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University of Nigeria +++ Research Publications Author ANIGBOGU, G.C PG/M.ED/S/88/6152 Title Students Perception Of Guidance Counsellors Roles In Onitsha Education Zone Of Anambra State Faculty Education Department Education Date July, 1990 Signature

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Page 1: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

University of Nigeria+++ Research Publications

Aut

hor

ANIGBOGU, G.C

PG/M.ED/S/88/6152

Title

Students Perception Of Guidance Counsellors Roles In

Onitsha Education Zone Of Anambra State

Facu

lty

Education

Dep

artm

ent

Education

Dat

e

July, 1990

Sign

atur

e

Page 2: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

T I T L E PAGE

S T U L E N T S ' P E R C E P T I O N O F G U I D A N C E C O U N S E L L O R S ' R O L E S I N

O N I T S t I A EDUCATION ZONE O F AN AMBRA E

A T K E S I S P R E S E N T E D T O THE FACULTY O F

E D U C A T I O N , U N I V E R S I T Y O F N I G E R I A , NSUKKA

I N P A R T I A L F U L F I L M E N T C F , Tti i: R E Q U I R E M E N T S FOR T H E DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION

( G U I D A N C E AND C O U N S E L L I N G )

A N I G B O G U , G . C.

( R E G . NO. ~ ~ / ~ . ~ ~ / ~ / 8 8 / 6 1 5 2 )

J U L Y , 1990-

Page 3: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

ii.

H P P P O V A L P A G E

T h I b T t I E S I S HAS BEEN A P P R O V E D F O R TWE

F A C U L T Y O F L G U C A T I O N , U N I V E R S I T Y O F

N I G E R I A , N S U K K A .

S U P E R V I S O R

-.

S U P E R V I S O R

I N T E R N A L E X A M I N E R DEAN O F F A C U L T Y

Page 4: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

iii.

' T h i s w o r k i s d e d i c a t e d t o my be loved

w i f e Mrs. H, E. A n i g b o g u a n d my d a u g h t e r

Miss. C h i n o n y e V, A n i g b o g u .

Page 5: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

i v ,

ACKNO ,JLEDGMLi'J T

The r e s e a r c h e r i s v e r y g r a t e f u l t o h i s t h e s i s

a d v i s e r , D r , J. K, Es.5urnan f o r h i s c o n s t r u c t i v e

c r i t ic i sms , s c h o l a r l y a d v i c e a n d pa t i c n c e i n r e a d i n g

t h r o u g h a n d c o r r e c t i n g t h p m a n u s c r i p t ,

F o n d l y re rnemberd i n ti:is w o r k i s my b e l o v e d w i f e

Mrs. H. L;. A n i g b o g u f o r h e r e n c o u r a g e m e n t w h i c h l e d t o

t h e s u c c e s s f u l c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s work .

M Y g r a t i t u d e a l s o g o e s t o the p r i n c i p a l s of a l l t h e

twen t y - e i g h t S e c o n d a r y Schoolbs i n O n i t s t , a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e ,

w h o s e s t u d e n t s w e r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y , f o r t h e i r

c o - o p e r a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e p e r i o d of t h e r e s e a r c h w o r k .

T h i s w i l l n o t be c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g t h e

t y p i s t N r . I. O r j i f o r h i s i m m e n s e c o n t r i b u t i o n i n

g e t t i n g t h i s work r e a d y a t t h e r i c ; i i t t i m e .

F i n a l l y t h e r e s e a r c h e r g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e s t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n s m a d e by t h e f o l l o w i n q p t o p l e : Messers

B. 0 . E n i e f o h , P. C, ~ d u a k a , I : . R. Udemba a n d T. I.

I b e n e m e ,

Page 6: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

TABLE OF CONTENTS

T i t l e P a g e . . . . . . o o

A p p r o v a l P a g e . . . . . . D e d i c a t i o n , . . . . a . . ~ c k n o w l e d g e m e n t . . . . . . T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s .. . . . a

L i s t o f T a b l e s - . O m . , ~ b s t r a c t .. . . . . CKAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

B a c k g r o u n d o f t h e s t u d y . . S t a t e m e n t of t h e P r o b J e m . P u r p o s e o f t h e S t u d y O . S i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e S t u d y . . S c o p e o f t h e S t u d y e a

R e s e a r c h Q U ~ S t i o n s . . m e

R e s e a r c h H y p o t h e s i s , . . . CIIAPTER TWO: - REVIEW OF LITERATURE

T h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r a n d t h e C o n c e p t s o f R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n . . . . F o r c e s a n d F a c t o r s t h a t I n f l u e n c e t h e C o u n s e l l o r l s Role V a r i a b i l i t y . . S t u d i e s o n C o u n s e l l o r Kole P e r c e p t i o n s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a .. S t u d i e s o n C o u n s e l l o r Role P e r c e p t i o n s i n N i g e r i a .. . . . . . . T h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r i n C l a s s r o o m T e a c h i n g a n d D i s c i p l i n a r y Koles . - C o n c l u s i o n , . . . . O e o

PAGE - i

i i

iii

i v

v

v i i

v i i i

1

1

9

10

11

13

13

14

15

15

36

42

49

57

61

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v i .

CI-;AFTER THREE : RESLARCW DESIGN

Ct-iAPTER FIVE :

. e . . 0 0 . . P o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e S t u d y . . . . 0 0 65

S a m p l e f o r t h e S t u d y . . . . * a 6 6

I n s t r u m e n t f o r d a t a C o l l e c t i o n .. w e 69

V a l i d i t y a n d R e l i a b i l i t y of t h e I n s t r u m e n t .. . . O D . e .. 7 0

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e ~ u e s t i o n n a i r e .. 7 0

M e t h o d of A n a l y s i n g Data .. . . O I 7 0

CilAPTER FOUR:

D a t a P r e s e n t a t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s . . . . 7 2

D i s c u s s i o n a n d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of R e s u l t s .. 90

l i e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n 1 .. . . 0 rn . . 9 0

R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n 2 . . .. w e . . 1 0 0

R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n 3 . . . . . o .. 1 0 3

t ; y p o t h e s i s 1 . O . . . m .. 1 0 4

h y p o t h e s i s 2 . . . . . . .. 1 0 5

I l y p o t h e s i s 3 . . . . w e .. 1 ? 7

i l y p o t h e s i s 4 . . . . . . .. 1 0 8

I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e F i n d i n g s . o . . 111

R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . - . . O w .. 111

s u g g e s t i o n s f o r F u r t h e r K e s e a r c h . . .. 1 1 4

Summary a n d C o n c l u s i o n . O O . .. 1 1 5

B i b l i o g r a p h y .. . P a - .. 118

APPENDIX A: L e t t e r to t h e S c h o o l P r i n c i p a l s . . 1 2 5

PI B: Q u e s t i o n n a i r e f o r S t u d e n t s .. 1 2 6

11 C: S c h o o l s i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y . 1 3 0

Page 8: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

v i i .

LIST OF TABLLS

PAGE -

VII

VIII

Number o f schools i n t h e z o n e b y t y p e a n d s a m p l e ., . . . * . - . . C 8

Number of s t u d e n t s b y C l a s s a n d Sex . . 69

R e s p o n s e s of s t u d e n t s o n t h e Hole o f t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r A c c o r d i n g t o Sex . . 9 . . . a . . . 74

k e s p o n s e s of JS 3 a n d S S 3 S t u d e n t s o n t h e r o l e o f t h e s choo l C o u n s e l l o r . . 77

R e s p o n s e s ~f U r b a n a n d R u r a l S t u d e n t s o n e a c h i t e m o n t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r l s Role. 9 . . ., . a ,, g a = 80

R e s p o n s e s o f s t u d e n t s f r o m S c h o o l s w i t h P r o f e s s i o n a l C o u n s e l l o r s a n d t h o s e w i t h T e a c h e r C o u n s e l l o r s . . . - 8 3

R e s p o n s e s of s t u d e n t s o n t h e Roles o f t h e s c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r . . o n - . 8 6

P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f O p i n i o n s of S t u d e n t s o n P r o b l e m s w h i c h r e q u i r e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ' s A t t e n t i o n i n t h e S c h o o 1 . . . . . O . O . e 88

R e s p o n s e s of S t u d e n t s o n , d h e t h e r or n o t S t u d e n t s P e r c e i v e t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r a s a D i s c i p l i n a r i a n ..

Page 9: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

- /" v i i i .

A B S T R A C T

T h i s r e s e a r c h was a i m e d a t d e &?4" m i n i n g t h e

s e c o n d a r y school s t u d e n t s p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e g u i d a n c e

c o u n s e l l o r 1s r o l e i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Zone. The p o p u l a -

t i o n f o r t h e s t u d y w a s 560 J S 3 a n d SS 3 s t u d e n t s

c o n s i s t i n g o f 2 8 0 b o y s a n d 2 8 0 g i r l s f r o m 2 8 s c h o o l s .

A q u e s t i o n n a i r e , t h e " S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r I s Role ~ e r c e p t i o n

S c a l e u (SCRPS) w h i c h s o u g h t t o f i n d o u t t h e s t u d e n t s t

a w a r e n e s s o f g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s , t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e

r o l e s o f t h e s c h o c l c o u n s e l l o r a n d w h a t t h e y f e e l t h e

c o u n s e l l o r r o l e i s i n d i s c i p l i n e was u s e d .

The f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s were u s e d i n t h e

s t u d y :

1. What r o l e s d o s t u d e n t s t h i n k t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

p e r f o r m i n t h e s c h o o l ?

2. N h a t k i n d o f p r o b l e m s d o s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s

f e e l s h o u l d be t a k e n t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r ?

3 . \;ow d o t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r I s ro le

i n d i s c i p l i n e ?

I n a d d i t i o n , f o u r n u l l h y p o t h e s e s were p o s t u l a t e d

w h i c h s o u g h t t o f i n d o u t if a n y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s

e x i s t i n t h e r e s p u n d e n t s t r e s p o n s e s d u e t o s e x , c l a s s -

l e v e l , s c h o o l l o c a t i o n a n d s c h o o l t y p e . W h i l e s c h o o l

l o c a t i o n refers t o u r b a n s c h o o l s o r r u r a l s c h o o l $ , s c h o o l

t y p e refers t o s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s a n d

Page 10: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

T h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s e m e r g e d o u t o f t h e i n v e s t i g a -

t i o n :

T h e r e s p o n d e n t s p e r c e i v e d t h e m a j o r c o u n s e l l o r

r o l e s t o be a s s i s t i n g t h e s t u d e n t s i n t h e i r e d u c a -

t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s .

SS 3 s t u d e n t s h a v e more a c c u r a t e p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e

c o u n s e l l o r ro les t h a n JS 3 s t u d e n t s .

T h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a d i s c i p l i - b

n a r i a n a n d o n e who a s s i s t s i n p u n i s h i n g s t u d e n t s

who m i s b e h a v e .

T h e v a r i a b l e s of s e x a n d s c h o o l l o c a t i o n a r e n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e s t u d e n t s

p e r c e p t i o n ? of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro les .

,4 s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s i n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s

of s t u d e n t s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s a n d t h o s e

w i t h t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s . T h e s t u d e n t s i n schools

w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s h a v e more a c c u r a t e

p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro les .

F i n a l l y , t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y , a n u m b e r of

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r be t t e r p r a c t i c e a n d s u g g e s t i o n s f o r

f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h were made .

Page 11: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

X I

From t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d , t h e r e s e a r c h e r

r e c o m m e n d s t h a t p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s o n f u l l t i m e

b a s i s s h o u l d be s e n t t o a l l t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s

t h r o u g h o u t t h e F e d e r a t i o n i n t h e n e a r e s t d i s t a n t f u t u r e ,

T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e r e s u l t r e v e a l s t h a t s t u d e n t s i n

s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s h a v e more c lear

p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r I s r o le t h a n s t u d e n t s

i n s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s . T h e r e s e a r c h e r

a l s o c a l l s f o r a n i m m e d i a t e a r t i c u l a t i o n a n d d e f i n i t i o n

o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e s , t h e c i r c u l a t i o n of t h e

p o l i c y s t a t e m e n ts t o s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s a n d t e a c h e r s a n d

e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e s e p o l i c y s t a t e -

m e n t s b y t h e F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n .

Page 12: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

CHAPTER ONE -- -

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- T h e c o n c e p t o f g u i d a n c e a s a f o r m a l i z e d e d u c a t i o n a l

s e r v i c e i s r e l a t i v e l y new i n N i g e r i a . G u i d a n c e a n d

C o u n s e l l i n g a s d e f i n e d t o d a y e v o l v e d i n U n i t e d S t a t e s of

America i n t h e 1 9 0 0 s . I t s h i s t o r y i n N i g e r i a d a t e s o n l y

from t h e l a t e 1950s when a g r o u p of r e v e r e n d I r i s h S i s t e r s

a t S a i n t T h e r e s a ' s C o l l e g e Oke-Ado, ne>ar I b a d a n saw t h e

n e e d f o r v o c a t i o r a l g u i d a n c e o f t h e f i n a l y e a r s c h o o l b

c e r t i f i c a t e f e m a l e s t u d e r t s o f t h e i r c o l l e g e i n 1959.

P r e s e n t l y , G u i d a n c e a n d C o u ~ s e l l i n g h a s b e e n r e c o g n i s e d

as a n a n c i l l i a r y e d u c a t i o n s e r v i c e and i s p r i m a r i l y

c o n c e r n e d w i t h h e l p i n g s t u d e ~ t s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e m s e l v e s

i n terms of t h e i r i n t e l l e c t u a l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s , a p t i t u d e

or t a l e n t s , e d u c a t i o n a l and o c c u p a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d

o t h e r p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s a t t i t u d e s a n d

t e m p e r a m e n t s w h i c h are a l s o e s s e n t i a l f o r e d u c a t i o n a l

a n d v o c a t i o n a l d e ~ i s i o n ~ r n a k i n g . G u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s a l s o

h e l p t h e s t u d e n t s t o r e s o l v e t h e i r e m o t i o n a l a n d

p e r s o n a l - s o c i a l p r o b l e m s f o r b e t t e r a d j u s t m e n t t o l i f e

g o a l s . The h i g h i n c i d e n c e of j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n c y , d r u g

a b u s e , s e x u a l o f f e n c e s etc. c a l l s f o r g u i d a n c e a n d

c o u n s e l l i n g i n o u r p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a r y a n d

Page 13: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

t e r t i a r y i n s t i t u t i o n s , $ 6 9 . ~ if a11 t h e s e a r e u n c h e c k e d ,

may create more s e r i o u s a c a d e m i c , s o c i a l a n d e m o t i o n a l

problems i n l a t e r l i f e .

I n v i e w of t h i s , t h e n e e d t o p r o v i d e G u i d a n c e a n d

C o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e 6 f o r s t u d e c t s i n s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s

b y t h e N i g e r i a n F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t h a d b e e n s t a t e d i n t h e

N a t i o n a l P o l i c y o n E d u c a t i o n (1977) a n d r e v i s e d (1981,

s e c t i o n 10) as:

I n v i e w o f t h e a p p a r e n t i g n o r a n c e of many y o u n g p e o p l e a b o u t career p r o s p e c t s , a n d i n v i e w of p e r s o n a l i ' t y m a l a d j u s t m e n t among s c h o o l c h i l d r e n , careers o f f i c e r s a n d c o u n s e l l o r s w i l l be a p p o i n t e d i n p o s t - p r i m a r y i n s t i t u t i o ~ s .

ahe F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t ' s s t a n d o n t h e i s s u e w a s e a r l i e r

o n c a l l e d f o r b y D u r o j a i y e (1972) when h e c a t e g o r i c a l l y

s t a t e d t h a t :

W e c a n see t h a t t h e n e e d f o r g u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g i n N i g e r i a becomes i n c r e a s i n g l y p r e s s i n g as e c o n o m i c a n d e d u c a t i o n a l s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g m a d e i n t h e c o u n t r y . E a c h s t u d e n t w i l l n e e d t o be h e l p e d t o s t r e n g h t e n h i s own a b i l i t i e s t o m a k e w i s e c h o i c e s a n d t o f a c e p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d i n s o c i e t y .

I n N i g e r i a a s a t t o d a y , t h e o u t s t a n d i n g p $ o b l e m s 'C

c o n f r o n t i n g t h e g u i d a n c e p r o f e s s i o n i s n o t w h e t h e r

g u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g is i m p o r t a n t b u t t h e i s s u e of

l a c k o f c l a r i t y or d e f i n i t i o n r e g a r d i n g w h o a n d w h a t t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s t a n d s f o r i n t h e N i g e r i a n s c h o o l s e t t i n g .

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3 0

P r e s e n t l y , much a t t e n t i o n is b e i n g g i v e n t o t h e t r a i n i n g

of g u i d a n c e c o u n s e l l o r s a t b o t h p o s t g r a d u a t e and u n d e r -

g r a d ~ ~ a t e l e v e l s i n many N i g e r i a n U n i v e r s i t i e s , E q u a l l y

many s t u d e n t s i n some C o l l e g e s of E d u c a t i o n a n d P o l y -

t e c h n i c s r e a d i n g f c r t h e i r N i g e r i a n C e r t i f i c a t e i n

E d u c a , t i o n c o m b i n e o n e t e a c h i n g s u b j e c t w i t h G u i d a n c e a n d

C o u n s e l l i n g . T h e s e C o u n s e l l o r s a f t e r t h e i r t r a i n i n g x e

h a s b e e n p l a c e d u p o n formal a c t i v i t i e s a i m e d a t e d u c a -

t i n g t h e c o u n s e l l o r k p u b l i c s a b q u t t h e p o s s i b l e u s e of

c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s , The c o u n s e l l o r i s a new comer t o

e d u c a t i o n a l s c e n e i n N i g e r i a a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e t e a c h e r

and t h e p r i n c i p a l who h a v e h i s t o r i c a l s e n i o r i t y o v e r h im

i n t h c s c h o o l s e t t i n g , A d m i t t e d l y , g u i d a n c e a n d

c o u n s e l l i n g i s a r e l a t i v e l y new e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e i n

N i g e r i a , j u s t as i t i s i n s e v e r a l o t h e r d e v e l o p i n g

c o u n t r i e s . On t ! l i s i s s u e . Denga (1983 :26) h a s t h i s t o

s a y :

I t is l i t t l e s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r ~ s p u b l i c s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s h a v e a h a z y , c o n f u s e d a n d b l u r r e d p e r c e p t i o n o f h i s roles a n d f u n c t i o n s ,

T h e s e p u b l i c s i n c l u d e t h e s t u d e n t s , t h e p r i n c i p a l ,

t h e s t u d e n t s 1 P a r e n t s , t h e g e n e r a l c o m m u n i t y a n d e v e n

t h e t e a c h e r s who a re t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s p r o f e s s i o n a l

a l l i e s .

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4.

E v e n w h e r e t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s p u b l i c s h a v e a t l eas t a

v a g u e n o t i o n o f h i s ro les , t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s p r o s t i t u t e d

i n t o r r l a y i n g ro les w i t h l i t t l e o r n o s l a n t t o w a r d s h i s

p r o f e s s i o n , T o c o m p o u n d t h i s p r o b l e m f u r t h e r i s t h e

- f a c t t h a t e v e n t h e o f f i c i a l i n d i c a t i o n s o f t h e roles of

t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l t e n d t o g i v e t h e p u b l i c

o n l y a p a r t i a l i m p r e s s i o n of w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r s t a n d s

f o r i n t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g . T h i s c a n be s e e n from t h e

f a c t t h a t i n t h e Natiomal p o l i c y o n ducati ion ( 1 9 7 7 ) a n d

t h e f i v e - y e a r N a t i o n a l D e v e l o b m e n t P l a n ( 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 0 ) , t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i s a l w a y s d e s c r i b e d as careers masters

or careers o f f i c e r s . T h e s e d e s c r i p t i o n s a re as a r e s u l t =

of i n c o m p l e t e n o t i o n s o f w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r r e p r e s e n t s

i n t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g . T h e v e r y m e a n i n g of h i s t i t l e

h e a V i c e - p r i n c i p a l ? O r i s h e a n a d m i n i s t r a t o r ? H e i s

i n s h o r t , a v e r y d i f f i c u l t p e r s o n t o p l a c e w i t h i n t h e

~ r o f e s s i o n a l h i e r a r c h y o f t h e s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l . A l l t h e

above q u e s t i o n s more t h a n , d r a m a t i z e t h e p r o b l e m w

s u r r o u n d i n g t h e r o l e - d e f i n i t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e

s c h o o l .

M a k i n d e ( 1 9 7 6 ) made some p o s i t i v e a t t empts t o d e f i n e

t h e r o l e of t h e s c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r f o r t h e p r o g r e s s of

g u i d a n c e e x p e r i m e n t i n N i g e r i a w h e n h e r e c o g n i s e d t h e

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5 .

c r i p p l i n g e f f e c t o f s u c h a s i t u a t i o n , H i s d e f i n i t i o n h a s

b r o a d e r p e r s p e c t i v e o n t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r

r o l e t h a r ! w h a t i s s e t f o r t h i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c y

s t a t e m e n t a b o u t t h e c o u n s e l l o r 9s ro le i d e n t i t y i n . t h e

s c h o o l . T h i s i s b e c a u s e w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r s are s u p p o s e d

t o be d o i n g h a v e n o t b e e n c i r c u l a t e d t o s c h o o l s w h e r e

t h e y o u g h t t o serve as a g u i d e t o p r i n c i p a l s i n a s s i g r ~ e n t

o f d u t i e s t o c o u n s e l l o r s a n d a l s o f o r o r i e n t i n g t e a c h e r s

a n d s t u d e n t s t o w a r d s u n d e r s t a n d i n g much more c l e a r l y who

a n d w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r s t a n d s F o r i n t h e s c h o o l . T h e

d a p g e r s of a l l o w i n g t h e r o l e o f t h e . c o u n s e l l o r t o g o

u n d e f i n e d h a s b e e n p o i ~ t e d o u t b y many g u i d a n c e . -

l i t e r a t u r e p , T h e u n d e f i n i t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r t s ro l e

h a s o f t e n l e d t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r b e i n g p e r c e i v e d

d i f f e r e n t l y a n d o f t e n w r o n g l y by h i s d i f f e r e n t p u b l i c s ,

l e a c l i n g t o i l l - e f f e c t o f r o l e c o n f u s i o n a n d s t r a i n s o n

t h e r 'art of t h e ~ r a c t i s i ~ g c o u n s e l l o r s ,

S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 7 6 ) c o m m e n t i n g o n t h e a b o v e

i s s u e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t e v e n i n A m e r i c a w h e r e g u i d a n c e

c a n be said t o h a v e t a k e n a f i r m f o u n d a t i o n , s o m e

c o v n s e l l o r p u b l i c s , n o t a b l y s t u d e n t s , t e a c h e r s a n d

p r i n c i p a l s d o s t i l l h o l d w r o n g p e r c e r ) t i o n a b o u t w h a t t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s h o u l d be d o i n g i n t h e s c h o o l , T h e

i l l e f f e c t o f s u c h a s i t u a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o s h e r t z e r a n d

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6.

S t o n e ( 1 9 7 6 ) i s t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a r e a s s i g n e d a l l sorts

of d u t i e s by t h e i r p r i n c i p a l s ; a re n o t s e e n i n g o c d

l i g h t b y t h e t e a c h e r s a n d a r e n o t f u l l y u t i l i z e d by t h e i r

p r i m a r y r e c i p i e n t s , t h e s t u d e n t s . T h e s t u d i e s by Van

R i p e r ( 1 9 7 1 1 , L e w i ~ ( 1 9 7 2 ) , H a r t a n d P r i n c e ( 1 9 7 0 ) a n d

A r b u c k l e ( 1 9 7 1 ) h a d a l l c o n c l u d e d t h a t n e i t h e r t h e

t e a c h e r s n o r t h e s t u d e n t s n o t e v e n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s

r e a l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l r o l e s o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e r n . I n o r d e r t o f o r e - s t a l l b

t h i s , t h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s A s s o c i a t i o n m a d e

e f f o r t t o p u b l i s h o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o n t h e r o l e o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l .

I t may b e as a r e s u l t o f t h e s e p r o h l e m s t h a t

O y e g b a m i (1974 ) c a r r i e d o u t a r e s e a r c h t o e x p l o r e t h e

P e r c e p t i o n s w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t s o f t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e H i g h

S c h o o l , A i y e t o r o , h o l d of t h e c o u n s e l l o r a n d h i s r o l e i n

t h e s c h o o l . From h i s f i n d i n g s , i t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t

t h e r o l e of t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l w a s b e i n g

w r o n g l y p e r c e i v e d b y t h e s t u c l e v t s . T h e s t u d e n t s

P e r c e i v e d t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s s o m e o n e who p u n i s h e d p u p i l s

f o r c l a s s m i s b e h a v i o u r when s u c h p u p i l s w e r e r e f e r r e d t o

h im by class t e a c h e r s , and t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r w a s a l s o

p e r c e i v e d as t e l l i n g p u p i l s w h a t t h e y h a d t o d o . Based

o n h i s f i n d i n g s , h e made a n u m b e r o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

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among w h i c h w a s t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r e d u c a t o r s may h a v e

t o d e f i n e c o u n s e l l o r d u t i e s a n d c o u n s e l l o r p r a c t i c e i n

t h e N i g e r i a n s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , Onyegbami

l i m i t e d h i s s a m p l e s e l e c t i o n t o s t u d e n t s of C o m p r e h e n s i v e

H i g h S c h o o l , A i y e t c i - o a l o n e .

Denga ( 1 9 7 6 1 , d e s i g n e d h i s own s t u d y i n t h e n o r t h e r n

p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y , H i s s t u d y was b r o a d e r t h a n t h a t o f

Oyegbami i n aim, f o r i n s t e a d o f e n d i n g u p w i t h how t h e

s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r r o l e , h e w e n t f u r t h e r b

t o f i n d o u t how t h e t e a c h e r s a n d p r i n c i p a l s a s w e l l

p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r ~ s r o l e . H i s t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n

c o n s i s t e d o f t h e s t u d e n t s , t e a c h e r s a n d p r i n c i p a l s i n

some s e l e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s i n Kaduna S t a t e , H e

c o n c l u d e d t h a t n e i t h e r t h e p r i n c i p a l n o r t h e t e a c h e r s ,

t o s a y n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e s t u d e n t s u n d e r s t o o d c l e a r l y

w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r was meart t o be d o i n g i n t h e s c h o o l

s i t u a t i o n , P a r t of h i s f i n c ' i v g s , f o r i n s t a n c e , showed

t h a t a m a j o r i t y of t h e s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d s a w t h e c o u n s e l -

l o r as a t h r e a t t o t h e i r p r i v a c y , b e l i e v i n g t h a t t o t a k e

t h e i r e m o t i o n a l a n d soc i a l p r o b l e m s t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r

was t a n t a m o u n t t o e x p o s i n q t h e i r p r i v a t e l i v e s n o t o n l y

t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r b u t a l s o t o t h o s e whom t h e c o u n s e l l o r

w a s l i k e l y t o s h a r e s u c h c o n f i d e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h ,

f o r e x a m p l e , t h e p r i n c i p a l .

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8.

I \?nonyelum ( 1 9 8 6 ) d e s i g r e d a s t u f i y t o e x p l o r e

s t u c l e n t s ' p e r c e p t i o n s of ~ o u r ~ s e l l o r s ro les i n Enugu and

N s u k k a e d u c a t i o n z o n e s o f Anambra S t a t e . H i s f i n d i n g s

were s imi la r t o t h a t o f Denga (1976) a n d O y e g b a m i ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

P a r t o f h i s f i n d i n ; s show t h a t t h e s t u d e ~ t s p e r c e i v e d

t h e c o u n s e l l o r as a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n a n d o n e who assists

i n r ~ u n i s h i n g s t u d e n t s who m i s b e h a v e .

From t h e r e s u l t s of t h e a b o v e s t u d i e s , i t c o u l d b e

d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s i n t h e W e s t e r n , n o r t h e r n b

a n d a f r a c t i o n of e a s t e r n p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y are y e t t o

b e f u l l y aware o f t h e a c t u a l p r o i e s s i o n a l roles o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l . S i n c e t h e s e s t u d e n t s are t h e

m a j o r b e n e f i c i a r i e s of t h e counsellor^ s r o l e p e r f o r rnance

i n t h e s c h o o l , i t i s t h e n c lear t h a t u n l e s s s o m e t h i n g i s

d o n e t o d e f i n e c l e a r l y t h e r o l e o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e

s c h o o l s y s t e m , s t u d e n t s may n o t be a b l e t o b e v e f i t f u l l y

from t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e s c h o o l . T h i s i s

o b v i o u s b e c a u s e i f t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s n o t r i g h t l y

} > e r c e i v e d by t h e s t u d e n t s , t h e i r u t i l i z a t i o n o f h i s

h e l p c a n n o t be a s e x p e c t e d a n d t h i s may u n d e r m i n e t h e

o b j e c t i v e s f o r w h i c h t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e h a s b e e n

p r o v i d e d f o r .

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

R e s u l t s of s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e N o r t h e r n a n d

W e s t e r n p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y s h o w t h a t s t u d e n t s a r e n o t

c o m p l e t e l y aware of t h e ro le o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e

s c h o o l s y s t e m y e t . T h e same r e s u l t h a s a l s o b e e n g f v e n

a b o u t t h e s t u d e n t s o f E n u g u a n d N s u k k a e d u c a t i o n z o n e s

of A n a m b r a S t a t e . I n o r d e r t o s t a t e c a t e g o r i c a l l y how

t h e s t u c ' e r i t s o f A n a m b r a S t a t e r e l ) r e s e n t i n g t h e E a s t e r n

p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y p e r c e i v e t h e r o l e of t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r , i t becomes v e c e s s a k y t o s t u d y t h e p e r c e ~ l t i o n s

t h c s t u d e n t s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e h o l d o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s .

F r o m a l l i n d i c a t i o n s , some p r i n c i p a l s a n d t e a c h e r s

i n t e r v i e w e d h e l d t h e v i e w t h a t most s t u d e n t s i f n o t a l l

o f t h e m i n O n i t s h a E d l i c a t i o n Z o n e n o t t o t a l k of A n a m b r a

S t a t e a r e n o t y e t f u l l y aware of t h e r o l e of t h e s c h o o l

counsellor^ O n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s c o n t e n d e d t h a t h i s

s t u d e n t s m o s t l y see t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a p r e a c h e r who

of t e n p r e a c h e s t o d e l i n q u e n t s t u c ' e n t s a s t h e y m i s b e h a v e .

B u t w h e t h e r t h i s c o n c e p t i o n i s t r u e of a w i d e r s p e c t r u m

o f t h e s t u d e n t p o p u l a t i o n i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e i n

p a r t i c u l a r a n d A n a m b r a S t a t e i n g e n e r a l i s y e t t o be

d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s n e e d e d v e r y u r g e n t l y

s i n c e i t w i l l h e l p t o d i s c o v e r w r o n g r o t i o n s w h i c h

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10 0

s t u d e n t m i g h t h a v e a b o u t t h e ro les o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l -

l o r . T h i s d i s c o v e r y w i l l f a c i l i t a t e t h e i r e a r l y correc-

t i o n b e f o r e s u c h i m p r e s s i o n s compound t h e p r o b l e m t o t h e

d e t r i m e n t of t h e g r o w t h o f c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s i n t h e

s c h o o l s . I n v i e w o f t h e e n v i s a g e d d i s a s t r o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s

o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n t o q u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s i n s c h o o l s , t h e

r e s e a r c h e r s e e k s t o f i r d o u t t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f

c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro les by s t t i d e n t s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n

Z o n e of A n a m b r a S t a t e s o t h a t if a t a l l t h e y h a v e w r o n g

+ n o t i o n s o n t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n s , t h e y may be c o r r e c t e d a n d

t h e r i g h t o n e s s t r e n g h t e r e d . S e c o n d l y , t h e r e s e a r c h e r

s e e k s t o f i n $ o u t w h e t h e r t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e

s t u d e n t s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e o n t h e c o u n s e l l o r s

roles a r e t h e same w i t h t h a t o f s t u d e v t s i n E n u g u a n d

N s u k k a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e s of A n a m b r a S t a t e a n d o t h e r p a r t s

o f t he c o u n t r y .

