urban horticulture reports from 2009 conference

UNDER THEAEGIS OF:

S.O.I.

Department of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology (DiSTA)Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bologna

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

TABLE OFCONTENTS

A B S T R A C T SINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANDSCAPE AND

4

2ND

type code Title

Plenar y Lectur es – Wednesda y, June 10

Plenary Lecture PL_01 Urban Hor ticultur e: Futur e Scenarios

Plenary Lecture PL_02 Dutch mountains: Integration of ar chitectur e and landsca pe

Session 1 - F ood and flo wer production in/f or the cities- Wednesda y, June 10

Keynote lecture S1_01 Places f or people , places f or plant: evolving Thoughts on contin uous pr oductiv e urban landsca pes

oral S1_02 Comm unity gar dening: food pr oduction in the neighborhood

oral S1_03 “Industrializ ed agricultur e” on mini-plots within cities / con urbations

oral S1_04 Urban design f or f ood-security: Thinking globall y designing locall y

oral S1_05 Assessment of periurban v egetab le pr oduction in F rance

oral S1_06 Allotment gar dens f or senior citiz ens in Ital y: cur rent status and technical pr oposals

Keynote lecture S1_07 Cities farming f or the futur e: multi stak eholder policy form ulation and action planning on urban a gricultur e in developing countries

oral S1_08 Learning the value of gar dening: results fr om an e xperience of comm unity based simplified h ydr oponics in nor th-east Brazil.

oral S1_09 Organic v egetab le pr oduction on the peri-urban interface:helping lo w income pr oducers access high value mark ets in Lima, Peru thr ough technical, organizational and mark eting inno vation

oral S1_10 Comm unity-based v egetab le pr oduction systems: an answer to the f ood and sanitation crisis of urban poor in the Philippines?

oral S1_11 New tr ends in Mediter ranean urban v egetab le gar dening

oral S1_12 Assessment of ir rigation systems f or dr y season v egetab le production in urban and pri-urban Southw estern Nig eria

poster S1_13 The ornamental edib le plants in the urban hor ticultur e

poster S1_14 Investigation the possibility of planting medicinal plants in landsca pe f or medicinal-ornamental uses (Medicinal landsca ping)

LUH 09URBAN HORTICULTURE

5

Authors page

Richard Bisgrove 34

Ellen Van der Wal 36

André Viljoen 38

Bradley, L. 39

Siegmar Thomas 40

Bhatt,V., Farah, L. 40

Geoffriau, E. 41

Tei F., Benincasa P., Farneselli M., Caprai M. 41

Henk de Zeeuw 42

Fecondini, M., Damasio de Faria,A.C., Michelon, N., Mezzetti, M., Orsini, F.,Gianquinto, G. 42

Prain, G., Gonzales N. 43

Holmer,R.J. 43

La Malfa G., Branca F.,Tribulato A., Romano D. 44

O. D. Ojo,A. A. Kintomo,L. O. Olajide-Taiwo, S. O.Afolayan, M. Connaughton 44

Toscano S., Scuderi D., Noto G. 46

Abdollah Mollafilabi, Saeed Jahedi Pour, Mohamad taghi Ebadi,Jalal Abassian, Kaveh Hassan zadeh rad 46


6

2ND

type code Title

poster S1_15 In Vitr o Flo wering of Selected Ornamental Plants

poster S1_16 Hor ticultur e, and city suppl y in Africa: evidence fr om South-West Camer oon.

poster S1_17 Easy home h ydr oponic pr oduction of leafy gr eens

poster S1_18 Simplified h ydr oponic floating systems f or vegetab le production in Trujillo , Peru.

poster S1_19 Simplified substrate soilless cultur e for v egetab le production in Trujillo , Peru.

poster S1_20 Women and simplified h ydroponics: comm unity gar dening as a way of emancipation in Trujillo , Peru.

poster S1_21 Hydroponic gar dens: under taking maln utrition and po verty thr ough v egetable pr oduction in the suburbs of Lima, Peru

poster S1_22 Contribution of backy ard gar dens to the conser vation of biolo gical and cultural div ersity and to human w ell-being

poster S1_23 Low cost h ydr oponics: a model f or small scale urban agricultur e in the tr opics and a sustainab le way to impr ovewomen gr oups liv elihood.

poster S1_24 Rapid Pr oduction of Belle valia tauri F einbrun f or Gardening Design

poster S1_25 Hydroponic gar dens: under taking maln utrition thr ough vegetab le pr oduction at Treiche ville , Ivor y Coast

poster S1_26 Azaleas in Borg o a Mozzano: histor y, cultivation and PGI cer tification scheme

poster S1_27 Agricultural pr oducts f or the city: “pilot-cultivations” in the ter ritor y of Palermo (Ital y)

poster S1_28 Allotment gar dens f or senior citiz ens in P erugia (Central Ital y): a case study

Session 2 - Urban landsca pe hor ticultur e - Thursda y, June 11

Keynote lecture S2_01 Appl ying an ecolo gical perspectiv e: the futur e of urban hor ticultur e?

oral S2_02 Urban Residential Landsca pes f or Sustainab le Living

oral S2_03 Use of ornamental v egetab les and ar omatıc-medıcal plants ın urban landsca pe desıgn


7

Authors page

Mat Taha, R. Hasbullah, N.A.,Awal, A. 47

Laurent Parrot, Clovis Dongmob,Michel Ndoumbéc, Christine Poubomd 48

Chiancone, I., Bacco,A., Stipic, M., Caponigro,V.,Venezia,A. 48

Orsini, F., Fecondini, M., Mezzetti, M., Gianquinto, G. 49

Orsini, F., Mezzetti, M., Fecondini, M., Gianquinto, G. 49

Mezzetti, M., Orsini, F., Fecondini, M., Gianquinto, G. 50

Orsini, F., Morbello,M., Fecondini, M, Gianquinto,G. 50

Galluzzi, G., Negri,V. 51

Orsini F., Mezzetti M., Michelon N., Fecondini M., Gianquinto G. 51

Nasırcılar,A.G., Mirici, S., Karagüzel,O., Eren,O., Baktır, I. 52

Bationo, J., Fecondini M., Mezzetti, M., Orsini, F., Gianquinto, G. 52

Lara Bertoncini, Paolo Vernieri, Claudio Carrai, Giovanni Serra 53

Aprile S., Sacco I., Zizzo G.V. 53

Tei F., Carnevali S., Bianconi C. , Benincasa P. 54

James Hitchmough 56

Bradley, L. 56

Arslan, M.,Yanmaz, R. 57


8

2ND

type code Title

oral S2_04 Sustainab le management of urban landsca pes with wildflo wers

oral S2_05 Bior etention s wales as m ultifunctional landsca pes and their response to Australian urban biodiv ersity

oral S2_06 Exploitation of P otential Use of Wild Flo wers In Urban Landsca pe

oral S2_07 Urban landsca pe mana gement and implications:For gr eening of urban ar eas and contr olling pollution in conte xt to Indian conditions

oral S2_08 Evaluation of shrubs to slope consolidation in urban landsca pe

oral S2_09 Response of eight cultivars of Acer x fr eemanii and Acer rubrum to soil compaction and pr oduction f ertiliz er treatments.

oral S2_10 Clonal selection of herbaceous per ennials f or nor thern urban ar eas: health y and har dy with high ornamental value

oral S2_11 New perspectiv es for the use of elms as str eet tr ees

oral S2_12 Herbaceous per ennials f or urban ar eas in Finland

oral S2_13 Study on the ornamental gr ound co ver used in urban parks

oral S2_14 An anal ysis on planting design in urban open space in Nanjing

oral S2_15 Evergreen Plants in Urban P arks and Their Impor tance Regarding Landsca pe Architectur e, a Sample of Trabzon City

oral S2_16 A study on r ock ery ar t in traditional chinese gar dens

oral S2_17 The role of a gricultur e in the plain of Assisi.

oral S2_18 Event and dail y grind: Challeng es in after -use concepts of International Gar den Festival Sites in Austria

oral S2_19 Lawns: are the y mor e than just a nice gr een color?

oral S2_20 Public gar dens private spaces

oral S2_21 Healing gar dens in Ital y: cur rent status and technical proposals

oral S2_22 Management of Landsca pe and Urban Hor ticultur e in Punjab - India

poster S2_23 Mitigation of the detrimental eff ects of ar tificial turf on the en vir onment and end users: an inno vativ e hybrid natural-ar tificial spor ts pitch construction system.


9

Authors page

Bretzel Francesca, Pezzarossa Beatrice 57

Kazemi, F., Beecham, S. and Gibbs, J. 58

Adnan Younis, Shehzad Saleem and Atif Riaz 59

Joshi,T., Gautam, D.R. 59

Amoroso G., Frangi P., Piatti R., Fini A., Ferrini F. 60

. Barbara Fair 61

Tuhkanen, E.-M. & Juhanoja, S. 61

Hiemstra, J.A. 62

Juhanoja, S., Luomala, E.-M. 62

Zhou,W.Z.,Weng,Y. 63

Zhou,W.Z., Zhang, J. 63

Yalcinalp, E.,Var, M., Pulatkan, M. 64

Zhou,W.Z. 64

Giacchè, G.,Torquati B.M. 65

Gugerell, K., Roither,A. 65

Petrovic A.M., Easton Z.M. 66

Greenfield, L. 66

Chiusoli A., Marsigli Rossi Lombardi F., Minelli A., Minelli M., Rinaldi Ceroni L. 67

Bilga, J. S. 67

Lulli, F.,Volterrani, M., Magni, S.,Armeni, R. 70


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2ND

type code Title

poster S2_24 Zoysia: a high quality warm season turfgrass g enus f or urban and spor ts la wns. Vegetativ e estab lishment beha viour and ada ptation to the Mediter ranean climate

poster S2_25 Optimizing water use efficiency in urban landsca pes using GIS

poster S2_26 Use of endemic plants as ornamentals in the Canar y Islands.

poster S2_27 Low impact de velopment techniques f or urban sustainab le design: a case study of “rain gar dens”

poster S2_28 The eff ect of design of an urban park on traffic noise abatement

poster S2_29 The eff ect of planting le vel at an urban r oad slope on plant gr owth

poster S2_30 The role of the urban a gricultur e in the construction of the landsca pe of Beijing

poster S2_31 New methods f or the r ecovery of post industrial ar eas:choosing plants f or phytor emediation

poster S2_32 Design of Athens’ tram and urban bus depots sur rounding areas based on noise le vels monitoring

poster S2_33 Temporal shifts in plant composition of turfgrass mixtur es in r esponse to plant gr owth r egulators

poster S2_34 Romanian urban landsca pe, antagonism or cooperation betw een pub lic and private gr een areas

poster S2_35 Hydroponic perg ola as an e xample of living furnitur ein urban landsca pe

poster S2_36 Public open spaces of Baeta Ne ves District, São Bernar do do Campo City , state of São P aulo , Brazil

poster S2_37 Integrating Gr een Technolo gies into Cur riculum f or Tomor row’s Professionals

poster S2_38 Stage overlooking Volter ra’s landsca pe

poster S2_39 Reshaping the landsca pe in the Asylum of San F rancisco de Paula, in Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo , Brazil.

poster S2_40 Autochtonous shrubs in the urban gr een of mediter ranean coastal to wns

poster S2_41 Old gra pevines in historical city centr es and suburbs of Emilia Roma gna: inventor y and pr eliminar y characterisation of a cultural herita ge


11

Authors page

Pompeiano,A., Grossi, N., Gaetani, M.,Volterrani, M. 71

Tsirogiannis, I. L. 71

Rodríguez Pérez J.A., Hernández González, G. 72

Bortolini, L., Semenzato P. 72

Papafotiou,M., Chatzijiannaki, Z., Stilianaki, G. 73

Papafotiou,M., Voreakou, M., Rafailidis N., Katsojiani, S 73

Cui,Y.T., Fleury,A.,Vidal, R. 74

Larcher,F.,Vigetti, A., Merlo, F., Ajmone-Marsan, F., Devecchi, M. 74

Ntoulas, N. , Nektarios, P.A. 75

Macolino, S., Leinauer, B., Ziliotto, U. 75

Ilca-Suciu,T., Dumitras, A., Singureanu,V., Sabo, G., 76

Montero, J.L., Salas, M.C. 76

Bezerra,A. F.,Tavares Rocha,Y. 77

Kuzovkina, J. 77

Missaglia A., Ambroselli S., Cinelli F. 78

Pivetta, K.F.L., Batista, G.S., Martins,T.A., Gimenes, R., Oliveira, N.C.,Rodrigues, M.A. 78

Cervelli, C., De Lucia, B., Aprile, S.,Trapani, C., Zizzo, G. 79

Bignami, C., Sgarbi, E., Pellini,A. 79


12

2ND

type code Title Authors

poster S2_42 Design of gr een areas for the pr omotion of a gricultur e:a study case of vine-gr owing and wine-pr oducing farm

poster S2_43 Green Mar vel – A 100-Year Integrated Vegetation Strateg y for the Red Riv er Floodwa y

poster S2_44 Social characteristics of floricultur e agribusiness in the Minas Gerais State (Brazil)

poster S2_45 Identification of mineral and organic waste r esour ces asalternativ e materials f or a f ertile soil r econstitution

poster S2_46 Influence of soil temperatur e on ornamental quality of bedding plants thr ough m ulching

poster S2_47 Tree inventor y in Reggio Emilia Pr ovince .

poster S2_48 Characteristics of the arbors in urban gr eening of Chao yang district, Beijing

poster S2_49 Urban gr een and rural gr een: similarities and diff erences in “Compr ensorio Imolese”

poster S2_50 Tanslocation of activ e ingr edient using thr ee trunk injection methods.

poster S2_51 An efficient and far -sighted tr ees management: the case of Golf Club Verona

poster S2_52 The “P ar tecipanza Agraria” in Cento: proposals f or landsca pe enhancement, envir onmental impr ovement and enjo yment of traditionall y rural ar eas

poster S2_53 Green masterplan: guidelines f or the design of gr een in the to wn of Senigallia

poster S2_54 Sustainab le Landsca pe for ne w Urban Residential Areas

poster S2_55 Bike and pedestrian paths f or sho wing Mar che fruits and v egetable germplasm in rural ar eas

poster S2_56 Prairie r econstruction as a model f or sustainab le landsca pe design in the upper midw est

poster S2_57 Hydroponic system f or gr owing gr ound co ver plants on ver tical surface

poster S2_58 Nativ e ornamental species f or landsca ping and xerogardening in semi-arid en vir onments


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page

Tassinari P., Paolinelli G.,Torreggiani D., Benni S. 80

Manning, G., Morgan, J. 80

Paulo Roberto Corrêa Landgraf Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira Paiva 81

Damas, O., Rossignol, J.P. 81

Olesja Korotkova and Sirje Vabrit 82

Montermini A, Catellani A., Gasperini S., Morelli G. 82

Hao, Peiyao Dong, Li Pi, Dingjun 83

Minelli A., Pasini I. 83

Minelli A., Cevenini L. 84



Minelli A., Pasini, I. 85

Minelli,A., Minelli, M., Bellelli, L. 86

De Prato L. , Minelli A., Murri G. , Neri D. 86

Borsari, B., Minelli,A., Neri, D. 87

Salas, M.C.1, Montero, J.L. 87

J. Ochoa, M. Muñoz, M.J.Vicente, J.J. Martínez-Sánchez, J.A. Franco 88


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2ND

type code Title

poster S2_59 Identification of Alternativ e Ornamental Plants in Response to Invasiv e Species f or Landsca pe Industr y Sectors of Ha waii.

poster S2_60 Investigating The Changing Pr ocess of Vineyards and Or chards In Kayserı City And Its Vicinity

Session 3 - Ecoph ysiolo gy and Vegetation mana gement in urban en vir onment –

Keynote lecture S3_01 Potential eff ects of global chang e to urban v egetation:vulnerability and ada ptations

oral S3_02 Information on tr ee species tolerance to en vir onmental str esses in urban pa ved sites

oral S3_03 Refining Qualitativ e Measur ements of Plant Str ess for Water Conser vation

oral S3_04 Sub-ir rigation of P etunia: benefits in dr y summers

oral S3_05 Effect of Marine Aerosol on Seaside Gr own Plants

oral S3_06 Root ada ptations of Mediter ranean species to h ypoxia and ano xia

oral S3_07 Effects of ir rigation tr eatments on ph ysiolo gical parameters of Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin and in Viburn um lucidum gr own under dr ought conditions.

oral S3_08 Sustainab le water use in urban landsca pes in the 21st centur y: a Las Vegas perspectiv e.

oral S3_09 Irrigation Water Conser vation f or Urban La wn Areas

oral S3_10 Efficient ir rigation and water use in urban landsca pes

oral S3_11 Eco-friendl y methods of winter maintenance in Krak owgreen areas

oral S3_12 Downscaling of ecoph ysiolo gical inf ormation fr om natural comm unities to urban tr ees.

oral S3_13 Invasiv e exotic tr ees in the conser vation units in Curitiba, Brazil

oral S3_14 Individual valuation of str eet tr ees.Young Linden tr ees on Viale Cavour, Ferrara.

oral S3_15 The use of Heliconia x nick eriensis in landsca pe design

oral S3_16 Rehabilitation f or Severely Compacted Urban Soils to Optimiz eTree Estab lishment and Gr owth


15

Authors page

Ricordi,A.H., Kaufman,A.J., Criley, R.A. 88

Banu Öztürk Kurtaslan, Füsun Kocatürk 89

Frida y, June 12

Robert Savé 92

Sjöman, H.,Anders Busse Nielsen 92

Steinke, K., Chalmers, D. 93

Tijana Blanusa, Georgios Kostoulas, Ross Cameron 93

Vernieri P., Malorgio F., Borghesi E., Ferrante A., Serra G. 94

Claire M King, Ross W Cameron and Steve Robinson 94

Cacini S., Grassotti A., Pardossi A., Salerno A., Rea E. 95

Devitt, D. Morris, R. 96

Leinauer, B., Sevostianova, E., Serena, M., Schiavon, M., Macolino, S., 96

St. Hilaire, R.,Arnold, M.A., Devitt, D.A., Hurd, B.H., Lesikar, B.J., Lohr,V.I,Martin, C.A., McDonald, G.V., Morris, R., Pittenger, D.R., Shaw, D.A.,Wilkerson, D.C., Zoldoske, D.F. 97

Bach A., Pawlowska B. 98

F. Rossi, M. Nardino,T. Georgiadis, R. Baraldi 98

Mielke, E. C., Cuquel, F. L. Negrelle,R. 99

Raimbault P., Morelli G., Gasperini S. 99

Pinheiro, P.G.L., Loges,V., Guimarães, W.N.R., Leite, K.M.P., Gomes, R.J., Castro, M.F.A. 100

Layman, R., Harris, R., Day, S., Daniels, L.Wiseman, E. 101


16

2ND

type code Title

oral S3_17 Street tree root de velopment in topsoil amended with gr eat level of compost

oral S3_18 How does compost impr ove the agronomic pr oper ties of planting holes ?

oral S3_19 The Role of Urban Vegetation in Filtering Fine Airborne Par ticulates

oral S3_20 Urban tr ees and air quality: Nitr ogen dio xide le vels inside and outside urban tr ee canopies in Springfield,Massachusetts, USA

oral S3_21 Direction in seeking f or tomor row’s city tr ees – habitat studies as a selection model

poster S3_22 Urbanization eff ect on floristic and landsca pe patterns of green spaces in Guangzhou, China

poster S3_23 Leaves of Quer cus ile x as indicators of airborne trace element distribution in Lucca (Central Ital y).

poster S3_24 Ecoph ysiolo gical and histochemical r esponses to oz one in tr ee species can be influenced b y the pr ovenance?

poster S3_25 Ozone, CO2 assimilation and PSII function in urban tr ees:the case of Tilia americana.

poster S3_26 Ethylenediur ea (EDU) protects sensitiv e trees and shrubsfrom oz one injur y

poster S3_27 New aspects on the impact of v egetation in urban envir onment.

poster S3_28 Evaluation of salinity tolerance in Buxus spp .

poster S3_29 Bioherbicides f or the urban en vir onment

poster S3_30 New guide-lines f or urban landsca pes plan and mana gement by organic and ecolo gical methods

poster S3_31 Individual valuation of str eet tr ees. Old Sophoras on Piazza Capitaniato , Padova.

poster S3_32 Suitab le plant species to meet the en vir onmental conditions of Piraeus P or t

poster S3_33 Reclamation of inclined bentonite mining b ypr oducts b yhydroseeding in the island of Milos

poster S3_34 Evaluation of Spontaneous Species f or the Inno vation in Floricultur e: Pancratium maritim um L. as Ornamental Plant


17

Authors page

Vidal-Beaudet, L.; Olivier, R. 101

Caubel,V. ,Vidal-Beaudet, L. Grosbellet, C. 102

Whitlow,T.H, Beil, R.S. 102

Manning,W.J., Harris,T.B. 103

Henrik Sjöman, Allan Gunnarsson, Stephan Pauleit 103

Wendy Y. Chen, C.Y. Jim 106

Francini,A., Lorenzini, Loppi S., G., Nali, C. 106

Nali, C., Francini,A., Pellegrini, E., Santarelli, S., Lorenzini, G. 107

Pellegrini, E., Francini,A., Lorenzini, G., Nali, C. 107

Manning,W.J., Contran, N., Ferrara,A.M.,Tagliaferro,F., Paoletti, E. 108

Baraldi, R. , Rapparini F. 109

Caser, M., Larcher, F., Scariot,V., Devecchi, M. 109

Grassia M. E., Cioni P.L., Flamini G., Bacci D. and Benvenuti S. 110

Natale D., Pulga A., Bazzocchi C. 110

Raimbault P. , Morelli G., Gasperini S. 111

Papafotiou,M., Paraskevopoulou,A.T., Massas, J. 111

Grammatikopoulou K., Kantsos N.Nektarios P.A., Petrakis G. 112

Paradiso R., Buonomo R., Cardarelli M. and De Pascale S. 112


18

2ND

type code Title

poster S3_35 Use of bioindicators to e valuate hea vy metal and micr oelement concentrations in urban parks

poster S3_36 Young str eet greenery suppl y with n utrients in Riga,Latvia, during 2007

poster S3_37 Nativ e Mediter ranean Cistus species f or urban gr een areas

poster S3_38 Influence of winter pruning on ornamental plants gr own in two types of container

poster S3_39 Wildflo wers pollinators-attractivity in the urban ecosystem

poster S3_40 Effects of dr ought str ess on gr owth and de velopment of ornamental species f or urban ar chitectur e.

poster S3_41 Investigation of fiv e r yegrass varieties r esponse to incr easing salt (Nacl)

poster S3_42 Biolo gical contr ol of tw ospotted spider mite in landsca pe bedding plants

poster S3_43 Insects associated to Heliconia spp . inflor escenses used as ornamental plants

poster S3_44 The CO2-concentration characteristics of Beijing Olympic F orest Park

poster S3_45 Resistance of r ose rootstock to Meloido gyne hapla nematode

poster S3_46 Occur rence of plant-parasitic nematodes in ornamental and flo wering plants at UNESP/FCA V, Campus of Jaboticabal São P aulo State , Brazil .

poster S3_47 Influence of h ydric str ess in the pr oduction of to xic principles in Nerium Oleander

poster S3_48 Alellophaty eff ect of pin use eldrica Medw . leaves on turfgrass seed g ermination and seedling gr owth

poster S3_49 Problems of Gr een Areas Integration in the Supermark et Parkings

poster S3_50 In vitr o pr opagation of endemic shrubs f or Mediter ranean-style urban design

poster S3_51 Relation betw een high and lo w molecular w eight carboh ydrates in tall f escue plants under se ver mowing management


19

Authors page

Vittori Antisari, L., Gherardi, M., Pontalti, F.,Vianello,G., 113

Cekstere, G., Osvalde,A. 113

Li Rosi A., Di Gregorio R.,Toscano S., Romano D. 114

Ponchia, G., Zanin, G. 114

Basteri G., Benvenuti S. 115

Grassotti A., Cacini S., Pardossi A. 115

Alizadeh,B.,Tehranifar,A., Salehi,H., Momayyezi,M. 116

Price, J.F., McCord, E., Nagle, C.A. 116

Loges,V., Silva, F.A.,A.C.R. Castro ; Costa,A.S., Castro, M.F.A.,Verona,A.L.,Oliveira, C.M. 117

Pan, Jianbin, Dong, Li 118

Pizetta, P.U.C., Pivetta, K.F.L., Santos, J.M. , Gimenes, R., Batista, G.S., Martins,T.A. 119

Gimenes, R., Batista, G.S., Pivetta, K.F.L., Santos, J.M., Soares, P.L.M.,Martins,T.A. 119

Pedrinho, D.R., Pivetta, K.F.L., Favero, S., Batista, G.S., Martins,T.A. ,Gimenes, R. 120

Alizadeh,B., Salehi,H.,Tehranifar,A., Shoor,M., Zargariyan,M., Kahrobaiyan,M. 120

Iliescu A. F., Dumitrascu M., Ionescu R., Stanica F. 121

Mascarello, C., Mantovani, E., Sacco, E., Cervelli, C., Savona, M., Ruffoni, B. 122

Macolino, S., Scotton, M., Ziliotto, U. 122


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2ND

type code Title

Session 4 - Gr een buildings - Wednesda y, June 10

Keynote lecture S4_01 People and natur e: integrating aestethics and ecolo gyon accessib le green r oofs

oral S4_02 Development of Turfgrass Mana gement Systems f or Green Roof-type a pplications

oral S4_03 Investigation of dynamic cycles of semi-e xtensiv e green r oof

oral S4_04 Evaluation of per ennial herbaceous species f or their potential use in a gr een roof under mediter ranean climate conditions

oral S4_05 Strategies to impr ove foliage plant acclimatization to interior landsca pe

oral S4_06 Apples Vs House Plants: Can Giving Your High School Math Teacher a Plant F or The Classr oom Mak e the Classr oom and a Better En vir onment to Teach and Learn In?

Keynote lecture S4_07 What are the benefits of plants indoors and wh y do w erespond positiv ely to them?

oral S4_08 Athens Concer t Hall Roof Gar den Construction

oral S4_09 The perf ormance of 32 nativ e and exotic species on an extensiv e green roof in Melbourne ,Australia.

oral S4_10 Effects of ar tificial light intensity and ambient CO2 le vel on photosynthesis of Araceae Species commonl y used for interior landsca pe

oral S4_11 Development of design criteria to impr ove aesthetic appr eciation of e xtensiv e green roofs

oral S4_12 Façade gr eening – a case study of plant perf ormance fr om Melbourne ,Australia.

poster S4_13 Agr onomic perf ormance of se veral x erophytic species gr own in dr y green roofs

poster S4_14 Germination ecolo gy of Mediter ranean species fr om natural “living walls”

poster S4_15 Performance of nativ e Sedum species on an e xtensiv egreen-roof system in Bolo gna sur roundings, Ital y:flo wering and co verage pattern in r elation to pr opagation.

poster S4_16 Turfgrass gr owth and e vapor transpiration in intensiv e green roof systems.


