University of Sunderland

BEng(Hons) Electronic and Electrical Engineering BEng(Hons) Mechanical Engineering

ENX313 Project

(Individual Project)

Guide

2016-2017 cohort

Table of Content

A. MODULE DESCRIPTOR……………………………………………. P 1 - 2

B. TIMETABLE ………………………………………………………….. P 3

C. TYPES OF PROJECT………………………………………………... P 4

D. PROJECT TITLE……………………………………………………... P 5

E. ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR……………………………………..….. P 6

F. REPORTING AND ASSESSMENT………………………..……….. P 6

G. PROJECT BRIEF…………………………….………….……….….. P 7

H. INTERIM REVIEW………………………………………….…..….. P 7

I. TECHNICAL CONTENT IN PROJECT……………………....….. P 8

J. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION……………………….….….. P 8

K. FINAL REPORT………………………………………………….….. P 8 - 9

L. MARKING YOUR WORK………………………………………….. P 10 - 11

Appendix 1 –Project Brief Sample

Appendix 2 – Writing Style and Use of References

Appendix 3 – Sample Gantt Chart

Appendix 4 – Project Management

Appendix 5 – Help with Grammar

Appendix 6 – The Layout of Final Report

Appendix 7 – Assessment Criteria

A. MOUDLE DESCRIPTOR

Credits: 40

Learning outcomes:

Upon successful completion of this module, students will have demonstrated:

1. Expert knowledge of an area of engineering evidenced in the form of a project.

2. Ability to plan independently and execute an engineering project demonstrating

initiative, creativity and financial and ethical awareness.

3. Synthesize a solution to an engineering problem identified in the project.

4. Critically appraise and effectively report the work carried out on the engineering

project.

Content Synopsis:

Students will be required to undertake an original engineering project which builds on

one or more topics covered during their programme of study.

It is an undergraduate project, not a doctoral thesis. Sunderland want to see a problem

competently solved and reported. The project does not have to include the development

of new theories or great originality, rather the correct application of known procedures

to an engineering problem. Most students enjoy their final project, it is an opportunity

to pursue an investigation into an area in which they have a personal interest.

Project work will involve:

1. The identification of an engineering problem and the construction of a project brief

that is submitted to an academic supervisor for approval.

2. Research and preliminary work on the project leading to the production of a

literature review which informs the rest of the project.

3. The keeping of accurate records of the work carried out.

4. The undertaking of practical or theoretical work (technical content) that must involve

the solution of the identified engineering problem.

5. The submission of a final report and a project viva (upon request).

6. Planning the project and monitoring progress against the plan throughout the life of

the project.

The work undertaken must be new. A reflective report on previous project work will not

1

be acceptable. Do not copy others ideas / work to represent your own effort.

Wherever possible industry-based projects will be encouraged and supported.

Skills will be developed when doing the project:

1. The ability to investigate and analyze a problem and develop a suitable design.

2. An appreciation of the social, environmental, ethical economic and commercial

considerations affecting professional engineers.

3. The practical application of engineering skills to potentially include workshop,

laboratory and practical skills, the use of technical literature other sources of

information and an awareness of industry standards and intellectual property

issues.

4. The ability to apply a systems approach to solve a problem or develop a product

based on customer/client requirements.

5. The ability to plan and manage a substantial engineering project.

6. The ability to assess and understand the boundaries of their own knowledge and

extend this where appropriate.

Suggested Reading List:

1. Breach M. (2008) Dissertation Writing for Engineers and Scientists, Prentice Hall,

ISBN13: 9781405872782

2. Davies J. (2010) Communication Skills: A Guide for Engineering and Applied

Science Students, 3rd Ed, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0273729525

3. Pears R. and Shields G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing

and plagiarism, 8th Ed, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-0230272316

Assessment: Coursework with pass mark 40%

Referrals Student will be referred with a mark of less than 40%. The two markers will agree a set of requirements in order to pass the module. Student must address these issues in the report and provide a brief summary of the changes made by the deadline specified to the satisfaction of the markers.

Student will not submit project due to incomplete or lack of confidence in passing the module. It is NOT a wise strategy. Even though the project is not a good one, student should still submit it to Sunderland for marking. It is because student will be provided comments for correction to get a pass in the 2nd attempt!

2

B. TIMETABLE

Month Date Schedule By

Jun 2017

1 - 12 Submit project title before 12/6.

Allocate Supervisors to Students

Students

Programme Head 26 - 30 Meeting with Supervisor, you will discuss the project

with your supervisor, summarize the project and propose the approach, milestones, deliverables, resources, timeline and scope. And to confirm project title.

Supervisors and Students

Jul 2017

1 Commencement of Final Year Project Students

15 Submit project brief (in 500 words) Email project brief to Supervisors

Students

29 Feedback to Students on project brief Supervisors

Aug – Sept 2017

Carry out research in form of literature review.The research should support / influence the restof your project.

Consider a range of alternative solutions to theproblems encountered.

Start to design the engineering solutions. Relate back to your original objectives and

evaluate.