PURPOSE OF THE STCjDY - T h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e s t u d y i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

l 0 T o f i n d o u t how some s e l e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l

s t u d e n t s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o r Z o n e of k n a m b r a S t a t e

p e r c e i v e t h e roles of t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l s .

2. TO f i n d o u t w h e t h e r b o y s a n d g i r l s h a v e s i g n i f i -

c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e r o l e s o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e s c h o o l .

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11.

3. T o f i n d o u t w h e t h e r s t u d e n t s i n u r b a n c e n t r e s a n d

r u r a l t o w n s h a v e s i q n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t p e r c e p -

t i o n s of t h e roles of t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h ~ s c h o o l .

4. T o f i n d o u t w h e t h e r s t u d e r ts c a n i d e n t i f y c o r r e c t l y

t h e t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s w h i c h demar7d t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s .

5. T o f i n d o u t w h e t h e r s t u d e ~ t s o f S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y

S c h o o l I11 a n d J u n i o r S e c o n d G r y S c h o o l I11 p e r c e i v e

t h e roles of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r d i f f e r e v t l y or

n o t , +

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ---- - R e c e n t l y , t h e g r o w i n g i m p o r t a n c e of g u i d a n c e a n d

c o u n s e l l i n g i n o u r s e c o r d a r y s c h o o l s h a s g e n e r a t e d a

h o s t of q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e r o l e s c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d

p l a y i n s c h o o l s w i t h r e g a r d s t o d i f f e r e n t t y y ) e s o f

p r o b l e m s p r e s e n t e d by s t u d e n t s . F o r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

s t u d e n t s a re t h e core b e n e f i c i a r i e s o f g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s ,

i t t h c r e f o r e b e c o m e s i m p e r a t i v e t o i n v e s t i g a t e how

s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e role o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ,

F rom t h i s r e s e a r c h , k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p e r c e p t i o n of

t h e ro le o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r w i l l c l e a r l y r e v e a l

w h e t h e r or n o t t h e s t u d e n t s a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s of t h e

g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s i n t h e s c h o o l . S u c h f i n d i n g s , i t i s

h 0 P e d w i l l a l s o r e v g a l w h c t h e r t h e r e i s a m i s m a t c h

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b e t w e e n w h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a re s u p p o s e d t o be d o i n g a n d

w h a t t h e s t u d e n t s a s s u m e them t o b e d o i n g . S u c h anoma-

l i e s i f d i s c o v e r e d w i l l be r e c t i f i e d i m m e d i a t e l y and t h e

g r o w t h o f g u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g i n s c h o o l s a s s u r e d .

T h e r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s i t i s h o p e d may m o t i v a t e t h e

p o l i c y m a k e r s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e c o u n s e l l o r e d u c a -

to r s t o p u b l i s h a d o c u m e n t o n t h e r o l e s o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r w h i c h w i l l be c i r c u l a t e d t o a l l t h e s e c o n d a r y

s c h o o l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e f e d e r a t i o n . Nwoye ( 1 9 8 3 ) s e e i n g

t h e i i n p l i c a t i o n o f non * r o l e b e f i n i t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l . o r h a s t h i s t o s a y :

I t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t w h a t t h e N i g e r i a n Secondary S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r i s b e i n g p r e p a r e d t o d o s h o u l d b ~ . made e x p l i c i t l y c l ea r tc t h e g e n ~ r a l p u b l i c w h i l e i n v i t i n g m o r e p ~ o p l e t o t r a i n as c o u n s e l l o r s a n d b e f o r e t h o s e a l r e a d y i n t r a i n i n g a re b e i n g s e n t kc) s c h o o l s t o p r a c t i c e ,

T h e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s t u d e o t s ' p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e

r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i t i s h o p e d , w i l l h e l p t o

d e t e r m i n e t h e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e o f t h e c o u n s e l l i n g

p r o g r a m m e s e x i s t i n g i n thci s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s , An u n d e r -

s t a n d i n g of t h e p e r c e p t i o n s w h i c h s t u d e n t s h o l d o f t h e

r o l e o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r is v e r y e s s e n t i a l , b e c a u s e if

g u i d a n c e and c o u n s e l l i n g p r o f e s s i o n i s t o p e r f o r m t h e

f u n c t i o n s f o r w h i c h i t e x i s t s , t h o s e w i t h whom t h e

c o u n s e l l o r w o r k s m u s t h a v e a c l e a r p e r c e p t i o n o f w h a t

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t h e work o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s .

T h r o u g h t h e r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s , c l a r i t y i t i s h o p e d ,

w i l l b e b r o u g h t t o b e a r o n w h e t h e r s t u d e n t s a c t u a l l y

understand w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s d o i n g . S u c h a s t e l l

w i l l h e l p t o a v o i d ro le s t r a i n a n d ro l e c o n f u s i o n o n t h e

p a r t o f t h e ~ ) r a c t i s i n g c o u n s e l l o r s . On t h i s i s s u e ,

O t i t e a n d Ogionwu (2979) c o n t e n d e d t h a t :

When e x p e c t a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a g i v e n r o l e a re u n c l e a r , t h e i n c u m b e n t o f t h a t r o l e i s l i k e l y Lo e x p e r i e n c e r o l e s t r a i n ( t h n t i s , d i f f i c u i t y i n p e r f o r m i n g t h e r o l e ) cavrst-d by t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f w h a t i s e x p e c t e d o f h im i n t h a t role and by t h e way d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f w h a t ro le b e h a v i o u r i s a p p r o p r i a t e .

SCOPE O F THE STUDY r-

T h i s s t u d y i s c a r r i e d o u t i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n

Z o n e o f Anarnbra S t a t e . O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e i s made

u p of s e v e n loca l g o v e r n m e n t a r e a s n a m e l y O n i t s h a , Nnewi,

Anambra , O y i , I d e m i l i , 1 h i . a l a and Ogbahu. S c h o o l s w i t h

p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e e d u c a t i o n

z o n e were s u r v e y e d . T h e sa r i lp l e f o r t h e s t u d y was d r a w n

f r o m t w e n t y b o y s 1 a n d g i r l s ' s e c o c d a r y s c h o c l s f r o m

u r b s n a n d r u r a l a reas w i t h i n t h e e d u c a t i o n z o n e .

RESEARCII QUESTIONS --- T h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s were emr) loyed i n

t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e p r o b l e m .

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1 4 - 1, W h a t r o l e s d o s t u d e n t s t h i n k t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

p e r f o r m i n t h e s c h o o l ?

2 - ',:Ihat k i n d of p r o b l e m s do s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s

f e e l s h o u l d be t a k e n t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r ?

3. !-low d o t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r t s ro le

i n d i s c i p l i n e ?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES -.. ---- T h e f o l l o w i n g n u l l h y p o t h e s e s a re t o be t es ted b y

t h e r e s e a r c h e r ,

* le T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p e r c e p t i o n s of m a l e a n d female s t u d e r t s o n t h e role

o f c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s i n O n i t s h a

E d u c a t i o n Z o n e .

2 . T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p e r c e p t i o n s o f SSS 111 s t u d e r ? t s a n d JSS 111 s t u d e n t s

o n t h e role o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n

Z o n e .

3. ' T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p e r c e p t i o n s of u r b a n a n d r u r a l s t u d e n t s o n t h e ro l e

Of t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n s c h o o l s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n

Z o n e ,

4. T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p 2 r c e p t i o n s of s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l

c o u n s e l l o r s a n d t h o s e w i t h t e a c h e r c o u n s e l 10rS .

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CHAPTER TWO

R E V I E W OF L,IT'ERATURE

I t i s of g r e a t i n t e r e s t t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t i n o r d e r

f o r a n y i n c u m b e n t i n a n y g i v e n p o s i t i o n t o be able t o

P e r f o r m h i s r o l e s c r e d i t a b l y , h e m u s t h a v e a c lear u n d e r -

s t a n d i n g o f h i s ro le . I n t h e case of a s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ,

h e m u s t e n d e a v o u r t o h a v e a c l e a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h i s

r o l e i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m , o t h e r w i s e h e w i l l m a k e

h i m s e l f a n o b j e c t o f c a r i c a t u r e i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m .

T o t h i s e n d , t h e r e l a t e d l i t e r a t u r e f o r t h i s s t u d y w i l l

be d i s c u s s e d u n d e r t h e f 01 l o w i n g s u b - h e a d i n g s :

( a ) T h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a n d t h e c o n c e p t s o f role a n d

f u n c t i o n .

( b ) F o r c e s a n d f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e c o u n s e l l o r t s

r o l e v a r i a b i l i t y .

( c ) S t u d i e s o n c o u n s e l l o r r o l e p e r c e p t i o n s i~ t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s o f America.

( d S t u d i e s o n c o u n s e l l o r r o l e p e r c e p t i o n s i n N i g e r i a .

(el T h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i n c l a s s r o o m t e a c h i n g a n d

d i s c i p l i n a r y roles,

THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR AND THE CONCEPTS OF ROLE AND FUNCTION

When o n e t a l k s o f a c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro le d e f i n i t i o n ,

o n e i s r e f e r r i n g t o a v o c a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y of t h e

c o u n s e l l o r , t h e d i f f e r e n t r o l e s h i s v a r i o u s p u b l i c s

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demand as h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l f u n c t i o n s o r roles. S t a t e d

more s i m r ) l y , o n e i m r 3 l i e s l o o k i n g a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s

ro les t h r o u g h t h e eye:; of h i s d i f f e r e n t p u b l i c s - t h e

t e a c h e r s , t h e s t u d e n t s , t h e p r i n c i p a l s , a n d how t h e - c o u n s e l l o r p e r c e i v e s h i s own ro les , However t h e w o r d s

r o l e a n d f u n c t i o n h a v e b e e n u s e d p e r h a p s e r r o n e o u s l y ,

almost s y n o n y m o u s l y i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e a n d i n f o r m a l

d i s c u s s i o n s b y c o u n s e l l o r s a n d c o u n s e l l o r e d u c a t o r s .

T h e t w o terms, ro l e a n d f u n c t i o n h a v e t h e r e f o r e c a l l e d

f o r a c r i t i ca l a n a l y s i s becadse most l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e

r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s p e n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t

of tirrie o n t h e d e f i n i t i o n of ro le a s o p p o s e d t o f u n c t i o n .

THE CONCEPT OF ROLE --~ When a n i n d i v i d u a l o c c u p i c s a p o s i t i o n , t h e r e f o re

h e h a s c e r t a i n i d e a s a b o u t t h e w a y s h e i s e x p e c t e d t o

b e h a v e or w a y s h e d e s i r e s t o b ~ h a v e i n p e r f o r m i n g h i s

d u t y , O t h e r p e o p l e s i m i l a r l y h a v e t h i s e x p e c t a t i o n or

b e l i e f or d e s i r e a b o u t t!-IF w a y s t h e o c c u p a n t o f t h a t

p o s i t i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o b e h a v e i n p e r f o r m i n g t h e d u t i e s v

a t t a c h e d t o t h e p o s i t i o n . D u r o j a i y e (1976) d e f i n e d ro l e

as !'a p a r t o n e p l a y s i n a n y g i v e n p o s i t i o n ; i t i s a

b r o a d l y u n i f o r m p a t t e r n of b e h a v i o u r w h i c h i s s p e c i f i c

t o a p a r t i c u l a r p o s i t i o n , s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n o r soc i a l

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17 .

B r i d d l e a n d Thomas ( 1 9 6 6 ) s k e r o l e a s "a s e t of

h e h a v i o u r s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r a p e r s o n h o l d i n g a p a r t i c u l a r

p o s i t i o n w i t h i n a p a r t i c u l a r s o c i a l c o n t e x t . T h r e e

p r o m i n e n t a s p e c t s o f a r o l e a r e d i s c e r n i b l e - p r e s c r i b e d

r o l e , s u b j e c t i v e r o l e a n d e n a c t e d r o l e , Two o f t h e s e

r o l e s a r e e s p e c i a l l y r e l e v a n t t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r f s r o l e i n o u r c o n t e x t . T h e s e a r e p r e s c r i b e d

r o l e a n d subjective r o l e . A s O y i n l o y e ( 1 9 8 3 ) p u t i t ,

s f t h e p r e s c r i b e d r o l e i s t h a t w h i c h i s p r e s c r i b e d f o r t h e

c o u n s e l l o r b y h i s p u b l i c s a n d t h t s u b j e c t i v e r o l e i s t h a t

w h i c h t h e c o u n s e l l o r p e r c e i v e s a s a p p l i c a b l e t o h i s

h e h a v i o u r when h e i n t e r a c t s w i t h t h e o c c u p a n t s o f some

o t h e r p o s i t i o n - s t u d e n t s , t e a c h e r s , ( p a r e n t s , o u t s i d e

a g e n c i e s ) a n d p r i n c i p a l s . "

S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 8 C : 1 1 8 ) , on t h e i r s t u d i e s o n

the c o n c e p t s o f r o l e a n d f u n c t i o n a s d e f i n e d by s o c i a l

p s y c h o l o g i s t s a n d s o c i o l o g i s t s s t a t e d t h a t r o l e i s t h e

c u s t o m a r y c o m p l e x o f b e h a v i o u r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a

p a r t i c u l a r s t a t u s o r p o s i t i o n , T h e y a l s o i n d i c a t e d

t h a t r o l e i s o f t e n d e f i n e d b y a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s b e h a v i o u r

i n p e r f o r m i n g t h e r i g h t s a n d o b l i g a t i o n . . : a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

a p o s i t i o n . T h e s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g i s t s a c c o r d i n g t o

S h e r t z e r a n d Stone: ( 1 9 8 0 : 118) d i s t i n g u i s h e d b e t w e e n

p o s i t i o n a n d r o l e a s f o l l o w s :

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I8

Role i s e x p e c t e d b e h a v i o u r t h a t i s a p p r o v e d f o r t h e o c c u p a n t o f a d e f i n e d p o s i t i o n . A p o s i t i o n i s a u n i t of s o c i e t y or a l o c a t i o n i n a s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e .

T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n o f ro le a n d p o s i t i o n by t h e s o c i a l

p s y c h o l o q i s t s h a s shown t h a t r o l s i s n o t t h e same a s

p o s i t i o n b u t t h ~ y g o hand i n h a n d . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t

t h e r e c a n b e n o p o s i t i o n w i t h o u t a r o l e a n d n o r o l e

w i t h o u t a p o s i t i o n , t h a t i s t o s a y , t h a t n e i t h e r o f t h e m

can e x i s t w i t h o u t t h e o t h e r ,

y i n g c r (196S:99), d c f i n e b r o l e a s a u n i t of c u l t u r e ;

i t refers t o t h e , r i g h t s a n d d u t i e s , the. n o r m a t i v e l y

a p p r o v e d p a t t e r n s of b e h a v i o u r f o r t h e o c c u p a n t s 0 f a

g i v e n p o s i t i o n , ~ c c o r d i n q t o h i m , whcn c o u n s e l l o r s p u t

i n t o e f f e c t t h e o b l i g a t i o n s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e i r

~ ) o s i t i o n s , tht,y a re s a i d t o b e p e r f o r m i n g t h e i r r o l e s ,

y i n q e r a l s o c o n t e n d e d t h a t r o l e i s a p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r

b e h a v i o u r i n f e r r e d f r o m how v a r i o u s p e r s o n s b e h a v e i n

p a r t i c u l a r p o s i t i o n s , how o t h i ~ r s b e h a v e t o w a r d s t h e m ,

and how t h e y a l l d e s c r i b e t h e r i g h t s an? d u t i e s i n v e r b a l

b e h a v i o u r . From t h e a b o v e d e f i n i t i o n s of t h e t e r m

' r o l e 1 , i t i m p l i e s t h a t a r o l e i s a p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r

b e h a v i o u r f o r a h o l d e r of s p o s i t i o n a n d w h i c h a l s o

i m p l i e s t h e a s s i g n i n g of some s p e c i f i c r i g h t s a n d d u t i e s

t o t h e o c c u p a n t of t h a t p o s i t i o n ,

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w i t h i n e a c h c u l t u r e , i n s t i t u t i o n o r o r g a n i s a t i o n , e a c h

p o s i t i c n h a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t a s e t o f n o r m s a n d

e x p e c t a t i o n s . S u c h norms and e x p e c t a t i o n s s p e c i f y t h e

b e h a v i o u r s w h i c h a n o c c u p a n t o f t h e p o s i t i o n may a p p r o -

-. p r i a t e l y i n i t i a t e , T o a l a r g e e x t e n t , a r o l e i s s p e c i f i e d

by t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e norm a n d e x p e c t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a g i v s n p o s i t i o n ; or t h a t a r e e x i s t e ~ t i n t h e s o c i a l

w o r l d s u r r o u n d i n g t h e o c c u p a n t o f t h a t p o s i t i o n a c c o r d i n g '

t o I p a y e ( 1 9 8 6 ) . b

I n t h e i r own c o n t r i b u t i o n on t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e

c o n c e p t , ' r o l e ' , P a r s o n s a n d S h i l s ( 1 9 6 2 : 2 3 ) , d e f i n e d

r o l e i n t h i s way: .I

The r o l e i s t h a t o r g a n i s e d sector o f a n a c t o r s o r i ~ n t a t i o n w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s a n d d e f i n e s h i s ~ ~ a r t i c i p a t i o r i n a n i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s . It i n v o l v e s a se t of c o m p l e m e n t a r y e x p e c t a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g h i s own a c t i o n s a n d t h o s e o f o t h e r s w i t h whom h e i n t e r a c t s . B o t h t h t . a c t o r a n d tliosc w i t h whom h e i n t e r a c t s p o s s e s s t h e s e e x p e c t a t i o n s .

From i n d i c a t i o n s i t a p y w a r s t h a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f

t h e term r o l e g i v e n by P a r s o n s a n d S h i l s seem t o be w

a r t i c u l a t e d a f t e r a n o b s e r v a t i o n o f w h a t g o e s on i n a

s o c i a l s y s t e m , T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e y see r o l e as a s e t

of c o m p l e m e n t a r y e x p e c t a t i o n s .

I n c r i t i c i z i n g t h e loose u s a g e o f t h e term r o l e by

o t h e r a u t h o r s , D e n t l e y ( 1 9 6 5 : 1 3 ) , d e f i n e d ro le a s t h e way

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i n d i v i d u a l s a c t u a l l y p e r f o r m i n a g i v e n p o s i t i o n as

d i s t i n c t f r o m how t h e y a r e s u p p o s e d t o p e r f o r m . H e h a s

s o u q h t t o r e s t r i c t u s a g e o f t h ~ t e r m t o d e n o t e " w h a t a

p e r s o n a c t u a l l y d o ~ : s . ~ ~

S v e y a n d R o b i n ( 1 9 6 6 : 3 O ) , c o n t e n d e d t h a t r o l e s h o u l d

be s e e n a s a n o r m a t i v e ? c o n c e p t r a t h e r t h a n a d e s c r i p t i v e

o n e . They h a v e t h i s t o s a y :

R o l e s a re t h e sets o f no rms o r e x p e c t a t i o n s o f b s h a v i o u r t h a t a re a s s i g v e d by s i g n i f i - c a n t o t h e r s t o a s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n ,

A n o t h e r way o f u n d e r s t a n d t i n g t h i s c o n c e p t a n d i t s

f u n c t i o n i s t o n o t e t h a t r o l e s p r o v i d e a m e t h o d o f

o r g a n i s i n q e x p e c t a t i o n s b y r t 3 f t ; r e n c e t o a s o c i a l

s t r u c t u r e *

y i n q e r ( 1 9 6 5 : 1 0 0 ) , p o i n t s o u t by s t a t i n g t h a t :

A r o l e i s t h e l i s t o f w h a t m o s t members o f a s o c i a l g r o u p b c l i c v e a p o s i t i o n o c c u p a n t s h o u l d a n d s h o u l d n o t , may a n d may n o t do . I t i s n o t a l i s t o f w h a t m o s t o c c u p a n t s of a p o s i t i o n i n f a c t d o ,

He c o n t i n u e d by s a y i n q t h a t r o l e r e q u i r e m e n t s r a n g e

f r o m t h o s e t h a t a re m a n d a t o r y ( t h e a b s e n c e of w h i c h

w o u l d i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r o l t . w a s n o t p e r f o r m e d a t a l l )

t o t h o s e t h a t are o p t i o n a l ( w a y s o f b e h a v i n g t h a t a r e

p e r m i s s i b l e ) .

I t w ~ u l d seem t h a t w h a t B e n t l e y d e f i n e d as r o l e ,

y i n g e r d e f i n e d a s i n t e r n a l i z e d r o l e , a n d t h a t I v e y a n d

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~ o b i n , i n t u r n , r e g a r d w h a t a n i n d i v i d u a l t a k i n g a

p o s i t i o n a c t u a l l y d o e s as r o l e b e h a v i o u r , P e r h a p s a l l

t h a t t h e s r , d i f f e r e n c e s i n d i c a t e i s t h a t t h e c o n c e p t

' r o l e ' , i s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s a n d t h a t

c o n s e n s u s as t o w h a t i t m e a n s i s l a c k i n g ,

(1960: 1191, see r o l e a s t h r i m a g e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e

expectations a n d directive-s f o r b c h a v i o u r c o n n e c t e d w i t h

the. p o s i t i o n , T h i s d e f i n i t i o : ) s ( ) p e a r s t o be v e r y s i y n i -

f i c a n t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h i s S t u d y , I t i n d i c a t e s t h a t

t h e roles of t h c c o u n s ~ l l o r o n l y h a v e a mtadnincj

d e p c n d i - n q o n how h i s rwbl ics p e r c e i v e h i s r o l e , h e n c e

t h e n e e d for t h ~ p r ~ s c n t s t u d y , f o r i t s e r v e s a s t h e

c o u n s e l l o r 1 s b l u e p r i n t f o r a c t i o n ,

ROLE EXFEC'i ' i iTION

A c c o r d i n g t o S a r h i n a n d J o n e s ( 1 9 5 8 : 4 0 5 ) , r o l e

e x p e c t a t i o n i s d e f i n e d i n t h i s way:

A r o l e e x p e c t a t i o n i s a c o g n i t i v e s t r u c t u r e i n f e r r e d , o n t h p s t i m u l u s s i d e , f r o m t h e p e r s o n I s p r e v i o u s cornmerce b r i t h r e y u l a r i t i e s i n o t h e ? r s l b e h a v i o u r s , a n d , o n t h e r c s p o n s e s i d e , from t h e p e r s o n I s t e n d e n c y t o g r o u p a n u m b e r of d e s c r i p t i o n s o f a c t i o n s a n d q u a l i t i e s t o g e t h c r w i t h t h e name of a s p e c i f i c s o c i a l p o s i t i o n .

T h e a b o v e d e f i n i t i o n i n d i c a t c . ~ t h a t e x p e c t a t i o n s

s p r i n g f r o m p r e v i o u s c o n t a c t w i r h o t h e r s who h e l d t h e

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p o s i t i o n as w e l l as f r o m n o t i o n s o f w h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l

o c c u p y i n g t h e p c j s i t i o n s h o u l d d o .

Role e x p e c t a t i o n i s q e n c r a l l y s e e n a s e x p e c t a t i o n

a b o u t how a n i n c u m b e n t o f a p o s i t i o n s h o u l d b e h a v e .

E x p ? c t a t i o n s a r e t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y f o r p o s i t i v e

i n t e r a c t i o n s i n a s i t u a t i o n .

I n h e r own c o n t r i b u t i o n , N n o n y e l u m ( 1 9 8 6 c p o t i n g

O t i t e a n d O g i o c w u ( l 9 7 9 : 2 5 2 ) s t a t e s t h a t : Role e x p e c t a -

t i o n r e p r e s e n t s how i n d i v i d u a l s o c c u p y i n g c e r t a i n

b p o s i t i o n s a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e h a v e .

From t h e above d e f i n i t i o n , i t a p p e a r s t h a t o t h e r

i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t w i t h a n d

d e s i r e c e r t a i n b e h a v i o u r from t h e , r o l e o c c u p a n t . T h e y

a l s o a n t i c i p a t e t h a t i n c u m b e n t s w i l l a c t i n w a y s

c o r i s i c : c r ~ d a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e i r role. R o l e e x p c c t a t i o n s

c o n s t i t u t e a d e f i n i t i o n o f b m h a v i o u r t h a t i s p r o p e r f o r

t h e rc le . B o t h t h e i n d i v i d u . s l w h o e n a c t s t h e r o l e a n d

o t h e r s w i t h whom h e o r S ~ C . i n t e r a c t s e x p e c t t h a t t h e

i n c u m b e n t w i l l ac t i n p a r t i c u l a r w a y s , v

ROLE CONFLICT --.- -=-

T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n s x p e c t a t i o n s t h a t o t h e r s h o l d of

a n i n c u m b e n t i n a n y g i v e n p o s i t i o n w h i c h may a t times

c o n f l i c t w i t h w h a t the i n c u m b e n t e x p e c t s t o be d o i n g ,

C o n f l i c t may t h e n o c c u r w h e n e v p r e x p e c t a t i o n s c a n n o t be

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h a r m o n i z e d . I n t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g , f o r i n s t a n c e ,

c o u n s e l l o r s a r e s u b j P c t e d t o v a r i o u s d e m a n d s a n d

p r e s s u r e s from h i s v a r i o u s p u b l i c s s u c h a s t h e s t u d e r ~ t s ,

t h e t e a c h e r s , t h e p r i n c i p a l s , t h ~ p a r e n t s a n d e v e n t h e

c o u n s e l l o r h i m s e l f . On o n e h a n d , t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

h a v e p r o f e s s i o n a i . b a s i s f o r d e f i n i n g t h e i r r o l e s a n d

f u n c t i o n s b u t o n t h e o t h c ~ r h a n d , f r e e d o r t o i m p l e m e n t

t h e r o l e s i s o f t e n h a m p e r e d by t h e s c h o o l a u t h o r i t y ,

s t u d . e n t s a n d t e a c h e r s who h a v e d i f f e r e n t ro le e x p c c t a - #

t i o n s f o r t h e m , I n s u c h a s i t u a t i o n , r o l e c o n f l i c t s

o c c u r when t h e c o u n s e l l o r w a n t s t o f u n c t i o n i n ways

w h i c h a re i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h h i s p u b l i c s q e x p e c t a t i o n s .

Gross, Mason a n d P lcEache rn (1958: 4481, d e f i n e d r o l e

c o n f l i c t a s " a n y s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h the: i n c u m b e n t of a

p o s i t i o n perceives t h a t h e i s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h i n c o m p a -

t i b l e e x p e c t a t i o r 1 s . l1

G r o s s c t a 1 a l s o p r i s e n t e d t h e v a r i o u s m e a n i n q s

a s c r i b e d t o r o l e c o n f l i c t by d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s

as fo l lows: 1)

( a ) b y i n c o m p a t i b l e e x p e c t a t i o n t o w h i c h a n i n d i v i d u a l

i s e x p o s e d , w h e t h e r aware o f t h e c o n f l i c t o r n o t ,

( b ) S i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e ac to r p e r c e i v e s i n c o m p a t i b l e

e x p e c t a t i o n s ,

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E x p e s u r e t o c o n f 1 i c t i n g e x p e c t a t i o n s b ~ c a u s e t h e

i n d i v i d u a l o c c u p i e s t w o o r more- p o s i t i o n s

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , a n d

C o n t r a d i c t o r y e x p e c t a t i o ~ s d e r v i e d f r o m an ac to rs

~ c c o r d i n q t o I v e y and R o b i n (1966: 3 0 ) r o l e ccjnf l i c t

o c c u r s when t h c r e i s s y s t e m a t i c d i f f i c u l t y i n a s s u m i n g ,

m a i n t a i n i n g , o r f u n c t i o n i n g i n a r o l e s i t u a t i o n , I v e y

a n d R o b i n a l s o i d i n t i f i c ~ d a n d ~ l r e s e r t e d f o u r t y p e s o f

p o s s i b l e ro le c o n f l i c t f o r t h c ~ s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r as

f o l l o w s :

R o l e c o n f l i c t s t e m m i n g from r o l e d e f i n e r s w h i c h

o c c u r s when r o l e d i s a g r e e a b o u t t h e n o r m a t i v e c o n t e n t

of r o l e ,

R o l e c o n f l i c t i n t e r n a l t o t h e role w h i c h o c c u r s when

t h e v a r i o u s e x p e c t a t i o n s c o n f r o n t i n g t h e r o l e t a k e r

a r e s u c h t h a t t h e o b l i g a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

ro le c a n n o t be f u l f i l l e d -

R o l e c o n f l i c t s t e m m i n g f r o m t h e r o l e i n i n t e r a c t i o n

w i t h t h e s o c i a l s y s t e m . Two forms o f c o n f l i c t s a r e

i n v o l v e d h e r e ,

(i) k v f u n c l ; i o r a l r o l e c o ~ f l i c t w h i c h ar ises when

n o r m a t i v e r o l e p r e s c r i p t i o n s a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o

p e r m i t t h e r o l e t a k e r t o p e r f o r m t h e f u n c t i o n s

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25 *

e x p e c t e d b y t h o s e w i t h i n t h e l a r g e r s o c i a l s y s t e m

i n w h i c h t h e r o l e i s s i t u a t e d ,

( ii ) C o n f l i c t a r i . s i n g b e c a u s e o f t h e mu1 t i p l i c i t y

of ro les a n i n d i v i d u a l a s s u m € s w h i c h a re

i n c o m p a t i b l e ,

Role c o n f l i c t s t e m m i n g f r o m t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e

i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h ~ ro le . ' T h i s o c c u r s w h e n t h a t

w h i c h r n u s t bc. p e r f o r m e d i n t h e r o l e e x c e e d s t h e ro le

t a k e r ' s c a p a c i t y o r c c n f l i c t s w i t h p e r s o n a l n e e d s

4 a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t ics.

Y i n g e r (1965: ll5), d i f f c . r e 1 7 t i a t cd b e t w e e n t w o f o r n s o f

r u l e c o n f l i c t s - i n t e r n a l a n d c ? x t e r n a l r o l e c o n f l i c t s ,

A c c o r d i n g t o h i m :

( i ) I n t e r n a l r o l e c o n f l i c t arises w h e n a p e r s o n

h a s i n t e r n a l i z e d a r o l e t h a t i n c o r p o r a t e s c o n t r a d i c t o r y

e x p l z c t n t i o n s o r w h e n a n i n d i v i d u a l h o l d s t w o or m o r e

p o s i t i o n s t h a t c a r r y i n c o m p a t i b l e r o l e e x p e c t a t i o n s ,

w h e t h e r r e cogn i z , . : : d o r n o t .

( i i ) E x t e r n a l r o l e c o n f l i c t o c c u r s w h e n o n e i s

f a c e d w i t h i n c o m p a t i b l e e x p c 3 c t a t i o n s f r o m twci o r more

i n d i v i d . u a l s ,

F u r t h e r m o r e , G r o s s e t a 1 ( 1958: 4 0 ) , c o n t e n c i e d t h a t

ro le c o n f l i c t s c a n s p r i n q f r o m e x p e c t a t i o n s t h a t are

l e g i t i m a t e o r i l l e g i t i m a t e .

