 12 – j106.3 Ω pada 921 MHz. Antena label yang

dicadangkan di rekabentuk meliputi keseluruhan julat frekuensi di Malaysia, 919 MHz

kepada 923 MHz. Kajian parametric kepada antena yang dicadangkan telah di bawa

bersama dalam mengoptimis kesan parameter yang utama. Prestasi terhadap antena

yang dicadangkan dianalisis dari segi return loss, gandaan antenna dan julat bacaan

yang maksimum. Jika dibandingkan dengan UHF RFID antena label yang lain, didapati

bahawa saiz antena yang dicadangkan telah mecapai kadar pengurangan saiz sebanyak

61%. Ia mencapai isipadu 48 × 22 × 1.53 mm3. Pengukuran bacaan julat kepada antena

yang dicadangkan ialah 4.60 m. Lanjut mengenai rekabentuk antena yang dicadangkan

dikaji secara terperinci dan keputusan pengukuran dibentangkan dan dibincang.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. May Allah‘s peace and blessing be

upon our Beloved Prophet Muhammad who was a mercy unto us from Allah S.W.T.,

who character and notability none has seen before or after Him (S.A.W.). All praise is due to Allah S.W.T. for giving me a chance in completing my Master degree in

Universiti Putra Malaysia.

This report could not have been written without the help of a number of people. They

have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I would like to

take this opportunity to gives special thanks to my beloved parents for being supportive

persons to me in finishing my research. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus

far. I also appreciate my brothers and my beloved sister for their love, prayers and

invaluable assistance provided throughout my research studies. Words cannot express

how grateful I am.

I would like to thank to my main research supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Alyani

Ismail for her tireless effort, helpful discussion, guidance, critics and supportive

comments. Without her continued support and interest, this thesis would not have been

the same as presented here. I would like to express my profound gratitude and deep

regards to my committee members, Associate Professor Dr. Aduwati Sali and Associate

Professor Dr. Mohd Fadlee A. Rasid for their full support and guidance. Thanks for

reviewing my Master work.

Finally, I would like to express sincere appreciation to my fellow friends in Wireless

Laboratory (Level 4) for their help, friendship, encouragement and love. The help and

support for all people as presented above are acknowledged gratefully. May Allah

S.W.T. make all our intentions sincere for His pleasure alone Amin.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 30 January 2015 to conduct

the final examination of Nor Hidayah binti Daud on her thesis entitled ―Miniaturization

of UHF RFID Tag Antenna‖ in accordance with the Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106]

15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of

Science.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Shaiful Jahari Bin Hashim, PhD

Senior Lecturer

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Roslina Binti Mohd Sidek, PhD

Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Sharul Kamal Bin Abdul Rahim, PhD

Professor Ir.

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Malaysia

(External Examiner)

ZULKARNAIN ZAINAL, PhD

Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date: 13 May 2015

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The

members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Alyani Binti Ismail, PhD Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Aduwati Binti Sali, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Member)

Mohd Fadlee Bin A. Rasid, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Member)

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

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Declaration by graduate student

I hereby confirm that:

this thesis is my original work;

quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;

this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other degree

at any other institutions;

intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by

Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;

written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy

Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in the form

of written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals, modules,

proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers, manuscripts, posters, reports,

lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as stated in the Universiti

Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;

there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly

integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate

Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software.

Signature: ________________________ Date: __________________

Name and Matric No.: _________________________________________

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Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee

This is to confirm that:

the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision;

supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate

Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013)are adhered to.