21

Authors page

Nigel Dunnett 124

Cisar, J. 125

Nagase,A., Dunnett, N. 126

Provenzano M.E, Cardarelli M.T., Saccardo F., Colla G. 127

Scuderi, D., Li Rosi A., Romano D. 127

Kaufman,A. J., Cox L., Kawabata,A. 128

Virginia Lohr 128

Nektarios, P.A., Zacharopoulou,A., Ntoulas, N., Chronopoulos I. 129

Williams, N.S.G., Raynor, K.R., and Rayner, J.P 129

Neretti, U., Giorgioni, M.E. 130

Dagenais, D., Gagnon, C. 130

Rayner, J.P., Raynor, K.R.,Williams, N.S, May, P.B. 131

Bacci D., Grassia M. E., Benvenuti S. 134

Benvenuti S. 134

Giorgioni. M.E., Neretti, U., 135

Nydrioti, E., Papadopoulou, M., Nektarios, P.A. 135


22

2ND

type code Title

poster S4_17 Metalaxyl-m leaching fr om diff erent substrates and draina gesystems in intensiv e green roofs

poster S4_18 Living walls as traditional element in urban gr owth

poster S4_19 Abo ve the Str eet, Below the Clouds: People’ sPsychoph ysiolo gical Responses to Gr een Roof Landsca ping in Urban Ha waii

poster S4_20 The landsca pe construction of the co ver. Energetic challeng es for the 21st centur y.

poster S4_21 Orto v olante: Green r oofs on Rome local mark ets

poster S4_22 Green roofs within climate chang e: an envir onmental tool f or the Mediter ranean city

poster S4_23 Principles of selection of ornamental w oody plants assor tment f or gar dens on r oofs in conditions of Minsk.

poster S4_24 With the head in the clouds and the f eet in the co ver.Green roofs Systems.

poster S4_25 The Problems of Interior Landsca pe Design inT ourism Buildings at Antal ya Region

poster S4_26 Medicinal plants in interior landsca pes in thera peutic facilities

poster S4_27 In vitr o plantlets fr om somatic embr yos of selected ornamental plants - a ne w pr ospect f or interior decorations and hor ticultur e industr y

Session 5 - Social and psycholo gical r ole of hor ticultur e in the urban en vir onment -

Keynote lecture S5_01 Biof eedback e vidence of social and psycholo gical health benefits pr ovided b y plants and flo wers in urban en vir onments

oral S5_02 Urban parks in Tunisia: spaces f or psycholo gical r est cur e

oral S5_03 Identifying r estorativ e elements in small urban parks using eye mo vement tracking

oral S5_04 With ste wardship , turfgrass off ers envir onmental and sociolo gical benefits

oral S5_05 Hor ticultural training impr oves inmates job pr ospects and sense of w ell being

oral S5_06 Urban Agricultur e in Israel: Between Civic Agricultur e and Personal Empo werment


23

Authors page

Nikologianni A.,Andreou P., Nektarios P.A., Markoglou A.N. 136

Dumitras, A., Pop, P., Singureanu,V., Ilca-Suciu,T., Zaharia, D., Oroian, I., Bors, S. 136

Kaufman,A. J., Sabugo, J. 137

Martínez Quintana, L., Ortega Umpiérrez, M. 138

D’Ambrogi, S., Bretzel R. 138

Riguccio, L., Falanga, C. 139

Torchyk , U. 139

Ortega Umpiérrez, Modesto, Martínez Quintana, Lucía 140

Kaynakçı Elinç, Z., 140

Zepperitz, C., Oschmann, C., Grüneberg, H., R??i?kova, D. 141

Nor Azlina Hasbullah, Rosna Mat Taha and Asmah Awal 142

Thursda y, June 11

Richard Mattson 144

Loukil, B. 144

Nordh, H., Hägerhäll, C. 145

Waltz, C., Bauske, E.,Trenholm, L., Moss, J. Stachlewitz, R. 145

O’Callaghan,A. 146

Tal Alon-Mozes 146


24

2ND

type code Title

oral S5_07 Comm unity health and urban a gricultur e

oral S5_08 Urban a gricultur e industries in Georgia, U.S.A. respond to outdoor watering ban

oral S5_09 How to pr oject healing landsca pe?

oral S5_10 Self-sufficiency in suburban home gar dens? On the histor y and prospects of the idea of f ood pr oduction in German home gardens.

oral S5_11 Well-planned gr een spaces impr ove medical outcomes,satisfaction and quality of car e: a trust hospital case study

oral S5_12 Allotment gar dens: oppor tunity to peda gogic e xperiences in urban landsca pe

oral S5_13 College Comm unity Gar dens at Pur due: maxim um cultural div ersity at pla y.

poster S5_14 Open air labs in school cour tyards: experiences of envir onmental education

poster S5_15 Extension master gar deners v olunteers – mana ging the demand f or hor ticultur e leadership in urban ar eas

poster S5_16 Flower beds inspir ed by m usic

poster S5_17 Developing successful collaboration with the urban hor ticultur e industr y – the Georgia, USA experience

poster S5_18 Plants f or a better lif e – investigation of human-plant relations in indoor en vir onments

poster S5_19 The significance of plants in school gr ounds and envir onmental education of secondar y schools in Trikala, Hellas

poster S5_20 The impor tance of organic method in social hor ticultur e

poster S5_21 Historical gar den as cultural identity mark in Buchar est urban landsca pe - the Kiseleff Road and Gar den -

poster S5_22 The role of home v egetab le gar dening and comm unitygardening f or cr eating the value of lif e and the local comm unity in Michigan, U.S.A.

poster S5_23 The role of home v egetab le gar dening f or comm unity activation and human health in Ja pan


25

Authors page

Anne C. Bellows 147

Bauske, E. M., Landry, G. and Florkowski,W. 147

Cavallo A., Durastanti F., Marrucci V., Santini L. 148

Heiko Lieske, 148

Atif Riaz, Adnan Younis,Wajid Ali and Atiq Raza 149

Della Valle, M. F., Corsani, G. 149

Paino D’Urzo M.,Alkire B., Harby N.,Weizbauer and Anderson M. 150

Bretzel F., Pezzarossa B. 152

Bradley, L. 152

Moric, S., Poje M.,Vrsek I. 153

Gil Landry, Ellen Bauske,Todd Hurt and Willie Chance 153

Thomsen, J. D., Müller, R. 154

Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Paraskevopoulou,A.T.,Tachou,V. 154

Muganu M., Balestra G.M. , Senni S. 155

Ionescu,R., Iliescu, A.F., Dumitrascu, M. 155

Kimura, M., Suvedi, M., Miyata, M., Matsuo, E. 156

Miyata, M., Kimura, M. and Matsuo,E. 156

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26

2ND

type code Title

poster S5_24 A Phytoalim urgic gar den to pr omote wild edib le plants

poster S5_25 Bioenerg etic landsca pes, an inno vativ e technique to create eff ectiv e “Healing Gar dens” utilizing the beneficial proper ties of plants.

poster S5_26 Trees and the City . Some Remarks on the functions of a narrativ e urban style gar denesque as a matter of pub lic didactics

poster S5_27 Utilization of hor ticultural thera py for elderl y persons in the urban en vir onment

poster S5_28 Studies on making comm unity places b y flo wers that made fr om PET bottles

Session 6 – Plants in Historical gar dens - F riday, June 12

Keynote lecture S6_01 The gardens of ancient P ompeii

oral S6_02 Alternativ e practices f or vegetation mana gement in archaeolo gical sites - The case of Eleusis

oral S6_03 The Plants in Chinese historical gar den and their cultural meanings in landsca ping

oral S6_04 Splendor of Me xican pr ehispanic gar dens

oral S6_05 Vegetation elements in Bar oque gar dens (The influence of f oreign plants on Bar oque pr ogram)

oral S6_06 The restoration of the fir e affected ar ea of the medie val castle ruins at the traditional villa ge of Leontari, Arcadia, Hellas

oral S6_07 Plants and plant material in nine gar dens of LeNôtr e

oral S6_08 Beatrix F arrand (1872-1959), and her designs f or the Marsh Botanic Gar den, New Haven, Connecticut: a model f or the conser vation of wild plants in the built en vir onment.

oral S6_09 Introduction and conser vation of autumn camellias in historical gar dens of Nor th-Western Ital y

oral S6_10 Green Traces fr om past to futur e: eco-cultural value of historical parks in Central Eur ope

oral S6_11 New challeng es for Mediter ranean hor ticultur e and landsca pe planning: how can the Villa Thur et project respond to the urban society’ s demand f or gr een?

oral S6_12 Plants in gar dens and parks of XVIII centur y in Piedmont


27

Authors page

Zuin, Maria Clara, Zanin, Giampaolo, Zanin, Giuseppe 157

Nieri, M. 157

Dr. Sigrid Thielking 158

Seigo Koura,Takeshi Oshikawa, Noriyuki Ogawa, Mitsuo Nagatomo,Chieko Nishikawa 158

Noriyuki Ogawa, Seigo Koura,Takeshi Oshikawa 159

Annamaria Ciarallo 162

Papafotiou,M., Kanellou, E., Economou, G. 162

Dong, Li 163

Helena Leszczynska-Borys and Michal W. Borys 163

Dobrilovic,M. 164

Paraskevopoulou,A.T., Nektarios, P.A., Photinopoulou, P., Nydrioti, E.,Stergiopoulos, G., Labropoulos, P. 164

Toorn, Martin van den 165

Moore,G. 165

P.Gullino, F. Larcher,V. Scariot 166

Butenschön, S., Säumel, I. 166

Johanna Donvez , Catherine Ducatillion 167

E.Accati, P. Gullino 168

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28

2ND

type code Title

oral S6_13 Colour schemes b y Ger trude J ekyll – an interpr etation

oral S6_14 The role of m usic in the dissimilation betw een Eastern and Western landsca pe garden

oral S6_15 Botanical gar dens; from plant collections f or scientific study to gr een urban spaces

oral S6_16 Wooded meado w gardening in southern Sw eden during the past centuries

oral S6_17 The characteristics of the historical gar dens of Sicil y

oral S6_18 The planting of flo wers and its cultural connotations in Suzhou Cour tyard Gardens

oral S6_19 Plants in K unming World Hor ticultur e Exposition Gar den

oral S6_20 From the Miner va Garden to Cir ca Instans illuminated herbaria: a vir tual path without boundaries

poster S6_21 Restoration of the Ro yal Glasshouses and their plant collection in the historical gar den of Racconigi in Piedmont

poster S6_22 Citrus gar dens in P antelleria: places wher e traditionmeans inno vation

poster S6_23 Taxonom y, distribution and economic impor tance of Xylocarpus species at Car ey Island – the herita ge island of Mala ysia

poster S6_24 Safeguar d and valorisation of the pr oductiv e areas in historical gar dens

poster S6_25 Plant degradation in park Maksimir

poster S6_26 Restoration of a Roman villa gar den in the ar chaeolo gical site of Eleusis

poster S6_27 Redisco vering a F orgotten Gar den. Research upon a Monument Gar den, Par t of the Historic Assemb ly of the Ottetelisan u Mansion.

poster S6_28 Historical r econstruction of Gomes F reire Squar e in Mariana – MG, Brazil

poster S6_29 Historical r econstruction of Tiradentes Squar e in Our oPreto – MG, Brazil

poster S6_30 Integrated pest contr ol in historical gar dens : a successfull example with Ph ytoseiidaea a gainst spider mite on lime tr ees

¸


29

Authors page

Nilsson, N. 168

Dedong, Z. 169

Toorn, M. van den 169

Gunnarsson, A. 170

Catara, S., Cristaudo A., Romano D. 170

Zhou,W., Zeng,W. 171

Zheng, L., Zhao,Y., Peng, X. 171

Capone, P. 172

Fornaris,A., Larcher, F. 174

Barbera, G, Motisi,A., Rossi, F., Georgiadis,T. 174

Noorma Wati HARON and Rosna MAT TAHA 175

Botti F., Biasi R. 175

Poje, M. ,Vrsek, I. , Moric, S. 176

Papafotiou,M., Kanellou, E. 176

El Shamali S.A., Burdas ?., Iliescu A. F., Dumitrascu M. 177

Paiva, Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira, Alves, Schirley Fátima Nogueira da Silva Cavalcante 177

Alves, Schirley Fátima Nogueira da Silva Cavalcante; Paiva,Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira 178

Jacques Auger, Ingrid Arnault 178

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¸


30

2ND

type code Title

poster S6_31 Identification of old lilac and crab a pple cultivars gr owing in the City of Helsinki, Finland

poster S6_32 Conser vation and use of palms in Brazil’ s landsca ping

poster S6_33 Reconstruction of the historic ima ge of an urban gar den as a tool f or pr eser vation and enhancement

poster S6_34 Multidisciplinar y integrated methodolo gy in the v egetal restoration of the “Giar dino dei Cedrati” in Villa Dora Pamphilj, Rome

Session 7 - Urban hor ticultur e meets ar chitectur e - Wednesda y, June 10

Keynote lecture S7_01 The landsca pe pr oject betw een redisco very and in vention

oral S7_02 The Nexus of Urban Hor ticultur e and Architectur e in New France

oral S7_03 Landsca pe Hor ticultur e in Shopping Malls and Retail Centers in Metr o Manila, Philippines:Ov erview and Status

oral S7_04 The Architectur e of Parking Areas: a Challeng e for Landsca pe Design. Garden-infrastructur e in periurban ar eas.

oral S7_05 Urban v egetation and per ceiv ed colour

oral S7_06 A pub lic gar den per r esident? The socio-economic conte xt of homes and gar dens in the inner city .

oral S7_07 Towards a new pr ofessional figur e : the a gri-city planner .

oral S7_08 The preser vation and pr otection of urban tr ees: lessons from the field and case studies fr om the City of Ne w York.

oral S7_09 Bioengineering and ecolo gical r estoration in urban gr een areas: examples fr om nor th-western Ital y

oral S7_10 Six J ewish Gar den Designers in Vienna

oral S7_11 A new landsca pe for Milan

poster S7_12 Sustainab le landsca ping: a low-maintenance pr oject f or a green area in Pisa (Ital y)

poster S7_13 Urban landsca pe in pub lic places of dense built ar ea

poster S7_14 Agricultur e, agrarian landsca pe and ter ritorial planning:characterization of the ter ritor y and h ypothesis of development in Santa Fla via (Palermo) - Ital y


31

Authors page

Lindén, L., Hauta-aho, L.,Temmes, O.,Tegel, S. 179

Pivetta, K.F.L., Batista, G.S., Gimenes, R., Martins,T.A.,Takane,R.J., Oliveira, C.A.V.M. 179

Tassinari P., Diti I.,Torreggiani D., Benni S. 180

Bonacquisti S., Benocci C., Biasi R., Chilosi G. 180

Paolo Bürgi 184

Farah, L. 184

Lubag-Arquiza,A. M. 185

Tassinari, P., Dall’Ara, E. 185

Thorpert, P. 186

Carolin Mees 187

A. Fleury, R.Vidal 187

Carsten W. Glaeser 188

Larcher,F., Montacchini, E. 188

Iris Meder,Ulrike Krippner, Barbara Bacher 189

Flora Vallone 189

Bretzel Francesca,Vernieri Paolo, Clemente Fabio 192

Adelina DUMITRAS,Valentin SINGUREANU,Traian ILCA-SUCIU,Georgeta SABO, Dumitru ZAHARIA 192

Aprile S., Folin M.; Zizzo GV. 193

PLENARY LECTURES

A B S T R A C T SUrban Hor ticultur e: Futur eScenarios

Richard Bisgrove

U n i versity of Reading, School of BiologicalSciences, Harborne Building,Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6AS, UK* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGiven the diversity of current urban landscapesand the diversity of influences acting on them it isnot possible to make concise predictions aboutthe future of urban horticulture. It is, though,possible – and hopefully useful – to explore thesediversities and to develop a range of scenarios –possible outcomes – to guide our thinking on therole of horticulture in the urban landscape.Of course towns and cities vary enormouslythroughout the world but the urban landscape hasevolved in broadly similar ways, from the village tothe market town to the industrial city to thecommercial city and, in especially in the late 20th

and 21st centuries, to the dispersed city and itssuburbs. As the scale of the city increases so dothe separation of its inhabitants from the farmedand natural landscape and the need for other waysof fostering this important contact with the greenworld. The value of plants and green landscapeincreases in proportion to their scarcity.In simplistic terms the role of horticulture in theurban landscape depends on locat ion. T h earchetypal city has a pyramidal structure withconcentric zones from a high-rise commercialc e n t re, t h rough transit ion zones to largelyresidential suburban areas and an agricultural /natural hinterland, though in the case of the largercities this structure is complicated by minor peakswhich indicate the centres of set tlementsabsorbed by urban expansion.This classic picture of concentr ic r ings iscomplicated by fault lines – rivers, canals, railways,major roads and other linear or random featureswith the potential to introduce vegetation into thecity centre. In the past 40 years especially, thepicture has also been complicated in much of thedeveloped world by the collapse of heavy industryand the restoration of industrially derelict land.Large areas of old industr ial cities are nowoccupied by swathes of green landscape of variablequality and use.

A mosaic of growth and decay has characterisedthe urban landscape for centuries and the city willdoubtless continue to evolve. There are five keyfactors which will shape this evolution in the 21st

c e n t u ry and which will determine thecontributions to be made by urban horticulture.1.Climate change is a relatively recent concern butan increasingly urgent one. Cities of concrete andsteel, of hard surfaces and efficient drainage, ofcentral heat ing and air conditioning, h ave aprofound effect on carbon emissions although,p a r a d ox i c a l ly, compact cit ies make possibleefficient mass-transport systems for people andfood to offset our infatuation with the private car.Amelioration of and adaptation to climate changeis engaging politicians, planners and architectsworldwide but the horticultural ecologist has animportant role to play in providing soft approachesto the problems, approaches which themselvesoften require new and sophisticated techniques.2. Peak Oil is an even more recent a concern. Thetimescale for the peak and steady decline of oilproduction is fraught with uncertainties but isincreasingly considered to be a matter of years ordecades rather than centuries. Awareness of theimplications of a global economy deprived of oilhas led to the emergence of the idea of ‘TransitionTowns’, urban areas in which people meet todiscuss these implications and look for strategiesto foster increasing self-reliance. These grass rootsactivities by a highly sophisticated neo-peasantryare in their very early formative stages but theyc e n t re on increasing local product ion andconsumpt ion of food and fuel using pr ivategardens, allotments, wasteland and perhaps publicparks.3. Population growth on a global scale is the verylarge ‘elephant in the room’ that no-one talksabout. It is increasingly obvious, though, that theworld cannot sustain current levels of globalpopulation growth. If the population of thedeveloping world continues to expand and if thatpopulation seeks to achieve even a tenth of thewealth of the rich countries of the developedworld – an entirely reasonable ambition - the mostdraconian attempts to limit carbon emissions willbe futile. As food shortages develop and eachcountry looks to feed its own people, the long-established tradit ion, in Br itain at least, o fi m p o rt ing cheap food will fail. Home fo o dproduction on farms and especially in gardens willbecome imperative.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANDSCAPE AND2ND34

mailto:ve@r

LUH 094. The countervailing attractions of town andcountry will be a major determinant of urbanform, influenced by private and political actions.The suburban idyll of a detached house and agarden, made possible on a vast scale in the 20th

century by the car, is aspired to by the greatmajority of families with children. While familiesoverwhelmingly prefer the suburbs, planners andarchitects prefer the visual delights and subtlespatial sequences of compact, urban and urbanedevelopments arguing that high density (but notnecessarily high rise) residential areas set in agreen matrix offer more diversity and opportunitythan the faceless suburbs. The balance betweenurbane and suburban will be determined ultimatelyby market forces but, if the population increasesand land values rise, there will be greater pressurefor more compact development and thereforemore need for high quality green public spaces.5. Social order or disorder is a matter of greatconcern in Britain and many other countries. Thecauses of social disorder are nu m e rous andcomplex but the effects are manifest in a generaldisenfranchisement of a significant (even if aminor) proportion of young people who areg rowing up to become disenfranchised olderpeople producing a new dysfunctional generation.It is here that urban horticulture may have itsbiggest role to play. The value of horticulture as atherapy has long been recognised. Its role in ‘soft-engineering’ of a sustainable urban environment isincreasingly recognised. The social benefits ofcommunity cohesion are very evident where goodexamples exist but the challenge of engaging,motivating and creating self-esteem in what couldotherwise become a lost generation still liesahead.Politically the most fruitful direction would be theemergence of a cadre of benevolent dictators andthe abandonment of welfare benefits in favour ofrecruitment to a new army of environmentalenhancers to cure social evils. Such a Utopia is notlikely to emerge but it is a vision which we shouldhave in mind when pursuing our own limitedambitions to improve the world by our practiceand promotion of urban horticulture.

URBAN HORTICULTURE

35

A B S T R A C T SDutch mountains Integration of ar chitectur eand landsca pe

Ellen Van der Wal

Mecanoo Architecten b.v. Oude Delft 203 2611HD Delft.The Netherlands* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAs an architect I believe in the necessity ofintegration of arc h i t e c t u re and landscap e.Mecanoo is an international office, working inseveral different cultures and landscapes. We havebeen practicing landscape architecture for 25 yearsand have 6 dedicated landscape professionals.Architecture is a combination of various elements,like town and landscape planning and interiordesign. Mecanoo’s work is characterized by theintegrat ion of these disciplines. M a ny of oursustainable design techniques are implemented inour landscape designs.The Netherlands is the most malleable country inthe world; the land of water, wind and clouds.TheDutch landscape is not static, but it is changeablewith contrasting ingredients: order and chaos,polders and lakes, canals and wetlands, dykes andriver forelands, wet and dry. With the help ofengineers you can build everywhere.There are nolimits, the land is so malleable that you can destroyit too. Nature has an irreplaceable value andbeauty, many colours, materials and textures. Thewealth of water, skies, trees and leaves, grass,stones and rocks is an important source ofinspiration in our worksMaking and shaping landscape is in our DNA.For us, buildings are the mountains of the flatDutch landscap e ; Dutch Mountains. Beauty inarchitecture, urban development and landscapearchitecture is partly determined by compositions,sizes, relationships and proportions. Intensive landuse and high-rise buildings are logically situated inplaces where they coincide with efficient publictransport, forming the peaks in the landscape ofDutch Mountains. Each city in the Randstad canchoose the height to suit its own ident ity.Rotterdam, of course, is the Mount Everest of theDutch Mountains.In this lecture I will explain how we integrateurban design, l a n d s c ape design and eve n

horticulture in our projects. We integrate thedutch landscape not only our dutch projects, butwe implement our way of thinking in all ourprojects all over the world.A selection of projects shown;The Meke l p a r k , a t ransition of the Te c h n i c a lUniversity Delft into a Campus park.Studenthousing in DelftThe Library of the University in DelftThe Fifty-two degrees building for Philips,NijmegenArtists’ Home Rosa Spierhuis in LarenThe new Entrance building for the Flowe rExhibition Keukenhof.The National Performing Arts Center , Kaohsiung,Taiwan.


mailto:[email protected]

SESSION 1

FOOD AND FLOWER PRODUCTION IN/FOR THE CITIES

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SPlaces f or people , places f or plants:evolving thoughts on contin uousproductiv e urban landsca pes.

Viljoen,A(1). Bohn, K(1).Tomkins, M. (1), Denny, G.(2)

(1) School of Architecture and Design, Faculty ofArts and Architecture, University of Brighton,Mithras House, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4AT,UK.( 2 )D e p a rtment of A rc h i t e c t u re, Faculty ofArchitecture and History of Art, University ofCambridge, 1-5 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB21PX* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper reviews the role of urban agriculturewithin the context of the Continuous ProductiveUrban Landscape (CPUL) design concept. CPULproposes a sustainable landscape strategy for thec o h e rent introduct ion of urban agr iculture,alongside other open urban space uses, into cities.

The authors contend that the case for CPUL hasto be made by taking into consideration multifaceted and cross disciplinary arguments,collectively these provide a strong case in supportof CPUL and urban agriculture, but frequentlyarguments are disaggregated and a strong case isweakened.

This paper will focus on urban agriculture as oneof the major components of CPUL. M a k i n gre fe rence to recent high profile internat ionalexhibitions, publications, conferences, the authorspractice and that of other architects and artiststhe paper traces urban agriculture’s shift from afr inge interest to one at the centre of acontemporary urban - architectural discourse.

Two types of urban agriculture are evident, onecharacterised by the integration of commerciallyviable urban market gardens and the other led bycommunity and individual practice, exemplifiedre s p e c t i ve ly by, for example, the Cuban“organoponico” and the UK’s allotmentmovement. Recent research related to each ofthese types is reviewed and demonstrates thecomplex and interconnected arguments related tourban agriculture.

The paper explores in some detail recent studiesat tempt ing to quantify the green house gasemissions associated with contemporar yindustr ialized remote agr iculture and fo o dproduction. The paper will argue that a strongenvironmental case, with respect to food relatedgreen house gas emissions, can be made for theintegration of urban agriculture if it is understoodthat this will require changes to current patternsof consumption and production.

These arguments will be contextualized in relationto the potential land available for CPULimplementation, CPUL design strategies and theneed for commercially viable urban agriculture.

At another scale, that of the individual nonc o m m e rcial growe r, evidence is emerging fo rb e h aviour change potential related to fo o dgrowing. In the UK, the allotment has shown itselfto be a catalyst for changes related to diet andh e a l t h . S u rveys within Cambridge andMiddlesbrough, reveal the allotment’s continuinginfluence across all socio-economic ranges. Mostnotable are a substantial increase in the quality andquantity of food being consumed by allotmentg a rdeners dur ing the grow i n g - s e a s o n , a n ddecreased dependency on grocery stores as asource for fresh produce: 70% in growing-seasonsand 24% during the off-season. Changes in ‘food-miles’ reduced personal carbon emissions by anaverage of 950 kg CO2/year, even while stillpredominantly utilizing grocery stores during off-season months and maintaining an ove r a l ldependence on fossil fuelled transport year round.Allotment tenants also surpass the recommended30 minutes/day of daily activity, through time spentwithin the allotment itself and through active-c o m mut ing related to food pro c u re m e n t .Furthermore allotment holders who ate less thanthe recommended daily intake of fruit andvegetables before they had an allotment, increasedtheir fruit and vegetable intake once they startedgrowing food, and this increase was reflected in ani n c reased pro p o rt ion of fruit and ve g e t a b l e sp u rchased thought the ye a r. If this trend isvalidated in further research, it will indicate thesignificant behaviour change impact that may beattributed to even re l a t i ve ly modest urbanagriculture interventions.


mailto:a.viljoen@br

LUH 09In relation to how individuals practice urbanagriculture at a small scale and the design and formof contemporary urban space the paper willpresent initial ideas informing research into theevident contradictions between the oftenopportunistic way people grow food in cities, andthe formal layout and realization of urban designp ro p o s a l s . The idea of “ d e s i re-in-use” of theeveryday life of people and the predetermined“embodied-desire” of planners will be introducedas concepts relating these two situations.Specifically, within the context of a lower carboncity, this paper argues that one of these desire-in-use strategies that needs to be encouraged is foodgardening.

In 2008, a temporary transformation turned theroof of a multi-storey ‘CAR-park’ in Croydon(South of London), into a food producing ‘car-PARK’. The roof space was effectively a blankcanvas, and once permission was granted, theability to express a different desire in-use from thepreconceived embodied-desire of the architecturewas subtly accomplished.The same principle couldbe applied to the myriad of small underutilizedspaces that litter the UK city landscape. However,instigating food grow i n g , either as policy oractivism, would require consolidating residentscurrent food consuming habits – predominatelyshopping – with the public performance of foodgrowing and finally harvesting. Moreover, howcould local food growing, either self grown or frommarket gardens and predominately vegetable andfruit based, intercept the dominate diet of meat-cereal-dairy?

The paper concludes that while urban agricultureis receiving a great deal of attention,and there arenotable examples of its implementation, t h etheory underpinning its design and the rational fordeveloping policy to support its practice, willrequire sophisticated cross disciplinary research ifit is to reach its full potential as an element ofessential infrastructure within future sustainablecities.

Comm unity gar dening: foodproduction in the neighborhood

Bradley, L.

North Carolina State University, Campus Box7609, Raleigh, NC 27606-7609, USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractA number of factors have brought communitygardening to the forefront as an effective strategyfor creating community, improving health throughbetter nutrition and exercise, increasing local foodsecurity through providing locally grown produce,and enhancing environmental stewardship. NCState University Cooperat ive Extension hasimplemented and integrated strategy invo l v i n gp ro fessionals in Family Consumer Science,Community Development, Horticulture, 4-H YouthD eve l o p m e n t , and Env i ronmental Resourc eManagement to support community gard e n i n gprograms throughout the state. In partnershipwith the NC Department of Public Health and amyriad of others, training programs, communitygarden management tools, a website, a listserveand a state advisory board have been formed.

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A B S T R A C T S“Industrializ ed agricultur e” onmini-plots within cities /con urbations

Siegmar,T.*

Dresden University of Technology, Institute ofL a n d s c ape A rc h i t e c t u re. S a x o ny, D - 0 1 0 6 2D re s d e n . K n o l l e n weg 17, D-01445 Radebeul,Germany.

* corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract“Industrialized agricultural practices” on mini-plotsalso in the immediate vicinity to living houses andresidential areas can sometimes stay under tensionbetween 1) fabulous gardens, crop fields, vineyards( l a n d s c ap e / t ow n s c ape aesthet ics, re c re a t i o n a lfunctions) on the one hand side, and - contrarily –2) environmental risks on the other hand side.This is shown by an example of vineyards withinthe conurbation “Upper Elbe” between Pillnitzsouth of Dresden and Seußlitz north of Meißen(50 km).To 1): Photos of the wonderful historic castles andvineyard farm houses on predominantly right-hand Elbe river slopes (exposed to south andwest) show the surrounding old viney a rd s(“Weingärten”). Since the Middle Ages the winerows were planted parallel to contour lines. Onextreme steep slopes (slope inclination more than15 to 20° up to more than 45°) the well-knownstone walls were constructed, forming narrowvineyard terraces. The region harbored a largevariety of – now – rare, species. (A plant list isg i ve n , containing indigenous, a rc h a e o p hyte andn e o p hyte species, n ow extre m e ly rare,disappeared or endangered).To 2): These former slope vineyards are nowmanaged as urban “industr ialized agr iculture ”a re a s , m o s t ly by nearly 3650 hobby - m i n i -winegrowers in the conurbation “Upper Elbe”.Theold contour-line-following wine-rows were mostlyreplaced by such ones following the slope curves /altitude gradients; old terrace walls were, if at allpossible, removed (except on very steep slopeswith large terrace walls many above the others).The slope-up tillage with cable winch machines orspecial tractors is often causing enormous “desertstorms”, wind and water erosion.Also the spreadof pesticides with the most powerful enginescauses pesticide drifting into living areas. Thebiodiversity is strongly reduced.