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L e g i t i m a t e e x p e c t a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o them a r i ses if t h e

i n c u m b e n t of a p o s i t i o n b e l i e v e s o t h e r s h a v e a r i q h t t o

h o l d the e x p e c t a t i o n w h i l e i l l e g i t i . m a t e e x p e c t a t i o n

a r i s e s when t h e i n c u m b e n t o f a p o s i t i o n b e l i e v e s o t h e r s II)

d o n o t h a v e a r i g h t t o h o l 6 t h e e x p e c t a t i o n ,

T h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s f i r s t and m o s t i m p o r t a n t d u t y i s

t o t h e s t u d e n t s , n o t t o t h e t e a c h e r s o r t o t h e a d m i n i s -

t r a t i o n , T h u s this p r e s e n t s t u d y i s c a r r i e d o u t w i t r l

the: S e c c n d a r y S c h o o l S . t u d e n t s who a re t h e p r i m a r y and b

d i r e c t r e c i p i e n t s of t h e c o u n ~ e l l o ~ - ~ s s e r v i c e s t o

i d e n t i f y a n y m i s c o ~ c ~ p t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r s r o l e s

e a r l y e n o u g h , ' T h i s i s b e c a u s e i f s t u d e n t s who a r e t h e T'

p r i m a r y a n d d i r e c t c o n s u m e r s of gu f -c ' ance s e r v i c e s

p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r n e g a t i v e l y , i t w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t

t o j u s t i f y t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s ,

T h e r e f o r e s u c l i n e g a t i v e p e r c e r ) t i o n s o f t h ~ r o l e o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r i f i t e x i s t s , t-iet>ds i m m e d i a t e s o l u t i o n i n

o r d e r t o a v o i d r o l e c o n f l i c t a n d ro le c o n f u s i o n w h i c h may

h i n d e r p r o p e r r o l e p e r f o r m a t - i c c i n t h e s c h o o l a n d a t t h e 1

same t i m e h i n d e r t h e e f f e c t i v e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a

b r o a d l y b a s t \ d g u i d a n c e p rogramme a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l .

ROLE J J E R S U S FUNCTION 7--.

I n t h e c o u n s e l l i n g l i t e r a t u r e , r o l e and f u n c t i o n

h a v c o f t e n b e e n u s e d s y n o r - y m o u s l y by many a u t h o r s a n d

Page 38: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o terms a r e n o t e a s y o r

c l e a r - c u t . I p a y e ( 1 9 8 6 ) w a r n e d t h a t a r o l e s h o u l d n o t bc

c o n f u s e d w i t h a f u n c t i o n f o r f u n c t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e

a c t i v i t i e s a s s i g n e d t o a ro le .

I n a n a t t e m p t t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e t w o terms,

r o l e a n d f u n c t i o n , S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 3.980: 122) , d e f i n e d

r o l e as t h e e x p e c t a t i o n s a n d d i r e c t i v e s f o r b e h a v i o u r

c o n n e c t e d w i t h a p o s i t i o n w h i l e f u n c t i o n i s d e f i n e d as

t h e a c t i v i t i e s a s s i q n e d t o a r o l e , b

I n h i s own c o n t r i b u t i o n o n t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n

t h e t w o terms, W r e e n ( 1 9 7 3 : 2 7 0 ) , sees r o l e as a p u r p o s e

a n d f u n c t i o n as a p r o c e s s o r r o l e a s e n d a n d f u n c t i o n as

m e a n s , F r o m t h e d i s t i n c t i o n , i t i m p l i e s t h a t ro le a n d

f u n c t i o n , p u r p o s e a n d p r o c e s s o r e n d s a n d m e a n s c o u l d

n o t be s e p e r a t e d f o r t h e y g o h a n d b y h a n d - O n c e t h e r e

i s a r o l e , t h e r e m u s t be a f u n c t i o n o r o n c e t h e r e a r e

e n d s t h l z r e m u s t be m e a n s , t h a t i s t o s a y , t h a t f u n c t i o n

i s r e l a t e d t o r o l e a s m p a n s a r e r e l a t e c l t o e n d s . I t i s

t h u s c l ea r f r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g t h a t i n d e f i n i n g a r o l e ,

o n e s h o u l d be c lear i n o n e ' s m i n d w h a t o n e , o t h e r s , o r

a n o c c u p a n t o f a p o s i t i o n e x p e c t ( s ) v i s - a - v i s b e h a v i o u r s

r e l a t e d t o , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o r c o n t i n g e n t uF)on t h a t

p o s i t i o n . T h i s , among o t h e r s , i s b e c a u s e r o l e t h e o r i s t s

s t ress t h a t i n d i v i d u a l b e h a v i o u r w i t h i n a r o l e i s

Page 39: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e e x p e c t a t c i e s o r d e m a n d s of t h e role.

A t t h i s j u n c t u r e , h a v i n g m a d e t h e d i s t i n c t i o n s

b e k w c e n t h e t w o terms, i t w i l l be o f g r e a t i ~ t e r e s t t o

k n o w w h o t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s a n d w h a t h ~ d o e s i n a n i d e a l T

s i t u a t i o n , T h i . 5 w i l l h e l p i t 1 u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e c o n c r e t e

r o l e of t h e c o u n s e l l o r e s p z c i a l l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e

e x p e c t a t i o n s o f h i m b y t h e r c - . c i l ) i e n t s of h i s t r a i n i n g .

T h e c o u n s e l l o r is d e f i n e d b y P a t t e r s o n ( 1967: l'tl),

as "a p e r s o n c o n c e r n e d w i t h a n d a c c e p t i n g a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b

f o r a s s i s t i n y a l l p u p i l s , a n d h a v i n g as h i s m a j o r c o n c e r n

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l n e e d s a n d p r o b l e m s of y o u t h . " More

r t e c h n i c a l l y , t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s i n v o l v e d i n a s s i s t i n g t h e

s t u d e n t s t o r e s o l v e t h e i r e d u c a t i ~ n a l , v o c a t i o n a l a n d

p e r s c n a l - s o c i a l p r o b l e m s .

P e r h a p s , t h e b e s t way t o s u m m a r i z e t h e s t a t u s of

t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e p r e s e n t d a y N i g e r i a a s

p e r c e i v e d i n v a r i o u s s e t t i ~ g s i s t o u s e t h e e x p r e s s i o n ,

" T h e p r i n c i p a l I k n o w , t h e t e a c h e r I k n o w , b u t w h o i s

t h e counsellor^^ T h e c o u n s e l l c r i s a new comer t o t h e 'I

e d u c a t i o n a l s c e n e i n N i q e r i a as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e t e a c h e r

a n d t h e p r i n c i p a l w h o h a v e h i s t o r i c a l s e p i o r i t y over h i m

i n t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g , H o w e v e r , t h e v e r y m e a n i n g o f h i s

t i t12 r e m a i n s a p u z z l e i n some q u a r t e r s . Is h e a t e a c h e r ?

Page 40: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

H e i s i n s h o r t a v e r y d i f f i c u l t p e r s o n t o p l a c e w i t h i n

t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l h i e r a r c h y o f t h e s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l

A c c o r d i n g t o Denqa ( 1983 : 2 6 ) :

t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s name c o n n o t e s a v a r i e d c a r g o o f m e a n i . n g s a r d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s f rorn h i s p u b l i c s . Some t h i n k t h e t i t l e v c o u n s t - l l o r l i s a n o t h e r l a b e l f o r a s c h o o l t e c h n i c i a n a l w a y s c o r n p u t i n q a p y ) r a i s a l d a t a , some f e e l h e i s a l u x u r y c o m m o d i t y t h a t c a n be i l l . - a f f ~ r d e d , a n d o t h e r s c a l l h im j a c k o f a l l d u t i P s i n t h e s c h o o l ,

I n h i s own d e f i n i t i o n , q ~ n g a ( 1 9 8 3 : 2 7 ) , s e t~ s t h e

s c h c c ~ l c o u n s e l l o r as :

a staff rnem1,c.r wi. t h s p r - c i a l i z e d s k i 1 1s who p r o v i d e s a s s i s t a n c e ; t o i n d i v i d u a l s t u d e n t s t h a t e n s u r e a n e f f i c i e n t a n d o r d e r l y p r o g r e s s i o r of thc. s t u c l e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e v a r i o u s s t a q c s of h i s g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e ro les o f t5e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

a re o f t e n c o n f u s e d b y h i s p u b l i c s who see h i m a s s o m e o n e

who p e r f o r m s a h e l p i n q rolc- a n d t h u s c la ims t o be a

c o u n s e l l o r o f a s o r t . T h e y f c c . 1 t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r

p e r f o r m s c e r t a i n a c t i v i t i e s wl- i c h c a n be s h a r c > d b y non-

v p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n g u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g s u c h as

s t u d e n t s r e g i s t r a t i o n , o r i c n t a t i o n f o r o l d a n d new

s t u d e n t s , c u r r i c u l u m p l a r j r i i n q and o r g a n i z i n g c a r e e r

w o r k s h o p f o r t h e s t u d e r ) t s ,

Page 41: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

Though t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r sees h i m s e l f a s a

p e r s o n L J ~ O ass is ts s t u d e n t s i n s e l f d i s c o v e r y e i t h e r

t h r o u g h i n d i v i d u a l o r q r o u p c o u n s e l l i n g , k e e p s s t u d e n t s

i n f o r m a t i o n c o n f i d e n t i a l and a s s i s t s s t u d e n t s t o r e a l i s e

w t h a t t h e y are r t s p o n s i b l c f o r w h a t e v e r t h c y d o , l i t e r a -

t u r e s u r v e y h a s r e v e a l e d t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a re f o u n d t o

be P e r f o r m i n g many anc3 v a r i e d d u t i ~ s . T h i s i s m o s t l y

d u e t o c o ~ f l i c t i n q e x p e c t a t i o n s o f h i s v a r i o u s p u b l i c s .

F o r i n s t a n c e , Dt--,nga ( 1 9 8 3 ) d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e

c o u n s e l l o r l s p u b l i c s e x p c c t e d @ h i m t o t e a c h f u l l - t i m e a n d

compatible.. Comment ing f u r t h c - r , h e s t a t e d t h a t t h e 'C

C o u n s r - l l c r i s i n many c a s c s f o r c e d by t h e a b s e n c e of

o t h t : r s r w c i a l i s t s l i k e t h e p s y c h o l o g i s t , the. p s y c h i a -

t r i s t , t h e p s y c h o t h e r a p i s t a n d t h e r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r t o

p l a y a11 t h e s e r o l e s . I n 0 t h t . r w o r d s , t h e c o u n s e l l o r

i s t h u s seer t o be p l a y i n g a t f r e s c u e l ' f u n c t i o n f o r

c l i e n t s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e s p e c i a l i s t s .

O t h e r writers believe: t h a t s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r *I

p e r f o r m s d u a l roles n o t b e c a u s e o f h i s e x p e c t a t i o n s o f

h i s p u b l i c s b u t b e c a u s e t h e counsellor is n o t c l ea r

a b c u t w h a t h e i s s u l ) p o s e d t o be d o i n g i n t h e s c h o o l

s e t t i n g . S t u d i e s by H i t c h e o c k ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; M a r t y n ( 1 9 5 8 ) ;

a n d T e n n y s o n ( l957), r e v e a l e d t h a t when t h e c c u n s e l l o r

Page 42: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

d i d n o t h a v e a c l e a r c o r c e p t of h i s r o l e , h e t e n d e d t o

p e r f o r m m o r e c l e r i c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t a s k s t h a n h e

d i 6 y u i c l a r , c e o r c o u n s e l l i n q f u n c t i o r . ~ , I t seems t h e n

t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s l a c k c l a r i t y a s t c t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e i r

a c t i v i t i e s .

R e s e a r c h e s d u r i n g t h e l a s t two d e c a d e s i n ~ m e r i c a

h a v e shown t h a t ~ m e r i c a n C o u n s e l l o r s a r e t h e m s e l v e s

c o n f u s e d o n m a t t e r s p e r t a i n i n q t o t h e i r r o l e s t h u s

m a k i n g t h e i r r o l e d e f i n i t i o n p r o b l e m a t i c . The f 01 l o w i n g

b q u o t e f r o m S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 6 3 : 1 3 8 ) , i l l u s t r a t e s

t h e p o i n t :

I n some s c h o o l s a n d c o m m u n i t i e s , c o u n s e l l o r s see t h e i r j o b as m e r e l y t h a t o f c h e c k i n g c o l l e c j e r e q u i r e m e r ' t s f o r s t u d e n t s . T h e y h o l d t h e v i e w t k ~ a t s c h o o l s e x i s t o n l y t o p r e p a r e p u p i l s f o r c o l l e g e , T h e p u r p o s e o f c o u n s e l l i n q t h e r e f o r e i s t o s e t u p p r o c e d u r e s f o r movement t o c o l l e g e , I n d o i n g t h i s , c o u n s e l l i n g b e c o m e s e a s y a n d a u t o m a t i c , p r o v i d i n q a m e a s u r e o f s t a b i l i t y f o r t h e c o u n s e l l o r . I n o t h e r s c h o o l s a n d c o m m u n i t i e s , c o u n s e l l i n g i s s e e n as a m a t c e r o f t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o t ? . The v i e w h e l d i s t h a t t e s t r e s u l t s r ) r e s e r t s t u d e n t s as t h e y r e a l l y a r e and t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r c a n a u t o m a t i c a l l y p r e d i c t s t u d e n t s ' f u t u r e f r o m t h e r e s u l t s . Many c o u n s e l l o r s a re l o n g on t e s t a d m i n i s t r a - t i o n . C a b i n e t d r a w e r s b u l g e w i t h t e s t r e s u l t s . H o w e v e r , f e w o f t h ~ s e m e a s u r i n g e n t h u s i a s t s e f f e c t i v e l y i m p l e m e n t t e s t r e s u l t s . I n o t h e r s c h o o l s and c o m m u n i t i e s c o u n s e l l o r s seem t o v i e w c o u n s e l l i n g as a ma t t e r of k e e p i n g r e c o r d s , T h ~ i r v i e w i s t h a t p a s t a c a d e m i c s u c c e s s or f a i l u r e i s t h e b e s t p r e d i c t o r of f u t u r e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e .

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H e n c e , r e c o r d s a re t h e p r i m e f o c u s o f t h e i r e x i s t e n c e . I n s t i l l o t h e r p l a c e s , c o u n s e l l o r s p l a c e a l l t h e i r e n e r g i e s i n t h e t e c h n o l o g y of g r o u p s , The v a l u e of g r o u p e x p e r i e n c e s c a n n o t be d e n i e d , b u t a l l t o o o f t e n t h e e m p h a s i s i s u p o n g r o u p t ~ c h n o l o g y a n d t e c h n i q u e s r a t h e r t h a n u p o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s e x p e r i e n c e i n human r e l a t i o n s p r o v i d e d b y t h e g r o u p s e t t i n g . A l l of t h i s p o i n t t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c ~ u ~ ~ s e l l o r i s a t h o r o u g h l y c o n f u s e d f e l l o w .

I'c i s t h i s c o n f u s i o n a b o u t t h e ro les o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r b y h i s p u b l i c s a n d t h e c o u n s e l l o r s t h e m s e l v e s

t h a t l e d t h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s n s s o c i a t i o n

(ASC/ \> t o m a k e a p o l i c y s t a t ! e m e n t o n t h e ro les of t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r .

THE /iIviEF:ICXN SCHOOL COUNSELLORS ASSOCIATION STATEMENT -- ON THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR ---

A s a r e s u l t of t h p many p r o b l e m s t h a t a r i s e w i t h

t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e r o l e s of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

i n A m e r i c a , t h e n m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s n s s o c i a t i o n

i n 1964 i s s u e d s t a t e m e r t s a i m e d a t c l a r i f y i n g t h e ro les

of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r . T h i s p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t w a s

l a t e r r e v i s e d i n 1981 a n d t h e ro les a r e as f o l l o w s :

( i ) 131an r , i ng a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e g u i d a n c e

p r o g r a m m e : T h e c o u n s e l l o r i s e x p e c t e d t o a s s i s t i n

d e v e l o p i n g ~ ) l a n s o f a c t i o n , H e c o - o r d i n a t e s v a r i o u s

a s p e c t s of g u i d a n c e F) rogramme. He a l s o ass i s t s i n

c u r r i c u l u m d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n of t h e p r o g r a m m e .

Page 44: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

( i i ) C o u n s e l l i n g : T h i s i s s e e n a s t h e h e a r t o f

g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s i n s c h o o l s , a n d t h e c o u n s e l l o r m u s t

d e v o t e e n o u g h t i m e t o i n d i v i d u a l a n d smoot5 g r o u p

c o u n s e l l i n g , F o r i n s t a n c e , h e a s s i s t s t h e p u p i l , t o T

u n d e r s t a n d a n d a c c e p t h i m s e l f as a r i n d i v i d u a l . H e

s e e k s t o d e v e l o p i n t h e p u p i l s a g r e a t e r a b i l i t y t o c o p e

w i t h a n d s o l v e p r o b l e m s avrl i n d e c i s i o n m a k i n g .

( iii) S t u d e n t s A p p r a i s a l : T h e c o u n s e l l o r a s s u r n e s

l e a c f e r s h i p a n d c o n s u l t a n t roles i n t h e ~ u p i l s '

a p l l r a i s a l p r o g r a m m e . H e c o - o r d i d a t e s a l l i n f o r m a t i o n

a b o u t p u p i l s , k e e p s c o n f i d e n t i a l f i l e s of t h e p u p i l s f

d a t a , H e i n t e r p r e t e s p u p i l s 1 i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e m a n d - t h e i r p a r e n t s a n d i d e n t i f i e s p u p i l s w i t h s p e c i a l

a b i l i t i e s o r n e e d s ,

( i v ) E d u c a t i o n a l and O c c u r l a t i o n a l P l a n n i n g : Here t h e

c o u n s e l l o r assists p u p i l s a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s i n r e l a t i n g

t h e p u p i l s ' i n t e r e s t s , a p t i t u d e s a n d a b i l i t i e s t o c u r r e n t

o c c u p a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s . H e col lects

a n d d i s s e m i n a t e s u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n to t h e p u p i l s .

( v ) Referral Work: 'The s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h a s a m a j o r

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n m a k i n g a n 6 c o - o r d i n a t i n g referrals t o

o t h e r s:)ecialists i n r u p i l s p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s . The

c o u n s ~ l l o r knows h i s l i m i t a t i o n i n g i v i n g t o t a l s e r v i c e s .

H e i d c n t i f i e s p u p i l s w i t h s p e c i a l n e e d s w h i c h r e q u i r e

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t h e s e r v i c e s o f r e f e r r a l s o u r c e s . H e a l s o m a i n t a i n s a

close w o r k i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p i n r e f e r r a l s t o o t h e r s p e c i a -

l is t s i n p u p i l s p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ,

( v i ) P l a c e m e n t : T h e c o u n s e l l o r a s s i s t s t h e p e p u l s i n - m a k i n g a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e s o f s c h o o l s u b j e c t s a n d

c o u r s e s o f s t u d y a n d m a k i n g t r a n s i t i o n f r o m o n e s c h o o l

l e v e l s t o a n o t h e r , o n e s c h o o l t o a n o t h e r , and f r o m s c h o o l

t o e m p l o y n e n t . P l a c e m e n t i n v o l v e s t h e i n f o r m a l s e r v i c e s

of d u c a t i o n a n d o c c u p a t i o n p l a n n i n g , p u p i l s a p p r a i s a l b

a n d c o u n s e l l i n g a s s i s t a n c e a l ) p r ~ p r i a t e t o t h e p u p i l s t

c h o i c e s a n d p r o q r e s s i n s c h o o l s u b j e c t s , e x t r a - - c u r r i c u l a r a n d c o m m u n i t y a c t i v i t i e s a n d e m p l o y m e n t ,

( v i i ) P a r c n t H e l p : T h e c o u n s e l l o r h o l d s c o n f e r e n c e s

w i t h P a r e n t s a n d acts as a r e s o u r c e p e r s o n o n t h e g r o w t h

a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n , H e h e l p s p a r e n t s t o

d e v e l o p r e a l i s t i c p e r c e r ) t i o n s of t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s

a p t i t u d e s , a b i l i t i e s , i n t e r e s t S , a t t i t u d e s a n d d e v e l o p -

m e n t as r e l a t e d t o e d u c a t i o n a l a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l p l a n n i n g ,

'I ( v i i i ) S t a f f C o n s u l t i n g : T h e c o u n s e l l o r w o r k s c l o s e l y

w i t h rnsmbers o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d t e a c h i n g s t a f f ,

I n c o n s u l t i n g , h e h e l p s t e a c h e r s t o i d e n t i f y p u p i l s w i t h

s p e c i a l n e e d s o r p r o b l e m s .

( i x ) L o c a l R e s e a r c h : The c o u n s e l l o r i n v o l v e s h i m s e l f

i n r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e s t u d y of p u p i l s t n e e d s

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35,

and how w e l l s c h o o l s e r v i c e s and a c t i v i t i e s a r e m e e t i n g

t h e s e n e e d s ,

(x) P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s : I t is t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of

t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r t o i n t e r p r e t e c o u n s e l l i n g a n d

g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s of t h e s c h o o l t o members o f t h e s c h o o l

s t a f f , p a r e n t s a n d t h e communi ty .

SUMMARY ----

The a b o v e r e v i e w h a s shown t h a t t h e term ro le i s

a c o m p l e x c o n c e p t . P e r h a p s a l l t h a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s

+ i n d i c a t e i s t h a t t h e c o n c e p t ro le is f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n

d i f f e r e n t w a y s a n d t h a t c o n c e n s u s a s t o w h a t i t m e a n s i s

l a c k i n g , I t a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r o l e o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r i s s e e n as t h e i m a g e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e exyw?c-

t a t i o n s a n d d i r e c t i v e s f o r b e h a v i o u r c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e

p o s i t i o n .

The r e v i e w a l s o show t h a t r o l e c o n f l i c t a n d ro le

c o n f u s i o n may o c c u r when t h e r o l e e x p e c t a t i o n s a n d r o l e

p e r c e p t i o n s of a n i n c u m b e n t of a g i v e n p o s i t i o n s a r e

i n c o n g r u e n t .

The d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n the. terms ro l e a n d f u n c -

t i o n was made. I t r e v e a l e d t h a t f u n c t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o

b u t d i f f e r e n t from ro l e a n d t h s t n o n e of t h e t w o c o u l d

be s e p e r a t e d from t h e o t h e r ,

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3 6 ,

From t h e r e v i e w , i t c o u l d be d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e

c o u n s e l l o r ~ s name c o n r l o t e s a v a r i e d c a r g o of m e a n i n g s a n d

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s f r a m h i s p u b l i c s . H i s p u b l i c s see him as

a t e a c h e r , a v i c e p r i n c i p a l , a p r i n c i p a l , a t e c h n i c i a n

who a l w a y s c o m p u t e a p p r a i s a l d a t a a s w e l l a s a j a c k of

a l l d u t i e s i n t h e s c h o o l . I t a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t e v e n

i n A m e r i c a , t h e c o u n s e l l o r s a r e t h e m s e l v e s c o n f u s e d on

m a t t e r s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e i r roles t h u s m a k i n g t h e i r

r o l e d e f i n i t i o n p r o b l e m a t i c .

F i n a l l y t h i s s e c t i o n a l s o k e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e are

c e r t a i n r o l e s w h i c h are p r o f e s s i o n a l l y r e c o g n i s e d as t h e

r o l e s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r by t h e ~ m e r i c a n S c h o o l

C o u n s e l l o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , a n d a r e o u t l i n e d . I t i s t h e

c o n f u s i o n a b o u t t h e ro les o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

t h e m s e l v e s i n ~ m e r i c a t h a t l e d t o t h e m a k i n g of s u c h

p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t by t h e a s s o c i a t i o n .

FORCES A N D FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE COUNSELLOR ' S -.--.-,-

ROLE VARIABILITY

From t h e w o r k s of o t h e r wr i te r s r e v i e w e d s o f a r , i t

c o u l d be s e e n t h a t a p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n o f c o u n s e l l o r

r o l e h a s n o t y e t b e e n a c h i e v e d a n d t h a t many i n d i v i d u a l

f o r c e s and f a c t c r s a r e i n v o l v e d i n c o u n s e l l o r r o l e

d e f i n i t i o n . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , a n a t t e m p t w i l l k made

t o d i s c u s s t h e s e f o r c e s a n d f a c t o r s t h a t a r e r e l a t e d to

o r a f f e c t c o u n s e l l o r r o l e v a r i a b i l i t y .

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37 ,

T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o s i x as f o l l o w s :

( i ) S t r i v i n g for. p r o f e s s i o n a l i z a t i o n a n d career

c o m m i t m e n t : T h i s i n v o l v e s t h e e t h i c a l c o d e s , t r a i n i n g

s t a n d a r d s , e n t r y r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d t h e i n d o c t r i n a t i o n o f

new members a s i t p e r t a i n s t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r s . S h e r t z e r

a n d S t o n e (1980: 2 6 7 ) ; K e h a s a n d M o r s e ( 1 9 7 1 : 2 0 0 ) .

( i i ) M a r g i n a l S t a t u s : Many s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

h o l d o - t h c r p o s i t i o n s a l o n g w i t h t h e i r c o u n s e l l i n g

p o s i t i o n , S u c h d u a l p o s i t i o n s a r e c o u n s e l l o r - t e a c h e r s ,

c o u n s e l l o r - p r i n c i p a l o r c o u n s e l l ' o r - v i c e p r i n c i p a l .

A c c e P t a n c e m a r g i n a l s t a t u s t h e r e f ore m e a n s h o l d i n g o t h e r

f u n c t i o n s o t h e r t h a n t h a t of c o u n s e l l i n g . S h e r t e e r a n d

S t o n e ( 5 9 8 0 : 1 2 6 ) ; ~ r b u c k l e ( l 9 6 1 : 5 0 ) ; S t e f f l r e ( l 9 6 4 : 6 5 4 ) .

( i i i ) S o c i a l F o r c e s : An a r r a y of s o c i a l forces

suck1 as l e g i s l a t i v e a c t s , c u s t o m s , p u b l i c a t t i t u d e s a n d

j u d i c i a l d e c r e e s i n f l u e n c e c o n c e p t i o n s o f c o u n s e l l o r

r o l e a n d h i n d e r i t s c l a r i f i c a t i o n , S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e

( 1 9 8 0 : 1 2 7 ) .

( i v ) R e l u c t a n c e t o C h a n q e : One d e t e r r e n t t o

c l a r i f y i n g c o u n s e l l o r r o l e i s the? r e s i s t a n c e t o c h a n g e

among c o u n s e l l i n g p r a c t i t i o n e r s . Some c l i n g i n e x o r a b l y

t o t h e c r u s t of c u s t m , t r a d i . t i o n , a n d i n e r t i a . ' T h e i r

i n t e r e s t i s b e s t s c r v e d by l a c k o f r o l e . c l a r i f i c a t i o n .

S h e r t z e r and S t o n e ( 1 9 8 0 : 1 2 8 ) .

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38.

( v ) P r o f e s s i o n a l I s o l a t i o n : T h e w o r k s e t t i n g of

o n e c o u n s e l l o r may be s h a r e d b y o t h e r c o u n s e l l o r s ,

w h e r e a s t h a t of a n o t h e r c o u n s e l l o r may i n c l u d e t e a c h e r s

a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r s b u t n o o t h e r c o u n s e l l o r . A c c o r d i n g

t o W a s s o n a n d S t r o w i g ( 1 9 6 5 ) , K a p l a n ( 1 9 6 4 : 1 2 7 ) ,

p r o f e s s i o n a l i s o l a t i o n o c c u r s when c o u n s e l l o r i s f o r c e d

t o USE t h e t e a c h e r s a n d p r i n c i p a l s as h i s r e f e r e n c e

g r o u p s i n s t e a d of f e l l o w c o u n s e l l o r s .

(vi) . D e t e r n i n i n g O t h e r s : T h e s e a r e t h o s e f o r c e s

e t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e r o l e p e r f o r m a v c e of t h e s c h o o l

c o u n z e l l o r . T h e y i n c l u d e c o u n s e l l o r e d u c a t o r s , s t a t e

g u i d e n c e s u p e r v i s o r s , s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , p r o f e s s i o n a l

o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s t u d e n t s , p a r e n t s , t e a c h e r s , s c h o o l b o a r d

members a n d commun i t y 1aymt.n . S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 8 0 :

1 2 9 ) ; K e h a s ( 1 9 7 5 : 4 5 ) .

PRESEPJT CONCEPTIONS OF COUNSELLOR ROLE AND ----_I

FUNCTION IN AMERICA .- T h e r o l e of t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a n a d e q u a t e l y e d u c a t e d ,

p r o f e s s i o n a l l y c o m p e t e n t , f u n c t i o n i n g p e r s o n r e a c t i n g

*I a n d r e l a t i n g t o t h e n e e d s o f t h o s e s e rved i s b u t i n t h e

f o rma t ive s t a g e i n most; w o r k i n g s ~ t t i n g s . C l a r i f i ca t ior l

of t h e r o l e w i l l l e a d t o c o m m i t m e n t of t h e t a s k s o f t h e

o c c u p a t i o n . I t w i l l e n a b l e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s , for

i n s t a n c e , t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e i r services t o s t u c l e n t s

from t h e services p r o v i d e d b y o t h e r s s u c h as t h e

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p s y c h o l o y i s t e a n d teachers, B u t t h a t n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g ,

many g u i d a n c e l i t e r a t u r e h a s r e v e . , a l e d t h a t e v e n i n

~ m e r i c a p r e s e n t l y , t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e i s s e e n

d i f f e r e n t l y by h i s v a r i o u s p u b l i c s a n d h e i s t h e r e f o r e T

a d d r e s s e d b y many t i t l e s .

Sorne o f h i s p u b l i c s see him as a q u a s i - a d m i n i s t r a t o r

o r m a d m i n i s t r a t i v e handyman , S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 8 0 :

1 3 1 ) ~ s t a t e d t h a t i n s u c h a c a s e , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e

S c h o o l ~ ' r i n c i p a l , t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r o f t e n s e r v e d as b

a d m i n i s t r a t o r , t o o k d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n , was r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s , s p o n s o r e d t h e s t u d e n t

- c o u n c i l , a s s i g n e d t e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s t o c l a s s e s ,

a d m i n i s t e r e d s c h o o l w i d e a c h i e v e m e n t a n d a b i l i t y tes ts ,

and e n r o l l e d new s t u d e n t s .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , some of h i s p u b l i c s a l s o see h i m

;IS ,I q e n e r a l i s t where hq-. q i v e s p r i o r i t y t o o r i e n t a t i o n ,

g r o u p g u i d a n c e , r e g i s t r a t i o n , c l a s s s c h e d u l i n g , c o u r s e

c h a n y e s , c u m u l a t i v e r e c o r d d e v e l o p m e n t , t e s t i n g a n d

'* o t h 8 - 1 ~ a p p r a i s a l , s p e c i a l c lass p l a c e m e n t , s c h o l a r s h i p

a n d c o l l e g e a p p l i c a t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n a n d p r o c e d u r e s , a n d

s o o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o c o u r \ s e l l i n g . T h o s e who v i e w

c o u n s e l l o r s a s g e E e r a l i s t s c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h c - i r t a s k i s

t o c o u n t e r a c t t h e h a r m f u l e f f c l c t s of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n and

i m p e r s o n a l i t y .

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AS a s p e c i a l i s t , h e g i v e s c o u n s c l l i n g p r i o r i t y o v e r

a l l o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s a n d i d e a l l y w o u l d c o u n s e l e x c l u s i v e l y .

Thost: who a d v a n c e t h i s c o u n s t : l l o r r o l e c la im t h a t t h e

g c n e r f i l i s t r o l e s p r e a d s c o u n s e l l o r s s o t h i n l y t h a t t h e y TI

h a v e l i t t l e o r n o i m p a c t or? c l i e n t s .