Students

Oct 2017

7 Interim Review - students email the project to Supervisors including: Introduction & Background Literature Review Methodology Describe your progress to date and indicate the

next stages of the work. A copy of a Gantt Chart showing how you plan

to continue with the work.(in 2000 words)

Students

21 Interim Report Feedback Supervisors

Nov, Dec 2017, Jan 2018

Technical Content: Design, Analysis, Experiments and Testing. Evaluation and Conclusion

Students

Feb 2018

17 Submit the final report to Supervisor Supervisor will not comment on report received on / after 18 Feb.

Students

Mar 2018

3 Final Report Feedback Supervisors

5 - 31 Upload project to SunSpace and review thesimilarity index report.

Revise and upload the final report (in 10,000words) to Sunspace by 31/3.

Submit a CD and a completed questionnaireto HKCT.

Students

TBC Viva (upon request) University Staff

3

C. TYPES OF PROJECT

Typically projects will be based around one of the following:

A design study resulting in a set of engineering drawings and supporting

calculations.

Practical design work where an artefact is designed and constructed, testing

carried out to measure prototype performance against theoretical design

specifications, the results analysed, evaluated and reported.

Experimental work where a test rig is designed and assembled, experiments

carried out, and the results analysed and reported.

A manufacturing problem is identified and a system is designed and put in place to

eliminate the problem.

Whatever type of project you choose:

It should involve solution of a real engineering problem.

It should involve the application of the skills and knowledge you have developed

during your studies so far.

A literature review alone is NOT acceptable.

Subject areas:

Your project should be based on a subject(s) you have studied during the course of

your degree.

This could include (depending on your programme): Computer simulation/modelling Control/PLC systems Design Finite elements/stress analysis Manufacturing Materials Mechanics Thermodynamics/Fluid Mechanics Electrical Machines/Power systems Electronics Analogue/Digital/Communications Microprocessor/Computer hardware/software/interfacing

4

D. PROJECT TITLE

The following project titles involve the solution of a real engineering problem:

The design of a mechanism to operate a high speed weaving machine.

A review of the energy requirements of a company and the implementation of a system of process monitoring and adjustment to optimize energy consumption.

The design of a computer controlled machine to bend brake and other pipes for the automotive industry.

The specification and implementation of a control system for an industrial process.

The application of statistical process control to the manufacture of a company's product.

The specification and design of a variable speed drive system for an industrial process.

The use of Taguchi techniques in an experimental investigation into the problems associated with the manufacture of injection moulded components.

The application of a solid state control system to a domestic product.

The automation of a production line.

Projects which confine themselves to a literature review are not acceptable.

5

E. ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR

You will be allocated an academic supervisor who will normally have specialist

knowledge in your chosen field of study.

It is important you meet with your academic supervisor regularly preferably in a

monthly basis to ensure your work is going in the right direction. Methods of meeting

including but not limited to face to face discussion, email, phone.

Before the meeting, you should have prepared a written list of points you wish to

discuss. And during the meeting, you should take notes so that you do not forget the

advice you were given. The supervisor may suggest the use of Project Supervision

Record forms for this purpose.

The final year project is probably the biggest piece of work you have ever undertaken.

It is the single largest piece of work on your entire programme and for some students it

can be intimidating. Your supervisor is there to provide support and guidance to help

you successfully complete it.

F. REPORTING AND ASSESSMENT

You will be required to undertake the following pieces of assessment: -

1. A project brief

2. An interim report

3. A final report

4. A viva (upon request)

6

G. PROJECT BRIEF

It should include:

1. Project title

2. Project objectives following the SMART model

specific, measurable, attainable, relevant time-bound

3. Scopes of the project

It should not exceed 500 words in length, the word count (your word-processor will

count the words) should be shown at the end of the document.

Supervisor will have the opportunity to review, comment and approve it or ask you for

modification. Once the project brief has been approved by the supervisor, you will

move ahead and work on the next stages of the project.

(See Appendix 1 – Project Brief):

Student should submit the project brief to supervisor by email on or before 15 July 2017.

H. INTERIM REVIEW

Students will be required to email the project including evidence of work

completed, drawings, calculations etc, to supervisor for interim review by 7 Oct

2017.

The principal purpose of the Interim Review is to ensure that the project is proceeding

satisfactorily, while it allows supervisor to provide feedback on your progress. During

the Interim Review you should describe your progress to date and indicate the next

stages of the work. You should bring a copy of a Gantt Chart showing how you plan to

continue with the work. (See Appendix 3 - Sample Gantt Chart).

7

I. TECHNICAL CONTENT IN PROJECT

This is the area where you present the technical work you have carried out:

Design

Analysis

Experiments

Testing

J. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION

This is where you reflect on how your project has gone:

In terms of the product you have produced

In terms of your project objectives

You should reflect honestly and critically on project objectives and specification

Be honest – if something has not gone as you planned you should say so and

discuss why, and what you would do differently.

K. FINAL REPORT

The final report forms the main basis of your assessment. The final report should be

presented and structured in accordance with the guidance given in Appendix 5.

The final report is that its main purpose is to describe what YOU have achieved. While

there will be a chapter devoted to your review of the literature, it should not be padded

out with material taken from other sources.

Students often feel the need to include appendices filled with copies of manufacturers'

catalogues or datasheets, or to bolster the body of the report with text copied from other

sources. This is both unnecessary and unwelcome and the practice will result in marks

being deducted.

