UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

GROWTH AND FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF INTERCROPPING RATTAN (CALAMUS MANAN MIQ) WITH RUBBER (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS WILLD)

ISMAIL HARUN

FH 1996 3

GROWTH AND FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF INTERCROPPING RATTAN (Calamus manan Miq.) WITH

RUBBER (Bevea brasiliensis Willd.)

By

ISMAIL HARUN

Thes i s submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in

Forestry in the Faculty of Forestry , Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

January 1996

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I w i s h t o exp re s s my mo s t s i n c e re and deep e s t

thanks t o my chairman , Professor Dr . Nik Muhamad Maj id,

for h i s i nvaluab l e gu i dance , advi c e , encouragement ,

construct ive criticisms and sugge st ions throughout the

proj ect . I also thank Assoc . Profes sor Dr . Sheikh Al i

Abod and Dr . Awang Noo r Abd . Ghani for the i r guidance

rendered .

Grat e ful a c know l e dgement i s due to the Director

General o f Fore s t Res e arch Inst itute Malays ia ( FRIM)

D a t o ' Dr . H j . S a l l e h Mohd . Nor for t he p e rm i s s i on

granted to undertake this programme . I also acknowledge

the permi s s ion granted by Rubbe r I ndus t ry and Small­

holders Deve lopment Authority (RISDA) for permiss ion to

use the rubber estate at Bukit Ibol , Dengki l , Selangor

f o r the exp e r i ment s . S i n c e re thanks are due t o the

staff of the Facul ty of Forestry , Uni versiti Pertanian

Ma l ays i a e spe c i a l ly Mr . Mu z ama l Johan , Mr . Ibrahim

Edham and Mr . Zulki f l i Mohd . Zin for assistance in dat a

collect ion .

Finally, I would l ike to dedicate this work to my

parents , my wi f e Mrs. Mar iam Han i fah and my chi ldren ,

Haidar , Salha , Nadia and Amira , without whose love and

devotion this study would not have been completed .

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i

L I ST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi i i

L I ST O F FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi i

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi i i

ABSTRAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi

1 . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 . L ITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Concept and Definit ion of Agroforestry . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Obj ect ives and Advant ages of Agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Some Problems and Constraint s of Agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Agroforestry Systems and Prac t i ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

Agroforestry in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Integrated Farming under Rubber Plantat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

Rubber Industry in Malays ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

i i i

Plant ing of Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6

Soil Suitabi l ity o f Rubber Cultivation . . . . 2 6

Nutrient Requirement s o f Rubber Trees . . . . . 2 8

Rattans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Rattan Indust ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Habitat and Distribut ion of Rattan . . . . . . . . 3 1

Nutrient Requirements o f Rattan . . . . . . . . . . 3 2

Silviculture of Rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4

Intercropping o f Rat tan with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5

Financial Analys i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Prospect s of Rattan Plant ing under Rubber and Rattan as a Commodity Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3 . MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Experimental Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Locat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Topography and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4

Vegetat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Experiment - 1 Greenhouse Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Experiment - 2 Growth Performance of Rattan Interplanted wi th Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

iv

Experiment - 3 Effects of Intercropping on Soil Properties , Foliar Nutrients , Latex Production and Growth of Rubber Trees . . . . . . 5 2

Experiment - 4 Effects of NPK Fertilization on Soil Properties and Growth of Rattan Interplanted with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

Experiment - 5 Financial Analysis of Interplanting of Rubber with Rat tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4

Soil Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8

Foliar Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9

Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9

4 . RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1

Experiment - 1 Greenhouse Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1

Obj ectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1

Percentage Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1

Growth Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2

Shoot -Root Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4

Foliar Nutrient Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8

Experiment - 2 Growth Performance of Rattan Interp l anted wi th Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0

Obj ectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0

Survival and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0

Leaf Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2

Stem Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4

v

Relationship Between Stem Length and Number of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