Urban design f or f ood-security:Thinking globall y designing locall y

Bhatt,V., Farah, L.*

McGill Unive r s i t y, School of A rc h i t e c t u re,Macdonald-Harrington Building, 815 SherbrookeStreet West, H3A 2K6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFood-insecurity does not affect only countries inthe South; the North is not immune to it. Inaffluent Montréal,Canada’s second largest city, onecitizen in six is food insecure, and it is mainly thepoor, young and those in age to be parents whofrequent food-banks. In the province of Québec,children represent 38% of food-bank clients. In1998, it was estimated that 21% of those 15 yearsor older faced food insecurity in the Montrealregion.Further, food security-related studies oftenoverlook the disabled. Data for Montréal is notavailable, but in Toronto 48% of food-bank clientsare disabled. To make cities where a majority ofhumanity now lives more livable, it is vital toa dd ress food insecurity and promote designsinclusive of all its citizens.In 2008, the M i n i mum Cost Housing Gro u p, aresearch unit of McGill School of Architecture,p a rt n e red with N u t ri - C e n t re, a commu n i t ydevelopment organization, to re-think and upgradea collective garden in Lasalle, one of Montreal’spoorest boroughs. We interlinked sustainability,food security and environmental quality throughi n n ov a t i ve urban design to enhance fo o dproduction in the city.The intervention included: aredesigned garden, with a doubled planting area andn ew fruit -bear ing bushes and tre e s ; t h eintroduction of an outdoor community-kitchen withinthe gardening space; a rest area; a meeting space; aplanting area specially reserved for children; and thebetter integration of mobility-impaired clients; As aresult, a challenging urban setting was transformed.This paper presents the context and the outcomesof this action-research project.


mailto:.Thomas@mailbo


LUH 09Assessment of periurban v egetab leproduction in F rance

Geoffriau, E.*

AG RO CAMPUS OUEST – Inst itut Nationald’Horticulture et de Paysage INHP 2 rue Le Nôtre49045 Angers France* corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract“Green belts” were traditionally developed aroundcities in order to provide fresh vegetables to urbanpopulation. The situation has changed a lot withthe development of exchange and transportationmeans, and also with the urban development.Per iurban vegetable product ion in France isn ow a d ays at cro s s i n g - roads between r isks ofdisappearing and a need for a new recognition andnew functions. In order to assess the varioussituations existing in France and the proposedstrategies to insure the future of per iurbanvegetable production, the case of medium-sizecit ies was studied. Vegetable growe r s , l a n dm a n a g e r s , c o m m e rcializat ion managers, c i t yplanners we re interv i ewed in Lille, O r l é a n s ,Bordeaux, Toulouse, Perpignan and Lyon. Thesecities have in common an important history ofperiurban production. However, the status of theperiurban vegetable area is very different from onecity to another. The studied cases pre s e n t e dvarious degrees of urban pressure on periurbanvegetable units, with natural constraints such asflooding risks as the only insurance against futureurbanization of some areas. Depending both onthe city’s interest and growers’ dynamism,differentstrategies were developed in order to maintainand possibly increase the vegetable production inperiurban areas. Due to the food aspect of theproduct and the intensive production process,especially regarding labour and economic viabilityon a limited area, vegetable production was oftenconsidered as important to be maintained inper iurban are a s . The possible strategies(production and commercialization) and the futureof the periurban vegetable production in Francewill be presented.

Allotment gar dens f or seniorcitiz ens in Ital y: current status andtechnical pr oposals

Tei F.*, Benincasa P., Farneselli M., Caprai M.

Dept. of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences,University of Perugia, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAllotments gardens have several socio-cultural andeconomic functions mainly for the senior citizensfor whom they are a place where to establishcontacts and overcome loneliness,a supply of freshvegetables at minimum cost and an opportunity ofself-fulfillment during the period of retirement.The aim of this research was to study the situationof allotment gardens in Italy and to examinecriteria and possible solutions for planning smallgarden areas in the urban environment.A survey was carried out in 2001 throughout Italyby a quest ionnaire sent to all mu n i c i p a ladministrations of Province towns and othermunicipalities, and by interviews with municipalitytechnicians and representatives of the allotmentgarden associations.Municipalities with allotment gardens were 111(90% in Northern Italy and 9% in Central Italy)with a total of 18709 plots:Emilia Romagna Regionplays a leading role with 77 municipalities andabout 14000 plots. Most of gardens we redeveloped after 1975 and especially in the last 10years. The number of gardens per town and thesize (from few to hundreds square meters, in mostcases 30-70 m2) vary with the town as a result ofland use planning, size and arrangement of urbanland are a s , local authorit ies’ sensitive n e s s ,presence of complementary/alternative servicesand facilities for citizens. In most cases theallotment and use of a garden follow a regulationfor administrative aspects (ranking in the list ofapplicant, conditions of the contract, duration,lease rate, consumption rates, insurance) andtechnical aspects (way of use, keeping, fencing, useof chemicals and water),while agronomical aspectsare often neglected. Suggestions and proposals forallotment gardens planning and for specificagronomical management were discussed.

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mailto:iau@agr


A B S T R A C T SCities farming f or the futur e: multistakeholder policy f ormulation andaction planning on urbanagricultur e in de veloping countries

de Zeeuw, H.

RUAF Foundation, PO Box 64, 3830 AB Leusden,the Netherlands* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractThe RUAF Foundation is an International networkof Resource centres on Urban Agriculture andFood security that share a common vision onurban development and poverty reduction, andtogether implement internat ional pro g r a m m e sfocused on urban agriculture and food security.The RUAF undertakes activities at global level andat regional and local level, through programmeslike“Cities farming for the Future” and “From Seedto Ta b l e ” . RUAF facilitates and supports thefo r mulation and implementation of adequatepolicies and programmes on urban agricultureamongst others by the organisation of policyawareness seminars, staff training activities andespecially by supporting local stakeholders (localauthorities, urban producer groups, communitybased organisations, NGO’s, universities) to createa Multi stakeholder Platform on Urban Agricultureand to develop a City Strategic Agenda on UrbanAgriculture and Food Security and to design andimplement local urban food production,processingand marketing projects (“From Seed to Table”).

Learning the value of gar dening:results fr om an e xperience ofcomm unity based simplifiedhydr oponics in nor th-east Brazil.

Fecondini, M.(1), Damasio de Faria,A.C.(2), Michelon,N.(2), Mezzetti, M.(1), Orsini, F. (1), Gianquinto, G.(1)*

(1) Dept of A g ro - E nv i ronmental Sciences andTechnologies, University of Bologna, viale Fanin, 44,Bologna, Italy(2) Horticity s.r.l. - Via dei Pioppi 14/A - 35124Padova, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn the suburbs of main cities the introduction ofgardening activities may be a sustainable tool toreduce pove rty and improve food security.H oweve r, due to low access to fe rtile landh o rticultural product ion is constrained. T h eintroduction of low cost hydroponic gardens maybe a sustainable way to launch hort i c u l t u r a lproduction in roof, terraces and courtyard.The present work will examine the results surveybased on a questionnaire proposed to thebeneficiaries of a food security project in north-east Brazil after four years of activity. Projectinvolves 10 clubs of mother (“clubes de maes”)where women were trained on: hydroponics andplant nutrition, technical management of simplifiedhydroponics system, basic economical aspects ofvegetables production,human nutrition, associativework and there fo re those we re the aspectsassessed by the survey. Results shown thattechnical and practical aspects are the easiest toassimilate for the gro u p s , whilst economicalaspects and knowledge about human nutritionwere not well known even if, mostly the latter one,they were explained clearly by the team of theproject. Moreover rural and peri-urban communitybehaves similarly, even if peri-urban populationseemed to be faster in learning a not usualproduction technique as hydroponics.




LUH 09Organic v egetable pr oduction onthe peri-urban interface: helpinglow income pr oducers access highvalue mark ets in Lima, Peruthrough technical, organizationaland mark eting inno vation

Prain, G.*, Gonzales N.

Urban Harvest, the CGIAR System-wide Program onUrban and Peri-urban Agriculture, CIP,Avenida La Molina,P.O. Box 1558, Lima, Peru.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractStrategies and methods have been developed in Lima,Peru to enable urban agricultural producers to take fulleradvantage of the nearby location of a wide range of highquality fresh and processed food markets. Horticulturalp roducers in the poor eastern fringe of Lima arec u rre n t ly constrained by a lack of technical ande n t re p reneurial skills and the capacity for joint lyidentifying and meeting demand. T h rough building acollaborative research and development platform amonglocal producers, the watershed irrigation committee andthe District Municipality staff, Urban Harvest hasimplemented four main re s e a rch and deve l o p m e n tinterventions to make local horticulture more sustainableand profitable: 1) Implementation of “Farmer Field Schools”to stimulate innovation and learning in ecological productionin an urban setting. This included improvements inproductivity that also addressed environmental healthissues. Its method resulted in farmers able to producehigh quality, safe vegetables and with interest to produceand market organic foodstuffs,. 2) The integration ofagriculture within local government administration to enhancemunicipal support for safe and healthy hort i c u l t u ra lproduction and marketing. The municipality established aSub-Division Office on Urban A g r i c u l t u re which issupporting diverse marketing strategies, certification ofh e a l t hy pro d u c t s , p romotion of green markets andelaboration of new legislation and planning proposals tosecure different types of local agriculture. 3) Design andimplementation of a “School for Urban Farmers”to strengthenand empower the producer organizations and establish newm a r keting opport u n i t i e s. As a result of the school,producers have established small-scale agro-enterprisesand identified a wide range of markets involving directand indirect sales of high quality, organic products. 4)Testing of a micro-credit scheme to enable producers to accessnew technology. Part run by the Municipality and theproducer-based irrigation authority, the scheme links theprovision of small loans to capacity-building activities andcollective responsibility among beneficiaries in healthyvegetable and livestock production.

Comm unity-based v egetableproduction systems: an ans wer tothe f ood and sanitation crisis ofurban poor in the Philippines?

Holmer, R.J.

Xavier University, Fr.William Masterson Ave, 9000Cagayan de Oro, Philippines* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe Philippines is classified among the world’sfastest urbanizing countr ies. Among the manychallenges of this rapid urbanization process isfood security. 20 % of Filipinos are regularlysuffering from hunger and about one third of allchildren are underweight with iron deficiencyanaemia and low vitamin A levels. Average percapita vegetable consumption is very low with 36kg per year. Further, two thirds of all children sufferfrom intestinal worms due to lack of water andappropriate sanitation facilities at home and inschools. More than 90 % of the waste water isuntreated and pollutes the water bodies.As a response, several community-based vegetableproduction projects were established in Cagayande Oro City, Southern Philippines following thecompletion of agro n o m i c, health and socio-economic studies. To date, more than 100 poorfamilies are growing vegetables in seve r a lcommunity and school-based allotment gardens ofthe city on family parcels of a size of 300 m2 each.About 75 % of the produce is being sold to outsidecustomers while the remaining 25 % are used forown consumption or school-feeding programs.This enabled the participating families to increasetheir monthly income by 20 to 40 %. Each gardenis equipped with a compost heap wherebiodegradable wastes are composted, t h u scontributing to the local government’s integratedsolid waste management pro g r a m . F u rt h e r, a l lg a rdens are equipped with ur ine-dive rt i n gdehydration toilets which improve the sanitaryconditions of the area. They also contribute toclose the loop in the nutrient cycle that cities havebroken by reusing the treated human excreta forproduction of ornamentals and fruit crops. Theallotment gardens also foster commu n i t ystrengthening by providing a place where peoplecan meet and enjoy spending quality time withtheir families and friends in a clean and quietnatural environment.

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mailto:ain@cgiar


A B S T R A C T SNew tr ends in Mediter ranean urbanvegetable gardening

La Malfa G., Branca F.,Tribulato A., Romano D.*

Università degli Studi di Catania - Dipartimento di OrtoFloroArboricoltura eTecnologie Agroalimentari,Via Valdisavoia 5,95123, Catania, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAfter a short review of the reasons that promotedvegetable gardening in urban open spaces, thepresent paper focuses on the main characteristicsof traditional urban vegetable growing. In the past,these characteristics mainly regarded the directutilization of the products, the use of plants alsofor ornamental purposes, the high number ofspecies and cultivars grown, the specific techniquesand product ion means adopted, the homeproduction of propagation materials.During the last decades, due to the change ofsocio-economical features of the society, somemodifications occurred in the traditionalcharacteristics of vegetable production.The targetswitched, from the simple vegetable production forhome consume, to new tasks of ve g e t a b l egardening which are nowadays exploited to meetrequirements related with life quality. Recreational(gardening for fun), socialization (for old or lonep e o p l e ) , t h e r apeutical (garden therapy fo rpsychological and physical health), quality or safetyof veggies (organic production, pot cultivations,roof gardening), historical documentation (aboutspecies, cultivars, methods and techniques used inthe past), etc. are nowadays considered to be newaims for urban and sub-urban vegetable gardening.In this frame the authors aim to highlight thescientific and operative questions linked to geneticresources threatened by the reduction of areascommitted to vegetable gardening and thei n c reasing use of commercial seed. G e n e t i cresources preservation should also be consideredin relation to valorise landscape, to exploit oldvarieties and to a more generic extent for thedidactic and cultural values of the urban vegetablegardening.

Assessment of ir rigation systemsfor dr y season v egetableproduction in urban and peri-urbanSouthw estern Nig eria

Ojo, O.D.*(1), Kintomo,A.A.(1), Olajide-Taiwo, L.O.(1),Afolayan, S.O.(1), Connaughton, M.(2)

(1) National Hort icultural Research Institute(NIHORT),P.M.B. 5432, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria.(2) Winrock-USDA International, 2101 RiverfrontDrive, Little Rock,Arkansas 72202.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIrrigation is necessary for dry season vegetableproduction in Nigeria. Vegetables grown duringthe dry season are of higher quality and profit duecompared to vegetables grown under rain fedc o n d i t i o n s . D i f fe rent irrigation systems we reevaluated in terms of cost, benefits, and problemse n c o u n t e red across southwestern Niger ia.Producers lack adequate start up capital and arefrequently faced with low stream flow, conveyanceof water from source to farm site, and sources ofwater dr ying up. T h e re are high laborrequirements and competition for limited landsaround perennial surface water. The majority ofp roducers lack basic knowledge of waterrequirements, irrigation scheduling and skills inmaintaining and operating the irr i g a t i o nequipment. Crops are either over- or under-irrigated, and water is used inefficiently. Based onour findings we recommend the use of micro- andmacro-trickle irrigation systems which reduce costof pumping, water loss to evaporation and usewater efficiently.




SESSION 1

FOOD AND FLOWERPRODUCTION IN/FOR THE CITIES

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SThe ornamental edib le plants in theurban hor ticultur e

Toscano, S., Scuderi, D.*, Noto, G.

Università degli Studi di Catania - Dipartimentodi OrtoFloroArboricoltura e TecnologieAgroalimentari,Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania,Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe very small sizes devoted to plant cultivation inproximity of house in the urban area has increasedthe interest to have plants characterized both byornamental traits and edible organs. The ediblelandscaping offers an alternative to conventionalresident ial landscap e s , designed mainly fo rornamental purposes. Edible landscaping is the useof fo o d - p roducing plants in the structure dlandscape, principally the residential landscape. Itcombines fruit and nut t re e s , b e rry bushes,vegetables, herbs, edible flowers and ornamentalplants into aesthetical designs. These designs canincorporate every garden style and include avariable number of edible species. In this view it isinteresting the possibility to individuate plantssuitable to use in this particular landscape. Aspecific trial was carried out with the aim to obtainpreliminary information about plant choice. Inparticular 56 cultivars of 6 different vegetables(tomato, eggplant, cucurbit, basil, mangold, persil)and 10 edible flowers were analysed. For eachcult ivar the fo l l owing funct ional parameters,evaluating with a 1-5 grading scale (1 = poor; 5 =good), were determined: shape, size, compactness,maintenance need, foliage density, colour, shapeand size of leaf, flower and fruit, defect absence,product innovation and overall quality. In this wayit was possible to determine, in holistic point ofview, an objective grading of the suitability tospecific use.

Investigation the possibility ofplanting medicinal plants inlandsca pe for medicinal-ornamental uses (Medicinallandsca ping)

Mollafilabi, A.*(1), Jahedi Pour, S.(2), Taghi Ebadi, M.(3),Abassian, J.(4), Hassanzadeh-rad, K. (5)

(1) Dep. Of agriculture, Islamic Azad University ofTorbat-e Jam-Iran.(2) Natural Resources & Watershed of KhorasanRazavi Prov. Head Quarter, Mashhad, Iran.(3) College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University ofMashhad, Mashhad, Iran.(4) College of A g r i c u l t u re, Shahid BahonarUniversity of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.(5) Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad,Iran.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe orientat ion of diffe rent societies to thesubject of medicinal plants has lead to thedomestication and production of these plants. Butbeside the commercial production in field levels,with regard to the abundant beauties existing inmany of medicinal plants, we can use them asplants which have medicinal and ornamental uses.We can also use the active substances of theseplants at end of the growing season after harvest.Of course, there are some problems on the way. Inthis re s e a rch for three years (2004-07), 1 3 0species of medicinal and aromatic plants wereplanted in the ecological garden of medicinal anda romatic plant in Fe rd owsi Unive r s i t y. In themorphological investigations, characteristics suchas beauty and the general form of the plant, colorof flowers, color of leaves, beauty and color offruit, stability of flower, duration of flowering,intensity of inflorescence, duration of freshness ofplant (in annual plants), water need of plant,s t u rdiness of stem and compat ibility withenvironmental shocks (such as lack of water,touching with hand, water logged and etc.) werestudied. Observations, comparisons and nothingswere done by some charts and with regard to thementioned criteria scoring operations were done.Observations, comparisons and nothings of almost130 species of plants regarded to 22 speciesindicated suitable potential for Two purpose


mailto:i@mbo

mailto:ilabi@y

LUH 09plant ing which are listed as below : P u r p l eConeflower (Echinacea purpurea),Wild Marjoram( O r i g a num vulgar), Winter Cherry (Phy s a l i salkekengi), Purple Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea),G a rden Sage (Salvia officinalis), M a r i go l d(Calendula officinalis), Hollyhock (Althaea rosea),R o s e m a ry (Rosmarinus officinalis), H y s s o p(Hyssopus officinalis), L avender (Lav a n d u l aofficinalis), Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis),Damask Rose (Rosa damascena), Dog Rose (Rosac a n i n a ) , Verbena Lemon (Lippia cit riodora),B a r b e rr y (Berber is vulgar is), Jujube (Ziziphusjujuba), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globculus), Ginkgo( G i n k go biloba), Pussy W i l l ow(Salix aegy p t i c a ) ,Olive (Olea europaea), Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus), Myrtle (Myrtus communis).

In Vitr o Flowering of SelectedOrnamental Plants

Mat Taha, R.*, Hasbullah, N.A.,Awal,A.

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn Vitro flowering of three selected ornamentalspecies from Malaysia was studied. O x a l i striangularis, Celosia cristata and Begonia x hiemaliswere found to be able to flower on MS (Murashigeand Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented withvarious hormones, such as Benzyl aminopurine(BAP), Naphthalene acetic acid ( NAA), etc atdifferent concentrations. In tissue culture, in vitroflowering is normally induced for many reasons.One of the most important ones being to shortenthe life cycles of plants, other aims include togather knowledge on in vitro flowered plantlets forthe formation of fruits and seeds, to overcomeproblems associated with premature fruit drop orpoor seed set. In the present work, we focused onthe effect of diffe rent hormones andconcentrations, on in vitro flowering of the threeselected species.The effect of Adenine and sucroseat different concentrations were also tested forBegonia x hiemalis.

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A B S T R A C T SHor ticultur e, and city suppl y inAfrica: evidence fr om South-W estCameroon.

P a rro t , L .*( 1 ), D o n g m o, C. ( 2 ), N d o u m b é , M .( 3 ),Poubom, C.(4)

(1) C e n t re de Coop´eration Internationale enRecherche Agronomique pour le Développement(CIRAD), 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.(2) U n i versity of Yaound´e I, BP 337, Ya o u n d é ,Cameroon.(3) Inst itut de Recherche Agricole pour leD é veloppement (IRAD), BP 2067, Ya o u n d é ,Cameroon.(4) Centre Régional de Recherche Agricole (CRRA),Ekona, PMB 25 Buea, Cameroon.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThis art icle documents change in periurbanhorticulture and structural changes of local tradeand livelihoods in a market town in the South WestProvince of Cameroon using two panel surveysconducted in 1995 and 2004. Real householdincomes increased by 14%, with a large shift fromfarm to nonfarm income. Within agriculture,activity shifted from staple crops to horticulture,both for sale and in home consumption. In 1995,t h e re we re large remittances from farmersinvolved in periurban horticulture to their villageof origin; in 2004 remittances cont inued andhorticultural farmers were also heavily involved ini n formal financial associat ions. Pe r i u r b a nhorticulture is disproportionately practiced bywomen and older workers, and plays an importantand growing role in African livelihoods.Results also revealed a 40% fall in market turnoverand a substitution effect between farm and non-farm incomes. Price analysis revealed that mostfarm gate prices did not change significantly whichmeans that there are no constraints as yet on thesupply side despite reduced land area. However,the results also revealed that most of the turnoverwent to middlemen from other provinces whichcould be a more global sign of specialization inwholesale trading at an upper scale. City supplyand periurban trade has gained in importance:exports to Douala increased from 22 to 63% ofthe marke t ’s turnove r. I m p roved roads haveproved to be efficient in increasing regional tradebut more attention should be devoted to themonitoring of intensification in agriculture.

Easy home h ydr oponic pr oductionof leafy gr eens

Chiancone, I., Bacco, A., Stipic, M., Caponigro, V.,Venezia, A.*

CRA Centro di r icerca per l’ort i c o l t u r a , V i aCavalleggeri 25, 84098, Pontecagnano, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe floating panel is an inexpensive and easyhydroponic cultivation method for leaf vegetablesand herbs, consisting mainly in growing plants intoshallow basins containing a nutrient solution, withpotential for improving plant disease control andproduce quality. A small scale implementation ispossible for home growing greens, which couldsuit every type of housing premises, even flats inurban tower blocks, with few square meters ofbalcony.We experimented with small commerc i a l lyavailable basins, fish tank oxygenators andpolystyrene trays (0.6 x 0.4 m), to set up a growingsystem for leafy greens, mainly baby leaf salads ofs everal species, as ro c ket-salad (D i p l o t a x i stenuifolia), corn-salad (Valerianella locusta), tatsoi(Brassica rapa var. rosularis) and mizuna (Brassicara p a v a r. n i p o s s i n i c a) . A standard hy d ro p o n i cnutrient solution was used at the rate of 45 litresper basin.To find optimal levels for some influentialfactors of the cult ivation system, as seedingdensity, water oxygenation and shading, a series ofexperiments was conducted in a thermo regulatedg l a s s h o u s e, collect ing data on env i ro n m e n t a lvariables, yield, nitrate content, visual quality andmicrobial load.Experimental results show that with cheap devicesit could be possible to produce at home almostcontinuously, for at least six months per year in theM e d i t e rranean env i ro n m e n t , high quality fre s hgreens from several successive crops.


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mailto:sio.venezia@entecr

LUH 09Simplified h ydroponic floatingsystems f or v egetable pr oductionin Trujillo , Peru.

Orsini, F., Fecondini, M., Mezzetti, M.,Gianquinto, G.*

Dept of A g ro - E nv i ronmental Sciences andTechnologies, University of Bologna, viale Fanin, 44,Bologna, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractSimplified hydroponic systems are a sustainableway for fruit and vegetable production in/for thecities. Small scale farming, both on a family and acommunity basis, may allow to achieve the goals ofboth improve nutrition and reduce poverty. Aproject for the development of soilless cultivationin mother groups was carried out between 2002and 2004 in Trujillo, northern Peru.In this work we will present some results of asimplified soilless floating system, adopted for thecultivation of radish, lettuce, baby leaf lettuce, leafbeet and garden beet . The growing system,composed by a 1 square meter wooden structure,made waterproof through the application of aplastic film, and filled with nutrient solution hostedthe floating alveolate polystyrene panels whereplants were grown.The growing substrate was ricehulls.Yield of cropped species was about 3.2 kg m-2 cycle-1 (radish), 10.7 kg m-2 cycle-1 (lettuce),6.3kg m-2 cycle-1 (baby leaf lettuce),5.4 kg m-2 cycle-1 (leaf beet), 3.6 kg m-2 cycle-1 (garden beet). Ananalysis of the economic value of gardening is alsoprovided.

Simplified substrate soilless cultur efor v egetab le pr oduction in Trujillo ,Peru.

Orsini, F., Mezzetti, M., Fecondini, M.,Gianquinto, G.*


AbstractSimplified hydroponic systems are a sustainableway for fruit and vegetable production in/for thecities. Small scale farming, both on a family and acommunity basis, may allow to achieve the goals ofboth improve nutrition and reduce poverty. Aproject for the development of soilless cultivationin mother groups was carried out between 2002and 2004 in Trujillo, northern Peru.In this work we will present some results of asimplified soilless system on organic substrate(rice hulls), adopted for the cultivation of tomato,carrot and radish.The growing system, composedby a 1 square meter wooden structure, madewaterproof through the application of a plastic filmprovided of a drainage, was filled with the growingsubstrate on which plants were directly sown.Tomato yield was about 15.8 kg m-2 cycle-1,whereas carrot yielded 10.1 m-2 cycle-1, andradish about 3.2 m-2 cycle-1. An analysis of theeconomic value of gardening is also included.

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A B S T R A C T SWomen and simplifiedhydroponics: comm unity gar deningas a way of emancipation in Trujillo ,Peru.

Mezzetti, M., Orsini, F., Fecondini, M.,Gianquinto, G.*


AbstractIn the suburbs of Latin American cities, livingconditions are affected by severe poverty andmalnutrition. Slums are inhabited by immigrantsfrom rural areas, and the presence of socialnetwork is extremely limited, which leaves familiesor individuals on their own to struggle for life. Inthese conditions, most disadvantaged people aret h e re fo re wo m e n , c h i l d ren and elder. T h eformation of women groups, both on a volunteerbasis than with the help of gove r n m e n t a linstitutions and/or NGOs, is a phenomena widelyspread in Peru, both with the aims of improvingchild nutrition (by reducing the cost of the meal)than providing the service of a nursery for themothers that work during the day. In Trujillo, in thenorthern Peru, this associations, called Clubes deMadres, are present in the suburbs of the citiesand, between 2002 and 2004 five Clubes haveparticipated in an horticultural project aimed ati n t roducing soilless farming both for thei m p rovement of the child diet than for thecreation of income (both by the selling of theproducts and by the reduction of the meal costs).In this study, the results of a survey carried out in2004 are shown, with a description of the resultsof gardening for the beneficiaries.

Hydr oponic gar dens: under takingmaln utrition and po verty thr oughvegetable pr oduction in thesuburbs of Lima, Peru

O r s i n i , F.( 1 ), M o r b e l l o, M .( 2 ), Fe c o n d i n i , M .( 1 ),Gianquinto, G.(1)*

(1) Dept of A g ro - E nv i ronmental Sciences andTechnologies, University of Bologna, viale Fanin, 44,Bologna, Italy(2) Peruvian Delegation of TdH-Italy - Terre deshommes Italia ONLUS - Viale Monza, 57 - 20125Milano, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractMost of cities of Latin America are surrounded byslums where the population migrating from ruralareas settles in search of wealth and better livingconditions. In Peru, about 25% of the countrypopulation is concentrated in the suburbs of Lima,where people live in extreme poverty. In thesecontexts, expectations are unattended and thepoorest have to struggle to satisfy their basicneeds, and the matter of feeding the populationbecomes of great importance. Urban agriculture,and particularly the small scale production of fruitand vegetables may play a crucial role on thelivelihood improvement, through the three steps of1) improving nutrition, 2) generating income and 3)creating social networks.This as a consequence ofboth the high nutritional value and the high labourcontent (which translates into highest prices at them a r ket) of fruits and ve g e t a b l e s . M o re ove r,through the creation of farming and/or marketingassociations, new communitarian connections maybe established.In this work we will present a preliminary studyfor the implementation of small scale hydroponicgardens in the Huachipa district, in the periurbanarea of the city of Lima, in Peru.The work combines the results of field visits,p a rt i c i p a t o ry meet ings, farmers interv i ew s ,discussion with local university staff andresearchers, and a market survey, thus allowing thedescription of many social, economic, agronomicand climatic parameters.




