urban asset management on tourism destination to...
TRANSCRIPT
The 5th IRSA International Institute: Tourism and Sustainable Development 3-4 August 2015, Bali, Indonesia
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Urban Asset Management on Tourism Destination to Support Sustainable Development
in Surabaya
Eko Budi Santoso
1, Belinda Ulfa Aulia
2, Rini Ratna Widya
Department of Urban and Regional Planning Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), Surabaya
Email1: [email protected]; Email
Abstract
As the second largets city in Indonesia, Surabaya has many urban assets that can be developed as tourism destination such as hotels for MICE, malls for shopping tourism, mangroves for eco-tourism,
and colonial heritage buildings for heritage tourism. These urban tourism assets give significant
contribution to the economic growth, job creation, and taxes for the city. On the other hand, the increasing numbers of tourist also have an impact on the environment such as the increasement of
garbage and waste volume, environmental damage, and natural resource depletion. Seen from this
fenomena, the principle of sustainable tourism has not been apllied as the bottom line of tourism
management yet. Hence, this study aims to assess the sustainability of urban tourism destination based on its ability to respond the economic, social, and environment issues caused by the tourism
development.
To cope with the aim of this study, ANP used to compare and prioritize the development of urban
tourist destination in accordance with the principles of sustainable development as the basis for the
tourism asset management. Analytic Network Process method is one method that is able to present the
degree of importance of various parties with consideration of the interrelationship between strategic objectives with one another. As a result, a weighting and rangking will be given to show the priority
of tourism destination which need to be improved so that could meet the sustainable tourism
principle. The finding of this study will be beneficial for local government to improve the quality of public service in terms of tourism destination in Surabaya.
Keywords: tourism destination, asset management, sustainable development
1.0 Introduction
Tourists visit cities for many purposes, such as the cities that accommodate most tourists are large
multifunctional entities into which tourists can be effortlessly absorbed and thus become to a large extend economically and physically invisible (Ashworth and Page, 2011). Tourists also make an
intensive use of many urban facilities and services but little of the city has been created specially for
tourist use. People used to travel to cities and towns to meet politicians and business associates. Sports organisations, such as the Olympic Games in ancient Greece also generated tourism activity in main
cities. People also travelled to cities on pilgrimage for religious purposes, as this is where all major
cathedrals, mosques and temples were usually located. Urban destinations have also been attracting business travellers attending meetings, conferences and exhibitions. Most urban destinations are well
equipped with conference and exhibition halls and transportation and accommodation infrastructure to
facilitate the organisation of larger events (Buhalis, 2000). Urban destinations also attract leisure
travellers, especially during periods of low business travelling activity, such as weekends and school holidays. The market characteristics of the urban tourism sector, and the diverse array of interesting
and distinctive communities and destinations to offer a combination of very promising conditions on
which to grow a vibrant urban tourism sector.
Seen from the prespective of sustainable development, tourism requires the equilibrium of three
aspects: economy, environment and the socio-cultural aspect (Wittmer, Riklin, 2007). From economic
The 5th IRSA International Institute: Tourism and Sustainable Development 3-4 August 2015, Bali, Indonesia
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point of view, tourism must use the infrastructure and follow up with the costs that may appear in this
process, optimize the marketing effect (the image of tourist destination), create and secure information related to tourism activities and integrate in the network industries. Environmental protection must
deal with the negative impact from building infrastructure, generated traffic, noise pollution, creation
of natural resources management system, and strictly following the rules/regulation in this field. Social and cultural activities must strengthen regional identity seen as a cultural identity, pursue
strong implication of locals, and promote a positive view of the community. Social and cultural
activities related to their location seen as a tourist destination and opportunity for future generations to be involved in the effective management of tourist destination from they arise. Thus, Sustainable
tourism development requires management of all tourist resources. This type of management should
be able to satisfy the economic, social and aesthetic needs. At the same time, it should maintain
cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life supporting ecosystems.
As the second largets city in Indonesia, Surabaya has many urban assets that can be developed as
tourism destination categories such as hotels for MICE, malls for shopping tourism, mangroves for
eco-tourism, and colonial heritage buildings for heritage tourism. These urban tourism assets give significant contribution to the economic growth, job creation, and taxes for the city. On the other
hand, the increasing numbers of tourist also have an impact on the environment such as the increment
of garbage and waste volume, environmental damage, and natural resource depletion. However,
tourism development involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects that can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. Seen from this fenomena, the
principle of sustainable tourism has not been completely applied as the bottom line of tourism
management yet.