Other General Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7

Experiment - 3 Ef f ects of I ntercropping on Soil Properties, Foliar Nutrients, Latex Production and Growth of Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8

Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8

Foliar Nutrient Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1

Growth of Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1

Latex Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5

Experiment - 4 Ef f ects of NPK Fertilization on Soil Properties and Growth of Rattan Interplanted with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6

Soil Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6

Soil Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 03

Growth Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5

Experiment - 5 Financial Analysis of Interplanting of Rattan with Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6

Obj ecti ves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6

Financial Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6

Project Financial Appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0

Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3

vi

Cost Analysis for Rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5 . SUMMARY, CONCLUSI ONS AND RECOMMENDATI ONS . . . . . . . . . 129

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3

Considerations for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5

APPENDI CES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7

VITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Earnings per hectare f rom production of maize, soya beans and groundnut intercropped wi th rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 Returns f rom animal rearings under rubber plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3 Soil suitability classif ication f or some selected soil series for rubber production . . . . . . 27

4 Returns f rom some crops planted in rubber plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0

5 Comparison between cocoa and rattan planted under rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1

6 Levels of NPK f ertlizer application in the greenhouse trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9

7 Levels of f ertilizer treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

8 Survival count f or rattan seedlings at diff erent f ertilizer" levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2

9 Analysis of Variance for seedling height f or diff erent f ertilizer levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3

10 Duncan's New Multiple Range test f or means of rattan height by fertilizer level . . . . . 6 4

11 Analysis of variance of shoot-root ratio at diff erent f ertilizer levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

12 Duncan's New Multiple Range test f or mean shoot-root ratio by dif f erent f ertilizer levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6

13 Duncan's New Multiple Range test f or some f oliar nutrients af ter fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7

14 Relationship between foliar N, P, K, Mg and Na with total height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

15 Relationship between f oliar N, P, K, Mg and Na with shoot-root ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

viii

16 Survival and mortality rate of rattan ........ . . . 8 1

17 Average leaf production per plant ..... . . ........ 8 3

18 Mean stem height and mean monthly increments ............... . ........ . ............. 8 4

19 Analysis of Variance f or regression between stem length and number of leaves .. . ... . . 8 5

2 0 The eff ects of interplanting on soil chemical properties ..... . ..... . ....... . .............. . .. 8 9

2 1 The ef f ects of interplanting on soil physical properties ................ . . . . ... . ............. 9 0

2 2 The eff ects of interplanting on some f oliar nutrients of rubber trees ....... . . ............. 9 2

2 3 The eff ects of rattan planting on growth of rubber trees . .............. . . . . . ...... 9 2

2 4 The ef f ects of intercropping on latex production ......... . ....................... . ... 9 4

2 5 Comparison between intercropped and control plot on latex production in 19 9 0 ....... 9 5

2 6 Soil chemical properties bef ore fertilization .................................. 9 7

2 7 Soil chemical properties one year after fertilization .. . ...... . . . . . . ............. . . . ... 9 8

2 8 Soil chemical properties two years after fertilization . . ................ . . . . . ........... 9 9

2 9 Duncan's New Multiple Range Test f or soil chemical properties between years . ...... . . . . . . 100

3 0 Soil physical properties before f ertilization ................................. 104

3 1 Soil physical propert ies aft er f ertilization ... . ........... . ..... . . .......... 105

3 2 Analysis of variance f or average height . . . . . . . 107

3 3 Average monthly height increment .......... . .... 108

ix

3 4 Duncan's New Multi ple Range Test for height for different levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3 5 Average leaf producti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

3 6 Duncan's New Multiple Range Test for rattan average leaf production per month after ferti li zati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

3 7 Duncan's New Multi ple Range Test for some foli ar nutri ents concentrati ons after fi eld ferti li zation at different treatments . . . . 111

3 8 Relationshi p between soi l N, P, K, Mg and Ca wi th total hei ght after ferti li zati on . . . . . . . . . 112