Signature:

Name of Chairman of

Supervisory

Committee:

Signature:

Name of Member of

Supervisory

Committee:

Signature:

Name of Member of

Supervisory

Committee:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT i

ABSTRAK ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

APPROVAL v

DECLARATION vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of Research 3

1.5 Overview of Research Methodology 4

1.6 Organization of the Thesis 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Background of RFID 6

2.3 Principles of Operation 7

2.3.1 Active RFID System 7

2.3.2 Passive RFID System 8

2.3.3 Semi – passive RFID System 8

2.4 Frequencies Operations 9

2.5 Antenna Types 10

2.6 Miniaturization Techniques 10

2.6.1 Meandering Method 12

2.6.2 Capacitive – Tip Loading Technique 12

2.6.3 Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) Structure 14

2.6.4 Inverted – F Structure 14

2.6.5 Fractal Antenna 15

2.7 Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chips 16

2.8 Tag Antenna Requirements 16

2.8.1 Gain 16

2.8.2 Radiation Pattern 16

2.8.3 Half – power Beamwidth 17

2.8.4 Bandwidth 17

2.8.5 Polarization (Tag Orientation) 17

2.9 Material and Cost 18

2.10 Fabrication Process 19

2.11 Impedance Measurement on the UHF RFID Tag Antenna 20

2.11.1 Impedance Matching 21

2.11.2 Power Reflection Coefficient (PRC) 22

2.11.3 Smith Chart 24

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2.12 Read Range Measurement 24

2.12.1 Theoretical Read Range 25

2.12.2 Measurement Read Range 26

2.13 Current Research about the RFID 26

2.13.1 Meandered Patch Antenna 27

2.13.2 Low-Profile Meandered Patch Antennas 28

2.13.3 Meander Dipole with HIS (High Impedance

Surface) Substrate

29

2.13.4 Compact Fractal Dipole for bi-band RFID

Application

30

2.13.5 Design of Label – Typed Tag Antenna for

Metallic Object

30

2.13.6 Metal Mount Compact Microstrip RFID Tag 31

2.13.7 Meander Line Antenna (MLA) 31

2.13.8 Planar Wideband Inductively Coupled Feed

Patch Antenna

32

2.13.9 Compact Strip Dipole Coupled Split-Ring Resonator Antenna

33

2.14 Summary of Literature Review 34

2.15 Summary 34

3 METHODOLOGY 35

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Measurement on the Proposed Tag Antenna using Test

Fixture

37

3.2.1 Impedance Measurement 39

3.2.2 Test Fixture 41

3.3 Read Range Measurement 44

3.4 Antenna Design 47

3.5 Summary 47

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48

4.1 Introduction 48

4.2 Dipole Antenna with Meandering Technique 48

4.2.1 Design and Analysis on Different Numbers of

Bending, n

51

4.2.2 Design and Analysis on the Proposed Meander

Line Antenna

56

4.3 Dipole Antenna with Meandering and Capacitive Tip –

Loading Techniques

57

4.3.1 Simulation Results 60

4.3.2 Measurement Results using Vector Network

Analyzer (VNA)

64

4.3.3 Read Range Measurement 65

4.4 Integration of Square Split Ring Resonators (S-SRRs) to

UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Size Reduction

66

4.4.1 Simulation Results 72

4.4.2 Measurement Results 75

4.4.3 Read Range Measurement 76

4.5 Summary 78

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5 CONCLUSIONS, CONTRIBUTIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

