University General Hospital of

Alexandroupoli, Greece

Emeritus Professor P.Anninos

The magnetic activity of the brain is

produced by cellular micro-currents, which

are emerged from ionic movements, due to

the dynamical variations of the membrane

potentials

These micro-currents can be realized by

considering the unit component that make up

the brain : the “NEURON”. The Neuron

consists from the cell body and two

processes namely the dendrites by which

receives signals from other neurons and the

“AXON” which generates the main signal the

“ACTION POTENTIAL” which travels along the

axon and to all of its branches to change the

membrane potential to all the neurons which

are connected with it.

Schematic Block of the SQUID

The MEG is regarded as the most efficient

method for recording brain activity in real

time.

The MEG has unique sensitivity to the CNS

disorders and normal brain functions.

The MEG offers functional mapping

information and measurement of brain

activity in real time, unlike CT, MRI and fMRI

which only provide structural, anatomical

and metabolic information.

With the MEG the brain is seen in “action”

rather than viewed as still image.

Finally the MEG has the ability to resolve

msec temporal activity which is associated

with the information processing which is the

main task of the brain.

The MEG recordings were taken in an

electromagnetically shielded room in order

to avoid extraneous electromagnetic noise.

The MEG recordings were obtained with

sampling frequency of 256 Hz and filtered

with cut-off frequencies of 0.3 and 40 Hz.

The time taken for each MEG recording was 2

min to ensure alertness for each subject.

A software program was developed in our lab

to detect the first dominant frequency of all

power spectra obtained from each patient

after the application of the Fast Fourier

Transform.

A) An MEG record of 9 sec obtained from a patient from which B) after FFT analysis the primary dominant frequency is 2Hz.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-200

-100

0

100

200

300MEG segment of channel: 10 sec:0 - 9

time (seconds)

0 1 2 3 4 50

5

10

15

20FFT Amplitude Spectrum

Frequency (Hz)

Sp

ectr

al A

mp

litu

de

The electronic device produces weak

magnetic fields with proper characteristics:

intensity 1-7.5 pT and frequency 8-13 Hz.

Two dimension maps for the spatial

distribution of the primary dominant

frequencies were constructed over the scalp

with different colors.

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:man5evmax power on channel #73

RL

2 Hz ch. #583 Hz ch. #584 Hz ch. #515 Hz ch. #586 Hz ch. #1227 Hz ch. #73

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:kan7evmax power on channel #8

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2 Hz ch. #83 Hz ch. #84 Hz ch. #805 Hz ch. #846 Hz ch. #807 Hz ch. #103

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:kanev1max power on channel #8

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2 Hz ch. #83 Hz ch. #84 Hz ch. #85 Hz ch. #86 Hz ch. #87 Hz ch. #8

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:zerievmax power on channel #10

RL

2 Hz ch. #103 Hz ch. #104 Hz ch. #105 Hz ch. #106 Hz ch. #757 Hz ch. #44

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:zer3evmax power on channel #10

RL

2 Hz ch. #103 Hz ch. #104 Hz ch. #105 Hz ch. #106 Hz ch. #107 Hz ch. #58

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:kaloi2evmax power on channel #104

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2 Hz ch. #1043 Hz ch. #84 Hz ch. #955 Hz ch. #86 Hz ch. #87 Hz ch. #65

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delta & theta rhythms patient's code:kaloi3evmax power on channel #42

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2 Hz ch. #423 Hz ch. #374 Hz ch. #455 Hz ch. #426 Hz ch. #427 Hz ch. #44

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6970 71

727374

7576 77

78 7980

8182

8384 85

8687888990

91929394

9596

979899

100

101102

103104 105

106107108109

110 111112113

114115116

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1516

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2122

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252627

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3132

333435

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4142

4344

4546

4748

4950

5152

5354

5556

5758

5960

6162

6364

6566

6768

6970 71

727374

7576 77

78 7980

8182

8384 85

8687888990

91929394

9596

979899

100

101102

103104 105

106107108109

110 111112113

114115116

117

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78

910

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1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

252627

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3132

333435

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4142

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4546

4748

4950

5152

5354

5556

5758

5960

6162

6364

6566

6768

6970 71

727374

7576 77

78 7980

8182

8384 85

8687888990

91929394

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979899

100

101102

103104 105

106107108109

110 111112113

114115116

117118

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FRONTAL

delta & theta rhythms patient's code:kaloievmax power on channel #10

RL

2 Hz ch. #103 Hz ch. #104 Hz ch. #105 Hz ch. #106 Hz ch. #107 Hz ch. #10

This beneficiary effect of the application of

the TMS has been used by more and more

scientists using transcranial and intracranial

methodologies and have convinced that is

proven to be a valuable tool for managing

CNS disorders

ONE POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF OUR

FINDINGS IS PROVIDED VIA THE PINEAL

GLAND WHICH IS A MAGNETOSENSITIVE

ORGAN OF OUR BRAIN

The PG is involved in the circardian rhythmsregulation, it is involved in the regulation ofsleep and wake cycles, it is the stabilizer ofour neural activity, it is the regulator of ourimmune system through its action on thethymus gland, it has also analgesic activitiesand antiepileptic activities. It has been anevidence that regulates calcium andphosphorus metabolism.

It is also the neural endocrine transducerwhich transduces the information from theenvironment, mainly light and magnetic field,into our hormonal system releasing oneimportant hormone the melatonin which isrelated to the growth, maturation, sexualdevelopment, aging and so on. It is also thescavenger of the free radicals responsible formany CNS disorders.

TAKING THIS INTO ACCOUNT, THEACTIVITY OF THIS GLAND MAY BE ONE OFTHE CRUCIAL FACTORS WHICHDETERMINE AND CONTROL THE NEURALACTIVITY OF ALL THESE PATIENTSSUFFERING FROM CNS DISORDERS

HOWEVER, THE QUESTION IS DIFFICULT TO BE

ANSWERED GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF

CELLULAR, SYSTEMIC AND NEUROENDOCRINE

EFFECTS OF THE TMS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON

NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTIONS.

DESPITE ALL THESE FACTS, THE

APPLICATION OF TMS MAY BE CONSIDERED

AS A VERY IMPORTANT NONINVASIVE

MODALITY IN MANAGEMENT OF IDIOPATHIC

CNS DISORDERS.