3 9 Relationshi p between soi l N, P, K, Mg and Ca concentrati ons with average leaf producti on per month after ferti li zation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4 0 Relationshi p between foli ar N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrati ons wi th total hei ght after fertili zati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4 1 Relati onshi p between foli ar N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations with leaf production after ferti li zati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4 2 Project fi nanci al apprai sal at 10 percent di scounti ng rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

4 3 Net Present Value (NPV) for sensi ti vi ty analysis at 10 percent di scounting rate . . . . . . . . 125

4 4 The value of IRR for sensi ti vi ty analysi s at 10 percent di scounti ng rate . . . . . . . . 125

4 5 The value for B/C ratio for sensiti vity analysi s at 10 percent di scounti ng rate . . . . . . . . 126

4 6 Total cost i ncurred for rattan planti ng . . . . . . . 127

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1 Layout of interplant ing rattan

Page

under rubber plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8

2 Locat ion of the study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3 Plant ing system of rattan under rubber in Bkt . Ibol Mini Estate Dengki l Selangor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7

4 The lower and upper point for measuring stem height of rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5 Experimental layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6 Foliar nitrogen concentrat ion for di f ferent treatment levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9

7 Foliar phosphorus concentrat ion for di fferent levels of treatment after fert i l i zat ion . . . . . . . . 72

8 Fol iar potass ium concentrat ion for di f ferent fert i li zer leve l s after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4

9 Foliar calcium concentrat ion for di f ferent treatment levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5

1 0 Fol iar sodium concentrat ion for di f ferent fert i l i zer levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

11 Fol iar magnes ium concentration for di f ferent fert i l i zer levels after treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7

12 Mortality rate of rat tan seedl ings at different ages after plant ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

xi

LIST OF PLATES

P late Page

1 Nursery at the Faculty of Forestry Univers iti Pertanian Malays ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5

2 Rubber plantat ion in Bukit Ibol , Dengki l Selangor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5

3 Rattan seedl ings planted under rubber plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

xii

Abs trac t of thes i s submi tted to the Senate of Univers i ti Pertanian Malays ia in ful l f i lment of the

requirements for the degree of Mas ter of Science

GROWTH AND FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF INTERCROPPING OF RATTAN (Cal.amu.s manan Miq. ) UNDER

RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis Wil ld. )

Chairman : Facu l ty :

By

I SMAIL HARUN

January 1 9 9 6

Professor Dr . Nik Muhamad Maj id Fores try

I n tegrated f a rming under rubbe r p l an ta ti on i s a

new agrofore s try prac tice in Mal ays i a . I t has l a te ly

become more important due to the increasing demand for

food and raw materials as a result of increas ing popu-

l a tion and scarc i ty o f land . Interp l an ting of ra ttan

under rubber can be one of the sys tems whi ch can solve

the prob l em o f i n s u f f i c i e n t supp l y o f ra ttan . The

sys tem has been introduced in the 1 9 8 0 s wi th the aim of

maximis ing land use a s we l l as to ensure suf f i c ient

rattan supply to the indu s try . Al though the sys tem is

now widely accepted by smallholders and rubber planta -

tion owners , the re are s ti l l many problems re l a te d to

the cul tivation and management aspec ts such as the

impac ts o f interc ropp ing and the op tima l f e r ti l i z e r

regime s .

xi i i

A greenhouse experiment on 9 0 potted rattan seed­

l i ngs ( Ca lamu s manan Mi q . ) was c arr i e d out i n the

nursery of the Faculty of Forestry , Univers i ti Per tani ­

a n Ma l ays i a . E i ght l eve l s o f NPK f e r ti l i z e r and a

control ( 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 70 , 8 0 g NPK and con ­

trol ) were given to each seedl ing wi th 1 0 replications

for each level . Measurements and observations were made

f o r 1 2 months . At the end o f the s tudy , the ra ttan

seedl ings were harve s ted to de termine the i r roo t and

shoot dry weights .

