Ward’s Natural Science www.wardsci.com (800) 962-2660 Atomic Structure Video The Atom Video Campbell, J. (1999) Rutherford, Scientist Supreme. AAS Publications: Christchurch, NZ http://forums.jce.divched.org:8000/JCE/DigiDemos "DigiDemos" is the Web-based version of the Journal of Chemical Education's Tested Demonstration feature, and part of NSDL. Most of the demonstrations that appear in the Journal will simultaneously appear here, and previous demonstrations, including most from the Gilbert/Alyea collection, will be added gradually. Atomic Structure: Nuclear Mass and Reactions Atoms, Molecules, Complex Ions, Formulas Electronic Structure Atom Electron Configurations and Chemical Periodicity Atomic Structure JCE Chemistry Comes Alive, Volume 8 (Special Issue 34). Topics: Waves and Particles (Traveling and Standing Waves; Wave Diffraction, Interference and Scattering; Light: Wave and Particle; The Electron: Particle and Wave) JCE Chemistry Comes Alive, Volume 1, 2nd edition (Special Issue 18), Volume 2, 2nd edition(Special Issue 21), Volume 3 (Special Issue 23). Volume 1 contains a collection of images related to SourceBook Modules RXNS, ELEC, GASS, and STOI; Volume 2 contains a collection of images related to SourceBook Modules BOND, ATOM, PERD, SOLN, and COND; Volume 3 contains a collection of images related to SourceBook Modules ELEC, THER, OXID and RXNS. JCE General Chemistry Collection for Students, 7th edition (Special Issue 16), a CD-ROM. This collection contains images and videos for both Mac OS and Windows relevant to SourceBook Modules BICY, COND, and ATOM. It also contains Mac OS programs relevant to ORGN and ACID. It also contains Wondows programs relevant to BICY, BOND, ACID, EQIL, RATE, ATOM, COND, and INST. JCE Website: www.jce.divched.org

Diffraction gratings (available from Central Scientific, or Sargent- Welch Scientific Company)

H2, He, Ne, Hg gas discharge (spectrum) tubes Power supply for tubes, or Tesla coil Hand-held spectroscopes (available from Central Scientific)

Concept/Skills Development

INSTRUMENTA-TION

Atomic Structure (ATOM) 27

References

Module developed by Joe Baron, Marvin Blevins, and Barbara Sawrey, the California team.

Battino, R. (1991). Applications and Analogies: The Disco Analogy. Journal of Chemical Education, 68(4), 285. An analogy to demonstrate the quantum mechanical model and the probability of the location of electrons within the atom.

Bonneau, M. (1991). Applications and Analogies: The Quantum Shoe Store and Electron Structure. Journal of Chemical Education, 68(10), 837. An analogy to assist in learning to fill energy levels.

Bouma, J. (1989). An application-oriented periodic table of the elements. Journal of Chemical Education, 66, 741-745. This kind of periodic table provides an interest for finding the relevance of chemistry in everyday life.

Bugel, Len (1993, November). Random Order. The Science Teacher, 60(8), 46-49. Quantum physics discussed for high school students.

Burke, B.A. (1995). Writing in Beginning Chemistry Courses. Journal of College Science Teaching, 24, 341-345. To learn chemistry, students write papers about the properties of a metal.

Campbell, A. (1989). Let us make the table periodic. Journal of Chemical Education, 66, 739-740. Describes a modified periodic table with symbols and data showing periodic properties.

Chown, M. (1995, December). Happy Birthday Helium. ChemMatters, 13(4), 12. The anniversary of and uses of helium.

Corcoran, T. & Allen, B. (1994, December). Mastering the Elements. The Science Teacher, 61(9), 44-47. Strategies to teach properties of elements (physical and chemical) to students utilizing computers.

Fortman, J.J. (1993). Applications and Analogies: Pictorial Analogies VI: Radialand Angular Wave Function Plots. Journal of Chemical Education, 70(7), 549-550. Probability of electron location.

Fortman, J.J. (1993). Applications and Analogies: Pictorial Analogies VII: Quantum Numbers and Orbitals. Journal of Chemical Education, 70(8), 649-650.

Goh, N.K., Chia, L.S., & Tan, D. (1994). Applications and Analogies: Some Analogiesfor Teaching Atomic Structure at the High School Level. Journal of Chemical Education, 71(9), 733-734. Analogies for orbitals, Hund's rule, and the four quantum numbers.

Gribbin, J. (1984). In search of Schrodinger's cat. Bantam Books. Iza, N. & Gil, M. (1995). A Mnemonic Method for Assigning the Electronic

Configurations of Atoms. Journal of Chemical Education, 72(11), 1025-1026. Kauffman, G.B. & Mayo, I. (1993, October). Memory Metal. ChemMatters, 11(3), 4-7.

Nitinol is an amazing metal with many important uses from shoulder surgery to engines.

30 Atomic Structure (ATOM)

References

Keiffer, B. (1995, January). Atom Illumination. The Science Teacher, 62(1), 29-31. Using Lite Brite® to demonstrate the structure of atoms.