M c C u l l y ( 1 9 6 3 ) , P i n e ( 1 9 7 6 ) , S h o b o n ( 1 9 6 2 ) see t h e

c o u n s e l l o r as an a g e n t f o r c h a n g e , I n t h i s v i e w ,

c o u n s e l l o r s n o t o n l y a re e x p ~ r t s i n l e a r n i n g t h e o r y - t h e y k i l ~ w tht l - b a r r i c r s t h a t p r e v e n t a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n s

t h s l t f a c i l i t a t e l e a r n i n g - b u t \ h e y a re a b l e t o

c o m m u n i c a t e t h e i r k n o w l e d g e m e a n i n g f u l l y t o o t h e r s . T h e y

a r e s o i h i s t i c a t o d i n t h e f t . a t u r e s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s of w

s o c i a l c h a n g e a n d c a n mak? i n n o v a t i o n s i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s

i n w h i c h t h e y a r c e m p l o y e d .

T h e c o u n s ~ l l o r i s a l s o c o n c e i v e d b o t h as a r , sycho-

l o g i c a l e d u c a t o r a n d a communi.ty p s y c h o l o g i s t . A s a

p s y c h o l o g i c a l e d u c a t o r , S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 8 0 : 1 3 3 1 ,

c o n t e n d e d t h a t h e s h o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d e v e l o p i n g

a n d i m 1 ) l c m e n t i n q s y s t e m a t i c c u r r i c u l u m a c t i v i t i e s a n d w

P r o g r a m m e s d e s i g n e d t o f a c i l i t a t e d e v e l o p m e n t . A s a

c o m m u n i t y p s y c h o l o g i s t , G o o d y c a r ( 1 9 7 6 ) , L e w i s a n d L e w i s

( l 9 7 2 ) , c o n t e n d e d t h a t h c s h o u l d e n g a g e i n p r e v e n t i v e

p r a c t i c e s t h n t b u i l d o n c l i t n t ' s s t r e n g t h s a n d a l s o

t e a c h c l i e n t s l i f e s k i l l s n e c e s s a r y f o r m a s t e r i n g

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p r o b l e m s ,

B e r d i e s ( l 9 7 2 : 5 4 1 ) , a l s o s t a t e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r

i s s e e n as a n a l ) p l i e d b e h a v i o u r a l s c i e n t i s t a n d t h e r e f o r e

s h o u l d be engaqcd i n f o r m u l a t i n g a n d p r o v i d i n q c l i e n t s

w i t h r e a l a n d s i m u l a t e d w o r k a s w e l l a s s o c i a l e x p e r i e n c e s

t h a t c o r r e c t a n d e x t e n d th , - - - i r d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g a n d i n t e r -

p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . K u r p i u s (1978: 3 2 0 ) , sees t h e

c o u n s e l l o r a s a c o n s u l t a n t who s h o u l d be r e s p o n s i b l c f o r

i n k r o d u c i n g i n t e r v e n t i o n s t r a t e g i e s t o w a r d s t h e d e v e l o p -

b m e n t a l a n d p r e v e n L i v e processes of t h e s c h o o l .

An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e c o u n s e l l o r ro l e a n d f u n c t i o n

s t a t e m e n t s r e v e a l s t h a t t h e y most o f t e n d e f i n e t h e

c o u n s e l l o r as a h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l who a d v a n c e s t h e

p e r s o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t of i n d i v i d u a l s . ~l t h o u g h t h i s

d e f i n i t i o n h a s y z t t o a c h i e v e u n i v e r s a l a c c e p t a n c e , i t

h a s b e c o m e i n c r e a s i n g l y p r o m i n e n t . . I t i s a l s o e v i d e n t

t h a t : t h e f u n c t i o n s p c : r f o r m e d b y t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l i n t h e

r o l e Of c o u n s e l l o r as r e f l e c t e d i n t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s a re :

C o u n s e l l i n g i n d i v i d u a l s a n d s m a l l g r o u p s ,

C o n s u l t i n q w i t h t h o s e w i t h i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n t o

i n s t i g a t e c h a r g e .

C o n d u c t i n g t r a i n i n g ac t i v i t i c s t h a t s u p p o r t a n d

a u g m e n t p r o g r a m m e ob jec t ives .

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SUMMARY - A c e .-

T h i s s e c t i o n of t h ~ r e v i e w h a s s h o w n t h a t e v e n i n

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a where: e f f o r t s h a v e b e e n

made t o d e f i n e t h e c o u n s e l l o r r o l e a t p o l i c y l e v e l , t h e

'm c o u n s e l l o r i s g i v e n l o w r e c o g n i t i o n by t h e e n t i r e p u b l i c

b e c a u s ~ of t h e p o o r p e r c e p t i o n of h i s r o l e s . T h i s p o i n t

i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n o u r own c o n t e x t b e c a u s e i f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e i s s t i l l n o t c lea r i n A m e r i c a w h e r e

t h i n g s seem t o h a v e t a k e n f i r m s t a n d w i t h r e g a r d s t o

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l i n g , w e s h a l l t h e n e n v i s a g e more c o n f u s i o n

h e r e i n N i q e r i a whc>rc c o u n s e l l i n g i s r e l a t i v e l y new a n d

t h e c o u n s e l l o r r o l c . i n t h e s c h o o l n o t y e t d e f i n e d a t w

p o l i c y l e v e l .

STUDIES OF3 COUi'JSELLOR ROLE F'CRCEE'l'ION I N THE -.. -am--

UNITZD STATES OF AMERICA * ----

V2hc.n o n e t a l k s of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e d e f i n i t i o n ,

o n e is r e f e r r i n g t o t h e v o c a t i o n a l i d e r , t i t y of t h e

c o u n s e l l o r , t h q v a r i o u s r o l e s h i s v a r i o u s p u b l i c s dcrnand

as h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l f u n c t i o n s o r ro les . O n e way of

I i d e n t i f y i n g w h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s c ~ l l o r i s d o i n g i s t o

l o o k a t h i s ro le t h r o u g h t h r + - y e s of h i s d i f f e r e n t

t h e s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l , t h o p a r e n t s , t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d e v e n

t h e c o u n s e l l o r h i m s e l f .

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Many g u i d a n c e l i t e r a t u r e s h a v e r e v e a l e d t h a t s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r s a re p e r f o r m i n g a l o t o f r o l e s t h e y s h o u l d n o t

p e r f o r m . F o r t h a t r e a s o n , w h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a re a c t u a l l y

supy 'osed t o be d o i n g i n s c h o o l s become t h e c o n c e r n Of

- c o u n s e l l o r e d u c a t o r s , t h e c o u n s e l l o r a n d h i s p u b l i c s ,

T h i s i s b e c a u s e r c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s t o d a y s t i l l o p e r a t e

amid a comls lex w e b o f e x p e c t a t i o n s ,

Many r e s e a r c h w o r k s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , t o d i s c o v e r how t h e d i f f e r e n t

p u b l i c s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' p e r c e i v e h i s r o l e ,

S u c h s t u d i e s a r e c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e ways t h e t e a c h e r s ,

p r i n c i p a l s , p a r e n t s , a n d s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e s c h o o l L

c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e , I n t h i s p a r t o f t h e r e v i e w o n l y t h e

s t u d e n t s , t h e t e a c h e r s a n d t h e p r i n c i p a l s r o l e p e r c e p -

t i o n s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r w o u l d be r e v i e w e d ,

HOW STUDENTS PERCEIVE THE COUNSELLOR ' 2 RCLE --_----IP-

T h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s f i r s t a n d most i m p o r t a p t d u t y i s

t o t h e s t u d e n t s , n o t t o t h e t e a c h e r s or t o t h e

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , S t u d e t ? t s a r e t h e r e f o r e t h e p r i m a r y a n d w

d i r e c t r e c i p i e n t s of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ~ s s e r v i c e s .

L e v i t o n ( l 9 7 7 ) , c a r r i e ~ l o u t a r e s e a r c h o n s t u d e n t s

p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e * H e d e s i g n e d

a q i . : idance s u r v e y c a l l e d v C o n s u m e r F e e d b a c k o n a S e c o n -

d a r y S c h o o l G u i d a n c e P rogramme, f t

Page 55: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

H e u s e d 5 5 0 M i n n e s o t a H i g h S c h o o l s t u d e n t s . H e r e p o r t e d

t h a t a b o u t 45% of t h p s t u d e n t s would g o t o t h e i r p a r e n t s

f o r v o c a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n - m s k i n g w h i l e o n l y 26% would g o

t , ~ t h e c o u n s e l l o r . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i f a s t u d e n t was '1

h a v i n g d i f f i c u l t y t h a t r e s u l t e d i n t r u a n c y , t h e P e r s o n

most l i k e l y t o I . - , c o n s u l t e d was t h e c o u n s e l l o r and 54%

of t h e s a m p l e i n d i c a t e d t h i s . bout 42% i n d i c a t e d t h a t

t h e y would c o n s u l t t h ~ t e a c h e r i f t h e y h a v e p r o b l e m s

w i t h t h e i r s c h o o l , w h i l e 27% would g o t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r .

On p e r s o n a l p r o b l e m s , 54% of t h e s a m p l e i n d i c a t e d t h a t

t h e y would see a f r i e n d , 29% v o u l d see t h e i r p a r e n t s

w w h i l e o n l y 4% would see a c o u n s e l l o r . From t h e r e s u l t

o f t h e r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s , i t showed t h a t s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r s a r e s e e n a s t r u a n c y o f f i c e r s and t o a

l e s s ~ r e x t e n t as i n d i v i d u a l s whose h e l p i s n e e d e d i n

v o c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s w h i l e a v e r y n e g l i g i b l e number would

g o t o them f o r p e r s o n a l p r o b l e m s .

R i p e r (197'. '~:54), e x a m i n e d j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l

s t u d e n t s ' p e r c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e , how .*

h e l p f u l t h e a s s i s t a r l c e g i v e n by c o u n s e l l o r s was t o

s k u d e n t s and t o w h a t e x t e n t c o u n s e l l o r s were u t i l i z e d

by s t u d e n t s , H e r e p o r t e d t h a t s t u d e n t s e x p e c t c o u n s e l -

l o r s t o h e l p them w i t h e d u c a t i o r a l p l a r ~ i n g and t o a

les,:er e x t e n t , w i t h o t h e r s c h o o l p r o b l e m s .

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45.

H i s s u b j e c t s d i d n o t r e g a r d h i g h l y t h e a s s i s t a n c e g i v e n

by c o u n s e l l o r s b u t t h e y r e p o r t e d t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s w e r e

more of t e n h e l p f u l t o t h e m t h a n t e a c h e r s o r p r i n c i p a l s

b u t w e r e r a t e d a s less h e l p f u l t h a n o t h e r s t u d e n t s ,

R e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s by S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e (1980),

r e v e a l t h a t s t u d c n t s p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a n

a c a d e m i c a d v i c e r ; as a p e r s o n who s h o u l d know a b o u t

s c h o o l c u r r i c u l a , e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i -

t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e m ; a s a p e r s o n p l a y i n g a m i n o r

# role i n a s s i s t i n g t h e m w i t h p e r s o n a l - e m o t i o n a l p r o b l e m s .

I l u r o a n d R e v e l l o ( 1 3 7 0 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t h i g h s c h o o l

s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r t o be o f l i t t l e

h e l p i n o f f e r i n g v o c a t i o r a 1 p l a c e m e n t s e r v i c e s , On t h e o t h e r

h a n d , i n t h e i r s t u d y O P h i q h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a t t i t u d e s

t o w a r d s c o u n s e l 10rs a n d t h e f u n c t i o n s t h e y p e r f orm, Well

a n d Ri te r ( 1 9 7 9 ) , r e p o r t e d t h a t a b o u t 90% o f h i s s a m p l e

w o u l d go t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r f o r e d u c a t i o n p r o b l e m s w h i l e

o n l y 4% w o u l d s e e k h i s a s s i s t a n c e f o r p e r s o n a l p r o b l e m s ,

D r o u g h ( l 9 6 4 ) , a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t s t u d e n t s see t h e

c o u n s e l l o r a s a k i n d o f p r i n c i p a l , p u n i t i v e p e r s o n t h a t

i s a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n a n d a n a d v i s e r a s w e l l a s a n o rac le

Of r i g h t a n s w e r s , U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e f u l l b e n e f i t o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l i n g p rog ramme c a n n o t b e r e a l i s e d when

s u c h P e r c e p t i o n s a r e h e l d b y t h o s e who a re t h e p r i m a r y

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r e c i p i e n t s of t h e services ,

HOW TEACHERS F E R C E I V E THE COUNSELLOR ' S ROLE --- -.-

T e a c h e r s a r e a l w a y s h o s t i l e a n d sometimes j e a l o u s

o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r and as s u c h d o n o t h a v e p o s i t i v e

p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r l s r o l e a n d f u n c t i o n ,

I n o n e o f t ! ~ o s t u d i e s o n t e a c h e r s p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s r o l e s a n d f u n c t i o n , P a t t e r s o n (1967: 1341,

q u o t i n g P i e r s o n c o n t e n d e d t h a t ;

I t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r t o a c c e p t t h e n e e d f o r s p e c i a l i s t s i n human r e l a t i o n s i r , t h e s k h o o l . F o r , t o a d m i t t h 2 . t s p e c i a l i s t s a re n e c e s s a r y i s t o i m p l y t h a t t e a c h e r s h a v e c ~ r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s w h i c h t h e y a r e r e l u c t a n t t o f a c e ,

T h e a b o v e q u o t a t i o n c l c a a r l y p o i n t s o u t why h o s t i l e

a n 6 sometimes j e a l o u s f e e l i n g s a r e of t e n u n l e a s h e d

a g a i n s t t h e c o u ~ s e l l o r by t h e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r s .

H a v i n g t h e s e i l l f e e l i n g by t e a c h e r s a g a i n s t t h e

c o u n s e l l o r , many t e a c h e r s d o n o t care t o u n d e r s t a n d

w h a t c o u n s e l l i n q i s a l l a b o u t a n d as s u c h p e r c e i v e t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s r o l ~ s a n d f u n c t i o n s d i f f e r e n t l y ,

G i b s o n ( l 9 6 5 ; 4 1 6 ) , i n h i s s t u d i e s w i t h 208

s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l t e a c h e r s w h e r e q u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s h a d

b e e n i n e x i s t e n c e f o r a t leas t f o u r y e a r s , r e v e a l e d t h a t

t h e y d i d n o t u n d e r s t a n d c o u n s e l l i n g a n d t h a t "many

s e e m e d t o f e e l t h a t i t was a ' t e l l i n g ' o r ' d i r e c t i n g t

p r o c e s s . l1

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47.

On t h e r e s e a r c h s t u d y on t e a c h e r s p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro les b y D a r l e y (l956), a n e g a t i v e p e r c e p -

t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r q s ro le w a s r e v e a l e d . T h i s was

p r e s e n t e d i n a f i v e - f o l d s u m m a r y of t h e a t t i t u d e s o f

t h e t e a c h e r s o n t h e p e r c e p t i o r ) o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e s

f o l l o w s :

T h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a re a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d t h a t t h e

n c x t t h i n g y o u c a n s a y a b o u t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s i s

t h a t t h e y a r e a n e c e s s a r y e v i l who may be t o l e r a t e d

b u t h a d b e t t e r be e r a d i c a t e d .

T h a t c o u n s e l l o r s p r o v i d e a n c i l l a r y services a n d

a r e t h e r e f o r e e x p e n d a b l e .

T h a t c o u n s e l l o r s c o d d l e a n d p a m p e r s t u d e n t s .

T h a t c o u n s e l l o r s p s e u d o - F r e u d i a n , p s e u d o -

p s y c h o m e t r i c j a r g o n i s t h e p u r e s t n o n s e n s e .

T h a t c o u n s e l l o r s ~ p r e t e n s e of c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y i s

m e r e l y a s h i e l d t o h i d e t h e i r i g n o r a n c e when t h e i r

a c t i v i t i e s a r e c h a l l e n g e d ,

T h e a b o v e research. w o r k s r e v e a l e d t h e f a c t t h a t

t e a c h e r s h a v e b l u r r e d p e r c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s

r o l e ,

r'RI'r'JCIPALS PERCEPTION OF 'TI-IE COUNSELLOR'S ROLE: --- -- T o be e f f e c t i v e a n d s u c c e s s f u l , a g u i d a n c e

P r o g r a m m e i n a s c h o o l n e e d s t h e b l t + s s i n g of t h e s c h o o l

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p r i n c i p a l . S c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n

d e f i n i n g t h e r o l e o f e a c h member o f s t a f f i n c l u d i n g

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s

T freedom t o c a r r y o u t h i s r o l e i s o f t e n l i m i t e d by t h e

d i f f e r e n t role e x p e c t a t i o n s t h e p r i n c i p a l h a s f o r h im.

Many g u i d a n c e l i k 2 r a t u r e h a v e r e v e a l e d t h a t p r i n c i p a l s

h a v e b l u r r e d p e r c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro le .

S t u d i e s o n p r i n c i p a l s p c l r c c p t i o n of t h e

c o u n s e l l o r 1 s ro l e by F i l b e c k (,1965) ; Roberts (1961) ;

Hart a n d P r i n c e (l97O), g e n e r a l l y r e v e a l e d t h a t most

p r i n c i p a l s r e g a r d t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l

'* r i v a l p a r t i c u l a r l y d u e t o t h e p o p u l a r i t y t h e c o u n s e l l o r

amasses among s t u d e n t s a s a h e l p i n g p e r s o n . T h e s e

f i n d i n g s l e d Har t a n d P r i n c e (1970:374), t o c o n c l u d e

t h a t :

The c o n f l i c t i s r e a l ; s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s a r e t a u g h t many r o l e p h i l o s o p h i e s a n d b e h a v i o u r s w h i c h are i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e e x p e c t a t i o n s o f r l ~ - i n c i i ) a l s .

H a r t a n d P r i n c e a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t p r i n c i p a l s do I

n e t b e l i e v e t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m p e t e n t

t o a s s i s t s t u d e n t s p e r s o n a l - e m o t i o n a l p r o b l e m s . They

a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t d u e t o t h e w r o n g p e r c e p t i o n s t h e

p r i n c i p a l s h o l d o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r l s r o l e , the p r i n c i p a l s

a s s i g n d u t i e s o u t s i d e t h e i r p r o f e s s i o r i a l t r a i n i n g .

S u c h d u t i e s i n c l u d e d i s c i p l i n e , c l a s s r o o m t e a c h i n g ,

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p r i n c i p a l . S c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n

d e f i n i n g t h e r o l e of e a c h member o f s t a f f i n c l u d i n g

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e c o u n s e l l o r v s

T f r e e d o m t o c a r r y o u t h i s r o l e i s o f t e n l i m i t e d b y t h e

d i f f e r e n t r o l e e x p e c t a t i o n s t h e p r i n c i p a l h a s f o r him.

Many g u i d a n c e l i t . z r a t u r e h a v e r e v e a l e d t h a t p r i n c i p a l s

h a v e b l u r r e d p e r c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r q s role.

S t u d i e s o n p r i n c i p a l s p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s r o l e b y F i l b e c k (,l965) ; Roberts ( 1 9 6 1 ) ;

Hart a n d P r i n c e ( l 9 7 O ) , g e n e r a l l y r e v e a l e d t h a t most

p r i n c i p a l s r e g a r d t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a ~ > r o f e s s i o n a l

*. r i v a l p a r t i c u l a r l y d u e t o t h ~ p o p u l a r i t y t h e c o u n s e l l o r

a m a s s e s among s t u d e n t s a s a h e l p i n g p e r s o n . T h e s e

f i n d i n g s l e d H a r t a n d P r i n c e ( 1 9 7 0 : 3 7 4 ) , t o c o n c l u d e

t h a t :

T h e c o n f l i c t is r e a l ; s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s a r e t a u g h t many ro le p h i l o s o p h i e s a n d b e h a v i o u r s w h i c h are i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e e x p e c t a t i o n s o f r > ~ - i n c i ~ l a l s .

Hart a n d P r i n c e a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t p r i n c i p a l s do I

n o t be l ieve t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m p e t e n t

t o a s s i s t s t u d e n t s p e r s o n a l - e m o t i o n a l p r o b l e m s . T h e y

a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t d u e t o t h e w r o n q p e r c e p t i o n s t h e

p r i n c i p a l s h o l d o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r v s ro le , t h e p r i n c i p a l s

a s s i g n d u t i e s o u t s i d e t h e i r p r o f e s s i o r 3 a l t r a i n i n g .

S u c h d u t i e s i n c l u d e d i s c i p l i n e , classroom t e a c h i n g ,

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c le r ica l w o r k a n d t h ~ p u p i l s a t t e n d a n c e - T h e a u t h o r s

a l s o c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l s see t h e c o u n s e l l o r as

a j a c k - o f - a l l t r a d e s , a k i n d o f q e n e r a l " h a n d y manq'

f i l l i n q i n w h a t e v e r h e l p i s n e e d e d .

SUMMARY ---. -----

T h e above r e v i e w on t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' ~ r o l e p e r c e p -

t i o n s by h i s i ) u b l i c s i n the. U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a

h a s r e v e a l e d t h a t n e i t h e r t h e t e a c h e r n o r t h e s t u d e n t s ,

n o t e v e n t h e p r i n c i p a l s a c t u a l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e

1 p r o f e s s i o n a l ro les of t h e c o u n s e l l o r . T h e g e n e r a l

c o n c e p t i o n a b o u t t h e r e v i e w i s t h a t a l l t h e g r o u p s t e n d

t o ~ ' e r ce ive t h e c o u n s e l l a r as b6:ing l e a s t s u i t e d f o r

P e r s o n a l - s o c i a l c o u n s e l l i n g . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , s t u d i e s

h a v e r e v e a l e d t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s r a n k p~ r s o n a l - s o c i a l

c o u n s e l l i n g as t h e core o f t h e i r d u t y .

STUDIES Oh' COUNSELLOR ROLE FEFICEP'I'IONS I N NIGERIA -- From a v a i l a b l e p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t s f r o m b o t h t h e

F e d e r a l a n d S t a t e Governrnc.nts o f N i g e r i a , t h e i n d i c a t i o n

i s t h a t t h e r e i s n o c o m p r e h e n s i v e p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t o n t h e

ro les of c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e N i g e r i a r S c h o o l S y s t e m , I n

a c lose e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l P o l i c y o n E d u c a t i o n

( l 9 7 7 : 3 0 a n d l 9 8 1 : 4 3 ) , a n d t h e F i v e Year N a t i o n a l

Development P l a n ( 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 0 ) , t h c s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i s

s e e n a s a c a r ec r o f f i c e r o r carecr m a s t ~ r .

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50,

T h e p i c t u r e of t h e s c h o o l c ? u n s e l l o r f r o m t h e above

d e s c r i p t i o n q i v e s a p a r t i a l i m p r e s s i o n of w h a t t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s t a t 1 d . s f o r i n t h e N i q e r i a n s c h o c l s e t t i n g ,

I n v i e w of t h i s p r e s e n t i n g p r o b l e m , I k e m e (l98O),

r e p o r t e d t h a t o u r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s h a v e many

g u i d a n c e r e l a t e d p r o b l p m s o t h e r t h a n v o c a t i o n a l w h i c h

t h c , p 0 1 i c y s t a t e m e n t was based o n . T h i s th6.n i n d i c a t e s

t h e n e e d t o b r o ; i d e n t h p c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e p e r c e p t i o n t o

i n c l u d e a11 t h a t i s o u t l i n e d b y t h e n m e r i c a n S c h o o l

C o u n s e l l o r s A s s o c i a t i o n . Meny w r i t e r s O k o b i a ( 1 9 7 2 ) ;

D u r c j a i y ? ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; ?;iakincl.ri ( 3 . 973 ) ; E z e n w a n n e (1981) ;

Anagbocju ( 1 9 8 l ) , h a v e m a d e a t t ~ m ? ) ' i s i r ! d e f i n i n g t h e r o l e

o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i n a w j . d ~ : r s p e c t r u m t h a t .Goes

b e y o n d w h a t i s se t f o r t h i n thci g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c y s t a t e -

m e n t s , T h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s cover most of t h e f u n c t i o n s

o u - L l j - n z d b y t h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r A s s o c i a t i o n .

I n N i g e r i a t o d a y , t h e r e a r e f e w r e s e a r c h s t u c ! i e s

o n r o l ? p e r c e p t i c n s o.? $ h e c o u n s c . ~ l l o r p u b l i c s or!

g u i d a n c e f u n c t i o n s , T h e e a r l i e s t s t u d y i n t h i s f i e l d

w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y O y e q b a m i ( 1 9 7 4 ) . H i s s t u d y was o n

p u p i l s p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e G u i d a n c e C c ~ n s e l l o r ' s r o l e a t

C o m ~ r e h e n s i v e H i g h S c h o o l , ~ i y c = , t o r o . H i s f i n d i n g

r e v e a l s t h a t t h e counsellor w a s r w r c e i v e d as s o m e o n e

w h o punished p p i l s f o r c lass m i s l h e b a v i o u r when s u c h

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5 10

p u p i l s were r e f e r r e d t o h i m a n d t h e c o u n s e l l o r w a s

p z r c e i v e d a s t e l l i n g p u p i l s w h a t t h e y s h o u l d d o .

D e n g a (1976), c a r r i e d o u t a s i m i l a r s t u d y i n

K a d u n a S t a t e , o n t h e c o u n s ~ l l o r r o l e ~ w r c e p t i o n s among

t h e c o u n s e l l o r t s p u b l i c s n o t a b l y t h e s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s ,

t e a ~ h c ~ r s a n d s t u d e v t s . F r o m h i s f i r d i n q s , i t i s

o b s ~ . r v i x 3 t h a t most of t h e p r i n c i p a l s and t c - , a c h ~ r s

s a m l ' l e d p e r c e i v e d t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l

r i v a l . S e c o n d l y w h i l e nia j o r i t y of the. p r i n c i p a l s see

b h i m as a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n , most of t h e t e achk : r s were o f

t h e o p i n i o n t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d n o t o n l y t e a c h b u t

s h o u l d c a r r y e q u a l t e a c h i n g l o a d l i k e a n y o t h e r t e a c h e r

i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m ,

T h e s t u d e n t s o n t h e , o t h e r h a n d p e r c e i v e d t h e s c h o o l

counsellor as s o m e o n e who c a n h e l p t h e m s o l v c t h e i r

e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o r i a l p r o b l e m s , Most of t h e m were

o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t i n a n y way t a k e

t h e i r e m o t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l problems t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r

f o r t o t h e m , t a k i n g t h e i r e m o t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s

t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r m e a n s e x p o s i n g t h c - i r p r i v a t e l i f e n o t

o n l y to t h e c o u r ~ s e l l o r b u t a l s o t o t h o s e whom t h e

c o u n s c l l . o r i s l i k e l y t o s h a r e s u c h c o n f i d e n t i a l

i n f orrnatiotl w i t h , n o t a b l y , t h c p r i n c i p a l ,

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5 2 .

N n a n y e l u m (l986), c a r r i e d o u t a r e l a t e d s t u d y o n

t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f s t u d e n t s o n t h e c o u n s e l l o r l s ro les

i n K n u g u a n d N s u k k a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e s , Anarnbra S t a t e a n d

th:? r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y r e v e a l e d t h e f o l l o w i n g :

M a j o r i t y o f t h e s t u d e n t s w h o t o o k p a r t i n t h e s t u d y

p e r c e i v e d t h e cou . r se l lo r l s roles t o be m a i n l y i n t h e

area o f e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s a n d n o t i n t h e

area c o n c e r n i n g p e r s o n a l - s o c i a l matters. T h i s i s i n

l i n e w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f D ~ n g a (1976). T h e r e s p o n d e n t s

a l s o p e r c e i v e d t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n .

I t i s t r u e t h a t t w o s e c t i o n s o f t h e s t a t e h a v e

been s t u d i e d b u t the: r e s u l t w i l l n o t be c o m p l e t e u n t i l

o t h e r s e c t i o n s a r e s t u d i c > d . I t i s o n t!iis g r o u n d t h a t

t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s e m b a r k e d s o t h a t t h e

p e r c e p t i o n s o f s t u d e r t s on t h e c o u ~ s ~ l l o r r o l e s i n

O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e , A n a m b r a S t a t e w i l l be d e t e r m i n e d .

F r o m t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a b o v e : s t u c ' i e s o n t h e

C o u n s e l l o r r o l e p p r c e p t i o n s by h i s p u b l i c s , i n N i g e r i a ,

o n e c o u l d c a s i l y d i s c o v e r t h a t t h e r e i s a l o t o f

m i s r e p r e s e n t a . t i o n a n d m i s u n d t r s t a n d i n c j o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r

ro les b y h i s p u b l i c s . T h i s t h e r e f o r e , c a l l s f o r a n

u r g e n t a n d c l e a r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e r o l e i d e n t i t y o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r , P r o b a b l y , i t w a s o n t h e g r o u n d of t h e

r e s u l t s of t h e f i n d i n q s by thc? above m e n t i o n e d

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r e s e a r c h e r s t h a t l e d M a k i n d e ( 1976: 14), t o m a k e t h e

. . , t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l rwbl ic t o t h e s c h o o l ~ ~ ~ n s e l l o r i s s t i l l u n i m p r e s s i v e ; i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w h e r e t h e m o v e m e n t h a s l o n g b e e n s o l i d i f i e d , a b o u t 21% of t h e A m e r i c a n ~ ~ o p u l a t i o n a r e s t i l l n o t c e r t a i n a b o u t w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r s a r e u p to. T h e s i t u a t i o n i s e v e n worse i n N i g e r i a , w h e r e t h e m o v e m e ~ t i s r e l a t i v e l y new a n d s t a n d a r d v e r y l o w . F u r t h e r , t h e r e i s p r e s e n t l y r o l e c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n t h e N i g e r i a n c o u n s e l l o r a n d h e a d m a s t e r , a n d if t h i s i s n o t c h e c k e d , i t w i l l a l s o a c t a s a l i m i t i n g f a c t o r d i s c o u r a g i n g w o u l d be c o u n s e l l o r s ; g o v e r n m e n t h a s n o t d e f i n e d c l e a r l y t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e d u t i e s of h e a d m a s t e r s o r p r i n c i p a l s o f s c h o o l s a n d t h a t o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r s a n d as l o n g as c o u n s e l l o r s a r e c o n s i d e r e d m e r e l y as t e a c h e r s w i t h e x t r a r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r c o u n s e l l i n g w i t h o u t c l e a r l y d e f i n e d s t a t u s a n d r o l e s , a n d a s l o n g as t h e c o n d i t i o n s Of t e a c h e r s r e m a i n p o o r , t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e e n t e r i n q t h e p r o f e s s i o n w i l l be l o w .

I t may be as a r e s u l t o f M a k i n d e l s a s s e r t i o n t h a t

l e d some s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t s t o p u t down w h a t t h e y f e e l

s h o u l d be t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e s a n d f u n c t i o n s ,

O n e o f s u c h s t a t e s i s A n a m b r a S t a t e , i n w h i c h t h c S t a t e

E d u c a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n , bias o u t l i n e d t h e f 01 l o w i n g d u t i e s

f o r t h e t e a c h e r - c o u n s e l l o r s s e r v i n g i n t h e A n a m b r a S t a t e

S c h o o l s S y s t e m :

lo (a) O p e n i n q o f i n d i v i d u a l c u m u l a t i v e r e c o r d f o l d e r

f o r e v e r y s t u d e n t .

( b ) M a i n t e n a r ce of t h e c u m u l a t i v e r e c o r d s

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i n c l u d i n g t h e r e g u l a r c o l l e c t i o n o f a s s e s s m e n t

r a t i n g s ,

2 , R e c e p t i o n a n d o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t y e a r i n t a k e o

3, O r g a n i z i n g of m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e new i n -

t a k e by t h e s c h o o l m e d i c a l d o c t o r , c h e c k i n g

e s p e c i a l l y d e f e c t s i n s i g h t a n d h e a r i n g .