79

5.1 Conclusions 79

5.2 Contributions 80

5.3 Recommendations for Future Works 80

REFERENCES 89

APPENDICES 91

BIODATA OF STUDENT 92

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 93

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

2.1 RFID operating frequencies 9

2.3 Summary of previously reported designed on RFID tag antenna 34 4.1 Antenna parameters for n = 1 49

4.2 Antenna parameters for n = 2 50

4.3 Antenna parameters for n = 3 50

4.4 Antenna dimensions 52

4.5 Dimensions of meandered dipole tag antenna 57

4.6 Simulated and measured on half – power bandwidth of the tag

antenna

62

4.7 Measured gain (dBi) of the tag antenna 65

4.8 Dimensions of meandered dipole tag antenna 66

4.9 Simulated and measured on half – power bandwidth of the tag

antenna

74

4.10 Measured gain (dBi) of the tag antenna 76

4.11 Comparison between the proposed tag and previously reported

designed

78

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

1.1 Flow Chart of the Design Process UHF RFID Tag Antenna 4

2.1 System Components in RFID 6 2.2 RFID System Operations. The backscattered signal is modulated by

changes in chip impedance Zc

8

2.3 Half – Wavelength Dipole Antenna 10

2.4 A Meandered Antenna with Reduced Projected Length 11

2.5 Series Matched Equivalent Circuit of the Dipole Antenna 12

2.6 Various Types‘ Antenna Structure With Capacitive Tip – Loading (A)

Meander Lines With Capacitive –Tip Loading (b) Wire Antenna

Loaded With Tip- Loading (c) Resonant Dipole With Differing Line

widths (d) Bow – Tie Dipole Antenna

12

2.7 (a) Layout of Circular SRR (c) Equivalent Circuit Model of SRR 14

2.8 (a) F-shaped printed monopole antenna (b) Fabricated planar inverted – F antenna (PIFA)

14

2.9 Different fractal curves (a) Koch (b) Sierpinski, (c) ‗tree‘, (d)

‗cuboid‘, (e) ‗log-periodic‘, (f) Minkowski

15

2.10 Two-Port Measurement Jig 20

2.11 Measuring the Dipole Antenna 20

2.12 RFID Transponder Equivalent Circuit 21

2.13 Generator – Load Circuit with Two Complex Impedances 22

2.14 Smith Chart Curve 23

2.15 Complex Power Wave Reflection Coefficient 24

2.16 Antenna Impedance Chip Impedance and Range for a Typical RFID

Tag

26

2.17

(a) Array Antenna Fed by Two Quarter -Wavelength Microstrip Lines Without Matching Stubs (b) Array Antenna Fed by Two Quarter-

Wavelength Microstrip Lines with Two Matching Stubs

27

2.18 (a) Geometries of the Four Elements Proposed Meandered Patch

Antennas (b) Structure of the Fabricated Antenna Designed

28

2.19 The Structure of RFID Tag Antenna (a) Dipole-Type Antenna

Structure (b) HIS Structure (c) Cross Sectional View RFID Tag

Antenna

29

2.20 Geometry of Presented Tag (a) Top View. (b) Cross-Sectional View 30

2.21 Geometry of Presented Tag 30

2.22 Configuration of the Presented Compact Microstrip Tag Antenna 31

2.23 (a) Structure of Antenna Designed (b) Photo of Fabricated Antenna Designed

31

2.24 Antenna Geometry (a) Top View (b) Proposed Wideband Antenna 32

2.25 (a) Structure of Antenna Designed (b) Enlarged Plot of the Central

Part of Strip Dipole with Strap of the Chip Attached

33

3.1 Design Process of Proposed Tag Antenna 36

3.2 (a) Two-Port Impedance Model of an Antenna and Feed (b) Layout of

a dipole antenna and its impedances

38

3.3 (a) Test fixture without antenna under test (AUT) (b) Test fixture with

antenna under test (AUT)

39

3.4 Construction on the Measurement Setup 40

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3.5 Flow Chart for Measuring the Tag Antenna using Test Fixture 41