LUH 09Contribution of backy ard gar densto the conser vation of biolo gicaland cultural div ersity and tohuman w ell-being

Galluzzi, G. (1), Negri,V.(2)*

(1) Bioversity International, via dei Tre Denari 472/a,00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy(2) Dipartment of Applied Biology, University ofPerugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractBackyard or home gardens have been recognizedas important repositories of biological diversityand are generally characterized by great structuralcomplexity and multifunctionality. Whether in thecountryside or in town, such gardens representdist inct micro e nv i ronments within a largerlandscape, in which they are well integrated. It hasbeen found that gardens provide different benefitsto ecosystems and people. They offer refuge towild flora and fauna and conserve high levels ofinter- and intra-specific plant genetic diversity bypreserving local or traditional (heritage) species.They therefore become an important social andcultural space where knowledge related to plantsand agricultural practices is kept and transmitted,at the same time providing re c re a t i o n a lopportunities. In poorer countries these gardensalso generate household income by producingfood for subsistence or small-scale marketing.Since they are usually managed non intensively,they become a valid example of sustainable land-use systems. N u m e rous projects have beeninitiated to provide schools or pensioners ormarginal communities with their own garden,i m p roving live l i h o o d s , p roviding educationalo p p o rt u n i t i e s , encouraging recycling of waste,protecting biodiversity and offering an additionalinstrument in urban planning. Anyhow, furtherresearch into specific biological and social benefitsof home gardens is needed and gre a t e rimportance should be devoted to their promotionas multifunctional and sustainable solutions for thec o n s e rvat ion of biodiversity in man-madeenvironments.

Low cost h ydr oponics: a model f orsmall scale urban a gricultur e in thetropics and a sustainab le way toimpr ove women gr oups liv elihood.

Orsini, F.(1), Mezzetti, M.(1), Michelon, N.(2),Fecondini, M.(1), Gianquinto, G.(1)*

(1) Dept of A g ro - E nv i ronmental Sciences andTechnologies, University of Bologna, viale Fanin, 44,Bologna, Italy(2) Horticity s.r.l. Via dei Pioppi 14/A - 35124Padova, Italy

* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe suburbs of main cities of developing countriesare characterized by a spread poverty and highrate of unemployment. The promotion of homeand community gardens allows to produce freshvegetables, in order to reach the goal of bothimproving people health, by diversifying diet, andc reating employ opport u n i t i e s . O f t e n , in per i-urban are a s , soils are not suitable for cro pp roduction or access to land is scarc e. T h eadopt ion of soilless garden should allow toovertake this constrain.To assure soilless systems’sustainability at stakeholder level, all materials haveto be inexpensive and easy to find locally, andgarden management must be simple.

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A B S T R A C T SRapid Pr oduction of Bellevalia tauriFeinbrun f or Gardening Design

N a s ı rc ı l a r, A . G . *( 1 ), M i r i c i , S .( 2 ), K a r a g ü z e l , O.( 4 ),Eren,O (5).,Baktır, I.(3)

(1) D e p a rtment of Secondar y Education ofMathematics and Science, Education Faculty.(2) Department of Primary Education, EducationFaculty(3) D e p a rtment of Hort i c u l t u re, Faculty ofA g r i c u l t u re, Akdeniz Unive r s i t y, 0 7 0 5 8Antalya/Turkey.(4) West Mediterranean Agricultural Researc hInstitute Antalya/ Turkey.(5) Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts andScience, Department of Biology Aydın/ Turkey.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGeophytes which have an important commercialvalue especially in ornamental, food and medicinalindustries are perennial plant species. Bellevaliatauri Feinbrun which has got beautiful flowers is anendemic geophyte belongs to the Liliaceae family.Because of this proprety it can be used as anornamental plant in garden design. The rate ofpropagation of many geophytes is very slow innature so in this study in vitro micropropagationtechniques were used for rapid production of thisplant. Fresh bulbs and immature embryos wereused as an explant sources. Surface sterilizationwas made with commercial bleach and ethanol.After surface sterilization, immature embryo andbulb scale explants were cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with variouscombinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and ?naphtalenacetic acid (NAA). Regenerated bulbletswere transferred subsequently to the rootingmedium and potted soil.

Hydr oponic gar dens:under taking maln utrition thr oughvegetable pr oduction atTreiche ville , Ivor y Coast

Bationo, J.(2), Fecondini M.(1), Mezzetti, M.(1),Orsini, F.(1), Gianquinto, G.(1)*

(1) Dept of A g ro - E nv i ronmental Sciences andTechnologies, University of Bologna, viale Fanin, 44,Bologna, Italy(2) Horticity s.r.l. Via dei Pioppi 14/A - 35124Padova, Italy

* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractMost of African cities are surrounded by slumswere the population migrating from rural areasset tles in search of wealth and better livingc o n d i t i o n s . In Ivo ry Coast , this phenomenadramatically affects metropolitan centres, as aconsequence of both the high immigration ratebecoming from Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, GuineaBissau and Lebanon, and the national migratingfluxes as a consequence of the internal clashes in2002.In these contexts, expectations are unattendedand the poorest have to struggle to satisfy theirbasic needs, and the matter of feeding thepopulation becomes of great importance. Urbana g r i c u l t u re, and part i c u l a r ly the small scaleproduction of fruit and vegetables may play acrucial role on the livelihood improvement, bothby improving nutrition and generating income, as aconsequence of the high nutritional value and thehigh labour content (which translates into highestprices at the market) respectively of fruits andvegetables.In this work we will present a preliminary studyfor the implementat ion of family hy d ro p o n i cg a rdens in the Mair ie de Tre i c h ev i l l e, in theperiurban area of the district of Abidjan, in IvoryC o a s t . M a ny social, e c o n o m i c, a g ronomic andclimatic parameters will be described altogetherwith the results of a part i c i p a t o ry surveyconducted in 2008.




LUH 09Azaleas in Borg o a Mozzano:histor y, cultivation and PGIcer tification scheme

Bertoncini, L.(1),Vernieri, P.*(1), Carrai C.(2),Serra, G.(3)

(1) Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie,Università di Pisa, Italy.(2) Agenzia Regionale per lo Sviluppo nel settoreAgricolo-forestale Regione Toscana, Italy.(3) Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn 1954 Borgo a Mozzano, a nice village located inthe Tuscany countryside, became the seat of Shell’sCentre for Agriculture, a filiation of the well-known oil company.S h e l l ’s Centre act ivity improved local farmersknowledge and finance.At that time azaleas whereoften planted in the courtyard around farmers’houses; their wonderful flowering suggested Borgoa Mozzano to be the ideal place for azaleasg row i n g . Azaleas development Program wasd e l i ve red by Shell Centre assur ing technicalassistance to farmers and promoting public eventsas Azaleas Fair in 1970. The Azaleas Fair wassuccessful and increased its importance becomingin 1975 Azaleas Market Fair, hold every two years.Azaleas are grown under plastic tunnels andgreenhouses to prevent cold injury and are shadedin summer to avoid light and temperature stresses.Propagation method is by soft cuttings taken in theperiod between July and September and rooted ina peat-perlite mix. Overhead irrigation is usuallypreferred both for its low cost both for positiveeffect on lowering temperature. Fertilization iscarried out with a NPK fertilizer plus MgO, addingN fertilizer during summer if necessary.Azaleas inB o r go a Mozzano are never fo rc e d , h e a t i n gsystems being used only to avoid frost injury whentemperature falls under 0 °C; flowering normallystarts in March. Mechanical or manual pruning iscarried out to give plant one of the two typicalshapes, small tree or bush (round shaped).PGI (Protected Geographical Indicat ion)certification scheme includes growing techniques,historical notes and descriptive card for localcultivar. Descriptive cards trace out the schemerequested by CPVO (Community Plant VarietyOffice) for new variety patent granting.

Agricultural pr oducts f or the city:“pilot-cultivations” in the ter ritor yof Palermo (Ital y)

Aprile S.*, Sacco I., Zizzo G.V.

C.R.A. – Unità di ricerca per il recupero e lavalorizzazione delle specie floricole mediterranee,S . S . 113 – km 245,500 90011 – Bagher ia(Palermo)-Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFor a long time the crisis of the Italian citrussector has caused, in most districts of Sicily, ac o nversion of citrus cult ivations mainly intovegetables and others fruits. On the contrary theterritory of Bagheria,near Palermo, once centre ofthe citrus cultivations of the “Conca d’oro”, hasbeen marked by unsuccessful or slow conversions.These cultivations currently remain abandoned,causing serious repercussions not only on the localrural economy but on the territory and thelandscape as well. In fact, as the decades havepassed, the loss of interest in agricultural income,along with the pre s s u re of urbanization, h a sp ro d u c e d , in the terr i t o ry of Bagher ia, aprogressive fragmentation of landed property.Given the current structural situation, the localagricultural compartment needs to be reprojectedby introducing profitable innovative products orprocesses. The C.R.A.-SFM of Bagheria, confidingon recent technical-scientific results and with thecontribution of the Regional Province of Palermo,has proposed alternatives to the citrus with “pilot-cultivations” in model-farms of the territory ofPalermo.

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mailto:pvernier@agr

mailto:ile@entecr

A B S T R A C T SAllotment gar dens f or seniorcitiz ens in Perugia (Central Ital y): acase study

Tei, F. *(1), Carnevali, S.(2), Bianconi, C.(2),Benincasa, P.(1)

(1) Dept. of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences,University of Perugia, Italy.(2) Provincia di Perugia, Perugia, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAllotments gardens for the senior citizens wereestablished in Perugia in 1976 in two differenturban areas with a total of 340 plots of about 150m2 each. Allotments are owned by the Province ofPerugia and allotted free of charge to old-agepensioners only on the basis of application dateand income. Allotment is automatically renewedeach year. Plotholders can grow vegetables andf l owers but not viney a rds and tall t re e s .Plasticulture, pet entry and animal breeding areforbidden. Fencing and plot maintenance are ruled.A survey on demograp h i c, socio-cultural andtechnical aspects (i.e. crop rotation; irrigation,fertilisation and pest management...) was carriedout in 2008 to collect information useful toelaborate a collaborative project between theProvincia di Perugia and the Faculty of Agricultureof the University of Perugia.The project is aimed to: built a community roomfor social activities; install new fences, tool shedsand composting kits for the biodegradable wastes;i m p rove irr igat ion water av a i l a b i l i t y ; o r g a n i s etraining course on env i ro n m e n t a l ly sound(sustainable) cultural pract ices; announce acompetition “ Allotment of the Year” in order tostimulate plot care and maintenance.



SESSION 2

URBAN LANDSCAPEHORTICULTURE

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SAppl ying an ecolo gical perspectiv e;the futur e of urban hor ticultur e?

Hitchmough, J.D.

Department of Landscape, Crookesmoor Building,Conduit Road, Sheffield, S10 1FL, UK* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractOver the past 30 years there has been an increasein the application of science to urban horticulture,particularly amongst researchers and educators inthe field, but also to practice. This has in somecases lead to better management of plantedvegetation,as in the case, for example, of cavitationprevention and management in urban trees andthe provision of appropriate root zone conditionsin urban street tree plantings. Much of thisscience, in the authors experience is primarilyi n formed by what might be called a plantphysiology, rather than an ecological perspective.This is not surprising as physiology often dealswith the organism as an individual, removed fromit’s broader environment, in much the same waythat traditional horticulture tends to see plantslargely as specimens. This perspective is moststrongly founded with trees, but is deeply seated inthe attitudes of horticulturists to many cultivatedplants. The author would argue that there is realvalue in increasing ecologically founded thinking inurban horticulture, recognising how the ecologicalcontext of the plant in its original wild habit inrelation to the ecological context of the plantingsite is key to successful cultivation, as indeed is theplants ecological relationships with competingspecies (spontaneous and planted) at the plantingsite. It is desirable to move away from alwayswanting to grow plants as well as is possible (i.e.meeting some notional physiological optima) to aswell as is necessary in a given cultural or ecologicalcontext. Linked in with this is the need to moveaway from seeing plant stress as always being aproblem but rather to recognise stress as ani n evitability in many urban contexts that cansometimes be used to advantage, and especially indesigned plant communities of many species whichhave to compete for the same finite resources.Thepaper will explore these ideas with reference tothe authors work on naturalist ic designedvegetation.

Urban Residential Landsca pes f orSustainab le Living

Bradley, L.


Abstract H o m e owners can incorporate a var iety ofstrategies to minimize the environmental impactsof residential landscapes. With goals ranging fromenergy and water conservation to wildlife habitatrestoration to minimizing greenwaste, increasedattention must be placed on plant select ion,placement and management strategies.Homeowners can incorporate both passive andactive water harvesting to help mitigate drought aswell as other strategies for minimizing stormwater run off and the contamination of stormwater run off. M o re edible plants are beingincorporated in residential designs as concernover local and organic food production increases.An array of specific strategies for decreasing theenvironmental impact of residential landscapes willbe presented.


mailto:hmough@sheff


LUH 09Use of ornamental v egetables andaromatıc-medıcal plants ın urbanlandsca pe desıgn

Arslan, M.*(1),Yanmaz, R.(2)

(1) University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture,Department of Landscape Arthitechture,06110/Ankara/Turkey(2) University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture,Department of Horticulture,06110/Ankara/Turkey,* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractOrnamental vegetables, medical and aromatic plantspecies with their gro u n d c overing pro p e rt i e s ,var ious leave fo r m s , color and texturec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and attract ive fruit forms andcolors contribute to the planting design throughtheir aesthetic and functional quality and they havea rich collection in Turkish natural flora.Turkey has a rich plant resource as a result of itsgeomorphological structure and rich variety ofecological conditions.This makes Turkey one of themost important plant species resource in TheWorld.Turkey has about 9000 fern and seedy plantspecies and is one of the richest countries in termsof flora. Europe’s flora has about 12000 speciesand that shows how rich in flora Turkey is.Total ofendemic plant species in all European countries is2750 while Turkey has 3000 endemic speciesalone. Urban landscape areas can be designed inorder to produce, grow, and introduce endemic orendangered plant species, especially ornamentalvegetables, medical-aromatic plants.Ornamental vegetables and medical-aro m a t i cplants, planted either solitary or in groups, have awide range of use in collection gardens, flowerbeds, villa gardens, plant boxes and roof gardens; aswell as their aesthetic characteristics, they can beused for their economic values.In this study, after the presentation of a generalinformation of the species selected plants, theirareas of use and design criterias will be specified,and lastly, their aesthetic and functional purposesas well as economical contr ibut ions will bedefined.

Sustainab le management of urbanlandsca pes with wildflo wers

Bretzel, F.*, Pezzarossa, B.

Institute for Ecosystem Studies, CNR, via Moruzzi1, 56124 Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Urban derelict soils are characterized by lowcontent of nutrients and organic matter.They alsolack in structure and water holding capacity.Thesep roblems are ve ry ser ious when grow i n gtraditional kind of ornamentals:horticultural plantssuch as flowering shrubs, borders of annuals andso on, that require nitrogen and high soil. On theother hand, wild herbaceous flowers sown onthese soils create beautiful vegetal communitiesand improve biodiversity, with little maintenance.In Italy this practice is not widespre a d . T h eprojects carried out in Tuscany (Italy) for the lasteight years are reviewed. The work focused onadapting wildflower cultivation techniques to theM e d i t e rranean pedo-climatic condit ions. M o rethan 20 species (annuals and perennials) whichshowed good performance and most suited to thisarea were selected. Local Councils were involvedand public green spaces we re successfullycultivated with wildflowers. Matter of the studywas also related to the seed production of theseplants at large scale.

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mailto:slan@agr

mailto:el@ise

A B S T R A C T SBior etention s wales asmultifunctional landsca pes andtheir r esponse to Australian urbanbiodiv ersity

Kazemi, F.*(1,2), Beecham, S.(1), Gibbs, J.(3)

(1) C e n t re for Water Management and Reuse,University of South Australia,Adelaide,Australia.(2) D e p a rtment of Hort i c u l t u re, Faculty ofAgriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran.(3) School of Natural and Built Environments,University of South Australia,Adelaide,Australia.* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractWater Sensit ive Urban Design (WSUD) is arelatively new and sustainable approach for watermanagement in Australian urban environments. InE u ro p e, a comparable concept is that ofSustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS).BothWSUD and SUDS propose changes in urban waterinfrastructure from conventional hard engineeredsystems to softer and more ecologically basedvegetated systems such as ponds, wetlands andb i o retention basins and sw a l e s . B i o re t e n t i o nswales are re l a t i ve ly small vegetated W S U Dsystems with the capacity to harvest and filtratestorm water through filter media and convey iteither for reuse or for environmental dischargesinto receiving waters. These systems are nowact ing as new ly defined multifunct ional urbanlandscape structures.While there have been some attempts to quantifyand enhance the biodiversity values of large-scalesystems such as wetlands and ponds, there hasbeen little research into the biodiversity andhabitat values of re l a t i ve ly small-scale W S U Dinstallat ions such as bioretent ion sw a l e s .Consequently, information is required on methodsfor enhancing their biodiversity and ecologicalperformance in urban environments.Using ecological field parameters and terrestriali nve rtebrates as biodiversity indicators, t h i sresearch investigated the biodiversity and habitatvalues of some bioretention swales in theMelbourne metropolitan area. The distributionpatterns and assemblages of the invertebrate taxain a summer sample were assessed.The study alsoexamined the relationship between environmental

or habitat factors and invertebrate assemblageswithin the bioretention swales.Knowing habitat features that improve biodiversityin bioretent ion swales will guide landscap eplanners, engineers and catchment managers onthe ecological potent ial of these landscap efeatures. These outcomes will also lead to thef u t u re design and management of moreecologically sustainable bioretention swales thatincorporate wildlife habitat enhancement in urbanenvironments.



LUH 09Exploitation of P otential Use ofWild Flo wers In Urban Landsca pe

Younis,A.*(1,2), Saleem, S.(2), Riaz,A.(2)

(1) Department of Horticultural Sciences,Universityof Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA(2) Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University ofAgriculture, Faisalabad, 38040* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWildflowers and native plants can be a unique andinteresting addition to the urban landscape.Whilewildflowers are relatively easy to care for and theyre q u i re least maintenance, the idea of lazygardening is going to popular around the world.When selecting wildflowers for a landscape, it isimportant to understand the conditions requiredby the plant when growing in the wild and topurchase plants from a reputable nursery. A lot ofwork is going on for the selection & developmentof native wildflowers for use in landscape. Thepresent study was conducted to explore thepossibilities of using wild plants for sustainableestablishment of landscape in accordance with theperception of the people’s and local conditions.The data was analyzed statistically by using thecomputer software Statistical Package for SocialSciences (SPSS). Plant ing design was madeconsidering soil condition, local environment andp e o p l e ’s choice. The idea re c e i ved a quickresponse from the community and had greatimpact on the city environment.All the wastelandin the interior city has been greatly improved andit helped to curb pollution, enhance biodiversityand beautify the city at the same time.

Urban landsca pe mana gement andimplications: For gr eening of urbanareas and contr olling pollution inconte xt to Indian conditions

Joshi,T.*(1), Gautam, D.R.(2)

(1) G . B . Pant University of A g r i c u l t u re andTe c h n o l o gy, P a n t n a g a r, 2 6 3 1 4 5 , U.S Nagar,Uttrakhand, India(2) D i rector Hort i c u l t u re & Food Pro c e s s i n g ,G overnment of Uttarakhand, Krishi Bhaw a n ,263645 Chaubattia, Raniket, Uttrakhand, India* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn the last decade many of the deve l o p i n gcountries in Asia have witnessed rapid growth ofindustrialization and have emerged as economicp ower house. This express growth inindustrialization has lead to unplanned expansionof urban areas by large scale cutting of trees,converting agricultural land for human habitation.This has affected adve r s e ly on generalenvironment and maintaining ecological balance.M o re ove r, in this blind race of growth andd evelopment indiscriminative “mining” is alsoident ified as another potential threat toe nv i ro n m e n t . R apid migration and increase inpopulation in the urban areas has also lead to largescale spreading of air & water pollution, garbageetc., and also impairing aesthetic value of area /land.Now, it is well accepted that urban greening playsan important role in the social and naturalsustainability of a city. An increase of vegetatedsurfaces in the urban landscape, provide ecologicaldiversity etc. - can help mitigate several negativeeffects of urbanization on climate, air pollution,since they contribute to the reduction of thestructural differences between the urban area andits rural surrounding. This study aims at: Initiatingeco-restoration efforts; Rehabilitation of mined outareas; Identification and selection of the suitable plantspecies for affo re s t a t i o n ; C reating Env i ro n m e n t a lawareness; Standardization of horticultural practiceswith relevance to urban landscape management.Excellent valued green space enhances the qualityof urban life and contr ibutes to widerGovernment objectives such as improved health,more sustainable, pollution free neighbourhood

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mailto:tanayjoshi@r

A B S T R A C T Sre n ewal and better community cohesion,e s p e c i a l ly in more deprived commu n i t i e s .Neglected parks attract anti-social behaviour andhave the potential to undermine regeneration ofdeprived neighbourhoods. Urban green spacesprovide a wide range of outputs, however, due totheir multi-funct ional character ist ics, t h edevelopment and management of parks and greenspaces is becoming a more and more complexplanning issue that needs careful consideration, ifgreen spaces are to be successfully acknowledgedand appreciated by citizens.

Evaluation of shrubs to slopeconsolidation in urban landsca pe

Amoroso G.(1), Frangi P.(1), Piatti R.(1), Fini A.(2),Ferrini F(2).

(1) Fondazione Minoprio - Centro MiRT, V i a l eRaimondi, 54, 22070, Vertemate con Minoprio(CO), Italy(2) D i p a rt imento di Ort o f l o ro f r u t t i c o l t u r a ,University of Florence, Viale delle idee, 30, 50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractShrubs are often used to consolidate slope inurban landscape. Only few species are commonlyused in the city environment (i.e Pyracantha orCotoneaster) bestowing on the city a monotonousap p e a r a n c e. Poor information are curre n t lyavailable about other species.The aim of this trial,set up at Minoprio Foundation (Vertemate conMinoprio, Como, Italy; 45°44’ N, 9°04’ E), was tocollect data about the performance of 25 shrubspecies or cultivars grown in a slope during twoseasons. Moreover, in order to evaluate weedsinfluence on both management cost and plantgrowth, two mulches (a biodegradable textile anda polypropylene sheet) were used in comparisonwith a no mulched test. The experimental designwas a randomized block design with 3 replicates.Each block was constituted by 75 experimentalplots (25 per mulching treatment) of 8 m2 area.Shrubs were planted in late spring of 2007. Inorder to simulate urban conditions no pruning anddisease control were applied. Irrigation was carriedout only in the first growing season. Plant heightand covering area percentage were measuredevery 2 months. Plant phenology and health statewe re re c o rded we e k ly. Weeds we re re m ove dtwice in the first year and three times in secondyear. Time for weed removal was recorded foreach experimental plot. Results show that thehighest growth was detected in mulched plotsprobably due to both limited weed competitionfor water and nutrients and lower water loss byevaporation. Among shrubs differences in growthand ground covering were observed.


mailto:oso@f

LUH 09Response of eight cultivars of Acerx freemanii and Acer rubrum to soilcompaction and pr oductionfertiliz er tr eatments.

Fair, B.

North Carolina State University, Campus Box7609, 154 Kilgore Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractCompaction in urban and suburban planting sitesoften poses growth limitations on trees. Urbanhorticulture practitioners are also concerned thattrees receiving high levels of fertilizer duringproduction will be ill-suited for these poor qualitysites. To assess the effects of compaction andproduction fertilizer rates on tree establishmentand growth, field soils were compacted to anaverage bulk density of 1.6 gcm-3. Consideredrestrictive to tree growth by many researchers, thehigh bulk density also resulted in a 72-85%d e c rease in hydraulic conductivity. D u r i n gproduction, half the containerized maples wererandomly assigned to a fertilization treatment ofeither 25.3 g L-1 N or 101.1 g L-1 N.Trees growingin high bulk density soils showed a significantdecrease in many biomass measures, particularlycaliper. Cultivar type had a consistently significanteffect on tree growth (P < 0.0001), despite thebiomass measurement. Limited root growth andthe reduction in hydraulic conductivity may befactors in reduction of tree grow t h . W h e naveraged across all cultivars, trees treated with thehigh fertilizer rate had larger biomass measuresthan those receiving the low rate. C u l t i v a r sresponded differently to fertilizer treatment.Therewas no interact ion between fe rt ilizer andcompaction treatments, indicating that productionfertilizer rates do not purport a detriment to treesgrowing in compacted soils. Results may guide theselection of compaction tolerant cultivars forurban and suburban planting sites.

Clonal selection of herbaceousperennials f or nor thern urbanareas: health y and har dy with highornamental value

Tuhkanen, E.-M.*, Juhanoja, S.

A g r i food Research Finland MTT, H o rt i c u l t u re,Toivonlinnantie 518, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn Finland, urban landscaping has mostly usedwoody plants in public areas. Along the extensionof urban environment, the demand for more amplechoice of species is incre a s i n g . At A g r i fo o dResearch Finland MTT, a project aiming at anincreasing use of perennials in urban landscapingwas started in 2005.To investigate the diversity ofseveral perennial herbaceous plants in Finland,clones of several species were collected fromnursery, botanical and private gardens for fieldtrials.The field trials were set up in 2005 and 2006in Piikkiö, Southern Finland and in Ruukki,Northern Finland, and will continue until 2010.They consist of about 350 clones of Aconitum,A c o n ogo n o n , A s a r u m , A s t e r, A s t i l b e, A s t ra n t i a ,Campanula glomerata, Delphinium elatum, Dicentra,Doronicum, Eupatorium, Fallopia, Geum coccineum,Iris, Monarda didyma, Nepeta, Salvia and Thymus.Thespecies were selected because of their potential inlandscaping and because of confusions in theirnomenclature in nurseries.The clonal selection ofperennials aims at finding the most healthy andhardy clones for use in Finland and other northernareas.The selection of the clones with the highestquality is done by intensive monitoring of health,pests, covering, growth, phenology, over-wintering,flowering and ornamental value. One of the mainaims of the project is also to taxonomically identifyclones within a species and to clar ify then o m e n c l a t u re. For this purpose, D N A -fingerprinting has been introduced in the perennialresearch and will be applied in the near future.

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A B S T R A C T SNew perspectiv es for the use ofelms as str eet tr ees

Hiemstra, J.A.

Applied Plant Research, Nursery Stock sectionP.O. Box 85, 2160 AB Lisse, the Netherlands* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn the past centuries elms (Ulmus spp) became avery important part of the landscape in large areasof the Netherlands. Because of its combination ofhighly valued characteristics elms, and especially U.hollandica varieties, were the dominant tree in thecoastal areas as well as in the large cities in thewestern part of the country. The occurrence ofDutch Elm Disease (DED) in the 20th centuryhowever resulted in millions of trees being lost.B reeding programmes for developing re s i s t a n tvarieties were started in the Netherlands as wellas in other countries. As a result nowadays manynew varieties that are (much) less susceptible toDED are av a i l a b l e. H oweve r, the cont inu i n gproblems with DED in the old elm varieties havemade many policy makers and managers of urbangreen very reluctant in using these new varieties.In order to restore confidence in the elm in 2006a research project was started focusing on then ew elm variet ies. T h ree aspects are beinginvestigated: 1. the relative levels of resistance, 2.the best way to propagate (root-stock, own-rooted), and 3. growth characteristics in the urbanenvironment. To test and compare resistance ofrecent var iet ies against DED under Dutchconditions a large field experiment with about1200 trees of 30 varieties from the Netherlands aswell as from the USA has been planted in thespring of 2006. In 2007 another field experimentcomparing growth and development of 11varieties on two different root-stocks as well as ontheir own roots will be planted.Finally potential of18 recent varieties for use as street tree is beingevaluated in two large scale plantings in the city ofAmsterdam.The first results of these experimentswill be presented.

Herbaceous per ennials f or urbanareas in Finland

Juhanoja, S.*, Luomala, E.M.

M T T, A g r i food Research Finland, H o rt i c u l t u re,Toivonlinnantie 518, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn Finland, woody plants are widely used inlandscaping. Herbaceous perennials could offermore variation than woody ornamentals and aneconomic and ecologic choice for annuals or lawnin parks and cemeteries. At MTT, A g r i fo o dResearch Finland, a project aiming at an increasinguse of perennials in urban landscaping was startedin 2005 and it continues until 2010. This projectaims at finding suitable species and combinationsof species for different purposes and creatingguiding practices for low maintenance techniquesbased on plant ecology and sociology.Knowledge of the basic features of the species,ecology and competition is collected from fieldtrials at MTT and from trials set up in landscapinga reas in six towns and three cemeteries indifferent climatic zones. The emphasis is, on oneh a n d , on large species suitable for bro a dplantations and, on the other hand, on low groundcovering species. The plant material originatesfrom Finnish nurseries and botanical collections.Asoil free from weeds is used. Detailed care ofplants is avoided and treatments take place only afew times during the growing season. For trafficareas, ideal perennials with drought, heat andexhaust tolerance and the low growth habit, canbe planted either as pot plants or mats. Forcemeteries, perennials are looked for replacinga n nual flowers and grass on the grave s . Fo rnorthern areas, the most suitable large species andcombinations of species for extensive perenniala reas are looked fo r. Based on the re s u l t s ,guidelines are prepared for the use of the 50-100most important perennials.


mailto:a@wur


LUH 09Study on the ornamental gr oundcover used in urban parks

Zhou,W.Z*,Weng,Y.