Considering tourism is a sector of economy that affects global development of a city and sustainable
tourism means using the present resource without negatively affecting the resources of the next
generation, Surabaya local government should pay attention on every tourism destination categories. A number of negative consequences that emerge could be mentioned as below (Marinov et al., 2009):
Excessive tourism activity in certain places. This exhausts tourist resources, destroys the
cultural heritage of the indigenous people and disrupts the ecological balance.
Reduced economic impact of tourism for some destinations. This is due to the development of standard, low quality, seasonal and inexpensive forms of holiday tourism product.
Negative socio-cultural effects on the values, lifestyle and culture of the population in areas
that receiving tourists. Negative attitude of the tourists towards holiday resorts that there have turned into
standardized tourism products for mass ‘consumption’.
With regard to the principles of sustainable tourism that have not been accommodated in the tourism
asset development management in Surabaya, it is necessary to do a study to assess the category of
which tourism destination needs to be improved. Hence, this article will be review on how the
weighting and ranking of each tourism destination category in fulfilling the criteria of sustainable tourism so that the government is not having difficulty to make improvements.
2.0 Method
This study use ANP method to compare and prioritize the development of an urban tourist destination
in accordance with the principles of sustainable development as the basis for the management of
tourism assets. Analytic Network Process method is one method that is able to present the degree of
importance of various parties with consideration of the interrelationship between strategic objectives with one another. This method is a development of the method of AHP. The ANP is coupling of two
parts. The first consists of a control hierarchy or network of criteria and subcriteria that control the
interactions. The second is a network influences amongs the element and cluster. The network varies from criterion to criterion and a different supermatrix of limiting influence that is computed for each
control criterion. Finally, each of these supermatries are weighted by the priority of its control
criterion and the results ar syntesized through addition for all the control criteria (Saaty, 1999).
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ANP stages are following 1. Develop the problem structure and create a model element
The first step is to determine the purpose of research, then develop criteria and sub-criteria, as
well as alternative options (if necessary). In SuperDecisions software element called clusters criteria, sub-criteria and elements are called nodes.
2. Develop the relationship between elements
The next step is to determine the dependency relationships between elements of criteria and sub-criteria. Relations between these elements can be either inner or outer dependence,
tailored to the needs of research. Examples of ANP network model is illustrated as figure 1.
With analysis of ANP, among sub criteria of the different criteria can be connected so that
forming a network that is more flexible.
Figure 1. Analytical Network Process Model Illustration
3. Identify the scale of importance of each criteria and sub-criteria through questionnaires
Based on the network structure or ANP models, interview to stakeholders conducted to determine the scale of importance of each criteria and sub-criteria. The scale used in the same
ANP with AHP, which uses a scale of 1 to 9.
4. Getting the analysis After judgment iputted into the Super Decisions software, the results obtained in the form of
supermatriks. Supermatriks priority vector is the result of pairwise comparisons between
criteria and sub criteria. ANP results can be seen from the matrix as follows. a. Unweighted Supermatriks
Supermatriks is based on pairwise comparisons between criteria and sub criteria by
entering into a eigen vector matrix corresponding to the cell.
b. Weighted Supermatriks Supermatriks is obtained by multiplying all the elements on unweighted supermatriks
with the value contained in the corresponding cluster matrix so that each column has
number one. c. Limit Matrix
Furthermore, the weight is raised from supermatrix weighted by multiplying the
supermatriks with itself up several times to reach a state stable. d. Cluster Matrix
Goal
Criteria A
Sub Criteria A1
Sub Criteria A2
Criteria B
Sub Criteria B1
Sub Criteria B2
Criteria C
Sub Criteria C1
Sub Criteria C2
Alternatives
Alternative 1
Alternative 2
Alternative 3
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Cluster matrix showing the weight of each cluster or element of the criteria.
e. Priorities Priorities table displays the weight of each node or sub-criteria. In this table, there is
normalised by the cluster columns and columns limiting. Column normalized by the
cluster indicate the weight of each sub-criterion in the same criteria so that the weight of each criterion is 1. Meanwhile limiting column shows the weight of each sub-criteria
as a whole.