3.6 Types of Installation (a) Vertical (b) Horizontal 42

3.7 (a) Vertical Installation to Measure Maximum Read Range of the

Proposed Tag Antenna (b) Reader Antenna

42

3.8 Measurement Setup to Measure Maximum Read Range of the

Proposed Tag Antenna

43

3.9 Operation Procedures for Read Range Measurement 44

3.10 Meander Lines (a) n = 1 (b) n = 2 (c) n = 3 45

3.11 Meander Lines with Capacitive – Tip Loading Method 46

3.12 Square Split –Ring Resonators Structure (S – SRRs) 47

4.1 Prototype of Meander Lines when n = 1 49

4.2 Prototype of Meander Lines when n = 2 50

4.3 Prototype of Meander Lines when n = 3 50

4.4 Simulated Results of S11 with Various Meander Lines, n 51

4.5 Structure of the Meandered Dipole Antenna with n = 2 51

4.6 Side View of Meander Line n = 2 of the Dipole Tag Antenna 51

4.7 Simulated Results of Various Parameters g0 52 4.8 Simulated Results of Various Parameters s 53

4.9 Simulated S11 (dB) of the Tag Antenna with n = 2 54

4.10 Simulated Input Impedance of the Proposed Tag Antenna in Wide

Frequency Range

54

4.11 Simulated Input Impedance of the Proposed Tag Antenna from 840

MHz to 960 MHz

55

4.12 (a) Simulated Gain. Radiation Pattern (b) H– Plane (c) E– Plane 56

4.13 Prototype Designed on the UHF RFID Tag 56

4.14 Side View of Single – Sided Meander Dipole Tag Antenna 57

4.15 Simulated Results of Various Parameters a 58

4.16 Simulated Results of Various Parameters b 58

4.17 Simulated S11 (dB) of the Tag Antenna without S – SRR structure 59 4.18 (a) Simulated Gain. Radiation Pattern (b) H– Plane (c) E– Plane 60

4.19 (a) Photograph of the Fabricated RFID Tag (b) Photograph of the

Front and Back Plane of FR4 Substrate

60

4.20 Measurement Setup on the Tag Antenna 61

4.21 Power Reflection Coefficient (PRC) for Simulated And Measured

Results

62

4.22 Simulated Impedance of Proposed Tag Antenna in a Region of

Interest

63

4.23 Power Reflection Coefficient, 𝑠 2 for Simulated and Measured Results

64

4.24 Prototype of the Meandered Dipole Antenna with Capacitive – Tip

Loading Designed

65

4.25 Prototype of the Square Split – Ring Resonators (S-SRRs) 66 4.26 Side View of Double – Sided Meander Dipole Tag Antenna 66

4.27 Simulated Results of Various Parameters s1 67

4.28 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gd 68

4.29 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gw 68

4.30 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gi 69

4.31 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gs 69

4.32 Simulated Results of S11 with and without SRR Structure 70

4.33 Simulated S11 (dB) of the Tag Antenna with S – SRR structure 71

4.34 (a) Simulated Gain. Radiation Pattern (b) H – Plane (c) E – Plane 71

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4.35 Radiation Pattern of Proposed Tag Antenna with and without Loading

of SRR Structure (a) H – Plane (b) E– Plane

72

4.36 (a) Fabricated tag antenna (b) Top and bottom layer of fabricated tag

antenna

72

4.37 Measurement Setup on the Tag Antenna 73

4.38 Power Reflection Coefficient (PRC) for Simulated and Measured Results

74

4.39 Simulated and Measured Results of the Impedance (Ω) 75

4.40 Power Reflection Coefficient, 𝑠 2 for Simulated and Measured Results

75

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit

AUT Antenna Under Test

CST Computer Simulation Technology

FR4 Flame Retardant 4

EAS Electronic Article Surveillance

EPC Electronic Product Code

EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

FCC Federal Communications Commission

GHz Gigahertz

HF High Frequency

HPBW Half-Power Beamwidths

IC Integrated Circuit

ISM Industrial-Scientific-Medical

ISO International Organization for Standardization

LCP Liquid Crystal Polymer

LOS Line – of – sight

LF Low Frequency

LH Left – Handed MCMC Malaysian Communications and Multimedia

Commission

MHz Megahertz

MLA Meander Line Antenna

MTMs Metamaterials

PCB Printed Circuit Board

PET Polyethylene terephthalate

PRC Power Reflection Coefficient

PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene

RF Radio Frequency

RFID Radio Frequency Identification SHF Super High Frequency

SMA SubMiniature version A

SRD Short Range Devices

SRR Split-Ring Resonators

UHF Ultra High Frequency

UPC Universal Product Code

UV Ultra Violet

VNA Vector Network Analyzer

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio frequency identification, or simply known as RFID, is a method of automatic