Institute of art , southeast unive r s i t y, 2 1 0 0 9 6 ,Nanjing, China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe ornamental ground cover has long played asignificant role in the urban environment. Theyhelp mitigate the loss of “natural” vegetation inmodern city, often have scenic qualities, provide forrecreation, beautification, education. This articleexplores the ornamental ground cover used inurban parks,and the investigation region is Nanjingcity. By investigated eight Nanjing’s urban parks andconducted a series of interviews-questionnaireswith several horticulturists, who worked for thoseparks many ye a r s , this art icle observed thedisadvantages and advantages of the ornamentalground cover used in those parks.Then found twoimportant aspects affected the landscaping andsituation of the ornamental ground cover. First, thehuman disturbance is the main reason for thedegeneration of the vegetation landscape, andsecond, adaptive management should pay moreattention to the ecotype construction of thevegetation. From the two factors, this article triedto discuss the feasible design and management wayto instruct future urban park’s ornamental groundcover constructions. In conclusion, the articleidentified a step-by-step pro c e d u re for thedevelopment trends of the ornamental groundcover used in urban parks in southeast of China.

An Anal ysis on Planting Design inUrban Open Space in Nanjing

Zhou,W.Z.(1), Zhang, J.*(2)

(1) Inst. Art, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing,China(2) Inst. Art, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing,China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUrban open space is an important component ofurban space system. It provides the place andenvironment for people to take part in all kinds ofpublic activities and social lives.Plant served as both spatial structural element andornamental element is indispensable for urbanopen space and planting design is also important tothe quality of urban open space.Nanjing is an important city in the east of China. Inrecent years, the development of gardening inNanjing has made remarkable pro g re s s . Fo rexample, the green space ratio in built-up area hadreached 41.3%, green coverage rate 45.5% andpublic green space per capita 13m2 by 2007.However, there are many problems in plantingdesign in urban open space. These pro b l e m sinclude: 1) some functions of open space havebeen hindered by unreasonable planting design; 2)plant view is monotonous and similar in manyopen spaces; 3) the original vegetation is damagedsometimes because of the construction of urbanopen space.These problems are universal in most cities inChina. Taking Nanjing as an example, this paperillustrates the present situation of planting designin urban open space in China and analyzes theproblems above. In the end, a series of relevantsuggestions are put forward.

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A B S T R A C T SEvergreen Plants in Urban P arksand Their Impor tance Regar dingLandsca pe Architectur e, a Sampleof Trabzon City

Yalcinalp, E.*,Var, M., Pulatkan, M.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry,Department of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon -Turkey* corresponding Author: [email protected]

AbstractIn botany, basically, an evergreen plant is a planthaving leaves all year round. In fact,deciduous treesshed their leaves usually as an adaptation to a coldor a dry season, which means there might be noreason regarding climate for being deciduous insome parts of the world. However, low nitrogenconcentration in soil might also be a major reasonfor being deciduous in such places.Although the term evergreen firstly means pine, fir,spruce and some more woody trees to manypeople, it is quite possible to talk about manydifferent evergreen plant taxa in different sizes,shapes, colors and textures.This variety and theirattention getting characteristics make them verypopular. Many landscape designers and amateurusers often prefer evergreen species for landscapedesigns or plantations owing to their influentialand conspicuous appearances through the year. Inaddition, when a functionally plantation is done,evergreen plants can mean a stronger effect whiledeciduous ones could hardly be recognized inwinter.In this study, four well known and heavily usedurban parks of Trabzon city were chosen as theresearch areas.These areas were analyzed by usingGIS techniques and field surveys so that their floralstructures and user profiles could be determined.Then, evergreen species in the research areaswere identified. After their ratios among all thewoody species in the parks and their contributionto biodiversity were defined, a questionnaire wasused to be able to get some social and culturalapproaches of the users to evergreen plants.Finally, some visualization was shown to the usersin order to appoint what the importance ofevergreen plants for them in giving a character toa park was.

A Study on Rock ery Ar t inTraditional Chinese Gar dens

Zhou,W.Z.*, Chen X.

Department of Tourism, Southeast University, 2 SiPai Lou, 210096, Nanjing, China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFor thousands years, the Chinese have a traditionof mountain worship. Some mountains in gardensa re real ones, h oweve r, most “mountains” inChinese traditional gardens are artificial rockwork.Rockery has taken a very prominent place intraditional Chinese garden design.The ro c ke ry has originated and deve l o p e dtogether with Chinese garden. In late Yin dynastyand early Zhou dynasty, the rudiment of rockeryappeared, namely, “tai” in imperial gardens. In Qinand Han dynasties, the rockery was in the form ofearth piled hill or earth and stone piled hill from afar-range view. In Wei, Jin, Northern and Southerndynasties, rockery had gradually established itsdominant position in Chinese traditional gardens,and started to transform into a realistic style in aclose-range view. In Sui and Tang dynasties, thoughrockery itself was not quite popular, the aestheticvalue of it was highly recognized and was usuallyappreciated in the form of garden rockery andbonsai. In Song dynasty, the rockery art whichimitated the nature had achieved its highest leveland best state and started to pile the rockery bynatural stones. Furthermore, a group of craftsmanspecified in rockwork appeared. In Ming and Qingdynasties, lots of great masters had developed therockery art into a freehand style on the basis ofSong. They perfected the rockery art from boththeory and practice.Due to generations of creation and thousandsyears of experience, rockery has become an artisticimage with the best expre s s i ve fo rce andc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . It had come down in onec o n t i nuous line and still popular today. T h e“rockery fever” in modern garden and landscapea rt design vividly shows its pro found culturalfoundation and people’s aesthetic taste in China.The same as sculpture’s position in western garden,rockery takes a crucial place in Chinese traditionalgarden. “Derived from the nature and superior tothe nature”, if it is the main characteristic oftraditional Chinese garden, then, it is the high-levelrockwork art which makes it true.




LUH 09The role of a gricultur e in the plainof Assisi.

Giacchè, G.*,Torquati, B.M.

D e p a rtment of Economics and Food SciencesUniversity of Perugia, Italy* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractThis paper focuses on the role of the farmers tomaintain the rural landscape in the Assisi plane.Theagriculture has taken on greater importance in AssisiMunicipality because the whole municipality area(including the rural area) has been recognized byUNESCO as World Heritage. In 2000 Unescojustified the inclusion of the Assisi town to the List ofIntangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by sayingthat “Assisi re p resents a unique example ofc o n t i nuity of a city-sanctuary within itsenvironmental setting…”.This nomination has raisedsome projects for the protection and management ofthe site in order to preserve the architecturalheritage and landscape.The aim is retain the currentcharacteristics that have contributed to itsrecognition as World Heritage. To ensure themaintenance of environmental setting, as the rurallandscape the key is understand:Who are the farmerswho maintain the rural landscape and which are thecharacteristics of the farms.The purpose of our study was to understand whoproduce the rural landscape and which tools proposeto ensure the maintenance of agriculture. T h ere s e a rch was done through the collection oftechnical economic data relating farms and semi-structured interviews.Regarding the current situation most farmers havemore than 60 years and lead companies below 10 haso unchanged for at least 30 years. Most companiesproduce cereals and production of oil and winemainly for own consumption. Most farmers haveanother work or are retired and continue to cultivatethe land as a hobby.The increase of the average age,the rise of materials prices and the change of thecommon agricultural policy have led many farmers towonder whether or not to continue theirs activity.As for future prospects the questions that we havetried to answer are:How the land use will change in the next few years,when the younger generation cultivate the land oftheir grandparents, with a less affection feeling to theland of their fathers?What tools of agricultural policy is necessary toactivate now to maintain the important role ofagriculture as a producer of landscape?

Event and dail y grind: Challeng es inafter-use concepts of InternationalGarden Festival Sites in Austria

Gugerell, K., Roither,A.*

Institute for Landscape Planning, Department ofL a n d s c ap e, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences,University of Natural Resources and Applied LifeS c i e n c e s , V i e n n a , Pe t e r- Jo rdanstraße 65, 1 1 8 0Vienna,Austria * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAustria has a specific culture of Garden Festivals,with differing concepts in the federal states.International approaches in Festivals were made1964 and 1974 in Vienna and 2000 in Graz, Styria.2013 a tri-national show in the region of LakeConstance will take place. Strategies for follow upuse have been part of all these event programmes.The site’s development – parts remain as a publicpark – leads to an up-valuation of the nearby area.The aim is to detect the foreseen ideas for theafter-use and the strategies of the actual state ofthe realised pro j e c t s . S t a rt ing point for thec o m p a r a t i ve sur vey is the project IGUnterpremstätten Graz, a work of late garden-architect Dieter Kienast. The remaining site isunder responsibility of Joanneum (Landesmuseum)and houses the Austr ian Sculpture Park, a ni n t e r n a t i o n a l ly re m a r ked collection ofcontemporary works. The art collection is inprogress, but traces of decline can be attested inthe garden as piece of art. The maintenance isambitious and needs a lot of skilled craftsmanshipin gardening but also understanding for Kienast’sphilosophy and work.Ten years after the openingsome major and cost intensive preservation worksa re evident and fo r t h c o m i n g . T h ey are anexpression of limited investments and a lack ofunderstanding in previous years. A care conceptwould help to maintain the garden; investmentscan be phased and budgeted.The garden could besensibly adapted and developed further to the newuse as a place for displaying art without loosing itsunique design. In fact the problems shown areresults of the garden show concepts, the lackingdiscussion of what comes afterwards and themissing understanding for the coherence of design,p l a n n i n g , using and maintenance in gard e narchitecture and administration.

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A B S T R A C T SLawns: are they mor e than just anice gr een color?

Petrovic, A.M.(1), Easton, Z.M. (2)

(1) Department of Horticulture 134A Plant ScienceBuilding Cornell University Ithaca, N ew Yo r k14886(2) Department of Biological and EnvironmentalEngineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAs urban and suburban areas grow, concern aboutpollution in urban waters has increased. In urbanw a t e r s h e d s , s o u rces of contaminants includeanthropogenic and natural, or as wet and dryatmospheric deposition. Lawns can have an impacton the surface and ground water quality fromnitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Several studiesshowed more P losses in runoff from unfertilizedlawns than fertilized lawns due to lower runoff.Fertilized lawns had higher dissolved P losses thanthe other land uses but only on the shallow runoffprone soils. Particulate P losses were highest fromthe unfertilized wooded and urban barren land usedue to erosive P losses. There was a two foldincrease in P loads to a stream when compared tothe undeveloped, forested upper watershed. Bestmanagement practices should focus on reducingrunoff and P loss from high source areas to realizethe largest reduction in P loading to surface water.Fertilized lawns had higher N loss than the otherland uses in areas with a high runoff potential. Onthe deeper soil with low runoff, the fertilized lawnshad lower N loss than the other land uses.Precipitation derived N inputs had an influence onN lost from all land uses in the watershed, while Nm e a s u red in through fall under the wo o d e dcanopy was of the same order of magnitude as theN lost in runoff from these areas. The N streamloads we re as high as or higher from theundeveloped upper watershed indicating the urbanareas may be an N sink.The risk of N impactinggroundwater quality is affected by age of the site,fall fertilization timing and irrigation. Long term,the source of N had no effect on the extent ofNO3 leaching and controlled summer irrigationreduced the amount of N leaching.Thus, to reducethe r isk of N impacts to gro u n d w a t e r, Napplications should be less as the site matures,limit the amount N applied in mid to late fall andcontrol the amount of irrigation to closely matchthe amount of evapotranspiration.

Public Gar dens Private Spaces

Greenfield, L.

Universität der Künste, Berlin, Postfach 12 05 44,D-10595, Berlin, Germany* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGardens have always been places of contradiction,mixing utilitarian function with ornamental form.H i s t o r i c a l ly, a rtists have re p resented them ascultivated enclosures that convey a sense ofparadise when juxtaposed with the reality outsidethe garden gates. Germany is home to one millionpr ivate allotment gardens that are clustere dtogether in colonies and open to public view.Allotments offer a glimpse into the varied creativee n d e avors of thousands of gardeners in aconcentrated, urban setting. In Germany, theseseemingly natural spaces are in fact artificiallyconstructed on top of landfill, and exist as theresult of concerted horticultural and politicale f fo rts on the part of gardeners and theiradvocates. Consequently, the German garden plotexemplifies the challenges and artistic possibilitiesinherent to the practice of maintaining nature in acity.Kleingärten spaces are constantly in flux. Thegardeners choose what elements to cut, contain,cultivate and adorn, revealing the individuality oftheir spaces in the same way that, in filmic terms,the choice of framing and editing reveals intention.I see the Kleingärten as occupying a metaphoricposition that connects documentary to spectacle,making them ideal material to explore the notionof authenticity in art. Fences contain the individualspaces; there is a sense of privacy, although publicpathways serve as a network to view the gardenscenes as personal tableau.They act as a verdantbackdrop, a “natural” retreat, for the gardeners toevoke fantasy in the center of a metropolis.At thesame time their historical significance and theconstant maintenance required in the gardenscalls for a documentary approach to filming them.




LUH 09Healing gar dens in Ital y: cur rentstatus and technical pr oposals

Chiusoli A. (1), Marsigli Rossi Lombardi F. (2),Minelli A. (3), Minelli M. (4), Rinaldi Ceroni L.(4)

(1) Full Professor (retired),Department of fruit treesand woody plant sciences-landscape unit, AlmaMater Studiorum University of Bologna(2) Temporary professor at Parchi e Giardini courseat the Alma Mater Studiorum University ofBologna . Landscape Architect,AIAPP/EFLA(3) Assistant professor, Department of fruit treesand woody plant sciences – landscape unit Almamater studiorum – University of Bologna(4) Landscape architect,AIAPP/EFLA

AbstractThe importance of horticultural therapy is wellknown now in Italy too:a large number of gardensare designed and realized near healing buildings.In the last ten years we can appreciate an evolutionaround this culture: to offer a healing garden isnow considered a value to add to a healing centre,an opportunity to win a contract, specially forprivate enterprises.This Department is studding and working aroundthis reality from more than 10 years, and it is timeto evidence the evolution: it is well accepted thaturban greening plays an important role in thesocial and natural sustainability of a city, but we goover.This study aims at highlight how the landscapedesign is changing according with the newrequirements of civilized society.Italian sanitary requirements are different fromAnglo-Saxon one, but also there is an interestingmovement around common people request, andthe offer of individual traders; people requires anew landscape, or is getting back to an oldlandscape, to a sensible landscape, and people is onhand to pay it.

Management of Landsca pe andUrban Hor ticultur e in Punjab -India

Bilga, J.S

Municipal Corporation Amritsar-143001, India* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractLandscape be in urban or country, plays ani m p o rtant role for re f reshing human life.H o rt i c u l t u re provides the best platform fo rLandscape in general and in urban life particular.The best combinations of Landscape and UrbanHorticulture in any city, reflects the living standardsof its people. With average of 13 % area underforests, in India it is widely varied from a minimumof 3.17 % to a maximum of 83 % while in urban lifeit var ies from 4 to 13.5 %. The north andprogressive state of India, Punjab have provided 5-7 % greens in urban life. Five major cities of thestate are managed by their Municipal Corporationsi . e, A m r i t s a r, B a t h i n d a , J a l a n d h a r, Ludhiana andPatiala.These cities are provided with 346,105, 235,727 and 195 parks respectively along with 36, 9, 28,45 and 17 roadside plantations besides 22, 5, 8, 10and 6 road islands, in addition to few scatteredgreen belts which constitutes the major Landscapeand Urban Hort i c u l t u re. Being a deve l o p i n gcountry,ample budget is not there for the desirablemanagement of such greens for the pleasant livingof their residents. Watching the global scenario,these Municipalities have introduced the “ PublicPrivate Partnership”. Under this system Amritsar,B a t h i n d a , Jalandhar and Ludhiana cit ies haveallotted 240, 56, 195 and 390 parks of the totalnumber to their local Welfare Societies so calledPark Management Committees for the mosteconomical as well as the best performance fortheir up-keep with nominal grant provided by themunicipalities. Similarly Landscaping of 22, 3, 8, 16and 6 municipal roads of the total is beingmaintained by the Advertising agencies in lieuadvertising revenue. In addition development andmaintenance of Landscape of 12 round abouts inAmritsar, 3 in Bathinda, 7 in Jalandhar, 6 in Ludhianaand 3 in Patiala is being looked after by differentindustrial houses in lieu for their publicity. It is quiteevident that the Management of Landscape andUrban Horticulture in Punjab – India is significantlyeconomical as well as better than that of beingmaintained by their own efforts.

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mailto:a_js@y

SESSION 2

URBAN LANDSCAPEHORTICULTURE


A B S T R A C T SMitigation of the detrimentaleffects of ar tificial turf on theenvir onment and end users: aninno vativ e hybrid natural-ar tificialspor ts pitch construction system.

Lulli, F.*(1),Volterrani, M. (1), Magni, S.(1),Armeni, R(2).

(1) C e n t re for Research on Turfgrass fo rEnvironment and Sports – University of Pisa, ViaSan Michele degli Scalzi 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.(2) L a b o s p o rt Italia S.r. l . , Via Monza 16, 2 3 8 7 0Cernusco Lombardone (LC), Italy*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThird generation artificial turf pitches have longbeen the object of criticism due to their highabrasiveness to athletes falling on the surface, thehigh temperatures recorded in summer periodsand their unpleasant rubber odour. On the otherhand, natural turf pitches are not able to withstandthe high play volumes currently associated withmodern high-profile sports pitches and communitysports pitches. Hybrid systems with a varyingpresence of artificial fibres and reinforcementsh ave long been tested and installed, w i t h o u tp roviding a definitive answer to theabovementioned problems of natural turf. During2004-2007 an innovative hybrid natural-artificialsports pitch construction system was devised andtested at Pisa University.This system consists of amodified third generation artificial grass withorganic infill, on which natural grass is allowed togrow. Specific procedures need to be followedduring construct ion, installation and turfestablishment in order to carry out a successfulconstruction and grow - i n . An 11000 m2

experimental pitch was constructed in Pisa insummer 2007 and tested during 2007-2008. Thehybrid pitch showed total absence of rubberodour, summer temperatures similar to naturalturf pitches, wear resistance superior to naturalturf pitches, abrasiveness similar to natural turfpitches and good infill particle size stability. Playingquality parameters fell within both the FIFAs t a n d a rd re q u i rements for ar tificial turf andgenerally accepted playing quality parameters fornatural turf. During the first two years of its life thepitch was the object of repeated fungal disease

attacks from various pathogens, from which thepitch always recovered. Optimum hybrid natural-artificial pitch maintenance proved to be verysimilar to a natural turf pitch, except for theabsence of any soil aeration procedures. Futureresearch will focus on continued monitoring of thepitch for natural turf behaviour, turfgrass diseasemanagement procedures, long term infill particlesize stability, pitch drainage perfo r m a n c e, a n dtesting of alternative turfgrass species for warmerclimates.


mailto:flulli@agr

LUH 09Zoysia : a high quality warm seasonturfgrass g enus for urban and spor tsl aw n s . ve ge t a t i v e establ i s h m e n tb e h aviour and adaptat ion to themediter ranean climate

Pompeiano,A., Grossi, N., Gaetani, M.*,Volterrani, M.

Centre for Research on Turfgrass for Environmentand Sports – University of Pisa, Via San Micheledegli Scalzi 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractZoysia is a warm season turfgrass genus native toAsia and the South Pacific that is well adapted tothe transition (including Mediterranean), warm-arid and warm-humid climatic zones. Zoysiagrass isrelatively inexpensive to maintain and environmentfriendly because of its excellent heat, drought, pestand wear tolerance compared with the morecommon cool season grasses. Its maindisadvantage lies in its slow establishment whichlimits a more widespread use.The objective of the study, carried out at theresearch station of CeRTES, University of Pisa (43°40’ N, 10° 19’ E, 6 m a.s.l.), was to evaluate thedifferences in establishment rate and adaptation tothe latitude of coastal Tuscany.In this study 5 cultivars of Zoysia japonica Steud., 2cultivars of Z oysia matre l l a (L.) Merr. , Z oy s i at e n u i folia W i l l d . Ex Thiele and 2 interspecifichybrids of Zoysia japonica x Z. pacifica Goundsw.were evaluated.Sample stolon length, stolon number per plant andstolon cumu l a t i ve length per unit area we remeasured. During the establishment period stolonweekly growth rate was measured along withmonitoring of temperature at soil surface. Groundcover until full establishment, turf quality and turfcolour were also evaluated.For the tested zoysiagrass cultivars, g round cove rwas more influenced by stolon number than bystolon length. Stolon growth sensitivity to gro u n dt e m p e r a t u re seems to be cultivar specific andindicates that most zoysiagrass cultivars continue tog row until average ground temperatures reach 10°C.

Optimizing water use efficiency inurban landsca pes using GIS

Tsirogiannis, I.L.

TEI of Epirus, Dept. Floriculture & LandscapeArchitecture. P.O. Box 110, 47100 Arta, Greece * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractImproved design and management of irrigationsystems can lead to significant higher efficiency inwater usage and / or better distribution of thewater sources in order to have more sufficientlyi rr igated –hence vigo rous- plants. U r b a nlandscapes are usually complicated regarding theplethora of plant species and their spat ialdistribut ion which makes the design andmanagement of relevant irrigation systems a hardwork to do.In the framework of the proposed designapproach, in GIS environment, the landscapes arefirst divided in hydrozones based on different areaparameters (geometry, usage), soil characteristics( t y p e, slope) and landscape ev ap o t r a n s p i r a t i o nrates (microclimate, plant density and species).Forthe calculation of the reference evapotranspirationthe well established method of Penman-Monteithis used while the water needs of every zone areestimated using the WUCOLS approach. In thiss t a g e, alterations to plants selection can beproposed aiming to more uniform zones regardingwater needs. The hydrozones are then combinedwith the usage of each area in order to select thep roper irr igat ion system (type, l ayout andp recipitation rate). F i n a l ly, detailed seasonalwatering schedules are formed for each zonebased on water needs, plants, soil and irrigationsystem characteristics.The use of GIS facilitates the design process andgives a strong visual dimension to it. The firstoutcomes (application for the improvement of theirrigation system of a 10 acres university campusand a 0,5 acres public garden) re s u l t e dconsiderable water savings.

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mailto:mgaetani@agr


A B S T R A C T SUse of endemic plants asornamentals in the Canar y Islands.

Rodríguez Pérez J.A., Hernández González, G.*

D e p a rtamento de Ingenier ía, P roducción yEconomía Agraria. Escuela Técnica Superior deIngeniería Agraria. Universidad de La Laguna. Ctra.de Geneto s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna. SantaCruz de Tenerife.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWith a complicated orography and great variety ofmicroclimates, Canary Islands have developed awide endemic vegetation. However, just some ofthese endemic plants have been widely used ingardening; lack of knowledge on how theses plantsbehave cultivated in gardens is one of the reasonto remain underutilized.This review focuses on 23endemic species of the island of Gran Canaria withpotential value in gardening. Several criteria havebeen used to choose species such us ornamentalpotential value and presence in Gran Canaria.Three aspects with ornamental and environmentalinterest are studied in plants cultivated in gardens:F l owering phenology, biometr ic measure m e n t s ,chorology and spatial use restrictions in GranCanaria. Spatial use restrictions are underlined inorder to avoid enviromental problems such ashybridism and subspontaneity in Gran Canaria.Important differences in flowering phenology andbiometric study were found between wild andcultivated plants, with longer flowering period andlarger biometric measurements.

Low impact de velopmenttechniques f or urban sustainab ledesign: a case study of “raingardens”

Bortolini, L.*, Semenzato P.

Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agroforestali,Università degli Studi di Padova,Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPrivate gardens and small urban open spaces canplay an important role in preventing local floodscaused by urban run-off especially during heavyrainfall events. Borders and other garden spaces,designed for the interception, storage and drainageof rainwater, collected by the nearby imperviouss u r f a c e s , a re defined as “rain gard e n s ” . T h eappropriate planning and design of “rain gardens”can, at the same time, have a positive influence onthe water cycle and offer interesting opportunitiesfor aesthetically creative landscape design. Thepaper presents a case study of the application ofthe “rain garden” model to different public andprivate urban sites, in the Veneto region. Differentsolutions in re g a rds to dimensioning, s p e c i e sselection, and site preparation are presented.


mailto:limonium@terr


LUH 09The eff ect of design of an urbanpark on traffic noise abatement

Papafotiou, M.*, Chatzijiannaki, Z., Stilianaki, G.

Agricultural University of Athens, Department ofPlant Science, L a b o r a t o ry of Floriculture andLandscape Architecture, Iera Odos 75, 118 55,Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractOne of the major environmental problems of thebig cities nowadays is the traffic noise. This studywas aiming to evaluate the effect of vegetation anddesign of an urban park (Pedion Areos) in thecentre of Athens on the traffic noise attenuationinside the park, and to propose solutions for extranoise reduction in it.The noise (dBA L10 and L90)was measured on the whole area of the park andon the streets at the boarders of the park. Majordifferences (5-10 dBA) in traffic noise reductionwere found at the first 60 m of the park perimeterdepending on the vegetation, altitude and design ofthe park. Dense vegetation of shrubs and trees inthe periphery of the park, compared to areaswhere the vegetation consisted of trees only,resulted in extra noise reduction. Differences ofthe altitude also affected noise reduction.The widelanes of hard laying (mainly asphalt) that arecrossing the park, and the big squares of hardlaying, too, did not allow big noise reduction in thecentral area of the park. Proposals for planting andnoise barriers are made in order to minimize thenoise level inside the park.

The eff ect of planting le vel at anurban r oad slope on plant gr owth

P ap a fo t i o u , M .*, Vo re a ko u , M . , Rafailidis N.,Katsojiani, S.

Agricultural University of Athens, Department ofPlant Science, L a b o r a t o ry of Flor iculture andLandscape Architecture, Iera Odos 75, 118 55,Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn this work it was studied the growth of Lantanacamara L., Limoniastrum monopetalum Boiss. andTeucrium frutescens L., as affected by the plantingdistance from the foot of an urban slope. Theexperimental area was divided in two zones, theupslope and the footslope. Plants of the threespecies were planted randomly at the upslope andthe footslope at the end of June 2003.From the dayof planting until the middle of October the plantswere irrigated automatically by a drop system.Every month until October the plant growth wasevaluated, measuring the plant height, number andlength of lateral shoots, main and lateral stemt h i c k n e s s , plant diameter and flower nu m b e r,depending on plant species. In December of thesame year the dry weight of the plant foliage wasmeasured, too. Chemical characteristics of the soiland soil moisture were also measured at the twoexperimental zones. It was found that the plantingzone affected plant growth in all species. L. camaraplants at the footslope were taller, developed moreand longer laterals, t h i c ker stems and moreflowering shoots, as well as bigger dry weight,compared to L. camara plants at the upslope. T.frutescens plants at the footslope developed morelaterals and had bigger total length of shoots and anindication of bigger dry weight compared to theupslope plants.The growth of L. monopetalum plantsin both upslope and footslope did not differ duringthe first three months of culture, but after sixmonths in culture the plants of the footslope hadbigger total, leaf and stem dry weight.The L. camaraand T. frutescens plants were left to resprout duringthe fo l l owing year and measurements we rerepeated with similar results. L. monopetalum plantswere damaged by exceptionally low temperaturesthat occurred in winter 2004 in the region.

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A B S T R A C T SThe role of the urban a gricultur e inthe construction of the landsca peof Beijing

Cui,Y.T.*, Fleury,A.,Vidal, R.

CERAPT / ENSP Superior national school ofarchitecture Paris-Malaquais , 75006 Paris, France* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The acceleration of the urbanization in Chinabrings some advantages for the Chinese people,but it also pulls major inconveniences of mainlyeconomic, social and environmental order. Thefragility of the urban agriculture is evident againstthe city explosion.Beijing was chosen to organize the Olympic Gamesin the 2008 summer by the CIO. For this occasion,the town planning undergoes import a n ttransformations. To welcome this big event, seriesof works are made on several domains notably inthe environmental sphere. Its main challenge is thefight against the pollution, and the essentialgovernments answer is to increase the greeneryrate which became its main preoccupation. It isabout one of the basis of this search as the same asthe accelerat ion of the urbanization and theimportance of the construction of the ecology, thetransfer and the dynamics of the agricultural spacefrom the landscape point of view.The objective of this search is to understand thecurrent situation of the urban agriculture of Beijing.We will try to prove the following hypothesis: theurban agriculture of Beijing as landscaped elementcan play a role or even be necessary for theconstruction of the Beijing landscape.These last years, the construction of the Beijinglandscape corresponds to the main objectives ofthe Chinese government, and thanks to somee xe m p l a ry operat ions, the idea of the urbanagriculture such a place of landscape extendedconsiderably. But at the same time, because of aseveral failing politics, insufficient knowledge andother troubles, errors were committed. I aspire tothe fact that this search could put a new vision onthe landscape, the urban agriculture, and especiallygive a justification for the necessary role of theurban agriculture in the construction of Beijinglandscape. This knowledge will hopefully allow toimprove in the future.