A technical report should provide a concise description of what has taken place

together with a reasoned discussion of the outcome. Reports are not marked by

weight, rather the quality of their contents. You should ensure you describe your

work and results fully in your report. You may embed links to videos, additional

photos and any other relevant material that you feel it appropriate to place online but it

8

is up to the discretion of the marking team to decide whether to view this, and credit

will not be given for work adequately recorded in the report.

The recommended maximum length for the report is 50 pages / 10,000 words, not

including engineering drawings or large diagrams that should be included at the

rear of the report as appendices.

The report should be prepared in 12 point typescript with double line spacing. The

margins should be as follows:-

o Left (binding edge) and bottom .................................................35mm o Other margins ..........................................................................14mm

Pages should be numbered consecutively including those on which graphs, diagrams

etc. appear. The numbers should be located centrally at the bottom of each page.

Roman numerals should be used up to the end of the Nomenclature section and

thereafter arabic numerals are required.

You are required to submit your final report online through SunSpace on or before 31 March 2018. To avoid traffic in uploading, you should submit your project before 30 March 2018.

Starting from 5 March 2018, you can submit your work to SunSpace for Turnitin

System scanning in which you will get an originality report showing origin of

sources. The production time of originality report will need more and more times on

each scanning.

If you don’t tell the marker where the source from is, it will be an evidence of

plagiarism accusations. Students accused of plagiarism may fail in the

module. Therefore, you will be given a few weeks to do citation and quotation

before the final report submission before 31 March 2018.

9

L. MARKING YOUR WORK

The projects are assessed overall by considering the following criteria:

Research (25%)

Range of a literature review and quality of the references cited – 5%

You should make appropriate use of modern up-to-date sources, summary and

critical assessment of the material – 10%

Your research should support/influence the rest of your project – 10%

Final Report (25%)

Grammar, use of English, quality of writing – 10%

Structure of dissertation, appropriateness of length and content – 5%

Presentation and clarity of results, main findings, quality of diagrams – 10%

Success and Evaluation (35%)

Level of success against project objectives (taking account of level of challenge) –

20%

Critical evaluation of findings - 10%

Appropriate consideration of ethics – 5%

Project Management and Control (15%)

Your report should include, as a minimum:

Evidence of application of appropriate project management techniques, e.g. Gantt

chart

An honest reflection on how you have managed your project

Other things you could include: Risk management

Network diagrams

Meeting records

In order to achieve a successful outcome, it is critical that you manage your project

effectively and demonstrate how you have done this.

10

It is essential that the project be broken down into a list of tasks, and durations

allocated to each, before a project plan is constructed. This plan should be reviewed

regularly throughout the project and modifications made where necessary.

ENX314 will cover the aspects of planning and control that can and should be applied

to this work.

In addition to planning you should keep a record of your progress throughout to help

you write the final report.

11

Appendix 1 – Project Brief Sample Project Title: The Design of an Operating Mechanism for a Jacquard Loom Project Objectives: 1. To carry out literature review on relevant operating mechanisms. 2. To establish the perceived requirements and product specifications. 3. To design the operating mechanism according to the product specifications. 4. To prepare engineering schematic drawing. 5. To test and analyzed the new design and suggest the solutions. Scope of the work: During the weaving process, a proportion of the threads are lifted so that a shuttle, carrying thread, can pass beneath them. The height of the lift is variable depending upon the type of cloth being produced, typically between 40 and 60 mm, while the speed of operation varies between 200 and 500 lifts per minute. It is the aim of this project to design a new operating mechanism for this process. The project will begin with a review of existing literature, including a patent search, competitors' and in- house designs, and published academic work. Discussions will also take place with the marketing department of the company, to establish the perceived requirements for the new mechanism. The results of this research will be analyzed and a product specification written and agreed with the principals of the company. A range of alternative designs will be prepared and compared according to a list of criteria that will also be derived, based upon the product specification. One design will be chosen for further development. An engineering scheme drawing will be prepared and design calculations carried out. A variety of materials and manufacturing methods will be considered before a final selection is made for the device. Manufacturing drawings will be produced and a prototype constructed and tested. Finally a project report will be prepared that will describe the process followed in designing the mechanism, will include details of the proposed solution and test results, and will evaluate the final design against the original specification. (315 words)