identification. The continuous research on RFID grows rapidly in recent years. The era

of RFID technology has been explored as direct consequences from the radio and radar

development. The United Kingdom has applied the RFID during the Second World

War to differentiate between the English and German airplane. In 1980, the RFID

technology entered the new phase in the improvement of tracking system and

exploration of application in manufacturing and other environments. The RFID was

applied by the United States in electronic toll collection technology. This is occurred in the year 1991, in the Oklahoma City, where the world‘s first highway electronic tolling

system was opened. Nowadays, RFID system is widely used in different area like

security system, animal tracking, chain management and many more (Uddin et al.,

2009; Want, 2006; Sanjay et al., 2003; Landt, 2001).

Tag antenna should also be low cost, small in size, have good impedance matching and

insensitive to the attached objects to keep performance consistent. Meanwhile, omni

directionality of the tag antenna is preferred to ensure the identification ideally radiate

from all directions (Curty et al., 2007). There are several techniques to reduce the

dimensions of conventional antennas. Meandering, folding, and bending are techniques

for antenna miniaturization, are widely used in the literature (Tirado-Mendez et al,

2013).

However, the application of RFID tag antenna using square split – ring resonators (S –

SRRs) was found to be another alternative to the miniaturization technique (Bazrkar,

2012; Ferdous et al., 2012; Booket, 2011; Dacuna and Pous, 2007). The process of

miniaturization of RFID tag was commonly conducted using parametric studies and

optimization of main effected parameters. Thus, further studies to reduce the physical

size of the radiating elements in wire antennas using effective techniques are needed to

be explored for the miniaturization of tag antenna.

1.2 Problem Statement

Performances of an RFID tag depend on the properties of the antenna. The tag antenna

must fulfill the requirements such as the antenna must be robust, longer read range, low

cost and small enough to be attached to the required object. In addition to that, the tag

antenna should be in omnidirectional and provide a maximum possible signal to the

application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (Aivazis et al., 2011; Koski et al., 2011;

Laran RFID, 2004; Qing and Yang, 2004; Foster and Burberry, 1999).

To enhance the performance characteristics of the tag antenna, researchers have

modified the conventional dipole structure using numerous techniques. Several

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approaches have been done in an attempt to reduce the tag size. Some articles have

sought achieving improved gains and small size by using different configurations of

miniaturization method. Existing literatures provide several techniques for reducing the

tag size (Mehrparvar et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2010).

The most common method used by the researchers to reduce the tag antenna is by

meandering method. Even though the meandering method showed its capability in reduction size of antenna, there were some disadvantages related to it. It produced low

radiation efficiency, narrow bandwidth and not capable to operate at multiband

frequencies (Faudzi et al., 2013a; Faudzi et al., 2013b; Jahanbakshi et al., 2012; Hu et

al., 2011; Dobkin, 2008). The used of capacitive tip loading provide a satisfactory

reduction in size and contribute in improving the gain. It can be done through formation

of a large structure at the end of the dipole antenna (Faudzi et al., 2013a; Faudzi et al.,

2013b; Hu et al., 2011; Ghiotto et al., 2010; Im et al., 2009; Dobkin, 2008). However,

the capacitive tip loading does not contribute in improving the gain significantly due to

size limitations.

Besides, the use of fractal geometries is also capable in reducing the size of RFID tag (Aivazis et al., 2012 and Manjibhai et al., 2012). Their applicability to RFID tags is

good promising, even though the theory behind fractal antennas is quite complex. The

geometries of fractal shapes were generated in iterative patterns. Nevertheless, the

fractal antennas have several drawbacks which include loss in gain, very complex and

degrade the antenna parameters after a few iterations. Another method to reduce the tag

size is using the planar inverted – F antenna (PIFA). It has a high gain but the size of

the antenna becomes large due to the additional ground plane (Kim et al., 2011; Kim

and Choi, 2010; Chen et al. 2010a; Uddin et al., 2009; Marroco, 2008).

