University library Ghent___________________Open Access

April 23, 2007

Inge Van Nieuwerburgh

Summary

Scientific journal Science citation index Serials crisis Open access Supporting initiatives OA Issues Functions scientific publishing UGent Institutional Archive

Henry Oldenburg: Rise of the scientific journal

Source: “In Oldenburg's long shadow: librarians, research scientists, publishers, and the control of scientific publishing”, Guédon, Jean-Claude in ARL proceedings 138, 2001; http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html

1665 Henry Oldenburg Philosophical Transactions of the

royal society of London Public registration of original

contributions to science (validation)

Extra motive: London as centre of scientific knowledge

Why registration?

Claim intellectual rights Better image, less discussion Peer review (hierarchy) Dissemination

Intellectual rights

Immaterial property Notion “author” Printer demanded it Limited in time

Science Citation Index

Classical chain of information

A RPUB

SUB

LIB

Library is liaison between author and reader

Science citation index

Challenge: only buy what the reader needs

Every discipline “Core journals” Eugene Garfield: citation of

scientific publications as the basis of a giant web of knowledge

Unify small groups of core journals into one big core.

Core idea was bibliographic Rise of Impact Factor Control career: evaluation of the

scientist on the basis of the impact factor

Consequenses

Scientists have to publish in high impact journals

Journal title is very important because of branding

High impact journals should always be accessible, whatever the cost!

Commercial publishers

First not interested, but Scientific publishers encountered

problems of profit and quality control

Process of publication becomes more complex

Commercial publisher steps in

Extra incentive: the rise of core journals through SCI

More subscriptions by increase of number of universitities

=> booming market

Serials crisis

Exponential increase of price

Starts a few years after the rise of SCI (early 1970’s)

Commercial publishers collect high impact titles because the market is highly profitable => monopoly

Price unrelated to production cost We pay for evaluation and

branding

And libraries?

Core journals have to be purchased

Budgets cut backs end 20th century

Annul subscriptions Intollerable situation

Scientist reacts

No or difficult access to scientific information

Poor visibility Loss of research output

Experiment: Arxiv

Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology

Paul Ginsparg Database of articles in Open

Access http://www.arxiv.org/

Open Access

Open access: what

Worldwide electronic dissemination

Of peer-reviewed scientific publications

Without any barrier (no price barrier nor copyright barier)

Open Acces: why?

Increase the accessibility / availability of an article

Increase the visibility Increase worldwide impact

=> innovation, prestige, funding

Why do scientists publish?

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Communicate results to peers

Advance career

Personal prestige

Gain funding

Financial reward

source: Alma Swan, Key Perspectives Ltd, 15 may 2006 OA workshop Brussels

Open Access: how

“self archiving”: the scientist archives the article in a repository, freely available on the net: “green road to open access”.

Publish in an Open Access Journal, an electronic journal, freely available on the net: “gold road to open access”, eg. Biomedcentral, PLoS

Green road

Register in a subject repository Register in an institutional

repository Use free software, based on the

OAI-PMH protocol, like Dspace and Eprints

Handle: persistant link

Initiatives supporting OA

Open Archives Initiative

Need of standardization of data exchange between electronic databases

OAI-PMH or Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting

Notion of content provider and service provider

Santa Fee, 1999, Herbert Van de Sompel, Carl Lagoze

http://www.openarchives.org/

SPARC

Re-introduce competition:support of journals that costs much less than high impact journals, or are for free

Support scientific organisations Big supporter of Open Access Wants to be a catalyst http://www.arl.org/sparc/

OAIster

° University of Michigan Searches registered Open Access

Repositories OAIster currently provides access to

11,315,096 records from 769 contributors (updated 22 April 2007)

Results are mainly free http://www.oaister.org

DOAJ

Directory of Open Access Journals °Lund university libraries 2646 Open Access journals of

which 795 searchable on article level

Peer reviewed

OpenDOAR

The Directory of Open Access Repositories

Controlled registry As well as providing a simple

repository list, OpenDOAR lets you search for repositories or search repository contents

http://www.opendoar.org/

DRIVER

European project DRIVER sets out to build the testbed for

a future knowledge infrastructure of the European Research Area

Aim: enable others to establish services by facilitating machine readable data exchange

http://www.driver-repository.eu

Issues

Copyright

Of own publications as well as respect other’s rights

Only entry in repository if copyright OK Custom: give up rights to publisher Attempts to reverse that: addendum

publication agreement SPARC (http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.html), “licence to publish” SURF/JISC (http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/)

Romeo: publishers’ policies on self achiving (http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php)

Awareness

Convince scientists of added value OA

Integrate simple workflow Best practices Personal approach

Functions scientific publishing

source: Herbert Van de Sompel, “Open Archives voor onderzoek”Gent, 22 oct. 2002

Journals allmost naturally unite the 5 functions

They can be split up, though

Registration and dissemination

Websites Open Archives Electronic journals

= electronic publishing => gain control over your

publication

Evaluation

Website Classical journal (branding) Overlay journal

By: scientific organizations, editorial boards, peers

Archiving

Open Archive is very suitable Websites are to be advised against National harvest?

Certification and rewarding

Now: only on basis of Impact factor future: combination of van download

and citation factors? Citation not only through SCI but also

count online Also see research project MESUR by

Johan Bollen, LANL (http://www.mesur.org/Home.html)

UGent Institutional Archive

http://archive.ugent.be/ Started in 2003 Institutional archive Linking with the academic

bibliography: joint ingest, separate databases

All kind of scientific publications Now about 2500 full text

publications

ldap

WoS

, ISSN, l

dap

EXPORT

Interesting links

SPARC: http://www.arl.org/sparc/ SHERPA: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/ OAI: http://www.openarchives.org/ ROMEO: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php OAISTER: http://oaister.org DOAJ: http://www.doaj.org OpenDOAR: http://www.opendoar.org aRXiv: http://www.arxiv.org Archive UGent: http://archive.ugent.be

Literature

Article Guédon: http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html

Peter Suber’s OA pages: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm

Stevan Harnad (self archiving): http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/

Herbert Van de Sompel (technical): http://public.lanl.gov/herbertv/

Alma Swan (impact and stats): http://www.keyperspectives.co.uk/openaccessarchive/index.html