A contemporary essay on how physicists, armed with giant machines (electron- positron collider, linear collider, tevatron, and superconducting supercollider), spend billions of dollars in the race to discover building blocks of matter (such as leptons and quarks).

Maharaj, H.P. (1991, May). SAFETY and Gas Discharge Tubes. The Science Teacher, 58(5), 49-52. Safe use of gas discharge tubes.

Nagel, M.C. (1992, February). Back Burner: The Strange Legend of Basil Valentine. ChemMatters, 10(1), 14-15. History of study of antimony.

Packer, J.E. & Woodgate, S.D. (1991). Lewis Structures, Formal Charge, and Oxidation Numbers: A More User-Friendly Approach. Journal of Chemical Education, 68(6), 456-458.

Peake, B. (1977). The discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron. Journal of Chemical Education, 66, 738. Discusses the history of discovery and origins of the names of these three fundamental particles of an atom.

Rayner-Canham, G. (1994). Applications and Analogies: A Student's Travels, Close Dancing, Bathtubs, and the Shopping Mall: More Analogies in Teaching Introductory Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 71(11), 943-944. The probability model for the atom, atomic radii, intermolecular forces, and the equilibrium process are presented in analogies.

Ringnes, V. (1989). Origin of the names of chemical elements. Journal of Chemical Education, 66, 731-740. Etymology and the reason scientist(s) coined a specified name for a newly discovered element are surveyed.

Roundy, W. (1989). What is an element? Journal of Chemical Education, 66, 729-730. Each element is defined by the number of protons in the nuclei.

Simons, J. (1995). There Are No Such Things as Orbitals - Act Two! Journal of Chemical Education, 68(2), 131-132. Discussion on the importance of teaching fictitious orbital theory.

Singh, R. & Dikshit, S.K. (1991). Aufbau Rewritten. Journal of Chemical Education, 68(5), 396. A way to rewrite ground state electron configurations.

Spain, R.S. (1992, December). Role-Playing Reactions. The Science Teacher, 59(9), 38-40. An activity to teach the properties of elements.

Zukov, G. (1979). The dancing Wu Li masters. Bantam Books.

Atomic Structure (ATOM) 31a

Lemonick, M. D. (1990, April 16). The ultimate quest. Time, 50-56.

Kolb, D. (1977). But if atoms are so tiny... Journal of Chemical Education, 54, 543. An explanation of how the masses of atoms are known.

References

Updates by James O. Schreck and Mary Virginia Orna

Media JCE Chemistry Comes Alive, Volume 8 (Special Issue 34). Topics: Waves and Particles (Traveling and Standing Waves; Wave Diffraction, Interference and Scattering; Light: Wave and Particle; The Electron: Particle and Wave) JCE Chemistry Comes Alive, Volume 1, 2nd edition (Special Issue 18), Volume 2, 2nd edition (Special Issue 21), Volume 3 (Special Issue 23). Volume 1 contains a collection of images related to SourceBook Modules RXNS, ELEC, GASS, and STOI; Volume 2 contains a collection of images related to SourceBook Modules BOND, ATOM, PERD, SOLN, and COND; Volume 3 contains a collection of images related to SourceBook Modules ELEC, THER, OXID and RXNS. JCE General Chemistry Collection for Students, 7th edition (Special Issue 16), a CD-ROM. This collection contains images and videos for both Mac OS and Windows relevant to SourceBook Modules BICY, COND, and ATOM. It also contains Mac OS programs relevant to ORGN and ACID. It also contains Wondows programs relevant to BICY, BOND, ACID, EQIL, RATE, ATOM, COND, and INST. References Becker, Bob. (2003) “My mother remembers her baby teeth were used in some sort of research study when she was young. What was that all about?” ChemMatters 21, No. 4, 2-3. A look at isotopes that our found in the human body. Bills, J. (1998) “Experimental 4s and 3d Energies in Atomic Ground States,” Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 589. Discusses why it is easier to ionize a 4s than a 3d electron, and different experimental characteristics of the 4s and 3d quantum level. Cann, P. (2000) “Ionization Energies, Parallel Spins, and the Stability of Half-Filled Shells,” Journal of Chemical Education, 77, 1056. Three different methods for explaining the decrease in the first ionization energies between group V and group VI elements. Cokelez, Aytekin and Dumon, Alain (2005) “Atom and molecule: upper secondary school French students’ representations in long-term memory. Chemistry Education Research and Practice 6 (3), 119-135. http://www.rsc.org/images/p1_Dumon_tcm18-33082.pdf The purpose of this study is to highlight collectively assimilated knowledge by upper secondary school French students (grades 10 to12) and to identify and describe the students’ representations and misconceptions related to the concepts of atom and molecule. DasSarma, B. (1999) “Chemistry,” Journal of Chemical Education, 76, 498. A poem about the structure of the atom.