New methods f or the r ecovery ofpost industr ial are a s : c h o o s i n gplants f or ph ytor emediation

Larcher, F.(1)*,Vigetti,A. (1), Merlo, F. (1),Ajmone-Marsan, F. (2), Devecchi, M. (1)

(1) D e p t . A g ro n o my, Fo re s t ry and Landmanagement, University of Turin, Via Leonardo daVinci 4410095 GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy(2) D e p t . Valor ization and Protect ion of theAgricultural and Forestry Resources,Via Leonardoda Vinci 44, 10095 GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractDuring the last years ecologists have started workingon urban ecosystems, considering the interaction ofthe social, biological and physical components of acity as one of the best way to understand dynamicsand driving forces in urban development. Besides,urban design and planning projects have beend evoted to find sustainable ways to contro li n c reasing phenomena such as urbanization andurban sprawl. In this context urban green areas cancarry out many environmental functions in particularrelated to increasing biodiversity, assessing meso andmicroclimate, absorbing noise and promoting air andsoil quality.Among these phytoremediation is a set ofremediation methodologies that are based on theuse of plants to remove pollutants, especially metals,from the soil or to reduce their impact on theenvironment. Ornamental plants can be used for thispurpose in urban design, where both environmentaland aesthetical solutions are needed. A pilot studywas carried out in two green areas in the city ofTurin (Italy): ‘Pellerina Park’ and ‘Spina 3’ Park, that isa post industrial area. Four plots for each specieswe re planted. Two species have been tested:Helianthus annuus ‘Holeko H.O.’ and Brassica juncea‘Red Giant’ Physico-chemical characteristics of topsoil befo re and after the experiment we red e t e r m i n e d . During cultivation growing data onplants we re determined. After harve s t , m e t a lcontents in plants we re measure d . R e s u l t sdemonstrate that the use of phy t o re m e d i a t i o ntechniques in urban soils can be an interestingmethod to control heavy metals accumulation duringt i m e. Species like Helianthus annuus can besuccessfully used both for ecological and aestheticalpurposes. Further studies are required in order tofind new ornamental species useful in urban greenareas and to evaluate proper methods for theirdisposal.


mailto:cui_yueting@y


LUH 09Design of Athens’ Tram and UrbanBus Depots sur rounding ar easbased on noise le vels monitoring

Ntoulas, N. *,Nektarios, P.A.

Dept. of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos,118 55,Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAthens’ Tram and Urban Bus Depots we reinstalled near the former International Airpor t ofAthens soon after its translocation in 2001. Thecurrent study monitored the traffic noise levels atthe areas surrounding the depots, the neighboringhighway and the inhabitant area in the vicinity ofthe depots.The aim of the study was to determinethe sources and the levels of noise pollution. It wasfound that the recorded A-weight sound pressurelevels (L10) were over the permissible limits of 70dB for open spaces.The noise pollution detectedwithin the inhabited area originated mainly fromthe buses moving from and to the depot and fromthe highway. It was also identified that the noisep roblem from the bus depot became moreprofound during the night at the end of the busshift. In contrast noise levels from the Tram depotdid not exceed the permissible noise limits. Basedon the traffic noise levels and taking intoconsideration the adjacent inhabited area a designproposal was created rerouting the passage of thebus line. In addition specialized sound barriers,noise control earth berms and sound maskingtechniques combined with thick vegetation stripswere suggested in order to reduce noise level. Anew urban park was also designed and proposedaround the depots, which attended to serve theinhabitants of the neighboring municipalities. Theproposed urban park is expected to reduce thenoise pollution, to improve the micro c l i m a t i cconditions of the region, and to contribute to theecological restoration of the natural environment.The abovementioned improvements are expectedto rejuvenate an area that has been negativelyaffected for many years by the operation of thedepots and the International Airport of Athens.

Temporal shifts in plantcomposition of turfgrass mixtur esin r esponse to plant gr owthregulators

Macolino, S.(1), Leinauer, B.(2), Ziliotto, U.(1)

(1) Department of Environmental Agronomy andC rop Pro d u c t i o n , U n i versity of Padov a , v i a l ed e l l ’ U n i versità 16, AGRIPOLIS 35020 LegnaroPadova, Italy;(2) Department of Extension Plant Sciences, NewMexico State University, N230 Skeen Hall, MSC3AE, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA;* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAs a result of the positive environmental and socialvalue of lawn areas, turfgrasses have become animportant component of urban centers and are usedin many different macro and micro climates.A 2 yearfield experiment was conducted at the ExperimentalAgricultural Farm of Padova University in Legnaro,I t a ly, to investigate temporal changes in speciescomposition of three turfgrass mixtures to which aplant growth regulator was applied.Three grass mixtures were established in 2006 andsubsequently treated with the plant growth regulatortrinexapac-ethyl (Primo) at either half, recommended,or one and a half the recommended rate, or leftuntreated (control). The three turfgrass mixes usedwere 1) Lolium perenne (40% [by weight]), Festuca rubrassp. trichophylla (15%), Festuca rubra ssp. commutata(15%), and Poa pratensis (30%); 2) Festuca arundinacea(90%) and Poa pratensis (10%) and 3) Lolium perenne(60%) and Poa pratensis (40%). Species in each mixconsisted of 2 varieties in equal proportions. Plotswere mowed at 4.5 cm and 15-9-15 fertilizer wasapplied at 20 gN m-2 yr-1.Treatments were replicatedthree times in a randomized complete block design.From February 2007 to July 2008 the succession of thespecies composition of the three mixtures was studiedby means of linear analyses method.Plant growth regulator applications did not affectspecies composition; however there was a shift inplant composition over time for mixtures 1 and 3.Lolium perenne decreased in both mixtures, while aconstant increase of Festuca rubra and Poa pratensiswas observed in mixture 1 and 3.The composition ofmixture 2 stayed stable with Festuca arundinacea as thedominant species. Results indicate that under climaticand management conditions prevalent in this study,Lolium perenne can disappear rather rapidly whilePrimo has no effect on changes in speciescomposition.

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A B S T R A C T SRomanian urban landsca pe,antagonism or cooperationbetw een pub lic and private gr eenareas

Ilca-Suciu,T.*, Dumitras,A., Singureanu,V., Sabo, G.

University of Agricultural Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine, Manastur Street, no. 3-5, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractCase situation in witch the urban developmenth i g h ly accelerated, can generate unpleasantcontrasts or even antagonisms between public andprivate landscape properties.These case situationsa re typical for countr ies with a high urbandevelopment, related with residence crisis.Analyzing the current situation in our country, wecan observe a gap between the use of vegetation,association of ve g e t a t i o n , maintenance oflandscape areas belonging to the city hall andprivate landscape areas with direct impact uponthe urban landscape, especially at county level.This case situation is amplified by the lack of lawsregarding the urbanism, inobservance of the laws,even by the authorities. Appling the laws, by theauthorities is a decisive factor in accepting them bythe citizens for a proper education and disciplineregarding the urban landscape.For accomplishment of the mentioned abovestrategies, the urban landscape plays a key role forprevailing the advantages of the green spaces, withaccent on the urban aspects.The paper propose a case study with main ideafocused upon the coherence of the urban landscapefinding adequate solut ions for urbanism andlandscape that will lead to a harmonization of thecontrasts in the adopted styles.Concluding, the paper propose the extension andcomprehensive retail of the landscape areas by findingmodern solut ions for landscape designing,re s p e c t f u l ly for the laws and classical urbanstandards, especially for the contact area betweenthe public and private landscape properties, withdirect implementation in the general urban area.

Hydr oponic perg ola as an e xampleof living furnitur e in urbanlandsca pe

Montero, J.L.*(1), Salas, M.C.(2)

(1) Espacios y Paisajes SL, Plaza Durcal 9 – 4º 1,04007,Almería, Spain.(2) D e p a rtamento de Producción Vegetal -Universidad de Almería, Cañada de San Urbanos/n, 04120,Almería, Spain.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractCurrent city centres are evolutioning in theirutilities into functional and public uses.That makesmore necessary to provide urban population withliving green places to use while they are out oftheir homes. Since city centres are alre a d ydeveloped it is very difficult to find out the way toobtain more garden surfaces,usually limited to thehistor ical gardens of the cit ies. Besides this,traditional gardening is not considered correctamong the population, due to the high waterconsumption they mean. On the other hand,xerogardening is an alternative that usually doesnot generate the levels of vegetal covered surfaceor natural shade it is desired in this kind of urbanareas. The use of hydroponic techniques withre c i rculat ing nutr ient solution to design newmodels of urban furniture means a new way toenjoy the profits that traditional gardening offered,as for example natural shade, vegetal coveredsurface or green urban landscape, with none of itsdisadvantages, as they are the high water waste orspecifically prepared soil.The main of the project is to find out a model ofurban furniture with minimum water consumptionusing compat ible ornamental plants withrecirculating techniques.The model of an hydroponic pergola is an exampleof urban furniture, able to build urban landscapesusing living plants, to provide green areas with allthe profits that citizens expect.


mailto:studio@desauc

mailto:lmp@espaciosypaisajes

LUH 09Public open spaces of Baeta Ne vesDistrict, São Bernar do do CampoCity, state of São P aulo , Brazil

Bezerra,A.F.(1),Tavares Rocha,Y. *(2)

(1) MSc, Geography Department, University of SãoPaulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 338 - 05508-900 - -São Paulo (SP), Brazil(2) Assistant Pro fe s s o r, G e o g r ap hy Depart m e n t ,University of São Paulo,Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 338- 05508-900 - - São Paulo (SP), Brazil* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe environmental quality in urban areas requiresspecific procedures to research the open spacessystem and the function of the vegetation in thecity.This work was firstly based in the definition ofopen spaces and the survey of public open spacesin the Baeta Neves District, São Bernardo doCampo City, near São Paulo Metropolitan Region,state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the quantitativeanalysis, it was considered the existence or not ofthe open spaces in that area, verifying its ability tosupport the recreation of the population that livesin the around open spaces, and the quantificationof open spaces. Subsequently, we analyzed thequality, function and distribution of open spaces ofthe District.

Integrating Gr een Technolo giesinto Cur riculum f or Tomor row’sProfessionals

Kuzovkina, J.

University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd., U-4067, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAs revitalization of metropolitan areas continues toe x p a n d , i n n ov a t i ve green technologies holdconsiderable promise for creating sustainableurban ecosystems. Over the last three decadesgreen designs have been successfully applied over adiverse range of environmental problems includingstorm water management, energy conservation,m i c roclimate mit igation, pollution re m e d i a t i o n ,food pro d u c t i o n , and biodiversity re s t o r a t i o n .Keeping current with new trends in these rapidlyevolving technologies is crucial to comprehendingthe potential of green plants that accelerateecological transformations of urban land.This rapid development of green technologiessuggests teaching opportunities at the universitylevel to assist future professionals in understandingthe pr incipals of green designs. The newinterdisciplinary course engages students majoringin various fields such as landscape architecture,horticulture and natural resources and acquaintsthem with the effective selection and use of plantsin the modified urban environment. The coursefamiliarizes students with a broad range ofinnovative green technologies including green roofsand green walls; p hy t o remediat ion andbioretention including bioswales, wetlands and raing a rd e n s ; as well as urban stre e t s c ap i n g , a n ddiscusses the design principals related to eachtechnology. The course also addresses the properselection of plant genotypes based on provenattributes which are critical for the success andsustainability of each installation. Selection of theoptimal plant for a specific environmental concernrequires an understanding of the characteristicsand capabilities of diffe rent plants and theirsuitability to perform effectively under specificconditions in order to employ the concept ofgreen applications to its fullest potential.And finally,the course presents principles of how to designsustainable plant communities specific to eachinstallation that are based on the ecological modelsand principals of designing for biodiversity.

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A B S T R A C T SStage overlooking Volter ra’slandsca pe

Missaglia A.,Ambroselli S., Cinelli F.*

Dipartimento di Coltivazione e Difesa delle SpecieLegnose “G. Scaramuzzi” – Sezione di ColtivazioniArboree, Università di Pisa - Via del Borghetto, 80- 56124 Pisa* corresponding author : [email protected]

AbstractWe have worked for a requalification project of agarden in the Tuscan landscape The garden has acharming overview of the surrounding landscapecharacterized by spectacular formations ofbadlands, a view of Volterra’s town, woodlands andcultivated fields that change aspect every month.The gard e n , whose extension is about twohectares, is close to a ancient rural building, nowundergone to restructuring in order to obtain aholiday housing complex. Since all the trees havebeen abandoned the first phase of the projectrequires the safety implementation by applyingmodern arboriculture techniques. The difficultagronomic characteristics that affect the area,(clayey soil, orography characterized by high slopesand summer drought) combined with theimpossibility of reaching groundwater due toexcessive depth, have bound the project phase toa preliminary identification of the most suitableplant species and have determined the need toinstall a phytopurification system of sewage watersto recycle them for the garden’s irrigation. Theneed to cushion the impact of the built complexand the infrastructures attached to it, safeguardingat the same time the exciting views that open fromthis stage on Volterra’s landscape, has been solvedwith the insertion of autochthonous arboreal andshrubby species. In conclusion the project of thegarden requalification has been developed with theintent to pre s e rve the spectacular view s , t ovalorise the historical traces of the place, to favourthe social cohesion among the different usertypologies and to minimize maintenance costs.

Reshaping the landsca pe in theAsylum of San F rancisco de P aula,in Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo , Brazil.

Pivetta, K.F.L.*, Batista, G.S., Martins,T.A., Gimenes,R., Oliveira, N.C., Rodrigues, M.A.

U n i versidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade deCiências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento deProdução Vegetal,Via de acesso Prof. Paulo DonatoCastellane, s/n, CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SãoPaulo State, Brazil.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIt is trite fact that there are elderly who have nofamily or who don’t receive any kind of help fromtheir relatives because the family normally doesn’thave sufficient financial conditions to help them.Those elderly live in shelters privates or publicsthat normally don’t have enough money to coverall costs necessary, being forced to survive withdonations. In these shelters, is funded, primarily,nutrit ion and health, being treated with litt leimportance the leisure and often the well-being.But that leisure could be obtained in a simple andeffective way: the green area of the site, whichnormally already exists and is spacious, thoughmisused, can become a rest area with a simplelandscaping project. It is important to mention thata garden it’s not just a beautiful landscape, itbecomes a place of importance for the day-by-daylife of older people.The objective of this study wasto improve the quality of life of elderly who live inthe Asylum of San Francisco de Paula, i nJaboticabal,Sao Paulo State, Brazil. In this study, thes u rvey was conducted planners-alt imetr y,photographic and registration, besides an analysisof local gro u n d . We re also re c o rded thepreferences of employees and visitors of thebuilding, as well as the critical points of the area.After this primary analysis was done the planninglandscape (with AutoCAD), prioritizing the use ofplants with easy maintenance and not dangerous.Besides that , was created a space for anorchidarium with the goal of providing weeklyworkshops for cultivation of orchids.


mailto:fcinelli@agr

mailto:kathia@fcav

LUH 09Autochtonous shrubs in the urbang reen of mediterranean coastaltowns

Cervelli, C.*(1), De Lucia, B.(2),Aprile, S.(3),Trapani, C.(3), Zizzo, G.(3)

(1)CRA - Unità di ricerca per la floricoltura e lespecie ornamentali, Corso Inglesi 508, 1 8 0 3 8Sanremo, Italy(2)Dipartimento di produzioni vegetali, Università diBari,Via Amendola 165/a, 70125 Bari, Italy(3)CRA - Unità di ricerca per il recupero e lavalorizzazione delle specie floricole mediterranee,S.S. 113 km 245,500, 90011 – Bagheria, ItalyCorresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractShrubs have an important role in urban landscape,mainly as border elements and for biodiversityconservation. In the “Regolamento del verde” ofm a ny Italian municipalities the use ofautocthonous species is highly recomended butsuch tool is still poorly used by administrations ofcoastal towns of Mediterranean area. Moreoverthe use of autocthonous shrubs in the urban greenis usually restricted to a little number of species: ap re l i m i n a ry sur vey in four towns (Sanre m o,Livorno, Bari, Palermo) showed that only oleander,dwarf palm, laurel, Teucrium fruticans and Tamarixspp. are significatively used. A low diffusion ofautochtonous shrubs has been observed mainly intowns where in past times there was a strongintroduction of exotic plants (Sanremo, Palermo).Such situation contrasts with the fact that the floraof Mediterranean maquis offers a large number ofspecies with diffe rent morpho-phenologicalcharacteristics (height, colour, flowering period)useful in urban green design and suitable for lowinput maintanance. A list of species with highornamental value, l a n d s c ape significance anddrought resistance is reported on the basis of theexperience of the authors on cultivation of nativeflora species, some of them endemic.

Old gra pevines in historical citycentr es and suburbs of EmiliaRomagna: inventor y andpreliminar y characterisation of acultural herita ge

Bignami, C.*, Sgarbi, E., Pellini,A.

Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e egli AlimentiUniversità di Modena e Reggio Emilia*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe long history of Vitis in Italy is strictly linked toman. Cultivated in the countryside, grapevine hasbeen introduced in the cities near buildings or incountry houses as a complement of ornamentaland productive interest. Several urban specimenshave survived to the events occurred to housesand owners and to the changes of life style,acquir ing a cultural and historical meaning,enriching the urban landscape with a rural touchand representing a potential source of germplasmfor ornamental and agronomic purposes.Nevertheless their existence is almost unknownand generally neglected even in the pro j e c t sspecifically devoted to the inventory and collectionof Vitis genetic resources.A program aimed at the individuation of Vitisspecimens near the buildings in the EmiliaRomagna city centres and suburbs has thenstarted in 2007 in order to collect information ontheir traits, present use and state of conservation.Exploration and collection of information abouttheir presence was the first step of the work.Passport data were collected; for site locationGlobal Positioning System (GPS) information wasrecorded, for geo-coding purposes. Plant size hasbeen measured.As a first step towards the varietalidentification, the ampelographic characterisationof leaf, bunch and berry samples for some of theinventoried plants has been started, according tothe OIV descriptors.The plants individuated are maintained both nearprivate or public buildings and have sometimesi m p o rtant locations: c h u rc h e s , cloisters andsquares in the city centres (S. Biagio and Piazzadella Pomposa, Modena; cloister in the area of S.Maria Maddalena convent, in Bologna). The plantsare generally leaned against the walls of buildingsor trained to pergolas.These information are the base for planningprotection and conservation activities and forgrapevine exploitation at a scientific, spreadingand educational level.

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mailto:velli@istflor

mailto:istina.bignami@unimor

A B S T R A C T SDesign of gr een areas for thepromotion of a gricultur e: a studycase of vine-gr owing and wine-producing farm

Tassinari P.* (1), Paolinelli G.(2),Torreggiani D.(1),Benni S.(1)

(1) University of Bologna, Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Engineering, Spatial Engineering Division,Viale G. Fanin 48, 40127 Bologna, Italy.(2) University of Florence (Italy).* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractArchitectonic quality represents an issue of great topicalrelevance in the design of farm open spaces, also in lightof the inclusion of landscape considerations within thestrategic Community guidelines rural development inthe period 2007-13.Thus the theoretical and technical framework in thedesign of farms shall consider the general matter oflandscape quality of rural areas, since farms potentiallyrepresent centres attracting customers, big buyers andcommon visitors, and their peculiar form of settlementdeeply structures rural landscape.The work discusses landscape design as a technique forconceiving structural and functional organization ofrural areas that seeks and materializes a deep sense ofthe relationship between the whole and its parts.The work suggests the design results of the case studyof the open spaces of a farm located in the hills of Imola,Emilia-Romagna (Italy), characterized by an articulatedset of design constraints and functional requirementsrelated to wine production. In fact, the experimentalpractice of the landscape design of the open spaces offarms represents both a very important theme in itself,and one of the main base subjects for the considerationof the broader issue of the evolution of countryside.The theme of landscape quality came to the fore inagricultural business with reference to the needs ofpromoting production at national and internationallevels. The need for users and external stakeholdersvisiting the farm and for their stay in the farm, both forshort time visits and longer stay at the guest-house forprofessional or recreational experiences related to theculture of wine, led the case-study design processthrough needs that usually are not part of the traditionof the project of rural farms.The contemporary issues themselves determine thecentrality of the landscape in the design and therefore ofthe landscape project as a philosophy of conceiving ruraldevelopment.

Green Mar vel – A 100-YearIntegrated Vegetation Strateg y forthe Red Riv er Floodwa y

Manning, G.*, Morgan, J.

Canadian Society of Landscape Architects* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe Red River Floodway is a 48 kilometrediversion channel constructed in the 1960’s top rotect Winnipeg and adjacent prair iecommunities during flood emergencies. Built inspite of great political opposition, the massiveproject has saved an estimated $10 billion inproperty damage. In 2008, it was recognized bythe International Association of Macro EngineeringSociet ies as one of the wo r l d ’s gre a t e s tengineering marvels for its technical achievementand foresight.The Floodway curre n t ly is being widened toprovide even greater flood security.As part of thisexpansion pro j e c t , the Manitoba FloodwayExpansion Authority is re-examining the role ofthis 2400 hectare landscape in the region. Wherethe original floodway was seen primarily as alimited access utility, the expansion pro j e c tincludes a visionary vegetation managementstrategy integral to the operation of the floodwayand the growing communities flanking the channel.In addition to being one of the largest nativeprairie restoration projects in North America, the100-year strategy weaves in food production,agro-forestry, alternative forage and grazing practices,carbon sequestrat ion, habitat re s t o r a t i o n ,re c re a t i o n , i n t e r p re t a t i o n , and economicdevelopment. In its scale, foresight, and technicalchallenges, this plan is a living complement to theengineering marvel, and a boost to its sustainabilityand local quality of life.



mailto:gmanning@htfc

LUH 09Social characteristics of floricultur eagribusiness in the Minas GeraisState (Brazil)

Corrêa Landgraf, P.R.(1),Duarte de Oliveira Paiva, P.(2)

(1) Universidade de Alfenas – UNIFENAS, Faculdadede Agronomia,Alfenas –MG, 37 130-000. Brazil.(2) Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamentode Agricultura, Lavras-MG, 37200-000. Brazil.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractF l o r i c u l t u re fe a t u res through the growth ofornamental plants, cutting plants (flowers andleaves), pot plants, flowering or not, even seedsproduction, bulbs, palm trees, seedling, shrub, andother gardening species. Minas Gerais state (Brazil)was currently considered 4th in national ranking ofornamental plants production. The characteristicsof the production in this state, however, areunknown. Thus, aiming to carry out a diagnosis ofthe floriculture in the mentioned sate, analyzingsocial character istics of the producers ofornamental plants trade, a survey was performedin Minas Gerais state producers from 2003 to2005. The interviews were done in loco, and theindividuals we re identified by visiting theproductive area and answering the questionnairethemselves. Studying the answers, it was found thatthe Minas Gerais sate ornamental plantsproduction is practiced by 427 producers. Thissector envo l ves 2.633 wo r ke r s , being 2.591permanents and 42 temporaries.The most part ofthe producers works in this activity for 4 to 10years (48%) and, 68,9% of the producers work inthis activity by the lucrativity. Others socialinformation were observed and are described inthis article.

Identification of mineral andorganic waste r esour ces asalternativ e materials f or a f ertilesoil r econstitution

Damas, O.*, Rossignol, J.P.

Plante & Cité, 3 rue Alexandre Fleming 49066Angers Cedex 1 France*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPlante & Cité is a French national technical centrededicated to landscape and urban horticulture. Theaims of this platform are to develop new scientificand technical research programs, realisations anddata transfer to green spaces professionals workingin local governments and landscape companies.As for agronomy and urban soils aspects, difficultieshave become to appear for many years concerningavailability of materials used for fe rtile soilreconstitutions and tree plantations. Two options offertile soil reconstitution are usually practiced, (i) atransported agricultural soil, or (ii) a compacted mixof transported soil and stones with a bearing capacityfor pave m e n t . Both materials - transport e dagricultural soil and quarry stones - are non-renewable. Besides, distances to supply materialsbecome more and more important incre a s i n gc o n s e q u e n t ly their economic and env i ro n m e n t a lcosts.This research program aims to (i) identify alternativematerials from urban waste resources available and(ii) propose new options of fertile reconstituted soilby associating a mineral fraction (fine fraction orrecycled stones) and an organic fraction (certainlynormalised composts).This project started in 2008 will last at least for 3years. First, the method is based on an exhaustiveinventory of potential waste resources from theEuropean Waste Catalogue (Commission Decision2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000). Then in 2009, aselection of 5 to 10 materials with best potential willbe studied for their agro n o m i c, g e o t e c h n i c a l ,mechanical properties and their eventual ecotoxiceffects or impacts on human health and environment.Finally a third step will test in real conditions(through urban tree plantation programs) manymixtures of materials evaluated previously withlaboratory studies. Here are some examples ofpotential materials identified thanks to theprospective study: demolition and building materials(rubbles and fine fraction), excavated soils, mineralwashing residues, dredging sludge, non-toxicindustrial residues and normalized composts.

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mailto:af@unif

mailto:.damas@plante-et-cite

A B S T R A C T SInfluence of soil temperatur e onornamental quality of bed dingplants thr ough m ulching

Korotkova, O.*,Vabrit, S.

Institute of Agr icultural and Env i ro n m e n t a lS c i e n c e s , Estonian University of Life Sciences,Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu 51014, Estonia,*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFive landscape mulches as grass-clipping,peat,bark,keramzit and paper were evaluated to determinetheir influence on soil temperature andornamental quality of such bedding plants asImpatiens walleriana and Tagetes patula. Resultsshow that mulching reduces fluctuation of soiltemperature in warmer summer months. Duringthe day and night time the most stable soiltemperature stays under bark mulch. At nighthigher soil temperature was under paper mulchand diurnal stays in unmulched plots. O t h e rmulches also show different results depending onday and night time. Dry weight of plant differentp a rts also can be affected diffe re n t ly by soiltemperature under mulching materials. Plants canproduce higher flower biomass in cooler soilcondit ions provided by mu l c h i n g . A negativecorrelation is found between I. walleriana plantflower’s dry weight and the soil temperature.Changes of soil temperature have influence ongrowth of bedding plants in summer month.Otherresults will be discussed.

Tree inventor y in Reggio EmiliaProvince .

Montermini A.(1), Catellani A.(1), Gasperini S.(2)*,Morelli G. (3)

(1) Consorzio Fitosanitario Provinciale di ReggioEmilia,Via Gualerzi 32, 42100 Reggio Emilia.(2) AR.ES.,Via Darsena 67, 44100 Ferrara, Italia.(3) Progetto Verde, Via Darsena 67, 44100 Ferrara,Italia.* corresponding author :[email protected]

AbstractThe project’s aim is to inventory and map all thepublic trees in Reggio Emilia Province, adding someprivate monumental trees, in order to develop along-term maintenance plan of the trees.The area of the project is about 230.000 Ha,crossing different landscapes: flat lands, humidareas, hills in 45 municipalities.All the trees we re ident ified, m apped andevaluated using a Visual Assessment Form mainlypointed at phy s i o l o g i c a l , pathological andmanagement aspects.A photograph is also taken ofeach tree.The collected data were incorporated into aM i c rosoft Access application and A u t o CA Ds o f t w a re and presented on the web site:w w w. c e n s i re. i t , a portal with a hierarc h i c a lcontrolled access.On the web site, maps and some information ofthe visual forms are available.The inventory update is made by the technicians ofthe Municipality or by external professionals andarborists.“Censire” is periodically tested by the techniciansof the Consorzio Fitosanitario Provinciale ofReggio Emilia.


mailto:va@em

mailto:ini@arbestense

LUH 09Characteristics of the arbors inurban gr eening of Chao yangdistrict, Beijing

Hao, P.(1), Dong, L.(1)*, Pi, D.(2)

(1) Dept. Landscape Architecture, Beijing ForestryU n i ve r s i t y, 3 5 , Qinghua Dong Rd, H a i d i a nDistrict,Beijing, 100083 China.(2)Supervision Center for Municipal Administrationof Chaoyang District, 33 ,Ritan Bei Rd,ChaoyangDisrict, 100020 China?Corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn order to improve the urban ecologicalenvironment in Beijing, huge financial capital hasbeen invested for greening construction by thegove r n m e n t . A c c o rd i n g ly, p roblems related theg reening management and maintenance areattracting public’s attention. In order to set up anefficiency digital management system, t h egovernment of Chaoyang Distr ict , a highlyurbanized district in east of Beijing,started to builda data base of the greening land in 2007. Astechnical support , we helped to establish anevaluation system and to survey the accomplishedgreening land to collect all of the basic data. Onthe basis of analyzing the data, we present here inthis paper the character istics of the arborcomposition in the greening belt. In the district,there were 72 species/cultivars of arbors whichare categorized into 31 families, summed up to670540. It included 63 kinds of deciduous treesand 9 kinds of evergreens, with category ratio of7:1 and quantity ratio of 1.4:1. Among the 72species, there are 55 quick-growing species and 9slow-growing species, with category ratio of 6.1:1and quantity ratio of 3.3:1. The species of Salixm a t s u d a n a ‘ p e n d u l a ’ , P i n u s t a b u l a e fo r m i s,P l a t y cl a d u s o ri e n t a l i s, Po p u l u s t o m e n t o s a a n dRobinia pseudoacacia etc. share high percentage innumber in all kinds of greenbelts, especially thew i l l ows and poplars. The analysis reve a l e dproblems existing in the plant landscaping such aslow biodiversity, too higher ratio of quick-growingspecies and number as well as the monotony in theway of grouping plants, etc. The data will be ofgreat value not only for the new approach tourban greening management, but also for thereferences of the future landscape design.