Appendix 2 - Writing Style and Use of References Technical reports are normally written in a formal manner. In particular the first person is avoided, i.e. I, we. You can usually express your ideas without recourse to I or We, e.g. "I decided to measure the current" can be written as "It was decided to measure the current". You should avoid overstating your case. "The equipment performed superbly", should be written "The equipment was found to be satisfactory, meeting the specification in all respects." You should stick to Standard English expressions. Swear words or colloquialisms should not be used. "When I interviewed the operator I found that he was as sick as a parrot because the machine kept breaking down" should be replaced by "Interviewing the operator revealed that the machine was not reliable, being subject to frequent breakdowns." Over the years it has become apparent that many students have difficulty with a number of relatively simple grammatical constructions. Appendix 4 provides a guide to help avoid common errors. Use of References You are encouraged to read about your subject and cite from those sources. There are two popular methods used for citing other people’s work: The Harvard system (also known as the Author-date system) and the British Standard (also known as the Numeric system). You should use one particular system consistently throughout your report. It is important you make it absolutely clear those words that are not your original work. E.g. "It can be shown that the force is proportional to the square of the velocity."[4] Here a quotation has been taken from a book, a paper, or Internet article, and used within the report. It is made clear that the words belong to someone else because they are contained within quotation marks "", while the name of that person will be given at the end of your report in the reference section beside the number [4]. Often you will want to make use of another worker's ideas, without citing their precise words. This is also permissible, provided that you credit that person within your text. E.g. Brown [3] believes the world to be round, while Smith [5] argues for a flat plane. This is normally a more appropriate use of a source than to quote verbatim, but there are occasions when you need to use the exact expression. DO NOT copy large chunks from texts or other sources however. If you use someone else's ideas or words within your text without crediting the source, you are guilty of copying or plagiarism. In the past students have failed their projects, and therefore their degree, because their reports contained substantial amounts of copied material. Copying is both unprofessional and dishonest, while the legitimate use of sources with proper references is an essential part of report writing.

Listing References at the End of Your Report In technical work it is usual to list all of the sources at the end of your report. In the Harvard system entries are listed in alphabetical order by author’s name and then by date. With the British Standard system entries are listed in numerical order to match the sequence of references in the body of the report. You should adopt a consistent style for laying out the information about sources. A good way is to begin with the person's name, followed by the year of publication, then the title of the book or article, followed by the publisher and ISBN if it is a book, journal title and edition, or web page address. [1] Cross N. 1994 Engineering Design Methods. 2nd Edition. Wiley. ISBN 0 471 94228 6 [2] Martin J.J. 1955 Development of an Equation of State for Gases. A.I.. Ch. E. Journal. June 1955 [3] Attewell B. 2000 Bryan's Bicycle Page. http://www.battewell.freeserve.co.uk/bike accessed 12-9-2010. For more information on referencing please refer to the “Cite Them Rite” resource available via the University Library Website library.sunderland.ac.uk

Appendix 3 - Sample Gantt Chart Week No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Activity Agree Title and Brief Submit Brief Literature Survey Evolve Concept Solutions

Write Interim Report Submit Interim Report Choose Solution Scheme Drawing Calculations Material Selections Manufacturing Selections

Detail Drawings Build Prototype Test Write Final Report Submit Final Report Attend Viva

18

Appendix 4 – Project Management (writing at the end of project) Dissertation Title: Real Time Information System Implementing On Public Transport Service Project Management This project runs quite smooth at the beginning because of the project idea is accepted by project supervisor at the first interview. Then thinking about the actual hardware and technology would be used. There is a difficult on finding suitable hardware for the project due to many manufactures produced the same product. Selecting MCU board takes quit long time to find because some relatively new MCU developed and have a more powerful features enhanced with. These features are suitable for the use of modern application and the cost is relatively higher. After the boards and the modules arrived, a testing for their functionality started. The time taking for it is quite match to my planning without any loss in time. Writing program for MCU and the project report took more time than my plan. The difficulties in writing program to meet the function I need spend many time in modification due to some unwanted output occurred. The problem in preparing the project report is this project involved three technologies MCU, RFID and Zigbee. Many papers and books I had to read to collect enough knowledge to conduct the project, even searching on the internet. The last two issues are interfered my project deeply. Fortunately, the project still can be finished with satisfactory result.  

Appendix 5 - Help With Grammar

Students often make mistakes with the following:-

1) Apostrophe

Apostrophes are used to indicate possession or missing letters.

Possession

The dog’s bone.

Here we have only one dog possessing one bone. Placing the apostrophe before the ‘s’

indicates that only one dog is involved.

The dogs’ bones.

Here we have several dogs possessing several bones. The apostrophe is placed after

the ‘s’ to indicate that there is more than one dog.

The dogs ate the bones.

Note that there is no apostrophe needed as there is no implied possession - dogs is

simply the plural of dog. We do not know that the bones belonged to the dogs.

Other common examples include:-

It is the University’s policy. (Only one University)

There are several Universities in the area. (Plural)

I would not buy that company’s products. (Only one company)

All of the companies responded to the survey. (Plural)

The other use for apostrophes is in connection with missing letters

Don’t Is short for Do not.

It’s in the cupboard. It’s is short for It is.

The dog ate its bone. Here, although possession is implied, no apostrophe is used. This contradicts the rule

given above and you might find it a tad confusing. If you are indeed confused I would

suggest that you always write It is in full, and never use an apostrophe with Its. 2) There and their.

“Their” indicates possession, while “there” is a place.

They parked their car over there. It might help you to remember this by saying “Where? Over there”, the spelling of

where and there is the same.

3) Affect and Effect

An effect is normally an outcome or result of an action. A simple check is to see if

you can replace the work “effect” with the word “result”.

The shooting of the gun had the effect of killing the people. An important effect was the dissolution of parliament. The word “effected” is used in the context of “brought about.”

He effected the changes by killing his boss and taking his job. Affect is normally used in the context of influencing something. If you can replace the

word affect(ed) with influence(d) then it is being used correctly.