5. Sensitivity analysis The sensitivity analysis is conducted to see if the alternative priorities having possibility
changing there is a change in the weight of each criterion. Hence, the sensitivity analysis may
show changes in alternative priorities based on the hypothesis of priority or weighting of
criteria (Saaty, 2009).
3.0 Result
3.1 Criteria of Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable tourist development requires management of all tourist resources. This type of management should be able to satisfy the economic, social and aesthetic needs. At the same time it
should maintain cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life
supporting ecosystems.
Based on the principles of sustainability, we can conclude that the development of sustainable tourism
within a certain territory requires large-scale, targeted and long-term actions in at least five areas
(Marinov et al., 2009b). Tourism development should align with the potential of the respective territory.
1. Provision of equal rights and obligations for all participants in tourism development.
2. Active involvement of the local population in service processes.
3. Achieving consensus regarding the benefits, the losses and the taken decisions among the community.
4. Conducting an active policy of dissemination of the concept of sustainable development of
tourism and 5. Formation of a positive attitude of the concerned groups towards this development.
A sustainable tourism destination is reached when environmental, community and economic values are balanced and resolved through collaboration and compromise to achieve a level and style of
tourism that (Wray et al, 2010):
1. protects and enhances the natural and built features upon which the tourism industry is based;
2. is consistent with community values and aspirations both now and over the long term, and contributes to community development and well-being;
3. is appropriately developed and marketed so that it is distinctive, competitive and synergetic,
and with the flexibility to respond to market changes now and in the future; 4. increases the contribution of tourism to the economy of regional destinations and promotes
long-term industry viability; and
5. increases destination appeal, delivers on brand promise, increases repeat visitation and
enhances the reputation of the destination resulting in increased yield from tourism.
It is useful to conceptualise sustainable tourism as a triangle. The three points on this triangle
represent the environmental, social and economic values present in a destination (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. Triangle of Sustainable Tourism
Source : Dredge and Jenkins (2008)
Based on the results of the study literature above, the conclusion is that the sustainable management
of tourism destination rests on three pillars: economy, environmental and social culture aspect. Aspect economy consist of some indicators include marketing, infrastructure development, network
integration of tourism industry, and the equal right and obligation for all participant in tourism
development. Environmental aspect must deal with pollution control, natural resource management,
following the regulation and, control of negative impact from building. Social and culture aspect Consist of three main indicators, there are strengthen cultural identity, active involvement of the local
community, promote positive view of the community (See Table 1.)
Table 1. Criteria and Sub Criteria Sustainable Tourism
Criteria Sub Criteria Definition
Economy Equal right and obligation
for all participant in tourism
development
Equalization of rights and obligations for all stakeholders in the
tourism industry (government and private sector).
Infrastructure development Development of supporting infrastructure in tourism (road,
energy, and water)
Marketing Wide marketing network
Integration network of
tourism industry
Create linkages between the tourism industry in order to bring
the relationship between their tourism destination.
Tourism Information Expanding network promotion of tourism
Environment Natural Resource
management
Management of natural resources in the sustainable tourism
development
Control of Negative Impact
from building
Controlling the negative impacts of tourism development
Pollution Control Controlling pollution caused by tourism activities
Compliance to Regulation Compliance to rules and regulations
Social Strengthen cultural identity Strengthen the cultural identity of the local community
Promotion a positive view of the community
Promoting the positive values of the communities in the tourism area
Active involvement of local
population
Increase community participation
Each aspect and indicators have relevance that establishing a network. Each element will be assessed
the priority through the ANP. The sustainable management of tourism destination in Surabaya see on Figure 4.
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Figure 3. Model of Sustainable management of tourism destination in Surabaya City
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3.2 Ranking of The Tourism Destination
3.2.1 Criteria Model
Model that was construced by literatur review will be analysed with Analysis Network Process using super decision Software. The model is used to determine how much weight each criterion and
alternative that exist in order to formulate the strategies of asset tourism destination management. For
the model of this study is, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Model in Super Decision Software
Figure 4 show there are 6 clusters which consist of goal cluster, criteria cluster, sub-criteria economy
cluster, sub criteria environment cluster, sub-criteria social cluster, and alternatif cluster. Cluster
alternatif consist of various asset tourism destinations in Surabaya. On each cluster, there are one or more nodes, which will be assessed further section.