4 - D i a g n o s e s o f i n d i v i d u a l ' s a c a d e m i c a n d s o c i a l n e e d s

a n d p r o v i s i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e f a c i l i t i e s b y t h e

s c h o o l , e g , r e m e d i a l E n q l i s h and t u t o r i a l s ,

5 , A s s i s t i n g e a c h s t u d e n t to , u n d e r s t a n d t h e o p t i o n s a,k

t h e e n d o f t h e t h i r d y e a r w h i c h mic jh t be t h e m o s t

a p p r o p r i a t e f o r h im or h e r . w

6 P r o v i s i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t r a i n i n g a n d o c c u p a -

t i o n o p e n t o s t u d c n t s a f t e r t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l

c o u r s e .

7 , H e l p i n g s t u d e n t s t o s e e k f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n o r j o b s

arid t o l e a r n how t o a t t e n d i n t e r v i e w s .

8. H e l p i n g s t u d e n t s t o a s s i s t t h e m s e l v e s i n m a k i n g

r e a l i s t i c d e c i s i o n s a b o u t w h a t t o d o a f t e r s c h o o l .

* 9. A c a d e m i c and v o c a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n b o a r d

c o n t a i n i n g u p - t o - d a t e a d m i s s i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , j o b s

and career d a t a .

g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e .

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B u i l d i n g g u i d a n c e f o c u s e d i n f o r m a t i o n l i b r a r y a n d

h e l p i n g t o f o r m C a r e e r C l u b s .

P r o v i s i o n of r e l e v a n t d a t a f o r t h e p l a c e m e n t o f

s t u d e n t s from j u n i o r t o s e n i o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s .

O r i e n t a t i o n of t e a c h e r s t o w a r d s i d e n t i f y i n g s t u d e n t s

w i t h n e e d s o r p r o b l e m s a n d k e e p i n g t h e t e a c h e r s

i n f o r m e d o f d e v e l o p m e v t s w h i c h may h a v e a b e a r i n g

o n c l a s s r o o m s i t u a t i o n s .

P r o v i d i n g p a r e r ts w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s c h o o l

p o l i c i e s , p r o c c ? d u r e s , s c h b o l c o u r s e o f f e r i n g s ,

e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s .

A s s i s t i n c j s t u c ' e n t s a n d p a r e n t s , t o u n d e r s t a n d how

t o a p p l y t o h i g h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d f i n a n c i n g

s t u d e n t s ' e d u c a t i o n b e y o n d t h e S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y

S c h o o l .

Z e f e r r i n g s t u d e n t s w i t h s p e c i a l n e e d s t o t h e i r

s p e c i a l i s t s ,

V i s i t i n g e d u c a t i o n a l o r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s as

w e l l a s b u s i n e s s o f f i c e s , i n d u s t r i e s , t o g a t h e r

i n f o r m a t i o n a p p l i c a b l e t o s t u d e n t s i n t h e s c h o o l .

G u i d i n g t h e S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s t u d e n t s i n

t h e i r c h o i c e s o f s u b j e c t s f o r G.C.E., \;JASC,

T.C. I1 etc.

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13. M o n t h l y p r o g r e s s r e p o r t ( w h i c h s h o u l d b e s u b m i t t e d

t o t h e Z o n e f r o m t h e s c h o o l s a n d t o t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s

f r o m t h e z o n e s ) . 2C, O r g a n i z i n g career t a l k s .

, : , l t hough t h e e u t l i n s d d u t i e s f o r t h e t e a c h c r -

c o u n s e l l o r s i r . Anambra S t a t e S c h o o l s S y s t e m s o u n d s

p l a u s i b l e a n d p o i n t s t o t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o n , t h e f a c t

r e m a i n s t h a t t h € a b o v e statenlcrl t s , d e r i v e d f r o m t h e t e n

~ m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s A s s o c i a t i o n r o l e s t a t e m e n t s ,

h a v e n o t b e e n c i r c u l a t e d t o s d h o o l s . T h i s i f d o n e , w i l l

s e r v e as a g u i d e t o p r i n c i p a l s i n t h e i r a s s i g n m e n t of

d u t i e s t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r s , a n d w i l l a l s o g o a l o n g way w

i n s t r e a m l i n i n g t h e much t a l k e d r o l e s a n d f u n c t i o n s o f

t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r .

SUMMARY -= - a-

From t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e r e v i e w , i t h a s b e e n

d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r p u b l i c s h a v c n o t g o t a

c lear p e r c e p t i o n of h i s r o l e s i n t h e N i g e r i a n s c h o o l s

s y s t e m , I t a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t d e s p i t e t h e r n i s r ~ p r e s e n t a - - t i o n a n d m i s c o n c e p t i o n s t h e c o u n s e l l o r 1 s p u b l i c s h o l d of

h i s r o l e s , n o p o l i c y statcmetlts o n t h e ro les o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h a v e b e e n made eitther b y t h e F e d e r a l

G o v e r n m e n t o r t h e S t a t e G o v e r n m p r t s n o t t o t a l k o f t h e

C o u n s e l l i n g A s s o c i a t i o n o f N i g e r i a (C.A.N).

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THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR I N CLASSROOM TEACHING A N D - -a. DISCIPLINARY ROLES -- -

T h e r e s e a r c h e r f e e l s t h a t t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l

n o t be c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t e x a m i n i n g t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e

.I i n classroom t e a c h i n g nncl d i s c i p l i n a r y ro les , T h e s e t w o

areas a r e v e r y c o n t r o v ~ r s i a l more e s p ~ \ c i a l l y among t h e

t e a c h e r s a n d p r i n c i p a l s o f s c h o o l s w h o f e e l t h a t s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r s m u s t p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y i n classroom t e a c h i n g

a n d d i s c i p l i n a r y r o l ~ s o f thc , s c h o o l ,

THE CO!.JNSELLGR AND CLASSROOM TFACHING ------ T h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i s a r!ew comer t o t h e

e d u c a t i o n a l s c e n e i n N i q e r i a as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e - t e a c h e r a n d t h e p r i n c i p a l w h o h a v e h i s t o r i c a l s e n i o r i t y

o v e r h i m i n t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g , On t h i s g r o u n d ,

counsellors a r e s e e n b y some o f h i s p u b l i c s a s new

s t r a n g e b r e e d o f t e a c h e r s o r a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , T h i s i d e a

i s s u p p o r t e d b y some s t a t e m e r t s i n t h e N a t i o n a l P o l i c y

o n ducati ion ( 1 9 6 1 : 4 3 ) . T h e s t a t e m e n t h e r e seems t o

i n d i c a t e t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s a r e n o t h i n g b u t t e a c h e r s w i t h

a some a d . d i t i o n a 1 t r a i n i n q i n c o u n s e l l i n g ,

S t u d i e s b y P e t e r s a n d S h e r t z e r ( 1974: 5 5 ) , i n d i c a t e

t h a t c o u . n s e l l o r s d o n o t w a n t t o be i d e n t i f i e d as

t e a c h e r s a n d t h e r e f ore w i t h a c a d e m i c t e a c h i n g r o l e s ,

T h e y a l s o s t a t e d t h a t t h e i d e n t i t y w h i c h most c o u n s e l l o r s

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58.

s t r i v e t o c r e a t e among h i s p u b l i c s i s t h a t a s c o u n s e l 1 0 ~ - s ,

t h e y a re n o t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o r t z a c h e r s .

On t h e c o n t r a r y , D e n g a (1976) d i s c o v e r e d i n h i s

s t u d i e s t h a t almost a l l t h e t e a c h e r s h e s a m p l e d s t r o n g l y

a g r e e d t h a t s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d be f u l l y i n v o l v e d

i n a c a d e m i c t e a c h i n g a s s i g n m e n t s a s t h e y t h e m s e l v e s are,

I t i s o n t h i s g r o u n d t h a t the . r e s e a r c h e r w i s h e s t o

f i n d oilt i n t h i s p r e s e n t s t u d y i f s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e

s c h c o l c o u n s e l l o r a s a m 9 m b e r of t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f i n

O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e o f ~ ~ a r n b r ' ; l S t a t e ,

THE SCHOOL CCUPISELLOR AND DICICIFLII'ARY ROLES --.. -- .-. - --

T h e r e h a v e b:?cn d i v i d e d . o p i n i o n o n w h e t h e r t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s ~ l l o r s h o u l d p a r t i c i p a t e i n d i s c i p l i n a r y

r o l e s o f t h e s c h o o l o r n o t . S t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e

1 9 5 0 s i n A m e r i c a s h o w t h a t s o m e s c h o o l p r i t - c i p a l s w e r e

of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t s c h o o l c o u n s e l l . o r s s h o u l d h a v e

d i s c i ~ ~ l i n a r y r o l e s , E v e n h e r e i n N i g e r i a , t h e r e s e a r c h

f i n d i n g s o f D e n q a (19761, i n d i c a t e d t h a t s c h o o l

p r i n c i p a l s p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n .

T h i s i d e a w a s s u n p o r t e d b y somp t h e o r e t i c a l w r i t e r s who

c o n t e n d e d t h a t d i s c i p l i n e i s o n e o f t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ,

T h e r e a re a l s o o t h e r wri ters who a r e a g a i n s t t h e

a b o v e i d e a , T h e y c o n t e n d c > d t h a t c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s a r e

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59 .

n e c e s s a r y f o r a g r o w t h - p r o d u c i n g c o u n s e l l o r - c l i e n t

r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e y f u r t h e r h e l d t h a t a n a b s t r a c t

r e d e f i n i t i o n of d i s c i p l i n a r y f u n c t i o n t h a t d e n i e s t h e

p u n i t i v e n a t u r e of d i s c i r ) l i n e a n d e m p h a s i s e i t s r e h a b i -

l i t a t o r y h y g i e n i c n a t u r e d o e s n o t m a k e i t o p e r a t i o n a l l y

c o m p a t i b l e w i t h c o u n s e l l i n q s e rv i ce , h e n c e i t i s n o t a

f u n c t i o n w i t h i n t h e r o l e of t h e c o u n s e l l o r ( C o t t e e ,

1 9 5 3 ; R o g e r s , 1 9 5 8 ; T h r o n e , 1 9 5 2 ) -

I n h i s own c o n t r i b u t i o n , G i l b e r t ( l 9 6 5 ) , c i t e d some

b r e a s o n s why c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d n o t be i n v o l v e d i n

d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n as f o l l o w s :

U t i l i z a t i o ~ of t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n

r e p r e s e n t s a m i s u n d e r s t a ~ d i n g o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s

a p p r o p r i a t e f u n c t i o n i n t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g ,

T h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t , if n o t i m p o s s i b l e t o

e s t a b l i s h a n a d e q u a t e c o u n s e l l i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p

u n d e r c i r c u m s t a n c t ~ s i n w h i c h t h e c o u n s e l l o r

p o s s e s s e s e i t h e r a u t h o r i t y t o o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r

c a r r y i n g o u t d i s c i p l i n a r y m e a s u r e s .

T h e c o u n s e l l o r s e d u c a t i c n a n d experience c a n be

most e f f i c i e n t l y u s e d when h e r es t r ic t s h i m s e l f t o

c o u n s e l l i n g a n d i t s more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s u p p l e -

m e n t a r y d u t i e s .

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6 0 .

W r i t i n g o n t h e same t o l ~ i c , Mi l l e r ( l 9 7 4 : 6 6 ) , s t a t e d

t h a t f o r a c o u n s e l l o r t o be d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e

h a n d l i n g of s c h o o l ' s d i s c i p l i n e w i l l m a k e i t i m p o s s i b l e

o r d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h a n d m a i n t a i n t h e r a p p o r t t h a t - i s e s 7 ; e n t i a l f o r a u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g . c o n t i n u i n g ,

s h c s t a t e d t h a t i t i s o n l y i n d i r e c t l y t h a t a s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r c a n b e i n v o l v e d i n t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e

d i s c i [ ) l i n a r y t o n e o f t h e s c h o o l .

I n s u ~ ) p o r t t o Mil ler 's V ~ F ' W , F a f u n w a ( l977), a v e r

t h a t c o u n s e l - l o r s s h o u l d n o t 8e d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n

d i s c i p l i n e s i n c e i t m e a n s m e t i n g o u t p u n i s h m e n t i -n

s c h a o l s . C o u n s e l l o r s c a n o n l y h e l p i n d i s c i p l i n e w

t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h e i r c o u n s e l l i n g anc? i n t e r v i e w i n g

s k i l l s , h e c o n t e n d e d .

F rc rn t h e a r g u m e n t s a n d c o u n t e r - a r g u r n e r ~ t s o n w h e t h e r

t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s k ~ o u l d p l a y d i s c i p l i n a r y roles i n

t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n q , i t t h e n b e c o m e s o f g r e a t i n t e r e s t

t o f i n d o u t d u r i n g the-> p r e s e n t s t u d y i f s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l

s t u d e n t s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o p e o f A n a m b r a S t a t e m

p e r c e i v e t h e d i s c i p l i n a r y ro le as o n e o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s

roles i n t h e s c h o o l ,

5UMi':ARY ---- T h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e review r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e i s s u e

of w k e t h c r s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d be i n v o l v e d i n t h e

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6 1 .

a c a c l e r n i c t e a c h i n g i s n o t s e t t l e d y e t i n N i g e r i a a s s e e n

f r o m t h e s t a t e m e n t s i n t h e N a t i o n a l P o l i c y o n ducati ion

( 1 ? G 1 ) , a n d a m o n q s t t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s .

S e c o n d l y , t h e review a l s o s h o w s t h a t t h e r e a r s t w o T

o p p o s i n g c a m p s o n t h e i s s u e o f w h e t h e r s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

s h o u l d h a v e d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w i t h i n t h e

s c h o o l s e t t i n g . A g o o d n u m b e r o f t h e a u t h o r s c i t e d i n

t h e review a r e of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

s h o u l d n o t be d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n d i s c i p l i n e i f

d i s c i p l i n e mears m e t i n g o u t F ~ b n i s h m e ? t , b u t c o u n s e l l o r s

c a n o n l y h e l p i n p r o v i d i n g d i s c i p l i n e t h r o u g h t h e u s e of

b e h a v i o u r m o d i f i c a t i o n p r i n c i p l e s a n d t e c h n i q u e s . w

F r o m t h e above r e v i e w s , i t t h e r e f ore becomes

i m p e r a t i v e t h a t i f g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m m e i n o u r s c h o o l s

s h o u l d p e r f o r m t h e e x p ~ c t e d roles f o r w h i c h i t w a s se t

u p , t h e m i s c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e c o u ~ s e l l o r ' s r o l e s h o u l d be

u r g e n t l y c l e a r e d b y t h e a u t h o r i t y t h a t s e t s u p t h e

p r o g r a r n n l e ,

CONCLUSION ----.. T h e r e v i e w o f l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a c k -

g r o u n d w a s f o c u s e d o n c o n c e p t s o f r o l e a n d l a c k of

c l a r i t y c o n c e r n i n g t h e r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r -

T h e r e v i e w r e v e a l e d t h a t r o l e i s a c o m p l e x c o n c e p t a n d

h a s b e e n d e f i n e d d i f f e r e n t l y b y v a r i o u s s c h o o l s ,

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Some see i t a s a n o r m a t i v e c o n c e p t ( I v e y a n d R o b i n ,

1 9 6 6 ) a n d o t h e r s a s a d e s c r i p t i v e term or a se t of

c o m p l e m e n t a r y e x p e c t a t i o n s .

I t w a s a l s o d i s c o v e r e d f r o m t h e r e v i e w t h a t when

r o l e e x p e c t a t i o n s d o n o t a g r e e w i t h r o l e p e r c e p t i o n s ,

t h e r e s u l t i s r o l e c o n f l i c t a n d r o l e c o n f u s i o n .

H i g h l i g h t e d i n t h e r e v i e w is t h e v e r y m e a n i n g of

t h e c o u n s e l l o r a n d h i s ro le . I t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t

t h e v e r y m e a n i n g of t h e c o u n s e l l o r t i t l e i s n o t v e r y

c l ea r i n t h e e y e s o f h i s p u b l i ' c s a n d t h e r e f o r e was s e e n

a s a t e a c h e r , a v i c e p r i n c i p a l o r a n a d m i n i s t r a t o r .

D i f f e r e n t f a c t o r s t h a t l e d t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r f s o o l e

v a r i a b i l i t y were a l s o h i g h l i g h t e d . T h e s e a r e m a r g i n a l

s t a t u s w h e r e b y c o u n s e l l o r s a c c e p t r o l e s t h a t h a v e l i t t l e

o r n o r e l a t i o n s l l i p w i t h t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l ro les d u e t o

l a c k o f c l a r i t y o r d e f i n i t i o n r e g a r d i n g h i s roles f r o m

o t h e r s i n t h e s y s t e m ; p r o f e s s i o n a l i s o l a t i o n a n d

i n f l u e n c e of d e t e r m i n i n g o t h e r s .

T h e r e v i e w d ic i r e v e a l t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l 'L?

C o u n s e l l o r A s s o c i a t i o n h a s m a d e some p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a t e -

m e n t s o n t h e r o l e o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r . The r e v i e w o n non-

N i g e r i a n s t u d i e s o n c o u n s e l l o r r o l e p e r c e p t i o n b y h i s

p u b l i c s r e v e a l & t h a t neither teacRers n o r s t u d e n t s , n o t

even t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l

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ro les of t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n t h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l S y s t e m .

5 i m i l a r l y t h e N i g e r i a n s t u d i e s i n t h i s a r e a s h o w t t l a t

t h e c o u n s e l l o r p u b l i c s h a v e b l u r r e d p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e

r o l e of t h e c o u n s e l l o r .

T h e i s s u e of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a n d s c h o o l

d i s c i p l i n e iJas a l s o h i g h l i g h t e d a n d i t w a s d i s c o v e r e d

t h a t t h e a u t h o r s c i t e d a re of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d n o t be d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e

i i a n d l i n g of t h e d i s c i p l i n e p r o b l e m s of t h e s c h o o l ; t h a t

c o u n s e l l o r s c a n o n l y h e 1 p i n ' p r o v i d i n g d i s c i p l i n e t h r o u g h

t h e u s e of b e h a v i o u r m o d i f i c a t i o n p r i n c i p l e s ( M i l n a r ,

w 1 9 7 4 ) -

F i n a l l y , o n t h e i s s u e of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a n d

classroom t e a c h i n g , t h e r e v i e w r e v e a l e d t h a t o p i n i o n s a r e

s t i l l d i v i d e d a s s e e n from t h e s t a t e m e n t i n t h e N a t i o n a l

i o l i c y o n E d u c a t i o n , t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r w i l l

t e a c h a n d a s w e l l c o u n s e l . B u t t h e N i g e r i a n G u i d a n c e

E d u c a t o r s ( D e n g a , 1 9 7 6 ; A c h e b e , 1 9 7 8 ; M a k i n d e , 1 9 7 6 ) a r e

of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d be v

c o u n c e r n e d w i t h g u i d a n c e f u n c t i o n s of t h e s c h o o l a l o n e -

O n e i m p l i c a t i o n d i s c o v e r e d f r o m t h e r e v i e w w i t h

r e g a r d s t o t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s t h a t t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of

t h e c o u n s e l l o r ~ s r o l e s b y h i s p u b l i c s h a v e b e e n

a c k n o w l e d g e d b u t s u c h s t u d i e s w h i c h w e r e c a r r i ed o u t i n

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64.

N i g e r i a w e r e d o n e w h e n g u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g w a s a t

i t s i n f a n c y . F u r t h e r m o r e , s u c h a s t u d y h a s n o t b e e n

c a r r i ed o u t i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n ' , o n e o f A n a m b r a S t a t e

of N i g e r i a . I t t h e r e f o r e became i m p o r t a n t t o i n v e s t i -

g a t e how s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s i n O n i ts h a E d u c a t i o n

Z o n e o f A n a m b r a S t a t e p e r c e i v e t h e r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r .

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RESEARCH DESIGN

I n t h i s chaptel-, t he r e sea rche r d e s c ~ i b e s t h e

populat ion of tLe s tud,) , t he sample used, the i n s t r u -

ment used i n col1ect i rq7 the d a t a f o r t he s tudy ,

v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of the instrument ana

s t a t i s t i c a l ~uethods used i n ana lys ing the d a t a

c o l l e c t e d .

+

POPULATION FOR TnE: STUDY

The popula t ion f ~ r the study included the s t u d e n t s

i n a l l . the Secondarj SchodlCS i n Oni tsha Edulsatian

Zone, ~ n a m b r a S t a t e gf Niger ia , which had up t~ t

.Senior Secondary Three (SS 111) . The t a r g e t

populat ion f a r t h e k u d y included a l l t h e Jun io r

Secondary Three (JS 111) a ~ d the Senior S e c ~ n d a r j

Three (SS 111) s tuden t s in the zunB.

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~ l l t h e schools inclui?cd i n the study were

schools vvhe~c counse l lor s e rv ices h v e been intr.0-

duced Tor a t l e a s t two years . This i s because, i t is *

a period of time during which the c o u n s e l l o r ' s impact

would have been f e l t by the s tuden t s i n such achools.

The schools wi th ln the zone were s t r a t i f i e d i n t o boys ,

girls and e o - e d ~ c a t i o n a l S C ~ O Q ~ S . A s a t January,

1990, t he re were one hundred ,and s i x t e e n (116) o f

such Lchools i n the zone comprising for ty-four

(44) bojs , for ty-s ix (46) girl8 and twenty-six (26)

co-educational sch@olao For the f a c t t h a t over

9 5 % . ~ f the GO-educztional i n s t i t u t i o n s i n the ,

zone were newly converted, they were e l iminated i n

the sampling f o r including them would not give

roQm f o r a pgod c~mpar i son of t he stu6ent.s a t

p resent , Sample was taken of boye'

and girls ' were f u r t h e r

Page 79: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

6 7 ,

s t r a t i f i e d i n t o s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s

a n d t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s . T h e r e wt:re t h i r t y - f i v e ( 35 )

b o y s 1 a n d g i r l s l s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o ~ a l c o u n s e l l o r s

a n d f i f t y - f i v c ( 5 5 ) b o y s 1 a n d g i r l s 1 s c h o o l s w i t h

t e a c h e r - c o u n s e l l o r s .

O u t of t h c s e numb( r s , t h o s e s c h o o l s w h e r e c o u n c e l l o r

s e r v i c e s h a v e b c e n f d s t a b l i s h ~ d f o r at l e a s t 2 y e a r s were

s e l t = c t e d . On t h e hasps o f t h i s , f o u r t e e n o u t o f t h e

t h i r t y - f i v e s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f c 2 s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s were

s c l e c t e d f o r t h e s t u c ' y . They i b n c l u d e d 7 b o y s ' a n d 7

g i r l s v s c h o o l s .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , of t h e f i f t y - f i v e ( 5 5 ) b o y s l a n d

g i r l s ' s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r - c o u n s c l l o r s , 25% of e a c h o f

t h e s c h o o l t y p e were s a m p l e d f o r t h e s t u d y . T h e y

c o m p r i s e d 7 b o y s ' a n d 7 g i r l s ' s c h o o l s , E f f o r t s were

a l s o made i n s e l ~ c t i n g t h e s a m p l e d s c h o o l s i n terms o f

t h e i r l o c a t i o n by b a l a n c i n q them. F o r i n s t a n c e , u r b a n

a n d r u r a l s c h o o l s were t a k i n i n k o c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h i l e

s a m r ) l i n g .

F o r e a c h o f t h e s c h o o l s s a m p l e d , o n e s t r e a m of

J u n i o r S e c o n c ' a r y 3 and o n e s t r e a m o f S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y 3

were f u r t h e r s a m p l e d by s i m p l e r andom s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e .

From e a c h . t h e c lasses s a m p l e d , 10 s t u d e ~ t s were

s e l e c t e d by h e u s e o f a s y s t c r n a t i c r a n d o m s a m p l i n g

Page 80: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

68,

t e c h n i q u e . T h i s was d o n e by s e l e c t i n q e v e r y f o u r t h

s t u d e n t i n t h e c l a s s r e g i s t e r . On t h e w h o l e , 560

s t u d e n t s were r andomly drawn c o m p r i s i n g 280 b o y s and 2 8 0

g i r l s , The J u n i o r S e c o n d a r y 3 and S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y 3

s t u d e n t s were c h o s e n b c c a u s e t h e y have b e e n e x p o s e d t o

v a r i o u s g u i d a n c e s e r v i c e s a r d t h t : , r e f o r e w i l l b e a b l e t o

make r e a s o n a b l e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e i r p p r c e p t i o n o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r f s r o l e s ,

TABLE I: Number of S c h o o l s i n the. z o n e by Txpe --.= -- --.- --

and Sample

S c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o r a l C o u ~ s e l l o r s I Boys

G i r l s

C o - e d u c a t i o n a l - S c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r - c o u n s e l l o r s

I G i r l s I 2 8

I TOTAL 1 1 1 6 --

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TABLE 11: N u m b e r o f S t u d e n t s b y C l a s s a n d S e x -- -- ;--

I C l a s s 7 j I L i

I J u n i o r S e c o n d a r y 3 / 140 1 140 200 1 1 S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y 3 1 1 4 0 1 140 1 280 I

I 1 I

I T o t a l 1280 1 280 I --.- 560

I N S 1'RUMEFJT FOR CIP,TA COLLECTION -- - A s u r v e y q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s d e s i g n e d f o r t h e s t u d y .

T h c i n s t r u m e n t c o m p r i s e d f o u r s e c t i o n s : A , B , C a n d D.

S e c t i o n 'A w a s d e s i g n e d t o e l i c i t p e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

a b o u t t h e s t u r : e n t . S e c t i o n ) B I was d e s i g n r d t o e l i c i t

s t u d e n t s ' a w a r e n e s s of g u i d a n c e sc.rvices a v a i l a b l e i n

"m t h e i r s c h o o l s . S e c t i o n ' C ' c o n s i s t s o f s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t

t h e ro les of t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s w h i l e

S e c t i o n ' D l was d e s i g n r d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r c a c t i o n o f

s t u d e n t s o n c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e i n s c h o o l d i s c i p l i n e ,

T h e items i n S e c t i o n I C 1 w e r e d e v e l o p e d f r o m t h e

A m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r A s s o c i a t i o n p r o p o s e d ro les

f o r s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s . T h e - s c s a m ~ i t c l m s a re i n g e n e r a l

a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e P ~ O ~ O S F ~ d u t i e s developed b y t h e a

S t a t e E d u c a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n , A n a m b r a S t a t e , N i g e r i a ,

F o r t h e p u r p o s c of s c o r i r b , responses were r a t e d i n

f o u r sca les - S t r o n g l y A g r e e , A g r e ? , D i s ~ g r e c a n d

S t r o n g l y D i s a g r e e .

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VALIDITY A N D RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

T h e f a c e v a l i d i t y o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e was a s s e s s e d

b y f o u r p e o p l e - t w o l e c t u r e r s i n t h e G u i d a n c e a n d

C o u n s e l l i n g U n i t , D e p a r t m e n t o f E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f

N i g e r i a , iVsukka, a n d t w o p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s i n

O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Zone w o r k i n g i n schools . T h e i r

a p p r o v a l o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e p a v e d way f o r t h e a d m i n i -

s t r a t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e by t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r o

To t e s t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e i r j s t r u m e n t , t h e same

t e s t w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d t o t t f e same q r o u p o f s t u d e n t s

n u m b e r i n g e i g h t y a f t e r a n i n t e r v a l o f onc m o n t h , T h e s e

s t u d e n t s were s e l e c t e d f r o m t ; ~ o b o y s a n d two g i r l s

s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s u s e d i n t h e s t ~ i c l y . On t h e wtiole, t h e

r e s u l t p r o v e d t o b e t h e same.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE GUESTIORNAIRE - The r e s e a r c h e r a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e

d i r e c t t o t h e s t u d e n t s i n a l l t h e s c h o o l s s a m p l e d . T h i s

m e t h o d p r o v i d e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r w i t h t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f

e x p l a i n i n g a n y p r o b l e m w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t s e n c o u n t e r e d

i n c o m p l e t i n g t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

iYETHOD OF ANALYSING DATA

S e c t i o n s l B 1 a n d ' D l o f t h e q u e s t i . o n n a i r e were

a n a l y s e d w i t h p e r c e n t a g e s t o d e s c r i b e t h e p a t t e r n o f

r e s p o n s e t o v a r i o u s i t e m s .

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7 1-

F o r S e c t i o n ' C t t h e f r e q u e n c i e s of ' S t r o n g l y A g r e e '

and ' A g r e e f were p o o l ~ d t o g e t h e r t o f o r m o n e p o s i t i v e

r e s u l t ( ~ g r e e ) , w h i l e t h e f r e q u e n c i e s of ' D i s a g r e e ' and

' S t r o n g l y D i s a g r e e ' were a l s o p o o l e d t o g e t h e r t o f o r m *

o n e n e g a t i v e r e s u l t ( D i s a g r e e ) . T h i s was d o n e b e c a u s e

t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r was i n t e r e s t e d n o t i n t h e d e g r e e o f

a g r e e m e n t o r d i s a g r e e m c l n t , b u t w i t h r e g a r d t o w h e t h e r

t h e r e s p o n d e n t s s h o u l d a g r e e or d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e items,

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CHAPTER FOUR

DATR PPESENTATION A N D ANALYSIS

I n t h i s c h a p t e r , t h e r c ~ s e a r c h t ~ r p r e s e n t s a

d e s c r i r ) t i v e a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f thcs d a t a

w c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e s t u d y . T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e s t u d y

were t o d e t e r m i n e :

1. If t h e s t u d e n t s cap i d e n t i f y c o r r e c t l y t h e t y p e s o f

p r o b l e m s w h i c h dthniand t h c ' a t t e n t i o n o f thc- s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r .

2 . I f b o y s a n d g i r l s h a v e s ( i q n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e r o l e of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r .

3 , T h e c o u n s e l l o r t s r o l e s as p e r c e i v e d b y t h e w

s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .

4, I f J S 3 a n d SS 3 s t u d c n t s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e r o l e . of t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r .

5 , If r u r a l a n d u r b a n s t u c ' c ~ r ~ t s i n the. e d u c a t i o n z o n e

h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r t s ro les .

T h c r e s u l t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g n u l l h y p o t h e s e s were

a l s o p r e s e n t e d . I-i 0 1 : T h c r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n of m a l e a n d f e m a l e s t u d e n t s o n

t h e r o l e of s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n

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7 3 .

Z o n e as m e a s u r e d b y S c h o o l C a u n s e l l o r ' s Role P e r c e p t i o n

S c a l e .

H o 2 : T h p r e w i l l bc- n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f SS 3 s t u d e n t s a n d J S 3 ... s t u d e n t s o n t h e r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i n O n i t s h a

E d u c a t i o n Z o n e a s m e a s u r e d b y S c h o o l C o u n s p l l o r ~ s Role

P e r c e p t i o n S c a l e .

1 - 1 0 ~ : T h p r r w i l l br n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of u r b a n a n d r u r a l s t u d e n t s o n

t h e r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u ~ s e l l o r i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n

Z o n e as m e a s u r e d b y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ' s Role P e r c e p t i o n

S c a l c . w

Ha4: T h ~ r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h

p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l 10rs a n d t h o s ? w i t h t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r s a s m e a s u r e d b y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ' s Role

P e r c e p t i o n Sca le .

T h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o ~ s w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

1. W h a t roles d o s t u d e n t s t h i n k t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

p e r f o r m i n t h e s c h o o l ?

2. X h a t k i n d of p r o b l e m s do s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s

f e e l s h o u l d bc t a k e n t o ttle c o u n s e l l o r 3

3 - How d o t h e s t u d e n t s p p r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e

i n d i s c i p l i n e ?

T h e p r e s e n t a t i o n now b e g i n s w i t h t5t. f i r s t n u l l

h y p o t h e s e s .

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Ho T h e r e w i l l be n o s i q n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f male a n d f e m a l e s t u d e n t s o n t h e role of t b t . s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e as m e a s u r e d b y t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ' s Role P e r c e p t i o n S c a l e ( s C R P S ) .