Urban gr een and rural gr een:similarities and diff erences in“Compr ensorio Imolese”

Minelli,A.*, Pasini, I.

University of Bologna, Department of Trees andFruits Plants, Landscape Unit, Viale G. Fanin 46,40127 Bologna, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe territory of the “Comprensorio Imolese”, anarea of center of Italy near Bologna, has been thesubject of a thorough investigation in order tohighlight the differences between the rural andurban ornamental gre e n . The natural andanthropogenic components, that were located in 3sample areas, which were representative of 3different territories (flat, hilly and mountainous)were surveyed and loaded in a database containingall information relating to each type of green.Theresults obtained we re processed for thepreparation of a book about the transformationsof the landscape and future prospects.

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mailto:dongleah@y


A B S T R A C T STanslocation of activ e ingr edientusing thr ee trunk injectionmethods.

Minelli A.*, Cevenini L.


Abstract Trunk injection of trees is a way to treat manydifferent insect and disease problems, as well asnutr ient deficiencies, in an efficient ande nv i ro n m e n t a l ly fr iendly way. The used act ivei n g redient is Azadiracht in and it has beencompared with the only water injection.The functionality of these treatments has beentested to find out the best method and its effectiveutility in practice activities.54 young Nettle tree (Celtis australis L.) has beentestes with three instruments – A r b o p ro f ® ,A r b o c ap® e Arborjet® – diffe rent for theinjection pressure. These treatments were doneusing both active ingredient and water with aorganic colouring. The trees were knocked downafter 2-5-72/96 hours after the injection. Stemswere cut until the colour was visible, and thelength of the translocation profile was misured.This preliminary work suggest some changes inthe next experiments, such using adult trees andincreasing the knock down time.The average of the length values explain that thebest method of trunk injection is Arborjet®.

An efficient and far -sighted tr eesmanagement: the case of Golf ClubVerona



AbstractTrees management in a Golf Club is very difficultboth in terms of maiuntenance and especially ineconomic terms.This research, conducted in Golf Club Verona,located at Sommacampagna in northern Italy, nearGarda Lake, tries to define and semplify somet rees management strategies, that at tempt tolower costs in middle-long periods, optimisingwork times and ensuring people’s safety.The research has provided for the trees census,the exact geographical position and thecompilat ion of a card , containing info r m a t i o nabout species, d i a m e t e r, s h apes and phyto –sanitary conditions of each tree.Then it has produced a GIS, able to handle everyinformation obtained in field, to encourage afaster and efficient trees management.The research has also considered the possibility touse microchips to insert inside each plant toimprove the Golf Club management.




LUH 09The “P artecipanza Agraria” inCento: proposals f or landsca peenhancement, environmentalimpr ovement and enjo yment oftraditionall y rural ar eas



Abstract Still in use in Veneto and Emilia, the “PartecipanzeAgrarie” are old forms of collective ownership ofland subject to reclamation, whose origins aretraced to the Middle Ages.The research, conducted to enhance the landscapeand improve the use of these tradit ionallyagricultural areas, was conducted in Campedellalocality, on lands that belong to “the PartecipanzaAgraria” of a town called Cento, near Ferrara.Thesurvey, started with historical studies and analisysof the actual area, has therefore led to the draftingof a range of solutions, designed to promote thearea. Retraining of “maceri”, outdoor classrooms,life paths, routes and cycle paths, tree-shrub bandsare just some of the solutions proposed.

“Gr een masterplan: guidelines f orthe design of gr een in the to wn ofSenigallia”



AbstractThe research tries to define the guidelines for thedesign of green in the town of Senigallia, in Marcheregion, center of Italy.The basic element of this project is thesustainability in env i ro n m e n t a l , social andeconomic terms. New strategies, innovative ideasand programming models of the “green” are theresults of this research, that tries to improve thequality of the urban green, lowering maintenancecosts on middle-long period.The research has led to the drafting of theStructural Plan of the Green.

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A B S T R A C T SSustainab le Landsca pe for ne wUrban Residential Areas

Minelli,A.(1)*, Minelli, M.(2), Bellelli, L.(2)

(1) Assistant professor, Department of fruit treesand woody plant sciences – landscape unit AlmaMater Studiorum – University of Bologna(2) Landscape architect,AIAPP/EFLA* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract N ew resident ial landscapes need to considerstrategies to minimize the environmental impact.The new goals for these projects are: historicallandscape preservation, rain water conservation,pollutants control, house energy control.For a sustainable living we need more plants andless machines, we need to go back to an ecosystemprocesses in which man has to be part, and thelandscape will respond: an attentive choice ofplants helps the control of buildings temperature,minimize storm water run off and thecontamination of water -bearing layer, reduce theair pollutants.S h ap e s , colours and textures of plants arebecoming important for human well-being.Plants’ use is revalue as spatial structural elementfor orienteering, instead of the over presence ofsignboards.The paper shows some cases of urban residentialareas where landscape is not only a decoration butalso a way to preserve the ecological environment,and a place where people can interact with plantsin a positive and therapeutic way against modernstressed way to live.

Bike and pedestrian paths f orshowing Mar che fruits andvegetable germplasm in rural ar eas

De Prato L. (1), Minelli A.(1)*,Murri G. (2), Neri D. (2)

(1) Department of fruit trees and woody plantsciences – landscape unit Alma Mater Studiorum –University of Bologna(2) S A P ROV, Po lytechnic University of Marc h e,Ancona* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The present project was meant to improve themultifunctional valorisation of the ExperimentalFarm of the Polytechnic University of Marchetowards elementary and college students, and tourban citizens.The Experimental Farm has already arr a n g e dseveral open days concerning agriculture and itstechnical problems and it has organised some visitsfor the demonstration of local traditional productsand seasonality.The actual idea is to introduce theenjoy of sport and natural life style joined with theintroduction of the marvellous beauty of thevegetable and fruit germoplasm.The mountain bike tours and the pedestrian toursare studied to visit the different fields, wheretraditional regional varieties are cultivated. Themessage that we want to pass is: enjoy the natureand the human work to produce food, culture andbeauty.




LUH 09Prairie r econstruction as a modelfor sustainab le landsca pe design inthe upper midw est

Borsari, B.(1), Minelli,A.(2)*, Neri, D.(3)

(1) Biology Department, Winona State University,Winona, MN 55987(2) Department of fruit trees and woody plantsciences – landscape unit Alma Mater Studiorum –University of Bologna(3) S A P ROV, Po lytechnic University of Marc h e,Ancona* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe tallgrass prairie of North America stretchedt h rough 68 million hectares befo re Euro p e a nsettlement and supported a diverse community ofherbivores and their predators. The long termeffect of glaciations, climate and the growth/decaycycle of plants and animals made prairie soils themost fertile and suitable for farming.Thus, for thelast one hundred and fifty years, the developmentof large scale agriculture led to an extirpation ofprairie habitats. However, an increasing interest tore s t o re and reconstruct prairies is emergingrapidly in the Midwest region of U.S.,not only in ane f fo r t to conserve biodiversity in ruralcommunities, but also as a form of sustainablelandscape for the design of urban environments.This work presents the env i ronmental andeconomic benefits of employing native prairieperennials in an effort to beautify the landscape,while restoring valuable ecological services thatenhance the sustainability of human dwellings.Selected arrangements of grass and forb specieswill be presented to inspire horticulturists andlandscape architects to support enthusiastically,the feasibility of this type of design for landscapesin this unique bioregion of the USA.

Hydr oponic system f or gr owingground co ver plants on v erticalsurface

Salas, M.C.(1)*, Montero, J.L.(2)

(1) D e p a rtamento de Producción Vegetal -Universidad de Almería, Cañada de San Urbanos/n, 04120,Almería, Spain.(2) Espacios y Paisajes SL, Plaza Durcal 9 – 4º 1,04007,Almería, Spain.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractT h e re are not many ways of increasing thevegetation surface in urban environment since it isvery difficult to find out available surfaces. It couldbe with the well known Vertical Gardens or GreenRoof. This kind of garden have been revealed likeexcessively expensive and not very easy to builtand keep in good conditions.L i ke other forms of vegetat ion surfaces, t h eground cover plants have advantages as removingcarbon dioxide and volatile organic chemicals fromthe air, keeping the environment cooler in thesummer or warmer during the winter, etc.Ground covers also can cover the wall as a carpetof vegetation, enhance the beauty of buildings andb reak up the monotony of urban landscap e.Ground cover plants provide a variety of texturesand colours.The list of species that can be used forground cover has over 250 species.In comparison to another plants traditionally usedin Vertical Garden, most of cover species has a smallradical volume and its management is minimum.Another advantage is that a ground cover shouldspread by itself,since they are species that producerhizomes or stolons and they will develop rapidlyinto a dense cover.In the present article we try to expose thepossibility to execute easily modular sets with am i n i mum cost and a ve ry br ief per iod ofexecution, with an easy management.The aim of this paper is introducing a simply andcheap structure based in hydroponic system withl ow density substrate and cover plants as asolution for urban areas that make difficult the useof plants in landscape designs.

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A B S T R A C T SNative ornamental species f orlandsca ping and x erogardening insemi-arid en vironments

J. Ochoa(1)*, M. Muñoz(1), M.J.Vicente(1),J.J. Martínez-Sánchez(1,2), J.A. Franco(1,2)

(1) D p t o. de Producción Ve g e t a l . U n i ve r s i d a dPolitécnica de Cartagena. 30203 Cartagena, Spain.(2) Unidad Asociada al CSIC de «Hort i c u l t u r aSostenible en Zonas Áridas» (UPCT- C E BA S ) .Spain.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractVegetation is the most important component ofany landscape project. Sustainability, biodiversityand low maintenance are the main issuesu n d e r lying the current trends in landscap edesigning. In addition, native species are of greatinterest because of their ability to adapt to abioticstresses (heat, drought and salinity).The Región ofMurcia (SE Spain) is a territory of a great floristicd i ve r s i t y, most of them with ornamental andecological features of great interest for landscapingand xerogardening.The purpose of this project isto develop a guide of use of native species withornamental value for landscaping andxerogardening in semi-arid regions via web. Theweb contains information about ecology, nurseryproduction methods and xerojargardening andlandscape uses of a wide range of Mediterraneannative species, including trees, palms, shrubs andherbaceous perennials.The data is available to thegeneral public and to the professional sector and isexpected to be increased in line with theprofessional sector needs.The home page explainsthe site map, the involved partners the speciesforms, links to related websites and scientificre fe rences that support all the info r m a t i o ncontained in the web. The web will be updatedwith a powerfull search engine that provides real-t ime data and advice in select ing the mostappropriate to each type of project and landscapedesign.

Identification of Alternativ eOrnamental Plants in Response toInvasiv e Species f or Landsca peIndustr y Sectors of Ha waii.

Ricordi,A.H.*, Kaufman,A.J., Criley, R.A.

Department of Tropical Plants and Soil Sciences,College of Tropical A g r i c u l t u re and HumanResources, University of Hawaii*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn the State of Hawaii, landscape industry sectorsacross the state grow, specify and use ornamentalplants to improve the urban env i ro n m e n t .Unfortunately, some landscape plants escape theirurban environments and become invasive. Themanagement of inv a s i ve species in Hawai’i isestimated at $150 million annually.To help combatthis, organizations are working with private andpublic stakeholders to reduce env i ro n m e n t a limpacts from these invasive ornamental plants.Assisting in this effort, this study is identifying themost frequently used invasive ornamental plantsand selecting non-invasive alternatives. Throughliterature review and industry surveys, 5 trees and5 shrubs were identified from a list of 60 highlyinvasive ornamental plants to be selected forpossible replacement. After a match of landscapeform and function, 3 alternative non-invasive treesand shrubs (1 native, and 2 exotic) for eachi nv a s i ve trees and shrubs we re selected fo rinvasiveness test. These selected plants whereanalyzed through the Hawaii-Pacific Weed RiskAssessment (WRA) to determine there invasivepotential in Hawaii. Plants that rated as non-invasive were then split up into two groups: 1)plants for field testing and 2) plants for greenhousepropagation and planting. Data from this projecthas identified underused ornamental plants for useby Hawaii’s landscape industry which is not aninvasive threat to Hawaii’s natural environment.



mailto:toh@haw

LUH 09Investigating The Changing Pr ocessof Vineyards and Or char ds InKayserı City And Its Vicinity

Banu Öztürk Kurtaslan(1)*, Füsun Kocatürk(2)

(1) Selcuk University Faculty of A g r i c u l t u re,Department of Landscape Architecture,42075. Selcuklu. Konya,Turkey.(2) Erciyes University Faculty of Architecture,Department of City and Regional Planning,Kayseri,Turkey.

AbstractK ay s e r i , which is a developing industr y andeconomy city, has a deep rooted history.Accordingto historian Stephanus, Kaisareia (Kayseri) is thecapital of Cappadocia. The first settlement in theplateau in which the city is currently situated datesback to the XI century BC.The city has settled on the north foots of thevolcanic Erciyes Mountain which is the highestmountain of Middle Anatolia.Vineyard and orchardareas surround the city especially from its south.Most of these areas are in the domain of thegreater city municipality. Other vineyards are in aclose spatial and functional relation with the cityand they tend to be merge with the city spatiallyand administratively.Vineyards, their existence has known from XV.century, have been householder for Christian andMoslem communities until XX. century. In thesett lement pattern, t h e re are natural, u r b a n ,archeological and mixed protected areas.Vineyardsand orchards in which a rich cultural pattern,together with viticulture, fruit growing and makingwine have been impotant activities for economicintentions.Varied types of fruits have been kept asfresh or dried and molasses and fruit juice havebeen produced.These areas are not suitable for agricultural anurban uses from the viewpoints of slope, soilstructure and geomorphological structure. Andnow, a lot of house in these areas have beenabandoned and neglected. Some of the historicalbuildings have destroyed and instead of them,summer cottages which cause a style caos havebuilt.Vineyards - orchards and traditional vineyardlife have disappeared in the course of time andlands have become smaller by dividing. And theyare face to face with multi storeyed and denseurban development.

In these study, the past and present situations ofvineyards and orchards will be compared, thesolution proposals will be improved for makeviticulture and horticulture activities alive andrevitalizing.

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SESSION 3

ECOPHYSIOLOGY ANDVEGETATION MANAGEMENT

IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SPotential eff ects of global chang eto urban v egetation: vulnerabilityand adaptations

Savé, R.

I RTA - To rre Marimon. E- 08140 Caldes deMontbui (Barcelona). Spain.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAn urban area is a space with high populationdensity which develops new, major and complexstructures in comparison to the areas surroundingi t . Urban areas may be cities, t owns orconurbations.In order to develop these structures and tomaintain population and its activity, metabolism ofurban areas need a lot of external sources ofenergy and nutrients (water, food, materials ...) andproduce heat waste, garbage, sewage and pollution,which are some major problems for urban areas,and the close and far areas of it.This metabolism develops specific microclimates,which are attributable to the large clustering ofheat absorbent surfaces that heat up in sunlight, theimportant modifications in hydrological cycle dueto drastic soil reduction and that channel rainwaterinto underground ducts.This metabolism promotes major environmentalchanges in the urban areas. From XIX century,hygienist movement developed a new way of life ofthe citizens by means of gardens and landscapedesign. This process has been increased in the lastdecades in together with the development of socialeconomy and social sensibility.As a result urbanismand landscaping have acquired a very important rolein the quality of life of the people.These environmental changes modify natural floraand potential plants used in gardening.The main env i ronmental factors that affe c tvegetation in urban areas are water stress (droughtat soil and air level); flooding; salinity; radiation andlight levels; wind; pollutants; competitiveness due tosources scarcity and invasive species, which aredefined as global change.E c o p hysiological studies can provide object iveinformation that ready to be used as a tool toimprove the vegetation management in urban areasfrom design to the garden, and consequently avoidthe potential vulnerabilities associated to globalchange.This presentation will be mainly focused onBarcelona’s vegetation.

Information about eight tr eespecies tolerance of urban pa vedsites – a r eview fr om theperspectiv e of tr ee planners inScandina via

Sjöman, H.*, Busse Nielsen,A.

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Facultyof Landscape Planning, H o rt i c u l t u re andAgricultural Science, Department of LandscapeManagement, Design and Construction* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractUrban paved sites are complex stress environmentsand when selecting trees for paved sites, urban treeplanners must prioritise stress tolerance aboveaesthetic appeal and functional aspects.The fact thatunhealthy or dying trees are unattractive and unableto fulfil their intended functions makes this priorityranking unavoidable. However, this requires detailedinformation about the tolerance of tree species toenvironmental stresses, so as to support urban treeplanners in selecting a wide range of trees for urbanpaved sites. Therefore a review of dendrologyliterature, literature directed at plant use in cities,and scientific papers have been carried out with theaim of: characterise species specific informationavailable for tree planners in Scandinavia about thetolerance of trees to environmental stresses inurban paved sites; analyse any differences in theavailable information between much used species,species used to some extent and species with verylimited use; assess the information in books andpapers in relation to the needs of tree plannerswhen selecting trees for urban paved sites. For thereview, eight tree species were selected along agradient re p resenting their intensity of use inN o rthern Euro p e. The rev i ew shows thatinformation is piecemeal and the majority is eithertoo general (dendrology literature) general or toofocused or contradictory (scientific literature) tomeet the requirements of urban tree planners,while books directed at plan use in cities do notintegrate enough the local perspective by explicitlyreferring to the location of the plantings from whichthe experiences are gained. Moreover, contextualinformation local to the Scandinavian region ismainly provided for the already much used species.These findings led to suggestions on how urbanfo re s t ry and arbor iculture re s e a rch anddissemination efforts can encourage tree plannersto use a greater variety of tree species in urbanpaved sites.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANDSCAPE AND

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LUH 09Refining Qualitativ e Measur ementsof Plant Str ess f or WaterConser vation

Steinke, K..*, Chalmers, D.

Department of Soil and Crop Sciences,Texas A&MUniversity, Heep Center, 370 Olsen Blvd., 2474TAMU, College Station,TX 77843, USA.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractTurfgrass drought performance is often evaluatedthrough qualitative parameters using a numericalscale of 1 to 9. Irrigation of turfgrass is ofteninitiated at the first sign of leaf necrosis or wilt.The inability for consumers to delineateincremental drought stress relating to plant healthcan result in the misuse of water resources duringd roughty conditions. Q u a l i t a t i ve plantm e a s u rements may not pre c i s e ly inve n t o rydrought stress characteristics such as turfgrassquality and leaf firing so as to apply across regionsor climatic zones. Digital image analysis has beenshown to effectively quantify turfgrass color andp e rcent cover while re m oving evaluator bias;however digital imaging has not been evaluated asa drought stress indicator. A two-year droughtsimulation field study captured weekly images ofb e r mudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pe r s . ) ,z oysiagrass (Z oy s i a s p p. [ W i l l d . ] , and St .August inegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum[Walter] Kuntze) at different stages of dry downduring 60 days without water. Correlations arediscussed between percent green cover andrelative drought canopy expression for all threespecies. A relationship for comparing droughtstudies in diffe rent regions has now beenestablished to inventory three turfgrass speciesresponse to drought severity and different sitespecific environmental variables.

Sub-ir rigation of P etunia: benefitsin dr y summers

Blanusa,T.*(1,2), Kostoulas, G.(2), Ross, C. (2)

(1) Horticultural Sciences Department, The RoyalHorticultural Society,Wisley GU23 6QB, UK(2) School of Biological Sciences, U n i versity ofReading,Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWith the increasing frequency and magnitude of warmerdays during the summer in the UK, bedding plants whichare a traditional part of the urban green landscape areperceived as unsustainable and water-demanding. Duringthe summers when the bans on irrigation of vegetationin the public spaces were in place (2003, 2006) therewas a significant decrease of bedding plants planted inthe south of England, having a negative financial impacton the nursery industry. Furthermore, retaining these‘water-loving’ traditional bedding plants as a feature inpublic and private spaces may be conditional on thembeing managed in such a way as to minimise their wateruse.Using Petunia x hybrida ‘Hurrah White’ as a modelspecies we aimed to discover which irrigation approachwas the most efficient for maintaining plants’ ornamentalquality (flower numbers, size and longevity, shoot androot growth) under water deficit and periods ofcomplete water withdrawal.Our previous work showedthat irrigating containers with 50% of the full containerc apacity does not significantly reduce ornamentalquality. Plants were grown in wooden ‘root-boxes’ (0.4m (h) x 0.15 m (w) x 0.1 m (d)) where the front of thebox comprised the clear Perspex which enabled us tomonitor root growth closely.The irrigation treatmentswere:1. watering with the amount which constitutes 50% ofcontainer capacity by conventional surface drip-irrigation (T1)2. 50% as sub-irrigation at 10cm depth (T2)3. ‘split’ irrigation: 25% as surface drip- and 25% as sub-irrigation at 15cm depth (T3)4. 25% as conventional drip-irrigation (T4).Plants in T2 and T3 had better ornamental qualitythroughout the experiment; furthermore, in T2 qualitywas least affected when water was withdrawn. Therewere no significant differences between T1 and T4.Theroot growth was smaller at deeper soil surface levels forT1 which indicates that irrigation methods like T2 andT3 and stronger water deficits encourage deeper rootgrowth. It is suggested that sub-irrigation at 10cm depthwith water amounts of 50% container capacity wouldresult in the most root growth with the maximumflowering for Petunia.

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mailto:tijanablanusa@rhs

A B S T R A C T SEffect of Marine Aerosol on SeasideGrown Plants

Vernieri, P.(1), Malorgio, F.(1), Borghesi, E.(1),Ferrante,A.(2), Serra, G.(3)

(1) Dept. Biologia delle Piante Agrarie, University ofPisa, Italy(2) Dept. Produzione Vegetale, University of Milano,Italy(3) Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa –Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAerosol marine strongly affects the growth andd evelopment of urban, g a rden and landscap eplants. The few studies available are focused onsodium chloride effect on plant growth, usuallyapplied in the irrigation water or substrate media.No information are available on ecophysiologyresponses of plants to marine aerosol. Therefore,the aim of this work was to evaluate thephysiological responses of different plant speciesto sea water nebulisation treatments. Plant specieswere selected among those that are commonlyused along seaside and among those that might bepotentially used for this purpose. Plants werebought in local nursery and species used wereAcacia cultriformis, Callistemon citrinus, Carissa edulismicrophylla, Gaura lindheimeri, Jasminum sambac,We s t ringia fruticosa. Plants we re placed inrandomised block in greenhouse and treated onceeveryday for 5-10 seconds with sea water orirrigation water (control) using a nebulisationsystem.The effect of marine aerosol was studied bymonitoring leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence, SPADmeasurements, leaf osmotic potential, leaf areadamage by image analysis tools and leaf gasexchanges.Results were different among species.The effect oft reatment was re p resented by leaf necro s i s ,reduct ion of chloro p hyll a fluorescence andphotosynthesis. The most resistant species wasCallistemon citrinus.

Root ada ptations of Mediter raneanspecies to h ypoxia and ano xia

King, C.M.*(1), Ross, C.(1), Robinson, S.(2)

(1) Centre for Horticulture and Landscape, Schoolof Biological Sciences,(2) Dept Soil Science, School Human andEnvironmental Sciences, University of Reading,Whiteknights, Reading.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractMediterranean species are popular ornamentals inthe UK and well suited to the predicted climatechange scenarios of hotter drier summers. Thiswork investigates how these species respond tothe wetter winters also predicted. More intenseand unpredictable rainfall br inging spr ing andsummer flooding are also possible futureproblems, especially in urban environments wheresoil sealing may restrict drainage.Initial work on flooding of four Mediterraneanspecies (Lavandula angustifolia ’Munstead’, Salviaofficinalis, Stachys byzantina and Cistus x hybridus(syn. C. x corbariensis) in a pot experiment, showedthat the effects of waterlogging were only severewhen the temperature was high and floodingprolonged. All plants survived the flooding inwinter, but during the summer a 17-day floodresulted in the death about one third of the Salviaofficinalis and Cistus corbariensis.To examine the response of roots to oxygendeprivation over a range of conditions from totalabsence of oxygen (anoxia), low oxygen (hypoxia)and full aeration, rooted cuttings of Salvia officinaliswere grown in a hydroponic-based system andmixtures of oxygen and nitrogen gases bubbledthrough the media. Anoxia was found to reduceroot length dramatically. When the plants weresubjected to a period of hypoxia they respondedby increasing the production of laterals close tothe surface and increasing nodal root productionthus enabling them to acclimate to subsequentanoxia. This greatly increased their chances ofsurvival.


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LUH 09Effects of ir rigation tr eatments onphysiolo gical parameters of Photiniax fraseri “Red Robin and in Viburn umlucidum g rown under dro u g h tconditions.

Cacini, S.*(1), Grassotti,A.(1), Pardossi,A.(2),Salerno,A.(3), Rea, E.(3)

(1) CRA-VIV Unità di Ricerca per il Vivaismo e laGestione del Verde Ambientale ed Ornamentale,Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia (PT), Italy.(2) Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie,University of Pisa,Viale delle Piagge No. 23, I-56124Pisa, Italy.(3) CRA-RPS Centro di ricerca per lo studio dellerelazioni tra pianta e suolo,Via della Navicella 2-4,00184 – Roma, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUnderstanding of physiological responses todrought stress in ornamental plants can be veryuseful to optimize their use in urban architecture,expecially in regions characterized by long dryperiods such as Mediterranean countries. Photiniax fraseri “Red Robin” and Viburnum lucidum are twoexamples of broadleaf hedge shrubs; the first isw i d e s p read all over Italy, while V. l u c i d u m i srelatively unknown and scarcely used for urbanlandscaping, except in dry regions as Sicily.The aimof the research is to evaluate the effects ofdifferent irrigation treatments on some biometricand physiological parameters in these two speciesin order to assess their adaptability to droughtstress and to optimize their use for urban hedges.The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse;the plants were grown in pot filled with peat andpumice (1:1) in order to control the moisturecontent in the rooting zone all over the growingperiod. The irrigation was regulated by means ofsoil moisture FDR sensor ; it was act ivatedwhenever moisture content reached value of 73%,66% or 80% (control) of container capacity. In adifferent treatment the moisture content wasmaintained constantly at 73%. Net phothosyntesis,stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, chl afluorescence and some biometric parameters (leafarea, root growth, biomass accumulation) weremonitored periodically during the experiment. Aparallel experiment was conducted by growing the

two species in open field with different irrigationfrequency with the goal to obtain a first evaluationof their behavior under conditions similar to thosetypical of urban landscape. Photinia “Red Robin”showed a greater adaptability to water stress,expecially where water supply was reduced interms of irrigation frequency. On the contrary, V.lucidum showed less adaptability and significantdifferences between treatments and control.

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mailto:sonia.cacini@entecr

A B S T R A C T SSustainab le water use in urbanlandsca pes in the 21st centur y: aLas Vegas perspectiv e.

Devitt, D.*(1), Morris, R.(2)

(1) School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada LasVegas, NV, USA(2) Cooperative Extension, University of NevadaReno, NV, USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWater conservation in the urban landscape can andshould occur in every region of the United States.However, in communities located in arid regions ofthe southwestern United States, a higherpercentage of the water is used outdoors. In LasVegas, the residential sector uses approximately60% of all the water, with approximately 70% ofthat water used for the irrigation of residentiallandscapes. Many communities including Las Vegascontinue to grow at a rapid pace while facing anuncertain future with regards to water resourceavailability.Water managers must plan for a futurewhere more people exist, less water is available andsome of the water available for use is of poorerquality. In light of this, are cities located in arid andsemi arid regions sustainable? In particular, areurban landscapes sustainable with re g a rds towater? Gleick et al (1995) defined sustainablewater use as “the use of water that supports theability of human society to endure and flourish intothe indefinite future without undermining theintegrity of the hydrological cycle or the ecologicalsystems that depend on it”. Based on thisdefinition, many communities in the southwest mayfind it difficult to maintain water sustainability inthe 21st century. Baker et al. (2004) suggested thata “severe drought might be the tipping point thatwill test the resilience of desert cities”. In thepurest sense, landscapes are sustainable only if theydo not require any additional resources, that theyachieve a certain level of self sufficiency. Althoughthis goal can be attained in wetter regions;arid andsemi arid regions can only hope to move toward ag reater level of water use sustainability. It ist h e re fo re ap p ropr iate and cr itical that citiesimplement conservation programs that emphasizesignificant water use reduction on urbanlandscapes.