It was claimed that the gunshot wound had affected his health. The hole in his head had an affect upon his balance. The effect of the gunshot wound was that he died. It was claimed that dyeing the food would not affect the taste. However the dye in the food had the effect of spoiling the taste. She effected her victory by affecting the judgement of those around her.

Appendix 6 – Layout of Final Report

A STUDY OF THERMAL PROBLEM

IN

LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHBOARD

By

Write your Name here

(Student No.: XXXXXXXX)

A final year project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

regulations for the award of BEng (Hons)

in

Electronic and Electrical Engineering

at the University of Sunderland

March 2016

Abstract

In this dissertation, an understanding of the nature of thermal problem in low voltage

switchboard is first obtained, leading to an explanation of possible sudden power failure caused

by low voltage switchboard breakdown. There is no recognizing indicator for preventive

maintenance of low voltage switchboard in this trade. However, we usually hear that some

buildings or locations sudden power failure especially in summer time. By assuming that if you

are the maintenance engineers of British Airways or HSBC, a sudden low voltage switchboard

breakdown will cause major problem of company operation and damage the company image.

Thus, a recognizing indicator for preventive maintenance is very important.

This paper will make two reference tables to indicate the performance of low voltage

switchboard for maintenance purpose. The maintenance engineers can measure the temperature

data of their low voltage switchboards and then compare with these tables. After that, they can

understand the performance and working conditions of their low voltage switchboards. Hence,

they can prepare their maintenance program based on the comparison results.

i

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deep appreciation to my final year project supervisor XXX for

providing regular meetings, advice, support and excellent guidance for completion of this

dissertation.

I am grateful to my family for their support and encouragement over the years.

ii

Table of Contents Page

Abstract i

Acknowledgements ii

Table of Contents iii

List of Figures vi

List of Tables vii

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

General Summary of Previous Work Aims and Objectives Outline of the Dissertation

1 1 3 4

Chapter 2: Literature Review 6-26 2.1 Introduction of Low Voltage Switchboard

2.1.1 General Construction and Function of Low Voltage Switchboard 2.1.2 Busbar Arrangement Inside Low Voltage Switchboard 2.1.3 Degree of Protection of Enclosures 2.1.4 Temperature Rise and Degree of Protection of Enclosure 2.1.5 Forms of Separation 2.1.6 Typical Arrangement of Low Voltage Switchboard

6-14

2.2 Thermal Problem inside Low Voltage Switchboard 2.2.1 General Aspects 2.2.2 The Current Carrying Capacity

15-17

2.3 Review the New Standard IEC 61439 17-18 2.4 Verification of Temperature Rise Limit Test 18-20 2.5 Review the Standard for Infrared Inspection

2.5.1 Scopes of the Standard 2.5.2 Absolute Temperature Criteria

21-22

2.6 Summary of Literature Review 23

iii

Chapter 3: Methodology 24-31 3.1 3.2

3.3

Selection of Methodology Temperature Rise Test (Complied with the New Standard IEC 61439-1) 3.2.1 Conditions and Requirements of Temperature Rise Test 3.2.2 Instrument Requirement of Temperature Rise Test 3.2.3 Making an “Apple to Apple Comparison”

Infrared Inspection 3.3.1 Conditions and Requirements of Infrared Inspection 3.3.2 Instrument Requirement of Infrared Inspection

27 24-28

28-30

3.4 Methodology of Thermal Data Collection 31 3.5 Summary of Methodology 32

Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Evaluation 33-48 4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Thermal Data Collection – Case Study No. 1 4.1.1 Details Information 4.1.2 Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard 4.1.3 Measuring Data Collection 4.1.4 Comparison Result 4.1.5 Investigation and Discussion Thermal Data Collection – Case Study No. 2 4.2.1 Details Information 4.2.2 Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard 4.2.3 Measuring Data Collection 4.2.4 Comparison Result 4.2.5 Investigation and Discussion Thermal Data Collection – Case Study No. 3 4.3.1 Details Information 4.3.2 Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard 4.3.3 Measuring Data Collection 4.3.4 Comparison Result 4.3.5 Investigation and Discussion Thermal Data Collection – Case Study No. 4 4.4.1 Details Information 4.4.2 Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard 4.4.3 Measuring Data Collection 4.4.4 Comparison Result 4.4.5 Investigation and Discussion Thermal Data Collection – Case Study No. 5 4.5.1 Details Information 4.5.2 Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard 4.5.3 Measuring Data Collection 4.5.4 Comparison Result 4.5.5 Investigation and Discussion

iv

33-36

37-39

40-41

42-43

43-44

4.6

4.7

Thermal Data Collection – Case Study No. 6 4.6.1 Details Information 4.6.2 Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard 4.6.3 Equipment Loading and Temperature Data 4.6.4 Thermograph Image / Temperature Data 4.6.5 Investigation and Discussion