TABLE 111: RESPONSES ON THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL % COUNSELLOR ACCORDING TO SEX

ROLE I THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR

M a l e H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o / 224

o c c u p z t i o n i n t e r e s t I F 1 7 1

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o M 1 0 1 F 8 6

O r g a n i s e s career d a y PI 1 9 5 f o r t h e s t u d e n t s

-. F 1 5 3 H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r M 2 3 2

v o c a t i o r , a l i n t c r e s ts a n d F 1 9 3

a b i l i t i e s

I H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o M 8 4 re la te b e t t e r w i t h o n e a n o t h e r F 1 0 4

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--.-_Y I

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o h

e s t a b l i s h b o y / q i r l i M i 1 71125 .41209 I 1 - -

r e l a t i o n s h i p s ii i f i F 8 4 : 3 0 . 0 i 1 9 6 j

e f f e c t i v e l y t - - .Am- &

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o r e f r a i n f r o m d r u g a b u s e - H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o u n d e r s t a n d more a b o u t human s e x u a l i t y -- O r g a n i s e s o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e s f o r new s t u d e ~ t s t o h e l p t h e m ad j u d t o t h e n e w s c h o o l e n v i r o n m e n t --a

P r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t r a i n i n g a n d o c c u p a t i o n o p e n t o s t u d e n t s a f t e r s c h o o l --- D e v e l o p s t h e g u i d a n c e p rogramme o f t h e s c h o o l

--.--=

O r g a n i s e s m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n for new s t u d e n t s - Is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o l l e c t i n g i n f orma- t i o n a b o u t e d u c a - t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i c s or;)en t o s t u d e n t s

P r o v i d e s p a r e n t s w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s p r o p s s H e l p s t e a c h e r s t o i d e n t i f y s t u d e n t s w i t h n e e d s o r p r o b l e m s

H e l p s s t u d e n t s anc' t h e i r p a r e n t s t o u n d e r s t a n d how t o a p p l y f o r h i g h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s -

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L t h e c r i t i c a l X v a l u e of 3 .84 r e q u i r e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e

a t ,057: l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e , t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s of n o

d i f f e r e n c e was t h e r e f ore a c c e p t e d . H o w e v e r , t h e a n a l y s i s

o f d a t a f o r i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s ( t a b l e > I I I ) , show s i g n i f i -

c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f o r s i x i tems. T h e i t e m s are 7 , 3 , 14,

15, 19 a n d 23 .

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!-lo2: T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f JS 3 s t u d e n t s a n d SS 3 s t u d e n t s o n t h e role of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a s m e a s u r e d b y t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ' s Role P e r c e p t i o n S c a l e .

TAE$LE I V : RESPONSES OF JS 3 AND SS 3 STUDENTS ON THE -- ROLE OF Tk:E sCtiOOL CCUIYSELLOR

ITEMS 1 RESPONSE - ... - GROUP AGREE Ti iE SCHOOL COUNSEL,LOR

F 1 % 4 -7-

I 1 H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o (n=280) 1 1 c h o o s e s u b j e c t s f o r

1 JSCE, SSCE a n d

! ; e l p s s t u d e n t s t o J 3 182 65.0 k n o w how t o s t u d y #

bet te r S3 234 83.5 - t l e l p s s t u d e n t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r

53 198 70.0

e d u c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d S3 220 78.5 a b i l i t i e s .-- H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o 53 132 47.3

4 cope w i t h e x a m i n a - t i o n a n x i e t y

S3 138 49-2 -- i l - le l~s s t u d e n t s t o 1 53 1 165158.8

c h o o s e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e i r i n t e r e s t 53 180 64.2

I i e l p s s t u d e n t s t o 65 23.1 form career c l u b , I : : I 122 I 43.5

1 O r g a n i s e s career / 5 3 1 941 33.5 7 d a y f o r t h e

S3 118 42.3 s t u d e n t s I 1 - i e l p s s t u d e n ts t o

8 / i d e n t i f y t h e i r 1 1 53 1 225180.4

v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t a n d a b i l i t i e s I I 206173.5 C

I H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o 1 53 i 98i35.0 9 ' r e l a t e be t t e r w i t h s3 1 !32.3

j o n e a n o t h e r I I ..- L-- 1

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I i e l p s s t u d e n t s t o e s t a b l i s h b o y / g i r l r e l a t i o n s h i p s 9 il 53 e f f e c t i v e l y

E

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o ( 53 r e f r a i n from d r u g a b u s e S3

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o 1 53 u n d e r s t a n d more I a b o u t human s e x u a l i t O r g a n i s e s o r i e n t a u t i o n c o u r s e s f o r ned 53 s t u d e n t s t o h e l p t h e m a d j u s t t o t h e n e w s c h o o l e n v i r o n m e n t

P r o v i d e s i n f o r m a - t i o n a b o u t t r a i n i n g a n d o c c u p a t i o n o p e n t o s t u d e n t s a f t e r s c h o o l ,

D e v e l o p s t h e J 3 g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m m e of t h e s c h o o l . S3

O r g a n i s e s med i ca l J 3 e x a m i n a t i o n f o r n e w s t u d e n t s . S3

Is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r r n a - J 3

t i o n a b o u t e d u c a - t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s S3 o D e n to s t u d e n t s .

P r o v i d e s p a r e n t s w i t h i n forma t i o n a b o u t t h e i r c h i l d r e n 1s p r o g r e s s I

I H e l p s t e a c h e r s to i d e n t i f y s t u d e n t s w i t h n e e d s or

I J3 I s3 1

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I H e l p s s t u d e n t s and t h e i r p a r e n t s t o

d a t a f o r p l a c e m e n t

_ I A s s i s t s t e a c h e r s 24 i n i n c o r p o r a t i n g 1 5 3 1 67123 .8

career i n f o r m a t i o n 1 53 1 1 1 5 41.2 t e a c h i n g

The o v e r a l l x2 v a l u e f o r t h e w h o l e items ( 1 - 2 4 ) i s

7.15. S i n c e t h e o b t a i n e d X2 v a l u e of 7.15 i s g r e a t e r

t h a n t h e q i v e n c r i t i c a l v a l u e of 3 .84 r e q u i r e d f o r

s i g n i f i c a n c e a t - 0 5 % l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e , t h e n u l l

h y p o t h e s i s i s t h e r e f o r e r e j c c t e d . T h i s t h e r e f o r e i m p l i e s 'I

t h a t J S 3 and SS 3 s t u d e r j t s h a v c d i f f e r € n t p c r c e j l t i o n s

r e g a r d i n g t h e r o l e of c o u n s e l l o r s i n t l ? ~ s c h o o l s i n

O n i t s ! l a E d u c a t i o n Zone. However a c r i t t c a l l o o k a t

2 t a b l e I V s h o w s t h a t t h e X v a l u e f o r c e r t a i n i t e m s a r c

s i g n i f i c a n t w h i l e o t h e r s a r e n o t . F o r i n s t a n c e , w h i l e

i t e m s 1, 2 , 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 11, 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 2 0 a n d 24 a r e

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s i g n i f i c a n t , items 4 , 5, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 19, .21, 22,

a n d 2 3 a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

H o 3 : T h e r e w i l l be -0 s i g n i f i c a r t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w c e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of u r b a n 3 r d r u r a l s t u d e n t s o n t h e r o l e of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e as m c - a s u r + d by t h r S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s Role P e r c e p t i o n S c a l e .

TAGLE V: RESPONSES OF URf,AN AND RURAL STUDENTS Oh EACH -a&-- - --- - ,

ITEi'l ON THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR'S ROLE - -.-.- --- -*a

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I p s s t u d e n t s t o

t i o n a h o u t t r a i r ~ i n g a n d o c c u p a t i o n o p e n t o s t u d e n t s a f t e r

a n c e p rogramme

e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r - t u n i t i e s o p e n t o t h e s t u d e n t

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--. --

s t u d e n t s w i t h

L Th? o v e r a l l X v a l u e f o r i t ~ m s 1 -24 i s 1.96. S i n c e

t h e o b t a i n e d x 2 v a l u e of 1 - 9 6 i s l ess t h a n t h e c r i t i c a l

x 2 v a l u e of 3.84 r e q u i r ~ d f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e a t -05% l c v e l

of c o n f i d e n c e , th.. r e s c a r c h c r was l e d t o a c c e p t t h e n u l l

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h y p o t h + s i s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , b o t h t h e u r b a n a n d r u r a l

s t u r ' e n t s p ~ r c e i v t t h ~ c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e same m a r n e r , t h e

l o c a t i o n of t h e s c h o o l n o t w i t h s t a r d i r q . Howr?vt=r, w h i l e

a l l t h e o t h e r i t c m s i n t a b l e a V a r e n o t s i q n i f i c a n t , o n l y

1

i tc=r , rs 2 0 a n d 2 4 a r c s i g n i f i c a r \ t .

On, T h c ~ r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b - t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l ~ r s apcl t ' 7 0 s ~ w i t h t e a c h 6 r c o u n s e l l o r s as r n t a s u r e c l b y t h e s c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r V s Role ~ ' e r c e p t i o n S c a l e ( ~ C R P S ) .

T.9i3iE V I : RESPONSES OF STUDENTS FROM SCHOOLS WITH - - - ---- PROFESSIONAL COUNSELL,ORS AND THOSE WITH

TEFiCH I=R cOUL&ELLORS

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H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o i PC j 117! 41.71 1 6 3 f o r m c a r e e r c l u b . B --, % ---aw.-

i TC 70 ; 25 1 2 1 0

O r c j a n i s e s c a r e e r d a y PC 1272197.11 8 f o r t h e s t u d e n t s . - - . . a-3-

76 2 7 . 1 ' 2 0 4

I l e l p s s t u d e n t s t o PC 2 3 1 8 2 . 5 49 ir-lcn t i f y t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s ts a n d a b i l i t i e s , T C 200 71.4 8 0 ---- . A.. H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o 127,145a41 153 r e l a t e b e t t e r w i t h one a n o t h e r , -.. *.. = * ---- 6 1 21.8 219

H e l p s , s t u d e n t s t o 93 33.2 1 0 7 e s t a b l i s h b o v / q i r l

a <

r e l a t i o n s h i p s e f f e c t i v e l y , -- - - . . -.. e - ---*-

1-Ielpc s t u d e n t s t o r , e f r a i n f r o m d r u g a b u s e . 'r C 35 3 3 - 5 1 8 5

-... - ---=-------- H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o I PC ( 1 0 0 1 3 8 . 5 ( 1 8 0 u n d e r s t a n d m o r e a b o u t human s e x u a l i t y .

-*.- -.-.- ------ TC 50 1 7 - 9 23G I

O r g a n i s e s o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e s f o r new I PC 1 228181.41 5 2

s t u d e n t s t o h e l p them TC 7 2 ! 2 5 . 7 ! 2 0 1 a d j u s t t o t h e new

s c h o o l e n v i r o n m e n to - -- =- ------*--- X

F r o v i r l e s i n f o r m a t i o n PC 1 236 187.5; 4 4 a b o u t t r a i n i n q a n d o r L 1 ii

1 1 b o c c u p a t i o n o p e n t o

6

S t u d e n t s a f t e r s c h o o l , t TC 121:43.2 ; 1 5 9

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f o r p l a c e m e n t o f

The o v e r a l l c a l c u l a t e d X* v a l u e f o r items 1 t o 2 4 i s

69.65. S i n c e t h e o b t a i n e d x2 v a l u r of 69.65 i s g r e a t e r

t h a n t h e g i v e n c r i t i c a l X* v a l u e of 3.84 r e q u i r e d f o r

s i g n i f i c a n c e a t p.05% l e v e l of c o n f i d e ~ c e , t h e n u l l

h y p o t h e s i s of no d i f f e r e n c e was t h e r e f o r e r e j e c t e d .

2 However a l o o k a t t a b l e V I shows t h a t w h i l e t h e X v a l u e

of items 11, 18 and 2 2 a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e X' v a l u e

for t h e rest i t e m s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t .

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'TAIJLE V I1 : - # u - -ass--

RESPONSE CF' STUDEPITS ON THE ROLES OF THE SCHOOL COUN5ELLOR

?* .- % - -- - - - -"- - - I

GROUP RESPONSE C I T E M S ALL RES-

-*---= --- PONDENTS AGREE

TIHE SCHOOL COUI'JSELLOR F % rp_&a --.-

(AR) - -a ! I , - l p s s t u d e n t s t o c h o o s e

1 1 s u b j e c t s f o r JSCE, SBCC 1 ,4F?(n=560) 450 180 .4 I 1

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o know how ' t o , s t u d y b e t t e r .

AR 416 *-. # . ==As-. H e l p s s t u c l e n t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s A 2 4 1 8 a n d a b i l i t i e s - * - -7.-

b H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o c o p e w i t h

hR e x a m i n a t i o n a n x i e t y .

' 270 ------.<--

ii

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o c h o o s e ? I

o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e i r i n teres 4 AR 1 345 I

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o f o r m c a r ~ e r c l u b .

O r g a n i s e s career d a y f o r s . tuc;en t s , I AR 1 3 4 8

H e l p s s t ~ c l e n t s t o i d e n t i f y . t h c . i r v o c a t i o r ' a l i n teres t s and a b i l i t i e s

-*-.-.-;.-

c o u r s e f o r new s t u d e n t s t o h e l p them a d j u s t t o t h e

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1 P r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t I 1.41 t r a i n i n g and o c c u p a t i o n or)en AR

/ t o s t u d e n t s a f t e r s c h o o l , u

D e v e l o p s t h e g u i d a n c e

1 5 i -

I A K pro2ramme o f t h e s c h o o l .

I

O r g a n i s e s m e d i c a l examina- t i o n f o r new s t u d c l n t s , AR

I Is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o l l e c t i n g 1 7 i n f o r m a t i o n a5ouk e d u c a t i o n a l

o p p o r t u n i t i - s o7en t o tho

v i d e s p a r e n t s w i t h

v i d e s r e l e v a n t d a t a f o r

t o S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y

s t e a c h e r s i n

T a b l e VII s90ws t h a t a l l t h e i t e m s p e r c e i v e d o r

c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l ~ r ~ s r o l e s by t h e

s t u r _ ; e n t s h a d more t h a n 50% of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s a g r e e i n g

t o t he items.

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T A B L E V I I I : PERCEI\J ;AGE DIS r R I r 3 u T I o K O F ' OF I N I O N S . OF S T U D E N T S ON P R O B L C I ~ l S \i:ll-lICjl, R E g ) U I R E SCHOOL C O U N S E L L O ~ ~ S ATTEKTION TN

uuii-

THE SCHOOL

D

I T E M S

T a b l e V I I I s h o w s t h a t a s i g n i f i c a r ) t l y h i g h p e r c e n -

tage o f t h e r e s p o n d e r l t s see v o c a t i o ~ a l p l a n s ( 6 3 . 6 % ) an; C

e d u c a t i o n a l p l a n s ( 64 .5%) as p r o b l e m s t h a t r e q u i r e t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s a t t e n t i o n . On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

p e r s o n a l - e m o t i o ~ a l p r o b l e m s o r s o c i a l i s s u e s w a s n o t

c o n s i d e r e d i m p o r t a n t e n o u g h as t o r e q u i r e t h e a t t e n t i o n

of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r .

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TAOLE AX: RESPONSE O F STlJilErlTS ON WHETHER OR NOT STUDENTS P E R C E I V E THE; SCHOOL COUNSELJER A S A DISCIPLINARIAbl

S u p p o r t s t e a c h e r s i n q i v i n g "

p u n i s h m e n t t o s t u d e n t s . 455 81-2 105 18.8

b

Table I X s h o w s t h a t t h e s t u r ' e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a s a d i s c i p l i r a r i a n . , T h i s i s s e e n

v f r o m t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e r e s P o n -

d e n t s a g r e e i n g t o e a c h o f t h e items,

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CHAPTER F I V E

DISCUSSION A N D INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS - - -

T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w i ~ h t h e d i s c u s s i o n and i n t e r -

p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n c h a p t e r f o u r . w

F u r t h e r m o r e , i t a l s o p r e s e n t s t h ~ i m p l i c a t i o n s ,

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , s u g g e s t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r s t u d i e s ,

summary anc? c o n c l u s i o n . The r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s f o l l o w e d

by t h e h y p o t h e s i s a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d .

RESE:ARCH QUESTION I . -- +

WHAT ROLLS DO STUDEPITS ' T H I N K 'THAT SCHOOL COUNSELLORS

PERFORM?

w The d a t a f o r a n s w e r i n g t h i s f i r s t r e s e a r c h

i s p r e s ~ n t e d i n T a b l e V I I , p a g e 86. The d i s c u s s i o n i s

b a s e d on t h e r e s p o n d e r , ts a g r e e i n g o r d i s a g r e e i n g t o e a c h

o f t h e i t e m s .

From t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y , i t c o u l d b e s e e r .

t h a t a good number o f Lhe r e s p o n d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a s o n e whose m a j o r r o l e i s t o h e l P

c them i n t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l p l a n s . ~ r o r n t h e r e s p o n d e n t s f

r e s p o n s e s , a t o t a l o f 450 s t u d e ~ t s (80.49:) o f t h e 5 6 0

s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d a g r e e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s

them t o c h o o s e s u b j e c t s f o r J.S.C.E,, S.S.C.E and G,C.E;

418 o f t h e s t u d e n t s (74 .6%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r

h e l p s them t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d

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9 1 ,

a b i l i t i e s ; w h i l e 4 1 6 s t u c ' e r ts ( 7 4 . 2 % ) a g r e e d t h a t t h t l

c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t h e m t o know how t o s t u d y b e t t e r , Frorn

t h e a b o v e r e s u l t s , t h e r e i s a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t s c h o o l

C O U ~ S ~ ~ ~ O ~ S s h o w i m m e n s e i n t e r e s t i n s t u d e n t s c h o i c e a n d

c o m b i n a t i o n o f s u b j e c t s , t h e i r s t u d y h a b i t s a n d o t h e r

a c t i v i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e d u c a t i o n . I t i s t h e r e f o r e

n o t s u p r i s i n g t h a t s t u d e n t s s h o u l d r e c o q n i s e e d u c a t i o n a l

s e r v i c e as a n i m p o r t a n t c o u n s e l l o r ro le b e c a u s e t h e y a r e

b o t h e r e d more w i t h p a s s i n g t h e i r e x a m i n a t i o n s n o mat te r b

t h e o d d , T h i s r e s u l t a g r e e s w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f

S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e ( 1 9 7 6 ) i n w h i c h t h e y r e p o r t e d t h a t

w s t u d e n t s see c o u n s e l l o r s as t h e i r . f i r s t s o u r c e o f h e l p

i n e d u c a t i o n a l service , On t h e o t h e r h a n d , o n l y 2 7 0

s t u d e n t s (48 .3%) o f t h e 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d i n d i c a t e d

t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t h e m t o c o p e w i t h e x a m i n a t i o n

a n x i e t y , T h i s c o u l d be t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s d o n o t b e l i e v e

t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l ~ r i s c o m r ) e t e n t e n o u g h t o g i v e s u c h

h e l p or t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r h a s n o t m a d e t h e m b e l i e v e

t h a t h e c a n r e n G e r s u c h h e l p t o t h e m . '111

T h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e s t u d e n t s a l s o r e v e a l t h a t t h e y

p e r c e i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l h e l p a s o n e o f t h e ro les of t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r . F r o m t h e r e s u l t , a t o t a l o f 3 4 5

s t u d e n t s ( 6 1 . 6 % ) o u t o f t h e 5 6 0 r e s p o n d e n t s w h o t o o k

p a r t i n t h e s t u d y a g r e e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

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h e l p s s t u d e t - ~ t s t o c h o o s e o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e i r i n t e r e s t ;

4 3 1 s t u d e n t s ( 7 6 . 9 % ) , a g r e e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

h e l p s s t u d e r ts t o i d e r l t i f y t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d

a b i l i t i e s ; 3 5 7 s t u d e ~ t s ( 6 3 . 7 % ) , i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e 't

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t r a i n i n g

a n d o c c u p a t i o n o p e n t o s t u d e n t s a f t e r s c h o o l w h i l e 348

r e s p o n d e n t s ( 6 2 . 1 % ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

o r y a n i s e s career d a y f o r t h e s t u d e n t s . T h e a b o v e r e s u 1 . L

s h o u l d n o t be s e e n a s s u r p r i s i n g b e c a u s e g i v i n g o f

b v o c a t i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e t o s t u d e n t s i s o n e o f t h e p r i m a r y

f u n c t i o n s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a s h a s b e e n s t a t e d by

e m i n e n t a u t h o r s i n t h e f i e l d of G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n g . '1C

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s t u d e n t s a re v e r y much c o n c e r n e d

a h o u t w h a t t h e y s h o u l d d o a f t e r s c h o o l i n g , how t o g e t

e m p l o y e d a n d w h a t jobs a r e a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e i r

e n v i r o n m e n t . I n v i e w o f t h ~ f a c t t h a t t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r r e n d e r s s u c h h e l p t o t h e m , t h e y see h e l p i n

v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s as a n i m p o r t a r t r o l e o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r ,

T h a t n o t w i t h s t a r d i n g , i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t o d i s c o v e r t h a t 'I

o u t Of 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s who t o o k p a r t i n t h e s t u d y , o n l y 1 8 7

s t u d e n t s ( 33,4."/, a g r e e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s

s t u d e n t s t o f o r m career c l u b . O r g a n i s i n g career d a y a n d

h e l p i n g s t u d e n t s t o c h o o s e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e i r c h o i c e i s

n o t e n o u g h t o create career a w t r e n e s s i n a l l t h e s t u e e n t s

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93.

e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e s t u d e n t s w h o s e career c h o i c e a r e n o t

f e a t u r e d d u r i n g t h e career d a y c o n v e n t i o n s . It i s t h e r e -

f o r e b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c a r e e r c l u b s c o u l d

h e l p t o p r o v i d e t h e s t u d e n t s w i t h s u c h i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a -

t i o n a b o u t t h e i r f u t u r e c a r e e r s w h i c h are n o t c o v e r e d by

o t h e r s e r v i c e s c o n c e r n i n g v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s , From t h e low

p e r c e n t a g e of s t u d e n t s who a g r e e d t o t h i s i t e m , t h e

r e s e a r c h e r b e l i c : v e s t h a t t h e p r a c t i c i n g s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

a s w e l l a s t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s do n o t c a r r y o u t t h i s

i m p o r t a n t r o l e , h e n c e s t u d e n t s a m n o t a w a r e t h a t i t i s

p a r t of t h e s e r v i c e s c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d p r o v i d e f o r them

i n t h e s c h o o l .

I n t h e area of p e r s o n a l s oc i a l i s s u e s , from t h e

r e s u l t a v a i l c 3 : ? l e , i t c o u l d be seen t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s

s t u d i e d d o n o t p e r c e i v e p e r s o n a l - s o c i a l h e l p a s t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r ~ s roles. An e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e i n d i v i d u a l

items r e v e a l t h a t o u t of t h e 560 s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d , 188

s t u d e n t s ( 3 3 - 5 % ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s

s t u d e n t s t o r e l a t e b e t t e r w i t h o n e a n o t h e r ; 1 5 5 s t u d e n t s

(27.7%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s

s t u d e n t s t o e s t a b l i s h S o y / g i r l r e l a t i o n s h i p s e f f e c t i v e l y ;

204 s t u d e n t s ( 3 6 , 5 % ) a g r s e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s

s t u d e n t s t o r c i r a i n f r o m d r u g a b u s e w h i l e 1 5 0 s t u d e n t s

(26.7%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t h e s t u d e n t s

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94.

t o u n d e r s t a n d more a b o u t human s e x u a l i t y . D e s p i t e t h e

f a c t t h d t g u i d a n c e a n d c o u n s e l l i n g i s s a i d t o b e g a i n i n g

g r o u n d i n s c h o o l s r e c e n t l y , i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e s e

i m p o r t a n t r o l e s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r a r e s o p o o r l y

p e r c e i v e d . T h i s may n o t g o w i t h o u t a number of r e a s o n s .

It c o u l d lsc t h 2 t t h e counsellors, b o t h p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d

t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s d o n o t p e r f o r n t h e s e r o l e s o r t h a t

t h e i r pc r fo r~ . !~ ; . :nce o f t h e s e roles i s v e r y m i n i m a l , T h i s i s

b e c a u s e t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r l s r o l e

d e p e n d s t o ;> l a r g e e x t e n t o n w h g t h e r t h e c o u n s e l l o r s a r e

a c t u a l l y p e r f o r m i n g s u c h r o l e s t o t h e s t u d e n t s , S e c o n d l y

i t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t h a t s t u d e n t s see g o i n g t o t h e

c o u n s e l l o r f o r s u c h h e l p a s e x p o s i n g t h e i r p r i v a t e l i f e t o

t h e c o u n s e l l o r , who t h e y t h i n k i s l i k e l y t o r e v e a l s u c h

c o n f i d e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o o t h e r s s u c h as t h e p r i n c i p a l .

T h i s i s i n l i n e w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s of Denga ( 1 9 7 6 ) a n d

Nnonyeluni (19CG 1.

On t h e i s s u e o f o r g a n i s i n g o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e , o u t o f

t h e 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d , 300 ( 5 3 , 5 % ) o f t h e s t u d e n t s Q

a g r e e d t h z t t h e c o u n s e l l o r o r g a n i s e s o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e

f o r new s t u d e n t s t o h e l p them t o a d j u s t t o t h e new s c h o o l

e n v i r o n m e n t , A l t h o u g h t h e r e s e a r c h e r e x p e c t e d a 100%

p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e , t h e 46.5% t h a t d i s a g r e e d c o u l d be from

t h e f a c t t h a t some t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s d o n o t p r o v i d e

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s u c h r u l e s f o r t h e i r new s t u d e n t s , O r g a n i s i n g o r i e n t a t i o n

c o u r s e d o e s n o t r e q u i r e much e x p e r t i s e , I t i s a r o l e

w h i c h b o t h p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e z c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s c a n e a s i l y

p e r f o r r ? , T h i s i s a r o l e w h i c h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l l y a c c e p t e d

a s o n e o f t h e p r i m a r y s e r v i c e s o f t h e s c h o o l g u i d a n c e

p rogramme, T h e q u c s t i o n t h a t comes i n h e r e i s , ' 'do s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r s c a r r y o u t t h i s r o l e ? " T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e

s t u d e n t s p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r s ro le t o a l a r g e

e x t e n t , a r e b a s e d o n t h e c o u n s e l l o r f s p e r c e p t i o n o f h i s +

r o l e ancl ti-ie d e g r e e t o w h i c h h c b o t h i m p l e m e n t s t h i s role

a n d c o m m u n i c a t e s i t t o t h e s t u d e n t s ,

T h e s t u d e n t s r e s p o n s e s o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e

s c h o o l g u i d c l n c c programme r e v e a l t h a t 3 6 5 s t u d e n t s (65.2%)

o u t of t h e 560 s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d a g r e e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r

d e v e l o p s t h e g u i d a n c e programme o f t h e s c h o o l , A l l t h e

s a m e , e v e n t h o u g h t h e p e r c e n t a g e r e s p o n s e i s h i g h , t h e

r e s e a r c h e r i s n o t s a t i s f i e d f o r h e e x p e c t s a 100% p o s i t i v e

r e s p o n s e , W i t h o u t b e i n g t o l d , s t u d e n t s a re e x p e c t e d t o

know t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f g u i d a n c e programme o f t h e

s c h o o l i s s o l e l y t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r , The 195 s t u d e n t s (34.8%) t h a t d i s a g r e e d

c o u l d be from t h e f a c t t h z t some t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s a r e

j u s t t h e r e i n s c h o o l s i n name a n d a re n e v e r p e r f o r m i n g -

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On th:? i s s u e o f o r g a n i s i n g m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n f o r

s t u d e n t s o n l y 1 6 1 s t u d e n t s ( 2 3 , 7 X ) o f t h e s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d

i n d i c z t c d t:1aJc t h e c o u n s e l l o r o r g a n i s e s m e d i c a l exarnina-

t i o n f o r new s t u d e n t s . T h i s r c s u 1 . t r e v e a l s t h a t t h e 'I

s t u d e n t s d o nok p e r c e i v e t h i s i t e m a s o n e o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r l s r o l e s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p o o r a c c e p -

t a n c e o f t h i s r o l e by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t s u c h

a ro le i s n o t c a r r i e d o u t b y the s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s , I n

some c o u n t r i e s l i k e America, t h i s r o l e b e l o n g s to o t h e r

b p e r s o n n e l , t h e s c h o o l n u r s e , b u t h e r e i n N i g e r i a , s u c h

p e r s o n n e l i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n a l m o s t a l l t h e s c h o o l s ,

'I h e n c e t h e Anarnbra S t a t e E d u c a t i o n Commiss ion h a s o u t l i n e d

i t a s o n e o f t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r .

I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r e s p o n d e n t s who see t h e o r g a n i s i n g o f

m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n a s o n e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r t s ro le

The r e s u l t s f r o m t h e items d e a l i n g w i t h t h e c o u n s e l l o r s

c o n s u l t i n g 1 ; ~ i t h t e a c h e r s a n d p n r c i ~ t s , r e v e a l t h a t t h e

s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d d o n o t p e r c e i v e t h e s e as t h e r o l e s o f t h e w

s c h o o l c o u n s c l l o r , F o r i n s t a n c e , o u t o f t h e 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s

who t o o k p a r t i n t h e s t u d y , o n l y 1 1 5 r e s p o n d e n t s (20.6%)

a g r e e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r p r o v i d e s p a r e n t s w i t h i n f o r m a -

t i o n a b o u t t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s p r o g r e s s ; 245 r e s p o n d e n t s

(43 -8%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t e a c h e r s

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97.

t o i d e n t i f y s t u d e n t s w i t h n e e d s o r p r o b l e m s w h i l e o n l y 1 8 2

r e s p o n d e n t s (32,5"/,) a g r e e d t h a t kl-1,: c o u n s e l l o r assists

t c a c h c r s i n i r ;cc-?r .pora t ing carclcr i n : f o r m a . t i o n i n t h e i r

t e c l c h i n g , I n -view o f t h e f a c t t h y i t t h e s t u d e n t s h o l d s u c h

n e g a t i v e p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e s e ro les of t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r a s i n d i c a t e d from t h e a b o v e r e s u l t s , t h e y a re

n o t t o h e hlainec!, T h i s i s b e c z u s e , t h e y c a n o n l y a c c e p t

s u c h roles as t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r f s roles d e p e n d i n g o n

w h e t h e r t h e y see t h e c o u n s c ~ l l o r p e r f o r m t h e s e r o l e s o r i f

p o s s i b l e e d u c t Y , t e s them a S o u t s u c h r o l e s , +

Cln rc?fcrral s c r v i c c s o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r , 3 2 4 s t u d e n t s

( 5 7 , 9 % ) o u t o f th? 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e

c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t o refer s t u d e n t s w i t h p r o b l e m s t o

a p p r o p r i a t e s o u r c e s o f h e l p , T h e p e r c e n t a g e r e s p o n s e i s

a p p r o p r i a t c h e c a u s e i t i s p r o f e s s i o n a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t

r e fe r ra l s c r v i c e i s a l s o a m a j o r c o u n s e l l o r r o l e . T h i s i s

i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e 1s ( l 9 7 6 : 4 2 l ) o b s e r v a -

t i o n w h i c h sia.tc:s t h a t e v e r y c o u n s e l l o r a t o n e time o r

a n o t h e r w i l l h e c a l l e d u p o n to refer a c h i l d t o a c o m m u n i t y

c g e n c y or t o a s s i s t o t h e r s as t h e y e n g a g e i n r e f e r r a l s ,

S i n c e t h e c o u ~ n s c l l o r s s e r v i c e s a re p r i m a r i l y t o s t u d e n t s ,

i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r m i g h t h a v e h e l p e d t h e

s t u d e n t s e i t h e r t o g o t o t h e h o s p i t a l t o see a d o c t o r o r

t o g e t i n f o r m a t L o n f r o m o t h e r s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l , h e n c e t h e

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h i g h p e r c e n t a g e p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e ,

From t h e r e s u l t o b t a i n ~ d o n t h e i t e m o n t h e r o l e o f

t h e c o u n s e l l o r on p l a c e m e n t , 346 s t u d e n t s ( 6 1 . 7 % ) o u t of

560 s t u d e n t s who t o o k p a r t i n t h e s t u d y a g r e e d t h a t t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r p r o v i d e s d a t a f o r p l a c e m e n t of

s t u d e n t s f r o m j u n i o r t o s e n i o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s . 'The

h i g h p e r c e n t a g e p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

r e s c a r c h ~ r i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g . I t i s a known f a c t t h a t

t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s h a v e a l o t t o d o w i t h t h e new b

5-3-3-4 s y s t e m o f e d u c a t i o n . H e n c e , t h e s t u d e n t s a g r e e d

t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r p e r f o r m s t h i s r o l e p r o b a b l y

b e c a u s e h e , t h e c o u n s e l l o r , h e l p s thein t o c h o o s e s u b j e c t s

f o r t h e s e n i o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a n d a l s o b e c a u s e i n some

s c h o o l s , t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o l l e c t i n g

J o i n t A d m i s s i o n s And M a t r i c u l a t i o n B o a r d ( JAMB) f o r m s ,

h e 1 ~ ) i n g t h e s t u d e n t s t o c o m p l e t e t h e f o r m s a n d r e t u r n i n g

t h e f o r m s t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c p a r t e r s . I n some s c h o o l s

t oo , t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t h e s t u d e n t s t o c o m p l e t e

G e n e r a l C e r t i f i c a t e of E d u c a t i o n / S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y

C e r t i f i c a t e E x a m i n a t i o n (G,C,E ./S .S .C.E) f o r m s .