3.2.2 Input value in Pairwise comparason for Model ANP Pairwise comparison value on each cluster is derived from the judgment of experts. ANP
questionnaires compiled based on the relationship between criteria, which has been obtained based on
the literature review. This questionnaire consists of questions in the form of pairwise comparison
between the criteria, sub-criteria among and between alternative.
Input data for pairwise comparison derivied from 5 experts consisting of two respondents from
government, they are Surabaya City Development Board (BAPPEKO) and City Tourism and Culture Board (Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata). Another two respondents from private sector, they are the
representative of Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Union (PHRI) and Association of The Indonesian
Tour and Travel Agencies (ASITA). Lastly, respondent with academic background is an expert on Ecotourism. Input data in the questionnaire pairwise comparison needs to consider the consistency
ratio. The consistency ratio (CR) of each matrix needs to be checked and it is preferable to have the
consistency ratio below 0.1 (CR < 0.1). Here below the pairwise comparison illustration, this has
included the questionnaire results.
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Figure 5. Questionnaire on Super Decision
3.2.2 Weighting and Rangking After entering a value in pairwise comparison in the super decision software, the next step is the un-
weighted, weighted and limit super-matrix. Firstly, the un-weighted super-matrix is constructed
directly from pairwise comparison among interacting elements. Secondly, the weighted super-matrix
is calculated by multiplying the values of un-weighted super-matrix with their affiliated cluster weights and then finally a limiting super-matrix is achieved by raising of the weighted super-matrix to
powers until all the columns corresponding to any node stabilizes to the same values. The key
importance of the value in limit super-matrix is that provides the value to make the priority of the elements in the model.
The main result of an ANP model is the overall priorities of the alternatives obtained by synthesizing the priorities of the alternatives from all the sub-networks in the model. For the model of this study,
the overall synthesized priorities for the alternatives as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Synthesized whole model with Super Decision
From the results of the synthesis above, the weight of each alternative has been obtained. Weight of each alternative is taken from the "normal" conditions. While in the "Raw” explain limit values based
on the super matrix. For more details is following table.
Table 2. Priority Each Alternative
Alternative Normal Weight
Eco tourism 0,239070
Heritage Tourism 0,245042
MICE 0,243578
Shopping Tourism 0,277311
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Table 3 Alternative Asset Tourism Destination Rankings based on Limit Super-Matrix Result
Asset Tourism Destination Limit super-matrix result Ranking
Eco tourism 0.05632 4
Heritage Tourism 0.05772 2
MICE 0.05738 3
Shopping Tourism 0.06415 1
From the alternative asset tourism rankings presented in table 2, 3 and Figure 6, it is intepreted that shopping tourism has the largest weight, followed by heritage tourism in the second rank, the third is
MICE, and the last priority is ecotourism. Not only the alternatives, the criteria cluster and sub criteria
cluster also need to be reviewed by the limit super matrix. Here are the results of limit super matrix for
criteria and Sub Criteria cluster.
Table 4. Criteria and sub criteria result based on Limit Super-Matrix
Criteria Value
Economy 0,15395
Environment 0,0293
Social 0,06194
Figure 7. Criteria Rankings Based On Limit Super-Matrix Result
Seen from Table 4 and Figure 7, economy criteria has the biggest weighting value followed consecutively by social and environment criteria with value 0.15, 0.06, and 0.02. It can be concluded
that economy has the most important criteria on which has to be improved to achieve sustainable
tourism principle for Surabaya tourism asset management. Furter more, for sub criteria weighting
explained bellow.
Table 5. Sub criteria Economy result based on Limit Super-Matrix
Sub criteria Economy
Equal right and obligation for all
stakeholder
0,04172
Infrastructure 0,04045
Marketing 0,4188
Integration 0,01962
Tourism Information 0,01388
Seen from Economy sub criteria cluster (Table 5), the marketing is most important sub criteria as compare to others in the economy cluster in which needs to be improved. It could be interpreted that
the wide marketing network will be the key point for economy criteria to achieve sustainable tourism
principle in terms of tourism asset management.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Economy
Environment
Social
Limit Matrix Result- Criteria
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And lastly, seen from environment and social sub criteria cluster (Table 6), regulation and Strengthen cultural identity consecutively is the most important sub criteria as compare to others in environment
and social cluster which is need to be improved. It could be intepreted that compliance to prescribed
rules by the tourist has hold important role for environment criteria to achieve sustainable tourism pinciple in terms of tourism asset management. In terms of social aspect, strengthen the cultural
identity of the local community is most important priority to be improved.