Summary of Results, Discussion and Evaluation

44-45

46-47

Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Study 47-50

5.1

5.2

Conclusions 47-48

48-49

References 50

Appendices 52

v

5.3

Recommendations for Future

Study Self Evaluation 49

List of Figures Figure Description Page

2.1 Typical Forms of Separation 10

2.2 Typical Assembly of Form 3 Segregation 11

2.3 Typical Assembly of Form 4 Segregation 12

2.4 Typical Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard (Form 3 Segregation, IP31) 13

2.5 Typical Layout of Low Voltage Switchboard (Form 4 Segregation, IP44) 14

3.1 Temperature Rise Testing 29

3.2 Software Tools “TRT001” 29

3.3 Inductive Loader with C.T. 29

3.4 Data Recording 29

3.5 Thermocouples and Busbars 29

3.6 Input Current Monitor 29

3.7 Measuring Point Locations 31

3.8 Photos Reference for Infrared Inspection 36

vi

List of TablesTable Description Page

2.1 Meaning of the Different Numerals and Letters (I) 8

2.2 Meaning of the Different Numerals and Letters (II) 8

2.3 Temperature Rise Limits 19

2.4 Absolute Temperature Criteria 25

3.1 Particular Standard of Temperature Rise Limits 28

3.2 Specified Locations of Temperature Rise Test 30

3.3 Classification of Risk for Thermal Problem 31

3.4 Classification of Priority Recommended Action 35

vii

1

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1General

Low Voltage Switchboard is the most important electrical installation in a building which consist

one or more switching devices with regulating equipment, protective, associated control,

measuring, etc. Also, low voltage switchboard to play the role of a distributor to distribute

electrical power for all building service installations. Thus, failure of low voltage switchboard is

not only cause electrical power interruption such as suspension of lift services, interruption of

lighting and air-conditioning services but also may cause loss of human life and economical. The

major reason for failure of low voltage switchboard is basically relative with the abnormal

thermal problem such as bad contact between switching gear and conductor, over current rating

of switching device, harmonic distortion factors or improper ventilation system inside

switchboard or switch room. Therefore, the thermal phenomenon data can help to identify the

potential problem inside switchboard. It can also effectively to predict the failure of low voltage

switchboard and provide some practical information to maintenance engineers for maintenance

and repair purpose.

1.2 Summary of Previous Work

A lot of articles and journal papers can be found in library or internet which regarding to the

topic of low voltage switchboard and to discuss in many-sided. Previous work has shown that

how to select a proper circuit breakers to suit the different working conditions or how to increase

the safety factory of devices for reducing accident occurred.

Ir. Fung (2003) discussed the low voltage switchboard design problems in Hong Kong. It stated

that the normal switchboard design should be considered the electrical network by single line

diagram or schematic diagram, measuring the switch room size. Checking which supply

companies will be connected and IDMT characteristic will be installed. Finally, check the

relevant specifications for the project. For example: Code of Practice for the electricity (wiring)

regulations, Supply rules of the CLP / HKE, BS, EN or IEC Standards.

2

Aronoff (2008) described the low voltage selectivity with circuit breakers. It stated that selection

of protection system of low voltage switchboard is fundamental both to guarantee functional

service and economical of the installation and reducing the problem caused by actual faults or

abnormal service conditions to a minimum. It also introduced the concepts of “short-circuit

zone” and “overload zone”, describe their area of application and the different selectivity

techniques. By the overload zone, the time current type selectivity is usually realised. By the

short circuit zone, the various selectivity techniques can be used and illustrated in the below:

• Time Selectivity;

• Current Selectivity;

• Zone Selectivity and

• Energy Selectivity.

Anderson (1999) discussed the protection systems against earth fault and indirect contact in

distribution systems. It stated that the necessary information regarding to the main normative

aspects about protection systems against earth fault and indirect contact, clarifying the relative

problems and illustrating the solution. A number of annexes analyzing completely further aspects

to protect against the electric shock especially indirect contact with a combination of indirect and

direct contact protection, considerations on the protective conductor and neutral protection, etc.

In addition, it also stated that the discrimination of protection against earth fault, discrimination

between different types of residual current protective devices equipped in series on the electrical

system to provide the continuity of part of supply to the installation not involved by earth fault.

To ensure proper coordination of the discrimination of residual current, it is necessary to tripping

time and current thresholds appropriate adjustment also taking into account the tolerances.

Jones (2001) discussed the anti-arc switchgear and control equipment inside low voltage

assemblies. It stated that if electric arc occurs inside low voltage switchboard generating internal

over-pressures and results at local over-heating, which may cause thermal stresses and high

mechanical in the equipment. Besides, the involved materials can generate the hot decomposition

products, fumes or gases, due to the over-pressure, almost always ejected to outside of the low

voltage switchboard thus endangering the safety of the operator. The requirements of essential

safety defined by the European Directive particular importance is given to need of taking

3

technical measures to prevent the “electric arcs, temperature-rises or radiations which may result

in hazards” from occurring.

Although, there are a lot of articles and journal papers to discuss the topic of low voltage

switchboard. A small number of articles and journal papers observe the thermal phenomenon

data of low voltage switchboard can help to identify the potential problem inside switchboard.

Hence, this dissertation will carry out the research in the thermal problem for predict the failure

of low voltage switchboard. Finally, to establish a guideline for maintenance engineers to control

and monitor their low voltage switchboard or plant room condition. Also, help to scheduling

their maintenance works of switchboard.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

This dissertation report would reach the following aims and objectives:

Aim:

To establish a guideline and reference tables for maintenance engineers to prevent failure

of low voltage switchboard by thermal problem.