On t h e i t e m d e a l i n g w i t h r e c o r d k e e r ) i n g , o u t of 560

s t u d e n t s who were i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y , 3 4 6 s t u d e n t s

(61 .7%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u ~ s e l l o r k e e p s

s % u d e n ts c u m u l a t i v e r e c o r d f o l d e r .

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99.

R e c o r d k e e p i n g i s s v i t a l r o l e i n a n y d u t y o n e p e r f o r r l s

a n d t h a t o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s h o u l d n o t be a n e x c e p -

t i o n , h e n c e t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h i s

as a c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e . I t i s a l s o o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e

t o n o t 2 t h a t i n a l l t h e p r o f e s s i o ~ a l c o u n s e l l o r s P o f f i c e s

ancl f e w t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s ' o f f i c e s t h e r e s e a r c h e r

e n t e r e d d u r i n g t h e r )e r ioc l o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n , t h e

f o l d e r s are w e l l a r r a n g e d , a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t

c o u n s e l l o r s a re r e s p o n s i b l e f o r k e e p i n g t h e m , On t h e b

o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e s e a r c h e r e x p e c t s a 100% p o s i t i v e

r e s p o n s e b u t t h e f a c t l i e s t h a t i n some s c h o o l s v i s i t e d ,

t h e f o l d e r s a r e h e l d b y i n d i v i d u a l c lass t e a c h e r s o r

f o r m masters a n d n o t by t h e t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s , f o r

most o f t h e t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s c l a i m e d t o be o v e r -

b u r d e n e d . T h e r e f o r e , s t u d e v t s f r o m s u c h s c h o o l s n a y n o t

see t h i s a s a s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s r o l e ,

F i n a l l y , f r o m t h e f o r e g o i v q d i s c u s s i o n , o n e c o u l d

o b s e r v e t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e p t i o n s a r e b a s e d m a i n l y

i n t h e a r e a s of e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s .

1.t c o u l d a l s o be o b s e r v e d t h a t p r o b a b l y t h e c o u n s e l l o r s

t h e m s e l v e s s h o w v e r y g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e a r e a s ,

h e n c e t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e p t i o n i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n , On

p e r s o n a l s o c i a l i s s u e s , t h e s t u c ! e n t s p e r c e p t i o n s i n t h i s

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100.

P r o b a b l y , t h e c o u n s e l l o r s may be s h o w i n g l i t t l e o r n o

i n t e r e s t i n t h i s a r e a h e n c e t h e p o o r p e r c e p t i o n ,

G e n e r a l l y , o n e c a n s a y t h a t b o t h t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d

t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s m a k e o n l y a m i n i m a l i m p a c t o n t h e - s t u d e n t s s i n c e t h e i r services t o t h e s t u d e ~ t s a r e m u c h

more t h a n h e l p i n g t h e m w i t h e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l

r ~ l a n s , E q u a l l y Ont: c a n a l s o s a y t h a t t h e c o u n s e l l o r s

t h e m s e l v e s may v o t k n o w f o r c e r t a i n w h a t t h e i r r o l e s are.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i s c o u n s e l l o r r o l e p e r c e p t i o n b y b

s t u d e n t s may a l s o be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e n e w n e s s o f

G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n g i n o u r s c h o o l s y s t e m , T h a t

w n o t w i t h s t a n d i v g , t h e r e i s a g r e a t n e e d f o r p r o p e r r o l e

d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s ,

RESEARCH QUESTION 2 : - WHAT K I N D OF PROBL,EMS DO SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

FEEL SHOULD RE TAKEN TO TI-IE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR?

T a b l e V I I I , p a g e 88 s h o w s t h e d a t a f o r d i s c u s s i n g

t h i s s e c o n d r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n . F r o m t h e r e s u l t s , i t

7 a p p e a r s t h a t m a j o r i t y of t h e s t u c l e n ts s t u d i e d f e e l t h a t

t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r i s r e q u i r e d more i n a r e a s

d e a l i n g w i t h v o c a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s , a n d

v e r y m i n i m a l i n t h e a rea o f p e r s o n a l - e m o t i o n a l o r s o c i a l

i s s u e s ,

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10.1.-

G u t of 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y , w h i l e

3 5 6 s t u d e n t s ( 6 3 . 6 % ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t v o c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s

s h o u l d be t a k e n t o t h z s c h o o l c o u r i s e l l o r , 3 6 1 s t u d e n t s

(G4.5"/:) w e r e of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s a r e

r)roblems t h a t r e q u i r e t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r , T h i s f i n d i n q c o r r ~ i s p o n d s w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s

o f S h e r t z e r a n d S t o n e (138O), ~ e v i t o n ( 1 9 7 7 ) a n d R i p e r

( 1 9 7 1 ) i n Amer ica , w h o m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s

b e l i e v e t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d be c o n c e r n e d w i t h e d u c a - #

t i o n a l and. v o c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s a n d n o t w i t h p e r s o n a l -

e m o t i o n a l . p r o 5 l e m s . A l s o i n N i y c > r i a , ~ c l n g a (1982) i n h i s

.I s t u d y , reveals t b s t h i s s u b j e c t s b e l i e v e d t h a t o n l y

e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o r i a l p r o h l c r n s s h o u l d r e q u i r e t h e

a t t e n t i o n of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r . T h a t t h e s t u d e n t s

t h i n k i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t o t h e

r e s e a r c h e r b e c a u s e f r o m t h e s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t b y

O l a y i n k a (1 .974) a n d Okon ( 1 3 7 2 ) t o a s s e s s s e c o n d a r y

s c h o o l s t u c i e n ts p r o b l e ~ r s , careers a n d e d u c a t i o n a l

d c c i s i o n - r n a l c i n g w p r e i d e n t i f i i > d as t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l v

n r o b l e m a r e a s f a c i n q t h e s t u d e n t s . So f a r t h e s t u d e n t s

p e r c e i v e t h e s e t w o a reas a s problem a r e a s , t h e y t h e n s e e k

',?]-I.) i n t h o s e a r e a s a n d p e r c e i v e of t h e c o u n s e l l o r as

p e r f o r m i n g r f f ~ - . c t i v e s e r v i c e s of h e l p i n t h e a r e a s o f

e d v c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g o n l y ,

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1 0 2 ,

T h e r e s u l t a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t o u t o f 5 6 0 s t u d e n t : ;

who t o o k p a r t i n t h e s t u d y , o n l y 1 4 5 s t u d e n t s ( 2 5 . 9 % ) ,

were o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t p e r s o n a l e m o t i o n a l / s o c i a l

p r o b l e m s s h o u l d r e q u i r e t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l C

c o u n s e l l o r . A g o o d number 4 1 5 s t u d e n t s ( 9 4 . 1 % ) d i s a g r e e d

o n t h e i s s u e , T h i s a s s e r t i o n a g r e e s w i t h t h e e a r l i e r

f i n d i n g of D e n g a ( 1 3 7 6 ) who s t a t e d t h a t h i s s u b j e c t s saw

t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a t h r e a t t o t h e i r p r i v a c y , b e l i e v i n g

t h a t t o t a k e t h e i r e m o t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s t o t h e 0

c o u n s e l l o r was t a n t a m c . ~ n t t o e x p o s i n g t h e i r p r i v a t e

l i v e s t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r , T h i s a s s e r t i o n may i m p l y t h a t

w t h e r e s p o n d e n t s h a d n o c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e c o u n s e l l o r , b u t

a l l t h e same, i n N i q e r i a , i t i s t r a d i t i o n a l l y a c c e p t e d

a s a s i q n of w e a k n e s s t o a d m i t t o h a v e p e r s o n a l p r o b l e m s .

gain, t h c N i g e r i a n y o u t h i s a l s o t r a d i t i o n a l l y t a u q h t

t o r e f r a i n f r o m d i s c l o s i n g t h e i r f e e l i n g t o a n y b o d y .

T h i s a s s e r t i o n a g r e e s w i t h t h e f i n d i r g s o f P u l l e y (1974)

a n d Mack ( 1 9 7 9 ) i n t h e i r s t u d i e s w i t h N i g e r i a n U n i v e r s i t y

7- S t u d e n t s i n w h i c h t h ~ \ y d i s c o v e r e d t h a t N i g e r i a n s g e n e r a l l y

a r e r e l u c t a n t t o d i s c l o s e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e i r f e e l i n g s .

B a s e d o n t h e a b o v e f i n d i n g s , t h e s t u d e n t s b e l i e v e t h a t

personal-emotional/social p r o b l e m s d o n o t r e q u i r e t h e

a t t e n t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r a n d as s u c h d o n o t c o n s i d e r

i t n e c e s s a r y t o s e e k t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s h e l p i n t h i s

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c o u n s e l l o r s t h e m s e l v e s t e n d t o m i n i m i s e t h e r o l e t h e y

s h o u l d p l a y i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n .

RESEARCH QUESTION 3 : ----- =- C

HOW DO THE STUDEPITS PERCEIVE THE COUNSELLOR'S ROLE

T a b l e I X , p a g e 8 9 shows t h e d a t a f o r d i s c u s s i n g t h i s

t h i r d r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n , From t h e r e s u l t s a v a i l a b l e , i t

a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i s s e e n a s a

d i s c i p l i n a r i a n by t h e s t u d e n * . O u t o f 560 s t u d e n t s

s t u d i e d , 487 s t u c l e n t s (86 .9%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s t o d i s c i p l i n e s t u d e n t s who m i s b e h a v e ; w

4 2 2 s t u d e n t s (75 .3%) a g r e e d t h 3 t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

r e p o r t s s t u d e n t s who m i s b e h a v e t o t h e p r i n c i p a l w h i l e

455 s t u d e n t s ( 8 1 . 2 % ) were o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r s u p p o r t s t e a c h e r s i n g i v i n g p u n i s h m e n t t o

s t u d e n t s , Even i f s t u d e v t s f r o m s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r s c o u l d h a v e t h e a b o v e o p i n i o ~ , i t i s

s u r p r i s i n g t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r t h a t e q u a l l y s t u d e n t s f r o m v

s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s h a v e t h e same

o p i n i o n , Th? a b o v e r e s u l t a g r e e s w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s of

Oycgbami ( 1 9 7 4 ) who d i s c o v e r e d t h a t s t b d e n t s p e r c e i v e

t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a n i n d i v i d u a l who p u n i s h e s p u p i l s f o r a r e

c : l a s s m i s b e h a v i o u r when s u c h p u p i l s / r e f e r r e d t o him. -

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104,

T h i s p e r c e p t i o n as o n e c a n see p r o j e c t s t h e s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r as a t h r e a t e n i n g o f f i c e r , h e n c e t h e r e a s o n

why many o f t h e m d o n o t g o t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r f o r a n y

f o r m of a s s i s t a n c e . F r o m t h ? result a l s o i t seems t h a t

t h e r e i s a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n w h a t t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s a re s u p p o r , e d t o be d o i n g i n d i s c i p l i n e

a n d w h a t t h e s t u d e n t s , t h e p r i m a r y r e c i p i e n t s o f h i s

services, p e r c e i v e h i m t o be d o i n g . T h e r e s u l t s a l s o

s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s a r e n o t a w a r e o f t h e r o l e

c o u n s e l l o r s m i g h t p l a y i n schools. On t h i s g r o u n d ,

t h e r e is t h e r e f o r e t h e n e e d f o r s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s t o

a c q u a i n t t h e s t u d e n t s , t h c p r i m a r y r e c i p i e n t o f t h e i r

services w i t h w h a t t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s a r e i n t h e s c h o o l s ,

T h i s w i l l e n a b l e t h e s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e m c l e a r l y o n

t h e i r roles.

HYPOTHESIS I: -.-. .

T h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p e r c e p t i o n s of male a n d female s t u d e n t s o n t h e ro le o f

c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s i n O n i t s h a o ducat ion

Z o n e .

F rom t h e a n a l y s i s b a s e d o n t a b l e I11 p a g e 74, t h e

n u l l h y p o t h e s i s w a s a c c e p t e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , male

s t u d e n t s d o n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m f e m a l e

s t u d e n t s o n t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s

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r o l e s , However , a c l o s e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l

a n a l y s i s o f t h e items s h o w s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n

s i x items, The i t e m s a r e a s f o l l o w s : O r g a n i s i n g c a r e e r

d a y f o r t h e s t u d e ~ t s ; h e l p i n g s t u d e r t s t o i d e n t i f y t h c : i r - v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r t s t s a n d a b i l i t i e s ; p r o v i d i n g i n f orma-

t iorl a b o u t t r a i n i n g a n d o c c u p a t i o n open t o s t u d e n t s a f t c r

s c h o o l ; h e l p i n g t e a c h c i r s t o i d e n t i f y s t u d e n t s w i t h nec-?ds

o r p r o b l e m s ; a n d k e e p i n g s t u d e r ts c u m u l a t i v e r e c o r d

f o l d e r , T h i s r e v e a l s t h a t male. s t u d e n t s h a v e a more

p o s i t i v e p e r c e p t i o n o f t h p s e b i t e m s t h a n f e m a l e s t u d e n t s .

The d . i s p a r i f ; y p o s s i b l y may s t e m from t h e f a c t t h a t

N i g e r i a n g i r l s a r e more c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n b o y s and a s .c

s u c h may n o t t h i n k i t w i s e t o s e e k t h e h e l p of t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r w h e ~ t h e y h a v e p r o b l e m s . On t h e o t h e r

h a n d , t h e m a l e s t u d e n t s may a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s more o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s e r v i c e s t h a n t h e i r f e m a l e c o u n t e r p a r t s and

a r e t h e r e f o r e b e t t e r e x p o s e d t o t h e c o u n s e l l o r r o l e s .

A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s , t h p m a l e s t u d e n t s a r e i n a be t te r

p o s i t i o n t o h a v e a more a c c u r a t e p e r c e p t i o n of t h e v

c o u n s e l l o r s r o l e s .

HYPOTHESIS 2 -..-

T h e r e i s no s i q n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p e r c e p t i o n s o f S e n i o r S e c o n d a r y 3 a n d J u n i o r S e c o n d a r y

3 s t u d e n t s on t h e r o l e o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r i n

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O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Zone ,

The d a t a o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s p r e s e n t e d

i n T a b l e I V , p a g e 77 and t h c ~ n u l l h y p o t h e s i s was r e j e c t e d ,

I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w

b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f SS 3 a n d J S 3 s t u d e n t s o n t h e

roles of t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r . The r e s u l t s a l s o

i n d i c a t e t h a t S S 3 s t u d e n t s h a v e a more a c c u r a t e p c r c e i h

t i o n s of t h e c o u n s e l l o r rd le t h a n J S 3 s t u d e n t s . Never-

t h e l e s s , t h e X* v a l u r o f t h r ~ i n d i v i d u a l a n a l y s i s of t h e b

items showha s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n 1 3 i t e m s and a l s o

n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n 11 i t e m s . A 1 t h o u g h t h e r e

- i s a marked d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e o v e r a l l x L v a l u e s o f t h e

t w c g r o u p s o f s t u d e n t s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r d i d n o t see i t a s

a b n o r m a l f o r i t may b e q u i t e n a t u r a l . T h e d i f f e r e n c e

m i g h t h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e

d e v ? l o p m e , n t a l a n d e d u c a t i o v a l l e v e l s o f t h e s t u d e n t s o r

o t h e r w i s e . T h i s i m p l i e s t h ; t t h e SS 3 s t u d e n t s a r e much

m o r e m a t u r e and a r e a l s o be t t e r e x p o s e d t o s e e k c o u n s e l -

*I l o r s h e l p t h a n t h e JS 3 s t u d e n t s . T h i s stems f r o m t h e

fact t h a t t h e S.S. 3 s t u d e n t s h a v e c h o s e n s u b j e c t s f o r

SoS.C.Eo a n d h a v e a l s o t e n t a t i v e c a r e e r g o a l s and as

s u c h s o u g h t h e l p f r o m t h e c o u n s e l l o r s t h a n t h e JS 3

s t u d e n t s who a r e s t i l l i n t h e i r e x p l o r a t o r y s t a g e , D u t

a l l t h e s a m e , s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d t r y t o work uil

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JS 3 s t u d e n t s s o t h a t t h e y w i l l be. b e t t e r e x p o s e d t o

seek c o u n s e l l o r . s e r v i c e s .

HYPOTHESIS 3 : - - -- T h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e -

p e r c e p t i o n s o f u r b a n a n d r u r a l s t u d e n t s o n t h e r o l e of

t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n s c h o o l s i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e ,

2 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e o v e r a l l a n d i n d i v i d u a l X v a l u e

c a l c u l a t t - c ; o n t h e r e s p o n s e s of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s

w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r v i e w s o n t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro le i n

s c h o o l s are p r e s e n t e d i n ~ a b t e V , p a g e 80, T h e r e s u l t s

i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

t h e u r b a n a n d r u r a l s t u d e n t s i n t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e C

r o l e o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r , ' T h i s i m p l i e s t h e r e f o r e t h a t

i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l s , t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s e x h i b i t t h c , i r ro les a c c o r d i n q l y a n d c r ea t e

e q u a l i m p a c t o f t h e i r r o l e s o n t h e s t u d e n t s t h e areas

w h e r e t h e s c h o o l s a re l o c a t e d n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g .

H o w e v e r , a c loser s c r u t i n y o f i n d i v i d u a l a n a l y s i s

of t h e items revea l s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n o n l y two

i t e m s . T h e items a re : H e l p i n g s t u d e n t s a n d t h e i r

p a r e n t s t o u n d e r s t a n d how t o a p p l y f o r h i g h e r i n s t i t u -

t i o n s a n d a s s i s t i n g t e a c h e r s i n i n c o r p o r a t i n g career

i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e i r t e a c h i n g . P e r h a p s t h i s s l i g h t

d i s p a r i t y may stem f rom t h p f a c t ; t h a t more p a r e n t s i n

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108.

t h e u r b a n c e n t r e s a r p more e n l i g h t e n e d a n d v e r y much

m o r e ~ x p o s e d t o e d u c a t i o n t h a n t h o s e of t h e r u r a l

d w e l l e r s , h e n c e , t h e u r b a n s t ~ i d e n t s seem t o h a v e a more

accilrate p e r c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n s t ~ l l o r ro le .

- I iYl 'OTHESIS 4 =. -. -. . -.- ----

T h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a r ? t d i f f r i r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

p c : r c e p t i o n s o f s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l

c o u n s e l l o r s a id t h o s e w i t h t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s ,

T a b l e V I , ; )age ? 3 s h o w s t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s

h y p o t h e s i s w h i c h w a s r e j e c t e d , by t h e r e s e a r c h e r . I t

t h e r e f o r e i m p l i e s t h a t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e ' t w e e n t h e p c - r c e p t i o n s o f s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h w

p r o f e s s i o n a l . c o u n s t : l l o r s a n d t h o s e w i t h t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r s , H o w e v e r a c lo se r ~ 2 x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s

o f i n d i v i d u a l i tems s h o w s n o s i q n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n

o n l y t h r e e items w h i c h i n c l u d e : H e l p i n g t h e s t u d e n t : ; to

r e f r a i n f r o m d r u g a b u s e ; P r o v i d i n g r > a r e n t s w i t h i n f o r ~ i i a -

t i o r ! a b o u t t h e i r c h i l c t r e n l s 1 , r o g r e s s a n d p r o v i d i n g

r s l z v a n t d a t a f o r p l a c e m e n t o f s t u d e n t s f r o m ~ u n i o r t o

"* S p n i o r S e c o n d s r y S c h o o l s . AS t h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e , t h c

d i f f e r e n c e i s i n f a v o u r o f s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l

c o u n s e l 1 ors ., T'3i.i; t h t - r e f o re r e v e a l s t h a t t h '

r l r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s a r e m a k i n q more i m p a c t i n t l ?e i r

s c h o o l s t h a n I;h? I k e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s .

Page 121: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t a l s o a p p e a r s t h a t t h e i r s t u d e n t s

a r e s h o w i n g a h i g h e r d e g r e e of a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e o u t -

l i n e d r o l e s o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r .

gain, t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

s t u d . e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e i r p c r c e p t i o n s of t h e c o u n s e l l o r s r o l e

may s t e m f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s l a c k t h e

s k i l l s a n d e x p e r t i s e i n c a r r y i n g o u t g u i d a n c e a n d

c o u n s e l l i n g a c t i v i t i e s . T h i s f a c t a l o n t . c o u l d h i n d e r

b them from m a k i n g l i t t l e o r n o irnymct on t h e s t u d e n t s o n

c o u n s e l l i n g a c t i v i t i e s . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of d a t a

c o l l e c t i o n , t h e r e s e a r c h e r d i s c o v e r e d t h a t most of t h e

t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s h a v e l i t t l e o r no t i m e f o r any

g u i d a n c e work f o r many o f them c a r r y f u l l t e a c h i n g l o a d

just l i k e any o t h e r t e a c h e r i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m .

E q u a l l y t h e s e t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s a r e a l s o a s s i g n e d

o t h e r d u t i e s by t h e s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s . The a b o v e

r e a s o n s c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o l a c k o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s by

rl t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s i n t h e a r e a o f g u i d a n c e a n d

c o u n s e l l i n g i n s c h o o l s .

To c rown i t a l l , m a j o r i t y o f t h e s t u d e n t s who were

i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y i n s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s

c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e y d o n o t know t h e member o f t h e i r s t a f f

who i s t h e s c h o o l t e a c h c l r c o u n s e l l o r .

Page 122: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

I n o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s s t a t e d a s f o l l o w s : " D O y o u

know a member o f y o u r s t a f f who i s y o u r t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r o r g u i d a n c e c o u n s e l l o r ? f V , a l o t o f n e g a t i v e

r e s i ) o n s e came f r o m t h e s t u d e n t s of s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h c r

- c o u n s e l l o r s , O u t of 280 r e s p o n d e n t s f r o m s c h o o l s w i t h

t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s , 86 of them ( 3 0 . 7 % ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t

t h e y know t h e i r t e a c h c r c o u n s e l l o r w h i l e 194 r e s p o n d e n t s

( 6 3 . 3 % ) were o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e y d o n o t know t h e i r

t ~ z c h e r c o u n s e l l o r . On t h t , o t h e r h a n d , o u t o f 280

r e s p o n d e n t s f r o m s c h o o l s w i t h ' q u i d a n c e c o u n s e l l o r s , 259

of t h e m (32 .5%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h p y know t h e i r s c h o o l

c o u n s e l l o r , w h i l e a n e g l i q i b l e , ~ u m b + r o f s t u d e n t s , 23. - ( 7 . 5 % ) were o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t the-y d o n ' t know t h e i r

c o u n s e l l o r . 'The p r o b l ~ m thGan i s t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e

f o r t h e s t u d e n t s t o know w h a t t h e t e a c h t a r c o u n s e l l o r i s

d o i n g i n as much as t h e y d o n ' t know who t h e t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r is . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e g u i d a n c e p rogramme

i n o u r s c h o o l s i s s t i l l f a c e d w i t h a l o t o f p r o b l e m s d u e

t o t h e f a c t t h s t a g o o d r .umber o f s c h o o l s i n t h e Z o n e i n

c o u n s e l l o r s who show l i t t l e or n o i n t e r e s t i n t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c h o o l g u i d a n c e p rogramme.

Page 123: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

IMPLICATIONS OF TtIE FINLINGS

I n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n g

i s g r a d u a l l y g a i n i n g g r o u n d i n o u r s c h o o l s y s t e l n n o w a d a y s ,

t h e r e s e a r c h e r w a s s u r p r i s e d t o d i s c o v e r t h a t s t u d e n t s

- s t i l l h a v e b l u r r e d p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro les .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s see

t h e c o u n s e l l o r I s r o l e a s b e i n g p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h

e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l p l a n n i n g , T h e s t u d c n ts a l s o

see t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a d i s c i p l i n a r i a n , I n o n e way or

t h e o t h e r , t h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g e s t t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s a r e

n o t aware o f t h e r o l e s t h e c o u n s e l l o r s a r e s u p p o s e d t o

p l a y i n h e l p i n g t h e m , U n l e s s t h e s e s t u c l e n t s a r e 'c

e n c o u r a g e d t o b r o a d e n t h e i r v i e w s o n t h e roles o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r , t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n of w h a t c o u n s e l l o r s

s h o u l d be d o i n g w i l l be l i m i t e d b y t h e i r p r e s e n t a t t i t u d e s

r e g a r d i n g t h e k i n d s of p r o b l e m s t h e s t u d e n t s f e l t s h o u l d

r e q u i r e some k i n d of c o u n s e l l i n g . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e f u l l

b e n e f i t s of t h e g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m m e of t h e s c h o o l s c o u l d

n o t be r e a l i s e d w h e n s u c h p e r c e p t i o n s a r e h e l d b y t h e w

s t u d e n t s w h o a r e t h e p r i m a r y r e c i p i e n t s of t h e g u i d a n c e

a n d c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s ,

RECOMMENDATIONS

I n v i e w of t h e f i n d i n g s a n d t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d

i m p l i c a t i o n s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r t h e r e f o r e m a k e s t h e f o l l o w -

i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n .

Page 124: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

1. I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e C o u n s e l l i n g ~ s s o c i a t i o n

o f N i g e r i a ( C . A . N ) s h o u l d a r t i c u l a t e t h e ro les o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r by m a k i n g t h e F e d e r a l ini is try o f

.I E d u c a t i o n p o l i c y m a k e r s t o come o u t w i t h a p o l i c y s t a t e -

m e n t on t h e i s s u e of d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ~ s

r o l e s , S u c h a p o l i c y p a p e r s h o u l d b e d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e

p r i n c i p a l s a n d t e a c h e r s i n a l l t h e s c h o o l s a n d t h e y

s h o u l d a l s o see t o i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ,

2. T h e c o u n s e l l o r s n e e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e m s e l v e s b

w e l l a s w e l l a s t h e r o l c s t h p y p e r f o r m i n s c h o o l s i f a t

a l l t h s y w i l l e x p e c t s t u c l e n t s , thr: p r i m a r y r p c i p i e n t s o f

v t h e i r s e rv i ce s , t o s e e k a p p r o p r i a t e services f r o m t h e m D

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s c h o o l c o u r ? s e l l o r s h a v e t o c r i e n i ; a n d

e d u c a t e t h e s t u d e n t s t o t h e k i n d s of a c t i v i t i e s thfey

p l a y i n t h e s c h o o l .

3 . A s a r e s u l t of t h e v c r y p o o r p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e

c o u n s e l 1 o r s r o l e s by s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r

c o u n s e l l o r s , i t i s rc~commended t h a t a l l t e a c h e r

w c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d b e m a n d a t e d t o a t t e n d i n i t i a l

t r a i n i n g c o u r s e i n f orm of workshoy) ancl i n - s e r v i c e

r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e s d u r i n g l o n g v a c a t i o n s s o a s t o e n h a n c e

t h e i r s k i l l s a n d i n t e r e s t s i n t h e a r e a o f g u i d a n c e a n d

c o u n s e l l i n g , I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e above, t e a c h ~ r

c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d h a v ~ r e d u c e d t e a c h i n g l o a d s , i f

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113.

p o s s i b l e , h a l f t h e n o r m a l l o a d of f u l l t i m e c l a s s r o o m

t e a c h e r , i n o r d e r t o a l l ow t h e m a d e q u a t e t i m e f o r t h e i r

c o u n s e l l i n g w o r k . I n some s t a t e s l i k e A n a m b r a S t a t e ,

s u c h p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t o n t h e r e d u c t i o n of t c t a c h i n g l o a d s - f o r t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s h a s b e e n m a d e , b u t t h e f a c t l i e s

i n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a s many s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s are v e r y

a d a m a n t o n t h e i s s u e . S u c h p r i n c i p a l s s h o u l d be f o r c s d

b y t h e s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t t o c a r r y o u t t h e o r d e r .

4. F o r t h e r ) r a c t i s i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s ,

s e m i n a r s a n d c o n f e r e n c e s s ~ ~ o u l d 1 be o r g a n i s e d f o r t h e m

o f t e n e i t h e r b y t h e S t a t e o r F e d e r a l M i n i s t r i e s o f

T E d u c a t i o n , S t a t e E d u c a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n , C o l l e g e s o f

E d u c a t i o n a n d t h e F a c u l t i e s o f ducati ion of a l l t h e

U n i v e r s i t i e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s , T h i s r e c o m m g n f i a t i o n , i f i m p l e m e n t e d , t h e

researcher b e l i e v e s , w i l l h e l p t h e p r a c t i s i n g c o u n s e l l o r s

t o u p d a t e t h t i r s k i l l s a n d k n o w l e d g e i n t h e f i e l d .

5. 'The r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y s h o w t h a t t h e

p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s a r e m a k i n g i m p a c t i n t h e i r .I

s c h o o l s as i n d i c a t e d b y t h e c l ea r p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e

s t u d e n t s f r o m t h e s e s c h o o l s . On t h i s g r o u n d , t h e

r e s e a r c h e r t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d s t h a t p r o f e s s i o n a l

c o u n s e l l o r s o n f u l l t i m e b a s i s b e s e n t t o a l l t h e

s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s as s o o n a s p o s s i b l e .

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114.