Atomic Structure (ATOM) 31b

References

Eilks, I. (2005) “Experiences and Reflections about Teaching Atomic Structure in a Jigsaw Classroom in Lower Secondary School Chemistry Lessons,” Journal of Chemical Education, 82, 313. Describes how atomic structure can be taught in lower secondary chemistry using a modified jigsaw-classroom method. Garofalo, A. (1997) “Housing Electrons: Relating Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels, and Electron Configuration,” Journal of Chemical Education, 74, 709. An analogy relating quantum numbers, energy levels and electron configurations to electrons in four model houses divided into rooms and levels. Gregory, R. (2007) “Turning Plastic Into Gold: An Analogy to Demonstrate the Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment,” Journal of Chemical Education, 84, 626. A demonstration using a laser pointer, two picture frames and a sheet of plastic as an analogy to the Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden gold foil experiment. Jensen, W. (2007). “The Origin of the s, p, d, f Orbital Labels,” Journal of Chemical Education, 84, 757.An article tracing the history behind the s, p, d, and f orbital labels. Kaufman, M. & Trowbridge, C. (1999) “The Ionization Energy of Helium,” Journal of Chemical Education, 76, 88. A look at the factors that affect ionization energy, using helium as an example.

Kimbrough, Doris R. (2005) “Einstein’s Miraculous Year,” ChemMatters 23, No. 4, 4-6. What is Einstein’s photoelectric effect, atomic theory, or his theory of relativity? Klotz, I. (1999) “The Origin of E=MC2: The Keys to Heaven Also Open the Gates of Hell,” Journal of Chemical Education, 76, 459. Explaining the theory of relativity and the discovery of E=MC2, and how these impacted our society. Leary, J. & Kippeny, T. (1999) “A Framework for Presenting the Modern Atom,” Journal of Chemical Education, 76, 1217. Presents the major discoveries that led to the modern view of the atom in flow chart form. A chronology is included. Lowe, J. (2000) “Comments on Kinetic, Potential, and Ionization Energies,” Journal of Chemical Education, 77, 155. A comparison of the importance of potential energy and kinetic energy in ionization energy. Ludwig, O. (2001) “A Rationalization for the Freshman Rules for the H-Atom Quantum Numbers,” Journal of Chemical Education, 78, 634. Discusses where the n,l,m quantum numbers come from Mabrouk, S. (2003) “The Periodic Table as a Mnemonic Device for Writing Electronic Configurations,” Journal of Chemical Education, 80, 894. An interactive method of teaching electron configurations using the periodic table and memorized patterns. Atomic Structure (ATOM) 31c

31d Atomic Structure (ATOM)

Papageorgiou, George and Sakka, Despina (2000) “Primary School Teachers’ Views on Fundamental Chemical Concepts,” CERP 1, No. 2, 237-247. <http://www.uoi.gr/cerp/2000_May/32-05papageorg.html> An attempt is made to examine primary school teachers' views on the composition and classification of matter. Papaphotis, Georgios and Tsaparlis, Georgios (2002) “Quantum-Chemical Concepts: Are they Suitable for Secondary Students?” CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN EUROPE 3, No. 2, pp. 129-144. http://www.uoi.gr/cerp/2002_May/05.html Quantum-chemical theories of atomic and molecular structure are now part of the upper secondary curriculum in many countries, despite the fact that many educators are against their use in basic chemistry courses. Pearson, E. (2006) “Magnet and BB Analogy for Millikan’s Oil-Drop Experiment” Journal of Chemical Education, 83, 1313. An analogy for the Millikan’s oil drop experiment using BB’s and magnets, the BB’s being electrons. Pendarvis, R. (1997) “The Traveling Electron,” Journal of Chemical Education, 74, 396. Comparing the probability of locating an electron in an atom to the probability of locating college students on vacation. Pinto, G. (1998) “Using Balls of Different Sports to Model the Variation of Atomic Sizes,” Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 725. Uses the analogy of the sizes of seven different sport’s balls, students are asked to assign an atom to each ball. Reed, J. (1999) “The Genius of Slater’s Rules,” Journal of Chemical Education, 76, 802. Discusses how Slater developed a procedure for determining one-electron energies for atoms and their ions, and how this helped calculated ionization energies, electron affinities, promotion energies, and electronic transitions.

Richman, R. (1998) “In Defense of Quantum Numbers,” Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 536. A discussion of the importance of teaching about Mendeleev and Schroedinger and their theories in introductory chemistry classes. Robinson, W. (1997) “A View of Science Education Research Literature,” Journal of Chemical Education, 74, 16. A look at how students viewing computer animation allows them to understand better concepts at the molecular level.

References

Atomic Structure (ATOM) 31e

Samoshin, V. (1998) “Orbital Models Made of Plastic Soda Bottles,” Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 985. Demonstrates the shape and direction of atomic and molecular orbitals, their overlaps, interactions and hybridizations from models constructed from plastic soda bottles. Scerri, E. (2000) “Have Orbitals Really Been Observed?” Journal of Chemical Education, 77, 1492. Discusses the difference between orbitals and electron density. Taber, Keith S. (2002) “Conceptualizing Quanta: Illuminating The Ground State of Student Understanding of Atomic Orbitals,” CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN EUROPE 2002 3, No. 2, pp. 145-158. http://www.uoi.gr/cerp/2002_May/06.html This paper presents and discusses data relating to student understanding of the orbital concept and related ideas at college level (i.e. between secondary and university level education).