university of alaska fairbanks 1 uaf toxicology and ecosystem impacts ine, dr. robert a. perkins, pe...
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UAF Toxicology and Ecosystem Impacts
INE, Dr. Robert A. Perkins, PEIAB, Dr. Mary Beth Leigh
Kelly McFarlin
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Over viewing INE Tox Eco
INE and Toxicologyu With IAB
Dispersants and Oil SpillsTesting Programs and CapabilitiesTypes Laboratory Testing (Kelly)Current Biodegredation Use of Data in Decision-MakingPartners and Friends
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Personnel
INEIAB
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Oil Spills and Dispersants
“After oil is spilled, nothing good happens.”Mechanical RecoveryIn situ BurningMechanical (Natural) DispersionChemical Dispersion
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HOW DISPERSANTS WORKTHE GOAL: REDUCE OIL CONCENTRATION TO LESS THAN IMPACT LEVELS AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE
2) APPLICATION OF DISPERSANT
3) OIL SLICK DISPERSES INTO DROPLETS WITH MINIMAL ENERGY
HYDROPHILICLIPOPHILIC
Surfaces of DropletsRepel Each Other...No Coalescence
1) OIL/WATER INCOMPATIBILITY
Na+
Na+
Cl–
Cl–Na+
Cl–
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Mixing oil and water
Slide Courtesy of Alun Lewis
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Why do small oil droplets float more slowly than large oil droplets ?
Dh/t = D2(rw - ro)g
18hw
Small oil droplets rise much more slowly than large droplets
STOKES LAW
Slide Courtesy of Alun Lewis10
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Effectiveness
Type of oilWeathering stateSea state and weather conditionsGenerally published for major dispersant
formulationsUAF has done standard lab tests on theseMeso-scale tests are common
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Removes Oil from Surface
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Puts oil into the water column
Fig. 1-9. Concentrations of oil in the water column following dispersal of a 0.1 mm thick slick of fresh oil treated with a chemical dispersant (after Lewis and Aurand, 1997)
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Are Dispersants Toxic?
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Scientific toxicologySeeks to understand the natural laws regarding effects
Applied toxicologySeeks to establish safe doses (concentrations)
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http://info.lu.farmingdale.edu/depts/met/ind310/industrialtoxicology.html 17
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Blue is therapeutic effectGreen is harmful effect 18
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LC50?
Method of comparing chemicals and situations
Modeling
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DISPERSION EFFECTDISPERSION EFFECT
Water Currents Distribute Oil Over Wide AreaWater Currents Distribute Oil Over Wide Area
OF THE WATER COLUMN
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OK, but
Are dispersants toxic?
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CROSERF
Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum
Boxes of LiteratureNo standardized :
Oil
Weathering state
Dispersant
Dosing rate or method
Analysis
Species
Mixing
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Sponsors of Research
Texas General Land Office (TGLO);
Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FL DEP);
California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response (CA OSPR);
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC);
Exxon Corporation;
American Petroleum Institute (API), and
Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC).24
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Plus
Minerals Management Service (MMS);U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), andChevron Corporation
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Universities and Sponsors
University of California, Santa Cruz (later UC Davis) - CA OSPR
University of South Florida - FL DEPTexas A&M University - TGLOUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks - ADEC
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CROSERF Testing
Standard species and standard oilCalibrate labs
Standard species and local oilIs our oil different?
Local species and local oilAre our local species different?
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Test Regimes
Species Mysidu Fish larvaeu Tanner crab larvaeu Microtox
Oilsu PBCOu ANS, Freshu ANS, Weathered
• 200 deg. C.29
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Treatmentu WAF [water accommodated fraction]u CE-WAF [chemically enhanced WAF]
Exposure, 96-hru Chambersu Static with Renewal
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Almost forgot
VOAu C6-C9
BTEXTPHu C10-C36
THC, andLoading
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Whoops
Warm25 °C
Cold4 to 7 °C
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Fresh CE-WAF
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Eco Tox Testing Goals
Test relevant speciesSensitive life stageAs close to environment conditions beneath
a spillEstablish dose-responseInput to modeling environmental effects
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Test Species
Whales to microorganismsBest would be convenient and relevant, Convenient - amenable to laboratory testingRelevant - important to the ecosystem in
question, recognized by the public, sensitive to the chemical.
“Standard” test speciesu All warm, 20 C, water
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KELLY
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Arctic Testing
Toxicitiy
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Background
Joint Industry Program to Evaluate the Effects of Dispersed Oil on Cold Water Environments of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (JIP)
• JIP sponsors: Shell, ExxonMobil, Statoil, Conoco
March 2008 workshop facilitated focus of research and methods used
Workshop participants: local community, academia, resource agencies and industry
• UAF, NOAA, MMS, NSB, ExxonMobil, Shell, PWSSC, PWSRCAC, USCG, ACS, AKVAPLAN-NIVA, and SINTEF
Workshop proceedings u Identified two key arctic species for toxicity testing that were
primarily chosen based on their location in the pelagic food web• Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida)• Copepod (Calanus glacialis)
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Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida)
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Copepod (Calanus glacialis)
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Sculpin (Myoxocephalus sp.)
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Barrow Laboratory
The Barrow Arctic Research Center, Barrow, Alaska
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KELLY
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Field Expeditions
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Oil type? Chukchi, Beaufort
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END Kelly
Kelly on difference with arctic and non speices
Lag time, etc. Bio degredaitonAMOPIOSCPEER REVIEW
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Use of Data
Confront misinformationu “Microbes that degrade oil are not present in the
Arctic” – testimony to Oil Spill Commission
“Regardless of their effectiveness, questions remain regarding the potential toxicity and impacts of dispersants on Arctic ecosystems.” xii [National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. OFFSHORE DRILLING IN THE ARCTIC: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE CONSIDERATION OF OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES Staff Working Paper No. 13 quoting from http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/oil-spill-prevention-and-response-in-the-us-arctic-ocean-unexamined-risks-unacceptable-consequences-8589942645 ]
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Modeling
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Forward and Current Models
Forwardu Set limits on dispersant useu Pre-approvalsu Water depthu Geography
Currentu Spill response optionsu Risk analysis, NEBA
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Models
Use wind and current dataNeed oil properties with timePredict location and thickness of slickPredict concentration of oil in water columnAnalyze harm to marine lifeu Need time of year and other details
Long termu Beachedu Biodegraded
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Experience and Capability
Arctic Marine Tox, bio deg, eco Testingu Two years
Barrow Labu Set up labu HSE issuesu IACUCu BASC, administration
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Friends and Partners
CROSERFu Seward Marine Centeru SeaLife Center
Current work with Creosote in Southeastu UASu NOAA NMFS
• NSB Wildlife, others
JIPu Shell, ExxonMobil, Statoil, Conoco
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TAC of JIP
NOAABOEMREEPAADECCOOGERu Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research u Fisheries and Oceans Canada
SINTEFu Joint industry program on oil spill contingency for
Arctic and ice covered waters
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Arctic Species Sensitivity Distribution
Gro Harlaug Olsen, Lionel Camus, Mathijs Smit, Tim Smith, Iris Jæger, JoLynn Carroll,
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Questions, Discussion
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