Four f i e l d experiments we re c ondu c ted a t Buk i t

Ibo l RISDA ' s mini esta te , Dengki l , Selangor . A to tal o f

2 , 5 0 0 rattan seedl ings were planted a t a spacing of 3 x

6 m be tween s ix-year o ld RRIM 6 0 0 rubber p lanta tion .

The experiments conduc ted are : ( i ) moni toring of the

growth performance of 5 0 0 rattan seedlings for a period

of 2 years ; ( i i ) moni toring of the impac ts of inte r ­

cropping on l a tex production , growth of rubber tree s

and s o i l properties ; ( i ii ) de termining the effects of

nine l eve ls ( 0 , 5 0 , 1 0 0 , 1 5 0 , 2 0 0 , 2 5 0 , 3 0 0 , 3 5 0 and

4 0 0 g) of NPK ( 12 : 12 : 1 7 + TE ) ferti l i zer on the growth

o f ra ttan seedl ings , and ( iv ) f inanc ial apprai s a l o f

the proj ect.

xiv

The results of the greenhouse trial indicated that

N P K f e rt i l i z e r app l i e d at 3 0 g p e r rat t an s e e d l i ng

p r o du c e d the b e s t he ight grow t h o f 5 2 . 2 cm and t he

shoot - root rat io of 2 . 0 1 2 . In the f i e l d , the opt imum

leve l was 1 5 0 g NPK per seedl ing . The growth of ratt ans

was 2 . 0 8 em/year and survival after two years was 9 3 . 6

percent . In the case of the effects of intercropping on

growth o f rubber t r e e s , s o i l prope rt i e s and l a t ex

product ion , it was found that there was no s igni f icant

e f fect for all parameters studied . The financ ial analy­

s i s indicated that plant ing of ratt an under s ix - year

o l d rubber trees and harvest ing after 1 2 years provide

the highest return with IRR, NPV and B /C rat io of 2 0 . 6 8

percent , RM 3 , 4 9 7. 4 4 and 1 . 64 , respect ive ly .

xv

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Univers iti Pertanian Malays ia untuk memenuhi syarat

Ij azah Master Sains

PENILAIAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN KEWANGAN KE ATAS PENANAMAN ROTAN (calamus manan Miq.) DI DALAM

LADANG GETAH (Hevea brasiliensis Willd.)

Pengerusi : Fakulti

Oleh

ISMAIL HARUN

Januari 1 9 9 6

Proffesor Dr . Nik Muhamad Maj id Perhutanan

Perkebunan c ampuran di dalam l adang getah adalah

satu sist em perhut anantani yang baru . Akhir- akhir ini

i anya menj adi pent i ng ke rana pen ingk a t an pe rmintaan

terhadap bahan mentah akibat dari pertumbuhan populasi

dan kekurangan t anah . P enanaman rot an d a l am l adang

getah dipercayai boleh menj adi salah satu penyelesaian

untuk mengat a s i mas a lah kekurangan b e k a l an rotan di

pasaran . S i s tem ini di perkenalkan pada t ahun 1 9 8 0 an

dengan mat1amat me nggunakan t an a h s e c a r a mak s imum

d i s amping bo l e h menj amin cukup b e k a l an r o t a n untuk

industri . Walaupun sistem ini telah dapat diterima oleh

banyak pekebun kec i l dan pemi lik l adang getah , masih

t erdapat banyak lagi mas a lah berkaitan penanaman dan

pengurusan seperti kesan penanaman dan had pembaj aan

yang optimum .

xvi

Satu k a j i an rumah kaca ke a t a s s e j uml ah 9 0 anak

benih rotan manau ( Calamus manan Miq . ) telah di j alankan

di tapak semaian , Fakulti Perhutanan , Universiti Perta ­

nian Mal ays i a . Satu kawalan dan lapan had pemba j aan

( 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 60 , 7 0 , 8 0 g b a j a NPK ) t e l ah

diberikan kepada set iap anak benih rotan dengan ulangan

s ebanyak 1 0 anak benih . P engukuran dan peme rhat i a n

dibuat selama 12 bulan dan d i akhir kaj ian , anak benih

dituai untuk mengukur berat kering pucuk dan akar .