Objectives:

1. To achieve research for the new standard IEC 61439.

2. To achieve research for Infrared Inspection for low voltage switchboard.

3. To investigate the thermal problem of exixting and new low voltage switchboard.

4.

5.To explore the potential thermal problem inside low voltage switchboard for prevention.

To evaluate the thermal problem and suggest some recommendations for elimination.

4

1.4 Outline of the Dissertation

The structure of this dissertation is shown in the below:

In Chapter 1 – Introduction

We will introduce the background, state the previous works relative with this dissertation,

research aims and objectives, overview of dissertation layout. Discuss the possible causes of

thermal problems in low voltage switchboard.

In Chapter 2 – Literature Review

We will introduce the general construction and function of different types of low voltage

switchboard, discuss the busbar arrangement inside low voltage switchboard and degree of

protection of enclosures and forms of separation. Also, we will review the new standard IEC

61439 (Previous IEC 60439) and the standard for infrared inspection.

In Chapter 3 – Methodology

The methodology of the thermal measurement for low voltage switchboard will be described in

detail. This section will apply two methods to collect the thermal data inside low voltage

switchboard for analysis which adopted by the new standard IEC 61439 and infrared inspection

respectively. These methods and standards are well-known and widely recognized by the

engineers in the trade.

In Chapter 4 – Results, Discussion and Evaluation

In this section, we will investigate and analysis study researches. In order to collecting sufficient

thermal data inside low voltage switchboard, 10 numbers of case study researches will be

conducted in factory and on site, they are including 2 numbers of case study researches for new

low voltage switchboards tested by temperature rise test in factory and 3 numbers of case study

researches for currently use low voltage switchboards tested by temperature rise test on site.

Finally, 5 numbers of case study researches for currently use low voltage switchboards tested by

infrared inspection on site. In order to make this research to become more representative, a set of

secondary data will be adopted for “Apple to Apple Comparison” with various case study

researches.

5

According to the above result, it will be found that there are thermal problem occur in low

voltage switchboards of some case study researches after carry out the temperature rise limits test

of IEC 61439 and infrared inspection. Two reference tables for preventive maintenance will be

developed based on the case study researches.

In Chapter 5 – Conclusions and Recommendations

In this section, the main findings and critical review of methodology will be summarized. Two

reference tables of temperature rise limits will be recommended to maintenance engineers for

preventive maintenance and repair purpose.

Table 3.3 – Classification of Risk for Thermal Problem Reference Table

Table 3.4 – Classification of Priority Recommended Action Reference Table

The above tables can provide a reference for maintenance engineers to control and monitor for

their low voltage switchboard or plant room condition. It also can help to scheduling their

maintenance works of switchboard.

Chapter 2: Literature Review In this part, you should search studies done by other researchers (by journal papers, books, magazines, websites) that are similar to your project. You should summarize the methods/ideas you have read and discuss their advantages and disadvantages by previous studies and discuss how your proposed research could contribute to the knowledge advancement in the area. In this part, proper referencing is very important. You should use the Harvard Referencing System.

Chapter 3: Methodology Methodology section should contain a concise but adequate description of all the research methods that you adopted in your research study. Discuss why you use such method(s). (i) Discuss the secondary data (if any) used and their sources. Explain why you need to used secondary data. (Note: secondary data are the data which were done by other researchers). (ii) Discuss the methods of generating primary data such as experiments or surveys. (Note: primary data are the data which are done by you). If you are using experiments, discuss how you measure and collect the data. If you are using surveys, discuss how you design the questionnaires and whom/where you are going to collect the data. Discuss the limitations (if any) of using the methods you used above. (iii) Discuss the methods of analysis: e.g. modeling techniques or statistical methods. Explain why you use such methods of analysis. Discuss also alternative research methods and explain how your proposed methodology is more advantageous than the others in attaining your stated objectives.

Chapter 4:Results, Discussion and Evaluation In this section, try to discuss as details as you can. Make your results look nice, not just tables, but tables with graphs and curves though they may deliver the same message. REMEMBER, you should give comments/discussions for each table and graph. Explain your results as clearly as you can. You can also try to compare (if any) your results with previous work by other researchers.

Chapter 5: Conclusions 1. Conclusions

The conclusions section should summarise the main findings of the research. Do not

just write half page of a A4 paper.

Revisiting the aim and objectives and making critical comments on the research

process and show how your results could contribute to the area of study.

2. Recommendations of Future StudiesIn this section, you can give any recommendations to other people if they are going to do the similar project. Try to think about difficulties in doing the project and how to extend your idea (suggest future works even though they may not be always practical).

3. Self Evaluation

In this section, you shoul give a clear explanation of the project management

techniques used should be included along with an explanation of the Gantt chart and

how this relates to what actually happened during the project.

This is most easier part to score marks (Total mark =15). Please see the attached

sample.

For Table Numbering:

Table 2.1 – Meaning of the Different Numerals and Letters (I)

For Figure Numbering:

Figure 3.2 – Software Tools “TRT001”

Note: Don’t just scan the tables and graphs from other sources. Make them by yourself.