In Malaysia, RFID industry had grown since year 2005. The operating frequency for

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has a range which varies from 919 MHz – 923

MHz. The permissible frequency allocation in Malaysia has been controlled by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) (Minan, 2007).

Nowadays, there are a lot of works done in miniaturizing the RFID tag antenna based

on operating frequency in Malaysia (Faudzi et al., 2013a and Tan & Ismail, 2012).

However, there are still some performances need to be improved, such as the size of

tag, gain, and read range performance which based on the several miniaturization

techniques. Both of their studies utilize CST Microwave Studio for simulation process.

As a result, it is important to find out the suitable miniaturization method to reduce the

size of tag antenna.

1.3 Objectives

This research aims to study a compact RFID tag antenna. The specific objectives are as

below:

1. To identify the suitable antenna design and investigate the potential of

integrating several miniaturization techniques as a method to reduce the

size of RFID tag.

2. To analyze parametric effect of the designed antenna such as size of tag,

gain, radiation pattern, and matching impedance.

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3. To investigate the effectiveness of the designed tag in terms of reading

range measurement.

1.4 Scope of Research

This study was conducted within its scopes. The scopes of this study were listed below:

The meandered dipole antenna integrating with square split – ring resonators

(S- SRRs) and capacitive – tip loading was utilized.

The tag performance was assessed in term of size, gain, radiation pattern,

matching impedance and read range measurement. These parameters were

common parameters measured, as indicators to assess the tag performance.

A UHF RFID reader (Model: UHF – RW – G2 – 232) was chosen as an

equipment for measuring read range performance. The performance of

maximum read range was assessed through the comparison of the result obtained from the calculated part with those obtained by the measurement

reader.

1.5 Overview of Research Methodology

The first step in the methodology consists of the studies about the challenges and the

potential research in designing the RFID tag antenna. The tag antenna will be designed

by modeling, simulating, and optimizing by monitoring the size of tag, antenna gain,

return loss and input impedance. Tag antenna was designed using the simulation on full – wave electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave Studio, Version 2013). Parametric

study for an antenna is performed until the requirements are met. If the design

requirements are satisfied, the antenna design is ready. Otherwise, the design is further

modified and optimized until requirements are met. Once the RFID problems were

initialized, RFID requirements can be translated into the selection of antenna type and

its parameter. Then, the proposed tag antenna can be fabricated after optimization.

Finally, measurement can be implemented on the proposed tag antenna to validate the

design methods. The developed methodology for designing RFID tag antenna is

illustrated in a flow chart as shown in Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1. Flow Chart of the Design Process UHF RFID Tag Antenna

Start

RFID problems

Selection of tag antenna and substrate

Performed parametric study and optimization using CST

Microwave Studio 2013

Analyze the results

Is the design criteria satisfied?

Records all the measurements

Fabricate prototype antenna

Read range measurement

No

Yes

Miniaturized antenna: integrating meandering technique,

capacitive – tip loading and square SRR and do the

simulation

End

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1.6 Organization of Thesis

This thesis consists of five chapters. It was organized as follows.

Chapter 1 presented an introductory part for the overview of the history and the current scenario of RFID tags in Malaysia. This introductory part also provided the basic

discussion of the problem associated with the design of RFID tag antenna. Problem

statements, objectives and scope of the study also outlined in this chapter.

Meanwhile, Chapter 2 presents a detailed description on the literature reviews which

based on the RFID Technology. It includes the components of the RFID system, the

regulations in RFID which covers the operating frequency. This part reviews all the

work done found from the various publications by the previous researchers. The details

explanations about the fabrication process in producing RFID tag antenna, power

reflection coefficient analysis, input impedance and the maximum read range

In Chapter 3, the experimental methodology involved in this study is explained and

interpreted in the form of a flowchart. Chapter 4 presents the results obtained from the

experimental work, in the form of graphs and tables that included the detailed

explanation. Last but not least, the conclusion of the study and some recommendations

for future work are provided in Chapter 5.

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