Table 6. Sub criteria Environment and Social result based on Limit Super-Matrix
Sub Criteria Environment
Natural Resource Management 0,05051
Negative Impact 0,02214
Pollution Control 0,01031
Regulation 0,7408
Sub Criteria Sosial
Strengthen Cultural Identity 0,04497
Promotion Community 0,04089
Active involvement of local population 0,07119
Figure 8. Sub Criteria Envirinment and Social Rankings Based On Limit Super-Matrix Result
Based on this result, strategy for tourism asset management in Surabaya should set up the Shopping
Tourism as first priority, which is need to be improved to achieve sustainable tourism principle. Considering that the trade and service sector is generator economy of Surabaya so it is acceptable that
Shopping Tourism hold the priority. Secondly, heritage tourism is in the second priority. Surabaya so
called City of Heroes has many historical and cultural tourism assets, which could be highlighted and enhanced resale Surabaya’s value for tourist. The third, it is focused on the improvement on MICE
(Meeting, Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition) tourism asset management. Business travel, often
referred to as MICE (Meetings-Incentives-Conferences-Exhibitions), is normally determined by business opportunities and involvement of the traveler with organisations at the destination. The
property development is fast growing in Surabaya like as the hotel, apartment and mall development
that provides a facilities for MICE. This is needs to be managed in a sustainable way extensively so
that it becomes another tourist attraction. Lastly, the ecotourism asset management holds the last priority in the effort to achieve the sustainable tourism. Some data showns that community which lives
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Amplifify cultur identity Promotion community
Active involvement of local population
Limit Matrix Result-Sub Criteria Social
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Natural Resource management
Negative Impact
Pollution Control
Regulation
Limit Matrix result- Sub Criteria Environtment
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surrounding East Coast mangrove as one of ecotourism destination practice a strong community
engagement to preserve the east coast mangrove.
Successful tourism firms can contribute to building the competitive advantage of tourism destinations
through affecting a destination's tourism product or service (Daskalopoulou, and Petrou, 2009). As different types of tourists place different demands upon the resources of the destination, so the impacts
and effects will vary in type, location and significance. Change or loss of local identity and values may
result from several closely related influences. If handled appropriately, tourism can become an important engine for achieving broader social goals. Whereas societies may aspire to achieve these goals,
communities are struggling to manage tourism development effectively (Crouch, and Ritchie, 1999).
The implications of policies to encourage shopping tourism that can support a sustainable tourism destination, the city government should establish policies to set the environmentally friendly shopping
places and to encourage consumers who concern about the pro-environmental behaviors. The city
government should set up the eco-green building regulation for the shopping centers that could ensure
the energy efficiency and waste reduction. The commercial developers also should initiate sustainable design technologies to reduce pollution, waste and the extra environmental costs associated with
construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning activities involved. The developer and
management of the shopping centers also have to consider the convenience for visitors especially who have physical limitations and difable peoples. The power of the consumer can be a major force for progress
towards greater sustainability by the tourism industry, acting as a rationale for change, which is often
missing from more traditional planning, management or regulatory techniques (Miller, 2003). Based on the research (Miller, 2003), shows consumers are already making decisions based on
environmental, social and economic quality for day-to-day products and are keen to transfer these
habits to the purchase of tourism products. The green consumer in terms of variables directly related to
purchase behavior, such as price consciousness and general care in green shopping, interest in new products, and brand loyalty with the preferences of eco-products. The visitors could reduce the use of
shopping bag, both paper and plastic bags that consume large amounts of natural resources and the
majority will eventually end up in the landfill.
4.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, the improvement priorities of urban asset management on tourism destination in Surabaya so that could meet the sustainable tourism principle consecutively are shopping tourism,
heritage tourism, MICE tourism, and lastly ecotourism. The finding of this study will be beneficial for
the city government to improve the quality of public service in terms of the tourism destination in Surabaya. The implications of policies to encourage shopping tourism that can support a sustainable
tourism destination, the city government should establish policies to set the environmentally friendly
shopping places and to encourage consumers who concern about the environment. The city government should set up the eco-green building regulation for the shopping centers that could ensure
the energy efficiency and waste reduction. The visitors could reduce the use of shopping bag, both
paper and plastic bags that consume large amounts of natural resources and the majority will
eventually end up in the landfill.
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