Empat kaj ian lain telah d i j a l ankan di estet mini

k e punyaan R ISDA di Buk i t Ibo l , Dengk i l , S e l ango r .

Se j umlah 2 , 5 0 0 anak rotan telah ditanam dengan j arak 3

x 6 m di antara pokok getah ke lon RRIM 60 0 . Percubaan

yang t e l ah dij alankan adalah: ( i ) pene l i t i an terhadap

kadar pertumbuhan sebanyak 5 0 0 anak benih rotan se lama

2 t ahuni ( i i ) pene l i t i an t e rhadap k e s an penanaman

campuran kepada pertumbuhan dan pengeluaran getah sert a

tanah; ( i i i ) penentuan kesan 9 had pembaj aan ( 0 , 50 ,

1 0 0 , lSD, 2 0 0 , 2 5 0 , 3 0 0 , 3 5 0 d a n 4 0 0 g ) b a j a N P K

(1 2 : l 2 : l 7 + TE ) k e a t a s pertumbuhan rotan , dan ( i v )

pen i l a ian kewangan dengan menggunakan data a s a l dan

sekundar proj ek ini .

xvi i

Keputus an menunj ukkan yang pemba j aan anak benih

rotan dengan 30 g baj a NPK memberikan pertumbuhan yang

t e rbaik dengan kadar pe rtumbuhan 5 2 . 2 em dan n i sbah

pueuk dan akar sebanyak 2 . 0 12 . manakala di lapangan ,

di dapati kadar pembaj aan sebanyak 1 5 0 9 pula ada lah

yang terbaik . Adalah didapati , rotan tumbuh pada kadar

2 . 0 8 sm/ t ahun dan p e ratus kehidupan s ebanyak 9 3 . 6

peratus . Untuk kesan penanaman t e rhadap pert umbuhan

pokok getah , penge luaran getah dan sifat t anah didapati

t i ada kesan yang s igni f i kan . Ana l i s i s kewangan pula

menunj ukkan yang penanaman rotan di bawah getah yang

berus ia 6 tahun dan dituai selepas 12 t ahun memberikan

p Ulangan yang terbaik pada kadar IRR , NPV , B / C ratio

s ebanyak 2 0 . 6 8 peratus , RM' 3 , 4 9 7 . 44 dan 1 . 64 .

xvi i i

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Malaysia is one of the leading producers of natu ­

r a l rubb e r i n the wo r l d . A s o f 1 9 9 3 , 1 . 7 8 mi l l i o n

he c t a re s o f t he t o t a l l and a r e a i n t he count ry a r e

under rubber t re e s ( Ma l ays i a , M i n i s t ry o f P r i ma ry

I ndustries , 1 9 9 4 ) . Thi s repre sent s 5 . 4 percent o f the

total land area in the country . Out o f thi s , about 1 . 5

mi l l ion hectares are located in Peninsular Malays ia and

the remaining 0 . 2 8 mi l l ion hectares in East Mal ays i a .

About 8 1 percent of the 1 . 5 mi l l ion hect are s are man ­

aged by 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 sma l lholders whe r e a s t he re s t a r e

own e d by l arge r c o rporat ions s u c h a s Gut hr i e , S ime

D arby , Federal Land Deve lopme nt Au tho r i t y ( FELDA ) ,

Rubber Industry and Smal lholders Development Authority

(RISDA) and Federal Land Consol idat ion and Rehabilita­

tion Authority ( FELCRA) .