Reference:

Appendices: Something you don’t expect readers will normally read but readers could be more convinced by reading your appendices.

For example, Gantt Chart Proof of mathematical equations; Survey Questionnaires; Computer programmes.

Do not attach product catalogs and EMSD guidelines.

Appendix 7 - Assessment Guidance The following guidance is designed to give you an understanding of what will be

looked at when your project is marked. Please remember that these examples are

for guidance only

1st (70% +)

The student has taken full responsibility for the project and has required only minimal

assistance. Performance has been exceptional with all objectives met and exceeded.

The supervisor has learned from the student.

Research Within the report there is evidence of a substantial literature survey, with a significant number of relevant references although this number is difficult to define and depends on the subject area. The literature clearly informs the content of the report and decision making of the author. Sources are clearly referenced throughout the text, with the provenance of all concepts made quite clear

Report The report is well structured, and complies with all requirements with regard to length and layout. There are minimal spelling or typing errors, and the numerous diagrams, graphs and other figures are both relevant and neatly executed. The report accurately describes the work carried out and shows a full understanding of the material. Additionally evidence is presented that the student has been able to take the existing knowledge and expand upon it or use it in an original way.

Success and Evaluation The project objectives were ambitious and required considerable depth of technical knowledge. The objectives have been completely achieved. There is a detailed, critical and comprehensive analysis of the project results which are also related to the original aims A wide range of ethical considerations have been considered and appropriate professional standards are referenced.

Project Management There is clear evidence that the student has actively managed the project through the appropriate use of detailed Gantt charts and other tools etc. The project is broken down at a high level of detail and it is clear to see whether the project has followed the plan and where and why there are deviations. Moreover, the author specifies how the revised plan may have been implemented.

The performance during the academic year is exceptional with the student

demonstrating flair, ability, understanding and significant achievement with no

apparent weaknesses.

2.1 (60 – 69%)

The student has shown a very good professional attitude, and has worked effectively

and independently. The student has explored and understands all of the significant

issues and can tackle problems, plan progress and manage time effectively.

Research A literature survey has been carried out, using most of the relevant sources. Sources are clearly referenced throughout and the provenance of most concepts made quite clear. The content of the literature shows strong links to the theme of the report.

Report The report is well structured and conforms to the required standards. There are minimal spelling or typographical errors, and all diagrams are both relevant and neatly executed. The report accurately describes the work carried out and shows a sound understanding of all aspects.

Success and Evaluation There is accurate analysis of the project results. The aims of the project have been satisfactorily achieved. Relevant conclusions are drawn, based upon the results and analysis. Some links are established between evaluation and objectives.

Project Management A Gantt chart is provided based on a detailed breakdown of the tasks along with some discussion of how the project has been managed. A brief discussion is included as the accuracy of the project plan and any remedial action.

2.2

The student performance over the academic year reveals a good, reliable, student of

average ability who is reasonably confident but does not demonstrate complete

understanding of the project topic.

Research A literature survey has been carried out, but not all of the sources are entirely relevant and it is occasionally difficult to determine the source of a concept. Some attempt is made at citation of sources.

Report The report has a reasonable structure and, while there may be some typographical errors and spelling mistakes, they are not so numerous as to provide a major distraction. Most of the diagrams are relevant and reasonably executed. In general the report accurately describes the work carried out, but there may be some ambiguities, or sections which are not quite clear.

Success and Evaluation The work is clearly reported but the results/findings are not analysed in any great depth. The reader senses that the student has a reasonable grasp of the subject but feels that there are a few areas which could have benefited from further study. There is brief mention of the how the results link to the report objectives.

Project Management There is some evidence of project management activities, such as a very basic Gantt chart.

3rd

The student has required considerable assistance and guidance and only understands

the main issues with noticeable difficulty. Some progress has been made, achieving

the minimum acceptable standards.

Research Some attempt has been made to examine the literature, but referencing is inconsistent and weak. The links from the literature to the report objectives are difficult to establish.

Report There may be some failings in the overall standard of presentation, e.g. poor or insufficient diagrams, significant numbers of errors. The report does describe the work carried out, but may be difficult to follow, or may leave the reader guessing as to what actually happened in some sections.

Success and Evaluation There is evidence that the project has met some of the original aims but there is much left undone. There is a lack of understanding in several areas. The report is factual without being analytical. The reader is left with the concern that, while the work is not without some merit, the student does not fully understand some of the key aspects of the subject.

Project Management There is some limited evidence of project management activities, e.g. a basic Gantt chart or a work breakdown structure, but there is little evidence of active control of the project beyond this.

Fail

Little work has been done. The student shows difficulty in understanding the

requirements of the project.

Research There is very little evidence of a literature survey, save for examples of un-cited copied text that has been used to bulk out the report.

Report The report may be poorly prepared with numerous errors and with an inadequate number of badly presented diagrams.

Success and Evaluation There is little evidence of how the aims of the project have been met. There are obvious and significant gaps in the investigation, and there is little evidence to suggest that any substantial work has been carried out. There may be evidence that the student does not understand the technical concepts involved in the project.

Project Management There is no evidence of project management and control.

END