6 . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y a l s o r e v e a l t h a t t h e

3 S 3 s t u d e n t s a re n o t aware of t h e r o l e s t h e c o u n s e l l o r s

p l a y i n s c h o o l s a n d t h a t a t t h e same t i m e , t h e

- c o u n s e l l o r s r o l e i n d i s c i p l i n e was w r o n g l y p e r c e i v e d by

most of t h e s t u d e ~ t s . I t i s t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t

t h e c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d e d u c a t e t h e J S 3 s t u d e n t s o n

t h e roles o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r b y m e e t i n g t h e m

r e g u l a r l y as t h i s m e a s u r e w i l l . h e l p t h e m become aware

o f t h e s c h o o l g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m m e . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e b

c o u n s e l l o r s h o u l d r e - o r i e n t a l l t h e s t u d e n t s o n t h e r o l e

t h e c o u n s e l l o r p l a y s i n d i s c i p l i ~ e . AS t h i s a s p e c t of

-m s c h o o l r o l e scares s t u d e r t s f r o m s e e k i n g t h e c o u n s e l l o r s

h e l p , i t i s f i n a l l y r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t c o u n s e l l o r s s h o u l d

n0 . t be among t h e s c h o o l d i s c i p l i n a r y committee s i n c e

t h e y are p o t r a y e d a s d i s c i p l i n a r i a n s b y b e i ~ g members of

s u c h committee. I n s t e a d t h e y s h o u l d p l a y c o n s u l t a n c y

ro le t o t h e committee.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH . .u T h e r e s e a r c h e r i s s u g g e s t i n g f o r :

1. A s i m i l a r s t u d y i n kwka a n d A b a k a l i k i E d u c a t i o n

z o n e s of R n a m b r a S t a t e t h a t ; h a v e n o t b e e n s t u d i e d o n

t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of s t u d e n t s ,

2. A s t u d y o n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of s t u d e ~ t s o n t h e

c o u n s e l l o r s roles a t s t a t e s a n d r a t i o p a l l e v e l s ,

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3 , H s t u d y o n t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f p e r c e p t i o n s o f

s t u d e n t s i n s t a t e s c h o o l s w i t h t h o s e i n F e d e r a l G o v e r n -

men t C o l l e g e s ,

4 , A s t u d y o n how c o u n s e l l o r s p e r c e i v e t h e i r roles.

LUMMARY ArJU CONCLUSION

T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u c ' y i s t o d e t e r m i n e how

s t u d e n t s i n some s e l e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s i n

O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e o f R n a r n b r a S t a t e p e r c e i v e t h e

ro les o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r i n s c h o o l s . I t i s a l s o i n t e n d e d b

t o d i s c o v e r w h e t h e r t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n s v a r y w i t h s e x ,

C l a s s , l o c a t i o n a n d s c h o o l t y p e . b i h i l e l o c a t i o n refers

t o s c h o o l s i n u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s , s c h o o l t y p e refers

t o s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s a n d t h o s e w i t h

t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s ,

T h e s t u d y w a s b a s e d o n a l l t h e 1 1 6 s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s

i n O n i t s h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e o f An3rnbra S t a t e w h i c h h a d u p

t o SS 3 d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f s t u d y , On t h e w h o l e , 7

b o y s a n d 7 g i r 1s s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s

1 a s w e l l a s 7 b o y s q a n d 7 g i r l s q s c h o o l s w i t h t e a c h e r -

c o u n s e l l o r s w e r e r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d , T w e n t y s t u d e n t s

w e r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y s a m p l e d f r o m e a c h of t h e s c h o o l s

s e l e c t e d a n d t h i s c o m p r i s e d 10 JS 3 a n d 10 SS 3 s t u d e n t s ,

E q u a l n u m b e r of s c h o o l s w e r e s e l e c t e d b o t h from t h e

u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s of t h e zonc. . On t h e w h o l e , a

t o t a l of 5 6 0 s t u d e n t s w e r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y

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c o m p r i s i n g 280 b o y s a n d 280 g i r l s .

A s u r v e y q u e s t i o n n a i r e was u s e d i n o b t a i n i n g i n f o r -

m a t i o n f o r t h e s t u d y , h h i l e S e c t i o n ' A 1 o f t h e q u e s t i o n -

n a i r e c o n s i s t e d o f s t u d e n t s p e r s o n a l d a t a , S e c t i o n ' B 1 v

c o n s i s t e d of q u e s t i o n s o n s t u d a n t s a w a r e n e s s o f g u i d a n c e

s e r v i c e s . S e c t i o n ' C r c o n s i s t e d of 2 4 s t a t e m e n t s o n t h e

r o l e s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r .

From t n e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y , t h e f o l l o w i n g were

r e v e a l e d : b

Most of t h e s t u d e n t s who t o o k p a r t i n t h e s t u d y

p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r r o l e s t o be m a i n l y i n t h e a r e a

w o f e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s a n d n o t i n t h e a rea

c o n c e r n i n g personal-emotional/socia 1 i s s u e s . The

s t u d e n t s a l s o p e r c e i v e t h e c o u n s e l l o r a s a

d i s c i p l i n a r i a n .

Any d i f f e r e n c e d u e to s e x r e g a r d i n g t h e c o u n s e l l o r ' s

ro le was i n s i g n i f i c a n t .

The SS 3 s t u d e n t s h a v e a more a c c u r a t e p e r c e p t i o n s

s o f t h e c o u n s e l l o r l s r o l e t h a n t h e JS 3 s t u d e n t s .

T h e r e s u l t s a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f

s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s l o c a t e d i n t h e u r b a n a r e a s a n d t h a t

o f s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s l o c a t e d i n t h e r u r a l areas.

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F i n a l l y , t h e s t u d y r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e was a

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t i o n s o f

s t u d e n t s i n s c h o o l s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u n s e l l o r s a n d

- t h o s e w i t h t e a c h e r c o u n s e l l o r s .

C o n c l u d i n g , t h e r e i s a d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n w h a t t h e

s t u d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r t o be d o i n g a n d

w h a t he s h o u l d be d o i n g i n t h e s c h o o l f o r them. T h i s

d i s c r e p a n c y t h e r e f o r e j u s t i f i e s t h e u r g e n t n e e d f o r t h e

p r o p e r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e c o u q s e l l o r ' s r o l e i n s c h o o l s b y

t h e a u t h o r i t y c o n c e r n e d .

H e n c e , i t i s recommended t h a t t h e C o u n s e l l i n g

A s s o c i a t i o n o f N i g e r i a (C.A.N), s h o u l d a r t i c u l a t e

w i t h o u t much d e l a y t h e r o l e s o f t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r

b y m a k i n g t h e F e d e r a l P : i n i . s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n p o l i c y

n a k e r s t o come o u t w i t h a p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t on t h e i s s u e

of s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r I s r o l e d e f i n i t i o n . S u c h a p o l i c y

p a p e r s h o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e t o a l l t h e s c h o o l

p r i n c i p a l s a n d t e a c h e r s a n d a t t h e same t i m e see t o t h e

'C

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e s e r o l e s by a l l t h e p e o p l e c o n c e r n e d .

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~ n a g b o g u , C. ( l 9 8 l ) , , ' G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n g i n S c h o o l s M . A p a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t a G r o r k s h o p b y

t h e F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n , a t E n u g u , M a r c h 1 5 - 2 1 , -

A n a g b o g u , M. A . ( 1 9 8 8 ) , F o u n d a t i o n s of G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n q f o r C o l l e g e s a n d U n i v e r s i t i e s , - Awka: I k e n g a P u b l i s h i n g Company ,

~ r b u c k l e , D. S. ( 1 9 6 6 ) " T h e C o n f l i c t i n q F u n c t i o n s o f t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r1 ' , C o u n s e l l o r E d u c a t i o n a n d S u p e r v i s i o n , 56.

A r b u c k l e , D. S. ( 1 9 7 1 ) , v I E d u c a t i n q who f o r c o u n s e l l o r E d u c a t i o n a n d s u p e r v i s i o n , 4 2 ,

B e n t i l e y , J o C. ( 1 9 G 5 ) , "Role T h e o r y i n C o u n s e l l i n g : H p r o b l e m i n D e f i n i t i o n v , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 5 .

'I

B r i d d l e , U. J. a n d T h o m a s , E. J. ( e d s ) ( l 9 6 6 ) , Role T h e o r y : C o n c e p t s a n d R e s e a r c h , New Y o r k : J o h n W i l l e y .

B r o u g h , J. K. ( 1 9 6 4 1 , " T h e Role of t h e C o u n s e l l o r : H C l a s s r o o m V i s i t a t i o n " , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 2 , 9 2 7 ,

C r o w , L . D. a n d C r o w , A. ( 1 9 6 1 1 , An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o G u i d a n c e : B a s . i c P r i n c i ~ l e s a n d P r a c t i c e . ( 2 n d e d ) , New Y o r k : A m e r i c a n Book Company.

D e n g a , D o I. ( 1 9 8 3 1 , The S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r i n a D e v e l o p i n g N a t i o n : P r o b l e m s a n d P r o s p e c t s ; 2 n d . E d , , Jos : S a v a n n a h P u b l i s h e r s L t d ,

D i e t z , S. C. ( 1 9 7 7 ) , " C o u n s e l l o r Role, F u n c t i o n s a n d S a t i s f a c t i o n v 1 , C o u n s e l l i n g E d u c a t i o n - a n d S u p e r v i s i o n , 1 2 , 1 5 0 - 1 5 5 ,

~ u r o j a i y e , M. 0. ( 1 9 7 2 1 , P s y c h o l o y i c a l G u i d a n c e of t h e S c h o o l C h i l d , L o n d o n : E v a n s B r o t h e r s L t d ,

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D u r o j a i y e , Ivl. 0 , ( 1 9 7 6 ) , A new I n t r o d u c t i o n t o Educa - t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y . London : E v a n s B r o t h e r s L t d .

E v a r i f f , id. ( 1 9 6 1 ) , " P e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e C o u n s e l l o r ' I .

(The s c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r . 78-82.

'II

E z e n w a n n e , E.C.O. ( 1 9 8 1 ) , ' 'The K o l e o f t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l i n q i n E f f e c t i v e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e 3-3 systemFf, i n G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n q i n S c h o o l s : (A handbook ) . Enuau : M i n i s t r v o f E d u c a t i o n , 40-44.

F a f u n w a , B. A m ( 1 9 6 3 ) , "The R o l e of C o u n s e l l i n g a n d G u i d a n c e i n D e v e l o p i n g N a t i o n s . l' C a r e e r s , 1. 2-7.

F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f N i g e r i a . ( 1 9 7 5 ) , The 5 - y e a r D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n , V o f . 1, L a g o s : The C e n t r a l P l a n n i n g O f f i c e , F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y o f E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t .

F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f N i g e r i a , ( 1 9 7 7 ) , " N a t i o n a l P o l i c y '- o n E d u c a t i o n f 1 . L a g o s : F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y o f

I n f o r m a t i o n , P r i n t i n g D i v i s i o n .

G e t z e l s , J. W. ( 1 9 6 3 ) , q t C o n f l i c t a n d K o l e B e h a v i o u r i n E d u c a t i o n a l S e t t i n g v i n K e a d i n q s i n t h e S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y of E d u c a t i o n , ( e d . ) C h a r l e s , W. d. ( ~ r . ) a n d Gage , N . C . , B o s t o n : R l l y n a n d B a c o n , 309-318.

G i b s o n , K, F. ( 1 9 6 2 ) , t f P u P i l s O p i n i o n s of High S c h o o l G u i d a n c e P r o g r a m m e s q t . P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 0 , 453-457 ,

----------- ( 1 9 6 5 ) , !TTeachers O p i n i o n s o f H i g h S c h o o l G u i d a n c e P r o g r a m m e s w , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 4 , 416-422.

G r a n t , C. M. ( 1 9 5 4 ) , Wow s t u d e n t s P e r c e i v e t h e C o u n s e l l o r I s R o l e f f , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 3 2 , 383-389.

G r o s s , N . C. e t . a l . ( 1 9 5 8 ) , E x p l o r a t i o n s i n Role A n a l y s i s : S t u d i e s o f t h e s c h o o l S u p e r i n t e n d e n c y Role N e w York : J o h n v ~ i l e y a n d S o n s , 448 . -7

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Gometz, L. a n d P a r k e r , C. A, ( 1 9 6 7 ) , " D i s c i p l i n a r y C o u n s e l l i n g : R C o n t r a d i c t i o n Y t . P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a 1, 4 .

t i a e t t e n s c h w i l l e r , D, L. ( 1 9 7 0 ) , " C o n t r o l o f t h e ~ o u n s e l l d r ls Role t i , ~ b u r n a l o f C o u n s e l l i n g P s v c h o l o a v . 1 7 . 4 3 7 - 4 4 2 .

Hart , D o H . a n d P r i n c e , D. J. ( 1 9 7 0 ) , ttRole C o n f l i c t f o r S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s : T r a i n i n g V e r s u s Job Demands P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 8 , 374 -380 .

t - l e i l f o r n , M . ( 1 9 6 0 ) , " 'The F u n c t i o n o f t h e C o u n s e l l o r a s P e r c e i v e d b y H i q h S c h o o l : S t u d e n t s f i , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e ~ o u r n a l , 3 8 , 1 3 3 - 1 3 7 .

b

I k e m e , T. N , ( 1 9 8 O ) , "Some F a c t o r s P e r t a i n i n g t o t h e G u i d a n c e P r o b l e m s of s e c o n d a r y S c h o o l S t u d e n t s i n Anambra S t a t e v s , u n p u b l i s h e d . - D o c t o r a l D i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f N i g e r i a , N s u k k a ,

I p a y e , B- ( 1 9 8 6 ) , l'Koles a n d F u n c - t i o n s of C o u n s e l l o r s i n N i g e r i a n S c h o o l s f s i n The N i g e r i a n J o u r n a l o f G u i d a n c e a n d ~ o u n s e l l i n g , V o l . 2 , N o . 1, I l o r i n : F a c u l t y o f E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f I l o r i n , 8 7 - 1 3 6 ;

I v e y , A, E, a n d h e i n t e i n , G. ( 1 9 8 0 ) , '!The C o u n s e l l o r a s a S p e c i a l i s t i n P s y c h o l o g i c a l E d u c a t i o n " , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 5 , 38-107 .

........................... ( 1 9 6 6 ) , Kole T h e o r y , Role C o n f l i c t a n d counsel ling^, J o u r n a l o f C o u n s e l l i n q P s y c h o l o g y , 1 3 , 31 . -

I v e y , A. E. ( 1 9 7 6 ) , "An I n v i t e d R e s p o n s e : The C o u n s e l l o r a s a T e a c h e r t v , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 5 4 , 4 3 1 - 4 3 4 ,

K a p l a n , B. A. ( 1 9 6 4 ) , ?!The N e w C o u n s e l l o r a n d h i s P r o f e s s i o n a l P r o b l e m s P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 2 , 4 7 3 - 4 7 8 .

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K e h a s , C. D. ( 1 9 7 5 1 , tlh!hat F i e s e a r c h s a y s a b o u t C o u n s e l l o r Roleq1, i n - G u i d a n c e S t r a t e g i e s a n d T e c h n i q u e s . P e t e r s , H . T. a n d i i o g e r , R . ti, ( e d . ) D e n v e r *

C o l o r a d o , L o v e P u b l i s h i n q C o m p a n y , 45 -61 .

e r r , 4 . D. ( 1 9 6 2 ) , I t S t u t i e n t s P e r c e p t i o n of C o u n s e l l o r Hole i n C o l l e g e D e c i s i o n u , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 1 , 3 3 7 .

K n a p p , D. L. a n d D e n n y , W. E, ( 1 9 6 7 ) , " T h e C o u n s e l l o r t s R e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n Role D e f i n i t i o n f 1 , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 0 , 4 8 .

L e v i t o n , H. S. ( 1 9 7 7 ) , f f C o n s u m e r F e e d b a c k o n a S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l G u i d a n c e P r o g r a m m e n , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 5 5 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 4 .

M a c k , D. ( 1 9 7 9 ) , t ' C o u n s e l l i n g a n d G u i d a n c e i n N i g e r i a n U n i v e r s i t y " P e r s o n n e l ' a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , -. - Vol. 5 7 , 4 5 7 - 4 0 1 ,

M a k i n d e , 0. ( 1 3 7 6 ) , P a r t 11: "A A J o u r n a l of I n s t i t u t e o f V o l . 3 , Nos.

C o u n s e l l i n g ,

M a y e r , F. C. ( 1 9 6 3 ) ,

I 1 G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n g i n N i g e r i a C o n t i n u o u s R e v i e w . C a r e e r s : t h e N i g e r i a n C a r e e r s C o u n c i l , E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f I b a d a n , 1 a n d 2.

F u n d a r n e n t a l s of G u i d a n c e a n d L o n d o n : M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L t d .

"An I n v e s t i q a t i o n of Role P e r c e p - t i o n o f ~ e c b n d a r ~ S c h o o l G u i d a n c e ~ o u n s e l l o r s - i n New Y o r k T f , A Ph. D. C l s s e r t a t i . o n , T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , C o l u m b i a s t a t e U n i v c r s i t y ,

M i l l e r , F. N o ( 1 9 6 8 ) , G u i d a n c e p r i n c i p l e s a n d S e r v i c e s . C o l u m b i a : E. M e r i n P u b l i s h i n g C o y . , 1 1 6 - 1 2 0 .

w

M u r o , J. J. a n d R e v e l l o , E. A. ( 1 9 7 3 ) , "A S t u d e n t P e r c e p t i o n s of t h e e x t e n t of P e r f o r m a n c e of G u i d a n c e Se rv ices ' I , T h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r , 1 7 , 1 9 3 - 1 9 9 .

N w o y e , A. ( 1 9 8 3 1 , " T o w a r d P o l i c y D e f i n i t i o n of t h e Role of t h e C o u n s e l l o r i n N i g e r i a n S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l w , U n p u b l i s h e d , . M . E D . T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of N i g e r i a , Nsukka .

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N n o n y e l u m , C. 0. ( 1 9 8 6 ) , " S t u d e n t s P e r c e p t i o n o f G u i d a n c e C o u n s e l l o r s Roles i n S e l e c t e d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s i n A n a m b r a S t a t e s ' .

N o r m a n , S o G, ( 1 9 8 4 ) , "When t h e C o u n s e l l o r i s a ~ i s c i p l i n a r i i r : " , --.- P e r s o n r e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l .--- -- - . 4 3 .

O k o h i a , 0. C. ( 1 9 8 2 ) , f f ~ e r c e p t i o n a n d M u l t i p l e Roles/ F u n c t i o n s o f t h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r a n d h i s E i h i c a l C o d e o f C o n d u c t t ' , P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e O r i e n t a t i o n C o u r s e f o r T e a c h e r C o u n s e l l o r s i n N s u k k a S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s .

O l a y i n k a , M. C, ( 1 9 7 4 ) , s l C h o o s i n g a C a r e e r i n a M o d e r n A g e q t , D a i l y T i m e s , L p g o s : N o v e m b e r 1 4 , 7 ,

O y i n l o y e , Go K. ( l 9 6 3 ) , "Role E x p e c t a t i o n s f o r S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s i r N i g e r i a n S e c o n d a r y S c h v o l s w i t h O r a a n i s e d ~ u i d a n c e n r o a r a m m e s f t . U n n u b l i s h e d

3 - - -. - - , - 2 - - ~ - 7 - - - , ~ - -

Ph.Do T h e s i s , Ahmadu B e l l 0 U n i v e r s i t y , Z a r i a .

P u l l e y b l a n k , E. F . ( 1 9 7 4 ) , " C r o s s i n g C u l t u r a l B a r r i e r s : A view f r o m L a g o s t t , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 5 3 , 2 1 7 - 2 2 1 ,

~ e s n i c k , H . a n d G e l s o , C. J . ( l 9 8 l ) , I t D i f f e r e n t i a l P e r c e p t i o n s o f C o u n s e l l i n g Role: A R e - e x a m i n a t i o n u , J o u r n a l o f C o u n s e l l i n g P s y c h o l o g y ,

--.- - " 18, 5 4 9 - 5 5 3 ,

R i p p e r , B e W , ( 1 9 6 5 ) , " S t u d e n t s 1 P e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e S c h o o l C o ~ n s e l l o r ~ ~ , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e %- - J o u r n a l , 4 4

0 R u s s e l , J. C. a n d W i l l i s , H . E. ( 1 9 6 4 ) , "A S u r v e y of

t e a c h e r s O p i n i o n o f G u i d a n c e S e r v i c e s " , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 2 , 707-708 .

S a r b i n , To R , , a n d J o n e s , R. S , ( 1 9 5 8 ) ~ "An E x p e r i n i e n i ; a l A n a l y s i s o f Ro le B e h a v i o u r v ' i n R e a d i n g s i n -- S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , E l e a n o r , E. M a c o b y e t a 1 ( e d s ) , N e w Y o r k : H o l t K i n e h a r t W i n s t o n , 465.

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S c h m i d t , L o 0. ( 1 9 6 2 1 , s l S o n c e p t s o f t h e Role o f S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s v P e r s o n n e l ---=- a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 0 , 6 0 .

S o f e n w a , L. A. ( 1 9 7 7 ) , " T h e Role of t h e C o u n s e l l o r i n t h e D i s c i p l i n a r y P r o b l e m s i n S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s u C a r e e r s , J o u r P a l of t h e N i g e r i a n C a r e e r s C o u n c i l , V o l , 4 , blos. 1 a n d 2.

S h e r t z e r , B o a n d S t o n e , S o C . ( 1 9 7 6 1 , F u n d a m e n t a l s -=-.--A o f G u i d a n c e ( 3 r d e d . ) Ros t o n : H o u g h t o n M a f f l l r l C o t r . ~ ' a P ~ ,

---------------------------- ( 1 9 8 0 ) F u n d a m e n t a l s O f ..A

C o u n s e l l a . ( 3 r d e d , 1 B o s t o n : H o u g h t o n M a f f l i n C o y .

( 1 9 6 3 1 , F r o b l e m i n Role D e f i ~ i t i o n l l , i n -- P e r s o n n e l ---- a n d G u i d a n c e --- - J o u r n a l , 4 1 , 6 8 7 - 6 9 3 .

S w e e n e z , J. S . ( 1 9 6 5 1 , " T h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r a s P e r c e i v e d b y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s a n d t h e i r

-

P r i n c i p a l s w , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e J o u r n a l , 4 4 , 8 4 4 - 8 4 9 .

T h e ~ m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ~ s s o c i a t i o n ( 1 9 7 7 1 , " T h e Role of t h e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r n , T h e

-,-- S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r , 2 1 , 3 8 0 .

T h e ~ m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r h s s o c i a t i o n ( 1 9 6 4 1 , " P o l i c y f o r S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s v v , ( w a s h i n g t o n D,C.) ~ m e r i c a n I ' e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n .

T h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r ; i s s o c i a t i o n ( 1 9 8 1 ) Role S t a t e m e n t s : T h e P r a c t i c e of G u i d a n c e a n d C o u P s e l l i n g b y S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s : T h e ~ r n e r i c a n S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r A s s o c i a t i o n , -

V a n , R i p p e r B. M. ( 1 9 7 1 1 , w S t u c l e ~ t s P e r c e p t i o n : T h e C o u n s e l l o r i s W h a t h e d o e s w , T h e S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r , 1 9 , 5 4 ,

Warman , R . E. ( ? 9 6 0 ) , " ~ i f f e r e n t i a l P e r c e p t i o n o f C o u n s e l l i n g Role", J o u r n a l o f C o u n s e l l i n g P s y c h o l o g y , 7 , 2 6 9 - 2 7 4 .

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W a s s o n , R. PI, e t a l . ( 1 9 6 5 ) , w P r o f e s s i o n a l I s o l a t i o n and C o u n s e l l o r R o l e " , P e r s o n n e l a n d G u i d a n c e -s - J o u r n a l , 43 , 457-460 . -

Wrenn , C . G, ( 1 9 7 3 ) , T h e C o n t e m p o r a r y W o r l d o f t h e C o u n s e l l o r , B o s t o n : H o u q h t o n Maf f l i n Coy , 270.

v _--________ ( 1 9 6 2 ) , "The C o u n s e l l o r i n a C h a n g i n g W o r l d q t , A m e r i c a n P e r s o n n e l and G u i d a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n ,

W i l c o v e , G. a n d S h a r p , W, H, ( 1 9 7 1 ) , " D i f f e r e n t i a l P e r c e p t i o n o f a C o l l e g e C o u n s e l l i n g C e n t r e v ' , J o u r n a l of C o u n s e l l i n g P s y c h o l o g y , 18, 60-63.

Y i n g e r , J. M. ( 1 9 6 5 1 , Toward a F i e l d T h e o r y o f B e h a v i o u r - .* = . =

N e w y o r k , McGraw-H i l l , 99 .

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APPENDIX k

LETTEk TO THE S C l i O O L PRINCIPALS

F a c u l t y of E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of N i g e r i a , N s u k k a .

J a n u a r y 5, 1 9 9 0 .

To: ~ l l S c h o o l P r i n c i p a l s , O n i ts h a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e , Rnambra S t a t e .

I am a p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t i n the F a c u l t y of

E : d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of N i q e r i a , Nsukka . I a m c a r r y i n g

o u t a s t u d y o n " s t u d e n t s t P e r c e p t i o n of v J h a t t h e S c h o o l

C o u n s e l l o r A c t u a l l y Does o n t t14 job i n S c h o o l s i n

O n i t s i i a E d u c a t i o n Z o n e of Anambra S t a t e .

'I'l~e q r o w i n g i m p o r t a n c e o f c o u n s e l l i n g i n o u r

v s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s h a s p r o m p t e d a h o s t of q u e s t i o n s r e q a r d i n g h i s role. T h i s s t u d y i s d e e m e d i m p o r t a n t s i n c e

:; tuc len ts p e r c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n s e l l o r I s r o l e may d e t e r -

rrl n e w i i e t i i e r o r n o t t h e y u s e c o u n s e l l i n g s e r v i c e s a n d

111hy a l s o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e of c o u n s e l -

1 '.ng p r o g r a m m e .

I am w r i t i n q y o u t o s o l i c i t y o u r c o - o p e r a t i o n i n

a l l o w i n g m e t o m a k e u s e of y o u r s t u d e n t s . c l u e s t i o n n a i r e

i r ; d e s i q n e d f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n of t h e r e l e v a n t d a t a f o r

r tile s t u d y a n d I w i l l c a l l p e r s o n a l l y t o t h e schools t o

n d m i n i s ter t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

I l o o k foward t o y b u r k i n d c o - o p e r a t i o n .

T h a n k s , Y o u r s s i n c e r e l y ,

Lr. J. K . E s s u m a n , ( S u p e r v i s o r ).

G. C. A n i g b o g u ( S t u d e n t )

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APPEI\IUIX i3

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STULENTS

P l e a s e reaci e a c h s t a t e m e n t i n t h e d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s

of t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e h o n e s t l y a s y o u c a n . T h i s i s n o t a

1 test. T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e a r e n o r i g h t o r w r o n g a n s w e r s . 1 a s s u r e y o u t h a t a l l y o u r r e s p o n s e s w i l l be t r e a t e d i n

s t r i c t c o n f i d e n c e a n d w i l l be u s e d o n l y f o r r e s e a r c h

p u r p o s e s .

SECTIONA: STUDENT l S PERSONAL DATA -- -.- - P l e a s e f i l l i n t h e s p a c e s p r o v i d e d a s a p p l i c a b l e t o

y o u . +

1. Name o f S c h o o l : 9 L , C l a s s :

3 . S e x ale o r f e m a l e )

SECTION B: STUDENTS AbdAFiENESS OF GUIDANCE SERVICES % - -

T i c k e i t h e r ' y e s 1 ( 4 ) o r 'No1 ( 4) 1. Do y o u k n o w w h i c h member of y o u r s t a f f i s y o u r

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ?

Y e s ( ) No ( )

2. C o u l d y o u desc r ibe t o y o u r f r i e n d s t h e roles o f t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ? Y e s ( ) No (

3, Did a n y b o d y t e l l y o u a b o u t t h e roles of t h e

s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ? yes ( 1 N o ( 1

.. 4. H a v e y o u e v e r d i s c u s s e d y o u r p r o b l e m w i t h t h e s c h o o l

counsellor^ Y e s ( ) No ( 1

5. h h a t t y p e of p r o b l e m s d o y o u t h i n k s h o u l d be t a k e n t o t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ?

a ) P r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s . Yes ( ) No ( )

b ) P r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n q e d u c a t i o n a l p l a n s .

Y e s ( ) No ( 1

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1 2 7 0

c ) P r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g r ~ e r s o n a l - e m o t i o n a l or s o c i a l

i s s u e s . y e s ( ) N o ( 1

SiXTICIN C : --- - THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR ' S ROLE

E a c h of t h e s t a t e m e n t i n t h i s s e c t i o n e x p r e s s e s a n

o p i n i o n a b o u t t h e s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r ' s ro le . y o u are t o

t i c k t h e a n s w e r w h i c h best i n d i c a t e s h o w c l o s e l y y o u

a g r e e o r d i s a g r e e w i t h e a c h s t a t e m ~ ~ t o n t h e f o l l o w i n g

f o u r p o i n t s c a l e of S t r o n g l y A g r e e , A g r e e , D i sagree a n d

S t r o n g l y D i s a g r e e , F o r examrl le :

T h e S c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r h e l p s s t u d e n t s t o p a s s e x a m i n a t i o n s ,

I am__- STATEMENT T_ RESPOh

I l-&-..- THE SCHOOL COUNSLLLCH I , H e l p s t u d e n t s t o c h o o s e s u b j e c t s f o r ' I GoC.Eo WASC a n d S.5.C.E. i -,,

I

s career d a y f o r t h e

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- H e l p s s t u d e r t s t o r e l a t e be t t e r w i t h 1 o n e a n o t h e r . I - -

L H e l p s s t u c ' e n t s t o e s t a b l i s h b o y / g i r l h

r e l a t i o n s h i p s e f f e c t i v e l y . *

H e l p s s t u d e n t s t o r e f r a i n f r o m Y

d r u g a b u s e -.- -- I

H e l p s s t u c ' e n t s t o u n d e r s t a n d more a b o u t human s e x u a l i t y , - O r g a n i s e s o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e s f o r new s t u d e n t s t o h e l p t h e m a d j u s t t o t h e r 'ew s c h o o l e n v i r o n m e n t -- P r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t r a i n i n g a n d o c c u p a t i o n oy)en t o s t u d e n t s a f t e r s c h o o l . -- b

D e v e l o p s t h e g u i d a n c e F) rogramme o f t h e s c h o o l ,

O r g a n i s e s m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n f o r new s t u d e n t s . -- Is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s o p e n t b s t u d e n t s . - P r o v i d e s p a r e n t s w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r c h i l d r e n s p r o q r e s s .

H e l p s t e a c h e r s t o i d e n t i f y s t u d e n t s w i t h n e e d s o r p r o b l e m s . --- H e l p s s t u d e n t s a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s t o 1 I u n d e r s t a n d how t o a p p l y f o r h i q h e r 1

i b

4% o v i d e s r e l e v a n t d a t a f o r p l a c e m e n t "

s t u d e n t s f r o m J u n i o r t o S e n i o r

- i n s t i t u t i o n s . I i I:

f I

H e l p s t o r e f e r s t u d e n t s w i t h p r o b l e m s j t o a p p r o p r i a t e s o u r c e o f h e l p , ---. ! I t .-%- -

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S C C I ' I O N D: C O U ~ I S E L L ~ F ? ' S ROLE I hi D I S C I F ' L I NE --- --

T i c k e i t h e r y e s ( J ) or N o ( ./) . T h e School

C o u n s e l l o r :

1. ilelps t o d i s c i ~ ) l i n e s t u d e n t s who m i s b e h a v e .

y e s ( 1 N o ( 1

2. Reports s t u d e v - t s w h o m i s b e h a v e t o t h e p r i n c i p a l ,

3 . S u p p o r t s t e a c h e r s i n g i v i n g p u n i s h m e n t t o s t u d e n t s .

Page 142: University of Nigeria Perception Of Guidance... · Counselling service6 for studec ts in secondary schools by the Nigerian Federal Government had been stated in the National Policy

APPENDIX C

SCI-IOOLS INVOLVED 1 P . l THC STUDY

A. SCHOOLS WITH PROFESSIONAL COUNSELLORS . -

-A=.-,

N a m e of S c h o o l s

O u r L a d y s H i g h S c h o o l , O n i t s h a .

~ e n n i s Memorial Grammar S c h o o l , O n i t s h a .

Okongwu Memorial S e c . s c h o o l , N n e w i

N n e w i H i g h S c h o o l , Nnewi .

Q,R.C. O n i t s h a ,

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