The rubber industry plays a very important role in

the socio-economic deve lopment o f Mal ays i a . In 1 9 9 3 ,

the total product ion of natural rubber was 1 . 0 7 4 mi l ­

l ion tonnes (Malaysia , Ministry of Primary Industri es ,

1 9 9 4 ) , o f whi ch , 0 . 9 3 7 mi l l ion t onne s were export e d

with a value of RM 2 , 13 2 . 5 mi l l ion which i s equivalent

to about 3 . 9 8 pe r c e nt of the t o t a l export va l u e o f

1

2

primary commodit ies of the country . Rubber industry has

a l so provided job opportunities to the local communi ­

ty . A total of 1 1 6 , 0 0 0 workers were employed in the

rubb e r e s t a t e s and about ha l f a mi l l i o n p e op l e i n

rubber smal lholdings . I n addi tion , rubber p l ant at i ons

a l s o p rodu c e more t han RM 3 0 mi l l i on of rubbe rwood

s awnt imber and furniture every year . S ince 1 9 9 1 ,

rubberwood timber has made a major contribut ion to the

furni ture industry and the demand i s expected to i n­

c rease due to the dimini shing supp ly of logs from the

natural forests .

A l t hough t he rubb e r i ndu s t ry h a s c o n t r i bu t e d

substant ially t o the nat ional economy , the l and under

rubber p l ant at i on can s t i l l be ut i l i z e d i n order t o

maximize land product ivity . In actual pract ice, only

about 25 percent of the area in the rubber plantat ions

i s o c c up i e d by rubber t re e s ( Ta judd i n , 1 9 8 4 ) . The

remaining 75 percent could be used for other economi c

activities to enable smallholders or plantat ion owners

to earn additional income.

Agroforestry is one of the approache s to ut i l i z e

this idle land . This form o f land use has been suggest ­

e d by Nik Muhamad and I smai l Harun ( 1 9 8 9 ) and I sma i l

Harun and Nik Muhamad ( 1 9 9 0 ) . Agrofore s t ry i s a col ­

lect ive term for land-use system in which woody plant s

are de l iberately combined on the same l and management

3

uni t w i t h he rbaceous crops and/ or anima l s e i the r i n

some form of spat ial arrangement o r i n sequence (Lund­

gren , 198 2 ) . I nterplanting of Calamus man an (rattan )

with Hevea bra s i li ensis (rubber ) trees can b e cons i d ­

ered as a form of an agroforestry system .

Rat t an , i s a sp iny c l imb ing palm and i s one o f

the most neglected natural resource s from the tropical

forests despite of it being one of the important forest

produces after t imber in As ia (Manokaran , 1990 ) . There

are about 6 0 0 rattan species belonging to 13 genera ,

mo s t ly di st ributed in Southe a s t As i a . I n Penins u l a r

Ma l ays i a t here a r e 1 0 4 spe c i e s o f ratt an from n ine

genera (Dransfield, 1979) . The most valued economical ­

ly are those belonging to Daemonorops , Khorthalsia and

Calamus . One of the most economically important rattans

found in Peninsular Malays ia is " Rotan manau " (Calamus

manan ) , a large diameter (>1 8mm) cane .

I n r e c e nt y e a r s , t he r e h a s b e e n a t r emendous

increase in demand for rattan especially for furniture

manufacturing . Rattan is an economically vital commodi ­

ty in vil lage l ivehood (Godoy and Tan , 1991 ; Aminuddin

and Nur Supardi , 1992 ) and has been t raded worldwi de

for more than a century (Corner , 196 6 ) . The world trade

of rat t an product i s e s t imat e d to be around US$ 6 . 5

bill ion (Manokaran , 1990j Malays i a , Rubber Industry and

S ma l l ho l de r s Deve lopment Aut ho r i ty , 1 991 ) and t he

4

r a t t an indu s t ry i s e s t imat e d t o a c c ount f o r ha l f a

mi l l ion jobs .

As a result of the high commerc ial value , rattans

are rapidly being depleted from the natural forests due

to ove r - exploitat ion . Excessive logging and shi ft ing

cult ivat ion also contributed to the dec l ine of ratt an

r e s ource in the count ry . The sp e c i e s p a r t i c u l ar ly

" rattan manau " can no longer be found in abundance in

the country .

Measure s have been t aken t o cult iva t e rat t an on

plantat ion bas is to meet the future demand for thi s raw

mat e r i a l (Aminuddi n e t a l . , 1 991 , Ami nuddin and Nur

Supard i , 1 991 ; Godoy and Tan , 1 991 ) . I n P e n i ns u l a r

Malaysia , rattan plant ing is not conf ined t o the forest

areas but also in the rubber plantat ions . Intercropping

of rattan under rubber plantation was f i rst int roduced

by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia ( FRIM) in

198 0 (Aminuddin and Nur Supardi , 198 6 ) .

Research on the s i lvicultural and economic aspects

of interplant ing rat t an with rubber trees i s however

very l imited . There are s t i l l many fundament al ques ­

t i ons unanswered part i cu larly on the f inanc i a l f e as i ­

bil ity, growth interactions and e f fects on soi l proper­

t i e s . In addi t ion , no research has been conducted on

t he f e rt i l i z e r requ i rement s of rat t an p l ant e d unde r

rubber .

5

The object ives of this study are to :

i . det ermine t he f e rt i l i z e r regime for opt imum

growth of rattan under greenhouse and f i e ld

condit ions .

i i . a s s e s s t he e f f e c t s of int e rc ropp ing rat t an

with rubber on latex produc t i on , growth o f

rubber trees and their e f fects o n s o i l phys i ­

cal and chemical propert ies .

i i i . evaluate the f inanc ial aspect s of thi s inter­

cropping system .

I n order t o a c h i eve t he above obje c t iv e s t h i s

study was divided into four experiment s . Experiment 1

{ greenhouse exper iment} was condu c t e d a t Unive r s i t i

P e rt anian Ma l ays i a , S e rdang , S e l angor . Experiment 2

{ g r ow t h p e r f o rm a n c e o f r a t t an i n t e rp l an t e d w i t h

rubber} , Experiment 3 (ef fects of intercropping on soil

prop e rt i e s , l a t e x produ c t ion and growt h o f rubb e r

t ree s ) and Experiment 4 (e ffects o f NPK fert i l i z e r on

soi l propert ies and growth of rattan interplanted with

rubbe r ) were c ondu c t e d at Buk i t I b o l M i n i E s t a t e ,

Dengki l , Selangor , Malays i a . I n addit ion , a f inanc i a l

analys i s of t he proje c t was a l s o c a r r i e d out . The

study was conducted over a period of two years .

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviews two important aspects related

to this study . The first sect ion deals with the def ini ­

t ion , concept s , pract i ce s , problems and advant age s of

agroforestry sys t em . Thi s sect ion also des cribes some

agroforestry pract ices in Malays ia and South East As ia .

The second sect ion dea l s with some aspects of growth ,

cult ivation and economics of interplant ing rattan with

rubber . Thi s sect ion also highl ight s some compari sons

in int egrat i ng r a t t an w i t h other c rop s and anima l s

under rubber plantation .

Agrofores try

Concept and Definition of Agroforestry

Agrofore s t ry i s not a new pract i ce and has been

de f ined dif ferent ly by diferent researchers ( Jacalne ,

198 4 ) . Trees , crops and animals have traditional ly been

rai sed together on sma l l farms throughout the wor ld .

Agroforestry is basically a land use system involving a

de l iberate integrat ion of trees and shrubs with agr i ­

cul tural crops and/ or l ive stock . I t has the potent i a l

o f ensuring sustained product ivity o f natural resources

by enhancing soi l fert i l ity , control l ing eros ion and

6