Irrigation Water Conser vation f orUrban La wn Areas

L e i n a u e r, B . *( 1 ), S evo s t i a n ov a , E .( 2 ), S e re n a , M .( 1 ),Schiavon, M.(1), Macolino, S.(3)

(1) Department of Extension Plant Sciences,(2) D e p a rtment of Plant and Env i ro n m e n t a lSciences, New Mexico State University, MSC 3AE,Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA;(3) Department of Environmental Agronomy andC rop Pro d u c t i o n , U n i versity of Padov a , v i a l ed e l l ’ U n i versità 16, AGRIPOLIS 35020 LegnaroPadova, Italy;* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractHigh temperature s , limited pre c i p i t a t i o n , a n duneven annual rainfall distribution in many parts ofthe world limit the sustainability of adequateturfgrass growth and quality unless frequent andabundant irrigation is applied. In addition, lawnirrigation in residential and industrial areas inparticular has been identified as a major source ofhigh potable water use dur ing the summermonths, as irrigation water is applied in excess ofa ev ap o t r a n s p i r a t i ve demand. C o n s e q u e n t ly,strategies aimed at conserving potable water usefor turf irrigation are encouraged. T h e re areseveral options to reduce or eliminate the amountof potable water used for turf. First,potable waterused for irrigation could be eliminated completelyand replaced by recycled or low quality groundwater that does not meet standards for humanconsumption. Second, low water use grasses thata re adapted to the local climatic conditionspresent could be used. Third, adopting the mostefficient available method of irrigation wo u l dreduce water losses significantly, and fourth, acombination of all three measures could be used.The paper will discuss in detail the impact of allaforementioned strategies on turfgrass irrigationwater use in an urban landscape.


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LUH 09Efficient ir rigation and water use inurban landsca pes

St. Hilaire, R.*(1),Arnold, M.A.(2), Devitt, D.A.(3),Hurd, B.H.(4), Lesikar, B.J.(5), Lohr,V.I(6),M a rt i n , C. A .( 7 ), M c D o n a l d , G . V.( 8 ), M o rr i s , R .( 9 ),Pittenger, D.R.(10), Shaw, D.A.(11), Wilkerson, D.C.(2),Zoldoske, D.F. (12)

(1) Plant and Environmental Sciences, New MexicoState University, Las Cruces, NM 88003.(2) Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843-2133.(3)Biology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV89154.(4) Agricultural Economics and Business, N ewMexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003.(5) Biological and Agricultural Engineering, TexasA&M University, College Station,TX 77843-2128.(6) H o rt i c u l t u re and Landscape A rc h i t e c t u re,Washington State University, Pullman,WA 99164.(7) Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona StateUniversity, Mesa,AZ 85212.(8) Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,AR 72701.(9) Cooperative Extension, University of Nevada,Reno, NV 89557.(10) C o o p e r a t i ve Extension, U n i versity ofCaliforniaRiverside, Riverside, CA 92521.(11) University of California Cooperative Extension,San Diego County, San Diego, CA 92123-121.(12) Center for Irrigation Technology, California StateUniversity, Fresno, CA 93740-0018.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUrban populat ion grow t h , i m p roved livings t a n d a rd s , limited development of new watersupplies, and dwindling current water supplies arecausing the demand for treated municipal water toexceed the supply. Although water used to irrigatethe residential urban landscape will vary accordingto factors such as landscape type, managementpractices, and region, landscape irrigation can varyfrom 40 to 70% of household use of water. So, theefficient use of irrigation water in urban landscapesmust be the primary focus of water conservation.In addition, plants in a typical residential landscapeoften are given more water than is required tomaintain ecosystem services such as carbon

regulation, climate control, and preservation ofaesthet ic ap p e a r a n c e. This implies thati m p rovements in the efficiency of landscap ei rr igat ion will yield significant water- s av i n g s .Wo r l d w i d e, urban areas face diffe rent watersupply and demand issues and a range of factorswill affect how water is used in the urbanlandscape. Our presentation summarizes howi rrigat ion and water application technologies,landscape design and management strategies, therelationship between people, plants, and the urbanlandscape, the reuse of water resources, economicand non-economic incent ive s , and policy ando rdinances impact the efficient irr igation andwater use in urban landscapes. We recommendthat communit ies adopt water ap p l i c a t i o ntechnologies and specify the level of uniformityand management needed for their ir r i g a t i o nsystems to maximize irrigation efficiency. Urbanwater managers must use water budgets toschedule irrigations. A tiered-rate water pricings t r u c t u re that is based on a water budgetd e c reases water consumpt ion withoutcompromising the quality of the landscape. So,municipalities that are committed to efficientwater use in the urban landscape might want toconsider a water budget-based, tiered-rate pricingstructure. Reuse water and filtered nursery runoffcan be used to irrigate the urban landscape.Effective landscape ordinances can cause significantwater savings in urban landscapes.

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A B S T R A C T SE c o - f r i e n d l y methods of wintermaintenance in Krak ow gr een areas

Bach,A.*, Pawlowska, B.

Department of Ornamental Plants, University ofAgriculture in Krakow29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractE u ropean Commission re p o rt est imates thatKrakow, one of the oldest and historical Polish city,belongs to large European cities with poor airquality. It is known that urban vegetation improvesinhabitants quality of life because of active contactwith nature by gardening and increasing peoplesc o m fo r t . Trees play a crucial role in urbanenvironment. They fulfill esthetic, socio-cultural,e c o l o g i c a l , h e a l t h - p romoting and economicfunctions. Urban development and related humanactivity bring many risks to green areas withinurban space. Plants are exposed to stre s sconnected with water, soil and air pollution. Livings p a c e, harmful light and thermal conditions,drought, high density and changeable soil pH withe x c e s s i ve salinity are further disadvantages.European and Northern American cities have tocope with a serious danger of tree die-out. It iscaused mainly by the use of de-icing chemicals inwinter, particularly sodium chloride applied due tothe cost-effectiveness and availability.The paper describes traditional de-icing chemicalsused in urban areas and newly developed sodiumchloride substitutes. M o re ove r, p ro p hy l a c t i cmethods aimed to prevent negative impact of de-icing campaigns, rules of planning and design ofurban landscap e, and reasonable managementmeasures and pro-ecological modern technologiesreducing and reversing consequences ofinappropriate actions are presented.

Downscaling of ecoph ysiolo gicalinf ormation fr om naturalcomm unities to urban tr ees.

Rossi, F.*, Nardino, M., Georgiadis,T., Baraldi, R.

Istituto di Biometeorologia. Consiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche. Bologna. ItalyCNR IBIMETVia P.Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractKnowledge about ecophysiological attitudes attree level is basic for a correct knowledge of thep e r formance of each species in diffe re n tenvironments, and for the comprehension of themitigation and compensation aspects that urbanvegetation may exert. Data on photosynthesis andstomata conductance may be obtained fro mm e a s u rements at single leaf leve l , but theirupscaling to plant level is very complex,due to theneeds of considering light extinction patternswithin complex canopies, and all the otherregulatory physiological and physical factors. Thispaper starts from the opposite direction: scalingd own information about single tre e sphotosynthesis and stomatal conductance fromdata collected at stand level.


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LUH 09Invasiv e exotic tr ees in theconser vation units in Curitiba,Brazil

Mielke, E. C.(1), Cuquel, F. L. *(2), Negrelle, R.(2)

(1) Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR,Brasil(2) U n i versidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dosFuncionários, 1540, Zip Code 80.0350-050Curitiba, PR, Brasil* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWith the aim of conserving urban biodiversity, themunicipality of Curitiba, Brazil, preserves 313 ha ofwoodland in parks and urban wo o d s , w h i c hcomprise the 22 municipal conservation units(CUs). These areas represent 5% of the area ofurban fo re s t . One of the greatest pro b l e m sworldwide in the loss of biodiversity inconservation areas is their infestation by invasiveexotic trees (IETs).The objective of this study wasto inventory the IETs, with a diameter at breastheight (DBH) more than 10 cm, present in the 22CUs of Curitiba to assist with future actions aimedat controlling them by municipal public authority.This inventory is based on a list of IETs preparedby the Env i ronmental Inst itute of Parana( O rdinance no. 0 9 5 , M ay 22, 2 0 0 7 ) . R e s u l t sobtained demonstrated that the most commonspecies were broad-leaf privet - Ligustrum lucidum( 3 9 . 7 5 % ) , sweet pit tosporum - P i t t o s p o r u mundulatum (21.61%), pine - Pinus spp (10.34%),eucalyptus - Eucalyptus spp (9.37%), japanese raisintree - Hovenia dulcis (8.66%), and black mulberry -Morus nigra (7.59%). The forests João Paulo II,Gutierrez and Parque da Barreirinha were thelocations that showed the greatest density of IETs(number IETs/ha of woodland of the UC). Agreater regeneration was observed for IETs (morethan 100 individuals of the same species with aDBH less than 10 cm) in the parks Atuba, SãoLourenço and Tingui and the forests Alemão,Gutierrez, João Paulo II, Portugal, Reinhard Maackand Irmã Clementina.

Individual valuation of str eet tr ees.Young Linden tr ees on Viale Cavour,Ferrara.

Raimbault, P.(1), Morelli, G. *(2), Gasperini, S.(3)

(1) AgroParisTech – ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, CS14216, 54042 NANCY, France(2) Progetto Verde, Via Darsena 67, 44100 Ferrara,Italia.(3) AR.ES.,Via Darsena 67, 44100 Ferrara, Italia.* corresponding author :[email protected]

AbstractStreet trees participate to the identity of a placeand to its consistency.The traditional tree trainingconsists in pruning in order to maintain a regularform of the trees. It doesn’t take into account 1)the specific growing habit of the tree, 2) theunavoidable strong heterogeneity of the treesalignment due to severe and heterogeneous urbanconditions. This leads to unstructured and oftendamaged trees and to a more heterogeneousalignment.Individual diagnosis and treatment adapted to eachtree.In an urban tree population, the concept of “meantree” has no signification. Diagnosis and treatmentmust be adapted to each individual tree. Weproceeded in 5 steps.1.- We have first established a standard to describethe morpho-physiological development of any treespecies from birth to death. It is composed of 10stages which can be summarized in 4 phases: 1)apical dominance of the trunk triggers heightgrowth of the young tree, 2) transfer of apicaldominance to the main and secondly to secondarybranches leads to the establishment of thed e f i n i t i ve canopy in the young adult t re e, 3 )permanent epitone renewal (reiterative process)of branches which allows the mature adult tree toe n d u re injuring and senescing pro c e s s e s , 4 )progressive regression of the reiterative process inthe senescent tree which leads to the reduction ofits root system and canopy.2.- The standard has been adapted to each species.3.- Each tree is compared to the specific standardto determine the development stage andeventually a pathological state.4.- The trees are split in classes or types .

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mailto:elli@ver

A B S T R A C T S5.- Each type of tree is associated to a treatement(e.g. pruning)Application to the 147 Linden trees of VialeCavour.The trees planted in 1985 on Viale Cavour inFerrara were evaluated and pruned in 2000.Theywere evaluated again in 2003 and 2008.We couldconfirm the predicted evolutions of the differentclasses of trees, especially reactions to the adaptedpruning techniques; but the strong differencesb e t ween vigo u rous and weak trees incre a s e dfaster than predicted.

The use of Heliconia x nick eriensis inlandsca pe design

Pinheiro, P.G.L.(1), Loges,V.*(1), Guimarães, W.N.R. (1),Leite, K.M.P. (1), Gomes, R.J.(1)

Castro, M.F.A.(2)

(1) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco-D e p a rtamento de A g ro n o m i a , Av. M a n o e lMedeiros s/n, 52171, Recife, PE, Brazil,(2) Fazenda Bem-Te-Vi,Aldeia (PE) Brazil.* corresponding author:[email protected]; [email protected]

AbstractHeliconias plants and inflorescences are of greatbeauty due to its colors and forms. In Brazil thedesigner Roberto Burle Marx started the traditionof using heliconia for landscaping. Nowadays, thisgenus are used in private or public gardens and ascut flower. Most of the species are vigorous plants,easy manteinence and present long flowe r i n gperiod.The objective of this study was to evaluateHeliconia x nickeriensis Maas & de Rooij ornamentalcharacteristics and management for landscape use.The study was carried out at Heliconia Collectionfrom the Federal Rural University of Pernambucostate (UFRPE), Brazil, from January 2007 to July2008. Heliconia x nickeriensis is identified as shortheight plant. The dark green leaves contrast withthe yellow-orange inflorescence that are easelyvisualized above its foliage allowing plentyap re t i a t i o n . This heliconia present quickdevelopment, with a dispersed type of clumparchitecture and open growth habit. The clumparea reached 5,14 m2 at 18 months after planting(MAP). It demonstrade the necessity of large spaceor the use of borders. The emission of shoots inthe internal part of the clump, permited thecomplete coverage of the soil. The flowe r i n gperiod started nine MAP, reaching an emission of15 inflorescence per clumb 18 MAP. T h einflorescence in the clump kept the quality formore than 25 days after the emittion. Thesegenotype represent a good option to be usedisolated for covering large open areas or groupedwith other ornamental plants to gre a tcompositions with diferents colors, forms andtextures.


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LUH 09Rehabilitation f or SeverelyCompacted Urban Soils toOptimiz eTree Estab lishment andGrowth

Layman, R.* (1), Harris, R. (1), Day, S.(2), Daniels, L.(3),Wiseman, E.(2)

(1) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Department of Horticulture, 301 Saunders Hall,0327, Blacksburg, United States(2) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Department of Forestry, 313 Cheatham Hall, 0324,Blacksburg, United States(3) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,D e p a rtment of Crop & Soil Env i ro n m e n t a lSciences, 330 Smyth Hall, 0404, Blacksburg, UnitedStates* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThree soil rehabilitation protocols were evaluatedto determine their effects on soil phy s i c a lp ro p e rties and t ree establishment , ro o tdevelopment and other growth parameters for fivedeciduous urban tree species. Rehabilitation plotswere scraped and graded according to commonconstruction protocols. Subsoil compaction to anaverage bulk density of 2.0 g/cm3 was achievedfo l l owing topsoil re m oval with a vibrat ingc o m p a c t o r. The rehabilitation protocols underevaluation consist of several combinations of soilamendments and/or mechanical looseningtechniques: Undisturbed (no topsoil removal, nocompaction, and no amendments), Minimum Effort(topsoil amendment only ) , Enhanced To p s o i l(topsoil amendment, rotot illing) and Pro f i l eRebuilding (compost amendment, subsoiling withe x c avator to a depth of two fe e t , t o p s o i la m e n d m e n t , ro t o t i l l i n g ) . The t reatments arearranged in randomized complete block with sixre p l i c a t i o n s . The effect of the re h a b i l i t a t i o ntreatments on soil physical properties is evaluatedwith bulk density. Bulk densities of 1.65 g/cm3, 1.92g/cm3, 1.84 g/cm3 and 1.35 g/cm3 were measuredfor the treatments, respectively.The effects on treegrowth and development is evaluated in terms oftree root length and distribution in the soil profilemeasured with a minirhizotron, shoot length, trunkdiameter, leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll content,fluorescence and water potential. First year averagecross-sectional area increase by species rangedfrom 48-130% (Undisturbed), 26-125% (MinimalEffort), 42-127% (Enhanced Topsoil) and 71-195%(Profile Rebuilding).

S t reet tree root development intopsoil amended with gr eat level ofcompost

Vidal-Beaudet, L.*, Olivier, R.

Unité de Recherche EPHor, AG RO CA M P U SOUEST Centre d’Angers, 2 rue Le Nôtre, 49045Angers Cedex, France* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractHigh supply of organic matter can considerablyimprove urban soil physical properties and treeroot growth. In return, tree root development caninduce changes of bulk soil physical properties. Upto now, such tree root interactions have beenhardly studied in the literature.In October 2004, forty two big box containers(600L) were filled with two layers of substrate.Theunderlying layer (25-40 cm depth) was constitutedof sandy loam. The topsoil layer (0-25 cm) wasenriched with organic matter 40% (v/v). Threeorganic products were tested: green waste compost(GW), sewage sludge and woodchips compost (SS)and, sphagnum peat (SP).The control container wascomposed of two layers of sandy loam. Ostryacarpinifolia Scop were planted into twenty onec o n t a i n e r s . Two years after plant ing, d ry bulkdensity, surface permeability and root development(total root dry mass, root impact number anddistribution) were measured in containers with andwithout tree.Organic mat ter had significant effects on thephysical properties compared to control with adecrease of the soil bulk density and an increase ofthe surface permeability (GW>SS>SP>control). Atthe same time, organic matter improved the totalroot dry mass and the thin root number (diameter<1mm) (GW>SS>SP=control).The underlying layerwas unsuitable for root growth with small rootnumbers. Conversely, the tree root developmenthad almost no incidence on the bulk soil physicalproperties: for each organic product, comparingcontainers with and without tree, statistical analysisdid not show significant differences of bulk densityand surface permeability values.Globally, great level of compost increased physicalproperties and thin root development but after twoyears, soil physical property measurements did notseem to be influenced by ro o t s . F u rt h e ro b s e rvations five years after plant ing will beconducted in order to better assess the tree rootimpact on soil structuration.

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A B S T R A C T SHow does compost impr ove theagronomic pr oper ties of plantingholes?

Caubel,V.(1),Vidal-Beaudet, L.(1), Grosbellet, C.(2)

(1) Unité de re c h e rche EPHor, AG RO CA M P U SOUEST Centre d’Angers, 2 rue Le Nôtre, 49045Angers Cedex, France(2) Délégation générale de l’UNEP, 10, rue Saint-Marc, 75002 Paris* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractPhysical properties of urban soils are often limitingtree development. Urban soils are compacted,resulting in reduced water and air infiltration, andinsufficient root growth. For street trees, theplanting hole can be filled with different soilmaterials. The most often used is topsoil earth,which can be mixed in the upper part of theanthropogenic soil with organic matter, just beforetree plantation. Green waste compost is the mainorganic product used. Added volumes vary from10 to 50% of the earth volume, that is to say about30 times more than for organic inputs inagricultural fields. But only a few studies focus onthe influence of such high levels of organic matteron soil physical properties and tree development.To investigate this, we built an experimental designin October 2004. Soils for tree plantation werereconstituted in 600L boxes with two layers.Thetop layer was a sandy loam amended with 20% or40% of composts or peat. We measured soilproperties during four years. Carbon contentsd e c rease rap i d ly in all mixture s , related tobiological stability of organic matter, but remainhigher in 40% volume mixtures. Compost additionincreases structural stability, porosity and hydraulicconductivity, especially with 40% volume. Treedevelopments in reconstituted soils were moreimportant for composts than for peat, because ofdifferent nutrient supplies.Soil physicals propertieswere nearly not improved in soil reconstitutedwith 20%. These results clearly put the emphasison the interest of incorporating great level oforganic matter in urban soil.

The Role of Urban Vegetation inFiltering Fine Airborne P ar ticulates

Whitlow,T.H.*, Beil, R.S.

Urban Hort i c u l t u re Inst itute, D e p a rtment ofHorticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorkUSA 14853* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFine airborne particulates (PM2.5, particles with adiameter < 2.5 µm) contribute to cardiopulmonarydisease and their levels are regulated bygovernments wo r l d w i d e. Aw a reness of theecosystem services provided by vegetation hasspawned interest in using trees as part of thes t r a t e gy for reducing PM2.5 concentrat ions,especially in cities where levels are elevated byindustrial and vehicular emissions. Models like theUrban Forest Effects model (UFORE) predict thatthe urban forest removes < 1% of PM2.5 at the citywide scale but cannot address the role trees play atthe scale of individual parks and other smalllandscapes. It is at this scale where design couldreduce exposure to local emissions, but speciesspecific performance values have been lacking. Weconducted wind tunnel comparisons of tree speciesrepresenting a wide range of leaf morphologies toquantify diffe rences in deposition velocity andextinction rates of particulate plumes. Althoughthere are statistical differences among species withdifferent leaf types, the filtering effect is small.Indeed, deposition to the interior surfaces of theempty tunnel exceeded deposition to the tunnelcontaining leafy branches. In all likelihood this iscaused by par ticles being entrained in edd i e sdownstream of leaves, thus having longer averageresidence times in the air.These findings lead to theconclusion that par ticle size, not surfacec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , is the major determinant ofd e p o s i t i o n . Field measurements in and aro u n ddifferent canopy types and at varying distances fromroadways show that particle concentration not onlydecreases with distance from source but thathedges reduce particle concentration immediatelydown wind.This probably results not from filtrationbut from deflection of particle laden air over andaround the canopy.While trees are inefficient filters,there may be legitimate opportunities for urbandesign to protect priority areas. Caution must beexercised when estimating the magnitude of thisprotection, however.


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LUH 09Urban tr ees and air quality:Nitr ogen dio xide levels inside andoutside urban tr ee canopies inSpringfield, Massachusetts, USA

Manning,W.J.*, Harris,T.B.

Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences,U n i versity of Massachusetts, 270 StockbridgeRoad,Amherst, MA 01003-9320 USA* corresponding author:wmanning @microbio.umass.edu

AbstractUrban and periurban environments are sources ofair pollutants, resulting primarily from combustionprocesses. Nitrogen oxide (NO) is emitted fromcombust ion of fuels. NO becomes nit ro g e ndioxide (NO2). NO2 is the signature pollutanttypical of urban environments. NO2 is also thestarting point of the photochemical oxidant cycle,whose principal product is ozone (O3). O3 canaccumulate and affect human and plant health.Reduction of NO2 is likely to reduce O3 in urbanenvironments. Plants, particulary trees, have beenshown to take up NO2 at high concentrationsunder controlled experimental conditions. Largecomputer models have been used to quantifyuptake and removal of NO2 by trees in citiesindicate that trees are a significant factor in NO2removal.Verification of the results with actual dataobtained under ambient urban condit ions islacking. We have begun to address this need in ap roject in Spr ingfield, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , U S A . Aheavily traveled interstate highway runs throughthe city and is a source of NO2. NO2 ismonitored with passive samplers (Ogawa) outsideand inside the canopies of red maple (Acerrubrum) and London plane (Platanus x acerifolia)trees in plots along transects from the highway.NO2 concentrations are consistently higher insidecanopies of both trees than outside, a trend thatcontinued throughout the 2008 growing season.We are continuing to investigate the significance ofthese unexpected results.

Direction in seeking f ortomor row’s city tr ees – habitatstudies as a selection model

Sjöman, H.*(1), Gunnarsson,A.(1), Pauleit, S.(2)

(1) S wedish University of Agr icultural Sciences,Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture andAgricultural Science, Department of LandscapeManagement, Design and Construction.(2) Landscape Planning at the Danish Centre forFo re s t , L a n d s c ape and Planning, U n i versity ofCopenhagen* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractTrees can be exposed to severe stresses in theurban environment, such as the lack of soil volume,and insufficient supply of water and nutrients.As aconsequence, numerous city trees are found to bein a bad condition or even dying which reducestheir aesthetic and recreational values as well astheir ecological functions to moderate climates,capture air pollutants and serve as a habitat forwildlife.Two approaches to address the problems are, first,to improve the growing conditions mainly underground and, second, to search for plant-material,bet ter adapted to the harsh env i ro n m e n t a lconditions in urban areas. Recent research hasconcentrated on improvement of site conditions,while select ion of suitable tree species hasreceived less attention.The choice of species usedin urban areas is often quite narrow with anu n c e rtain adaptation for urban env i ro n m e n tamong many if the species.This narrow catalogueof urban species can also jeopardize the future forurban greening depending on the risk for newserious tree-killing pests. Therefore, identificationand testing of new species is required, betteradapted to the urban environment.An approach for plant selection is presented tofind and select suitable trees for paved cityenvironments from habitats where trees havenaturally evolved under conditions which resemblethe urban environment.

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SESSION 3

ECOPHYSIOLOGY ANDVEGETATION MANAGEMENT

IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT


A B S T R A C T SUrbanization eff ect on floristic andlandsca pe patterns of gr een spacesin Guangzhou, China

Chen,W.Y.*, Jim, C.Y.

Department of Geography,The University of HongKong, Hui Oi Chow Science Building, PokfulamRoad, Hong Kong.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe study asked two research questions: (1) Howwould rapid urbanizat ion affect urban plantbiodiversity? (2) How could the findings be appliedto urban nature conservation? Managed greenspaces in Guangzhou (south China) in ninedistricts were assessed to establish the floristici nve n t o ry. The relationship amongst speciesrichness, diversity and urban development wereanalyzed by community ecology indices, clusteranalysis, and statistical tests. The flora of 1033vascular species was dominated by a small numberof popular, eve r g reen and exot ic species,accompanied by many rare species and urbanendemics dwelling in small and scattered ruderaland remnant natural sites. By species richness, treewas the dominant growth form, followed by herband shrub. W i d e s p read adoption of we s t e r nlandscape style has brought exotic lawns andsuppressed indigenous herbs.The urban vegetationcontained two subpopulations: urban pan-tropicalexotics and local-regional natives. Species richnessand diversity, despite stressful site conditions andhabitat simplification, was only slight ly belowurban-fr inge secondary fo re s t s . Var iat ions ofspecies diversity between districts we re notsignificantly correlated with development historyand green area. Old and young districts offereddisparate conditions for species enrichment toestablish divergent flor istic and grow t h - fo r massemblages. Urban species profile and multiplicitywere mainly influenced by pragmatic human needsand changing landscape fashion rather than natureenhancement or inheritance. Massive urbanizationin China and other developing countries couldintegrate urban nature conservat ion thro u g hhabitat preservation, habitat creation, and a morenaturalist ic ap p roach to landscape design andmanagement.

Leaves of Quercus ile x as indicatorsof airborne trace elementdistribution in Lucca (CentralItaly).

Francini,A., Lorenzini, G., Loppi S., Nali, C.*

Department of Tree Science,Entomology and PlantPathology “Giovanni Scaramuzzi”, University ofPisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAmbient air has always contained particles, rangingfrom sub-micrometric aerosols to clearly visibledust and sand grains. Plants have evolved tomaximise light interception and CO2 assimilationand, as a consequence, they are also highly efficientreceptors of airborne pollutants.The use of planttissues has since long been shown to be aneffective indicator of metal air pollution. Leaves ofthe evergreen species Quercus ilex were used as apassive monitor to describe the distribution ofselected elements in the area around the Walls ofLucca (Central Italy).Unwashed healthy mature leaves collected in June2006 from 16 sampling sites were analysed by ICP-MS for Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl,Co, Cr, Cs, Cu,Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti,V and Zn.Values were normalised by subtracting baselineconcentrations of biologically essential elementscoming from Q. ilex plants collected into BotanicalGarden of Lucca.Enrichment factors (EF) were calculated taking Alas crustal reference element. Cd, Cu and Znexhibited the highest EF, with values rangingbetween 100 and 1000. Varimax rotated factoranalysis allowed to identify three main sourcegroups of elements, namely crustal components,sea-salt spray and anthropogenic sourc e s(vehicular traffic, industrial activities). The factorone (crustal components) explained 48.3 of thetotal variance. Common high loadings for thisfactor were Al,Bi, Br, Co, Cu, Fe, Si,V, and Zn, whichindicate a predominant soil contribution. Resultsare discussed with emphasis on the potential roleof vegetation for the re m oval of part i c u l a t epollution.


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LUH 09Ecoph ysiolo gical and histochemicalresponses to oz one in tr ee speciescan be influenced b y theprovenance?

Nali, C.*, Francini, A., Pellegrini, E., Santarelli, S.,Lorenzini, G.

Department of Tree Science,Entomology and PlantPathology “Giovanni Scaramuzzi”, University ofPisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIt is well known that the responses of trees to airpollutants vary between and within species understrong genetic control, but this phenomenon can bealso regulated by plant provenance.Leaf symptoms attributed to ozone (O3) have beendetected in a growing list of tree species such asash, commonly planted in urban area and alsoimportant forest trees in Italy.Two-years old seedlings of Fraxinus ornus and F.excelsior, represented both by two provenances(Piedmont e Tu s c a ny) we re exposed to O3fumigation (150 ppb for 8 h d- 1, 35 d) andcompared to controls maintained in filtered air.After twenty days of fumigation, treated F. excelsiordeveloped chlorosis and adaxial necrosis on maturef u l ly expanded leave s . This was t rue for bothp rovenances even if diffe rent photosyntheticefficiency was observed. Ozone directly influencedin some cases stomatal aperture, because stomataa re closed pre m a t u re ly, inducing a slow CO2movement into the leaf; in other cases, stomatalc l o s u re resulted as disturbances in thephotosynthetic apparatus.On the contrary, F. ornus s h owed variationsbetween the provenances; trees from Tuscany weregenerally more tolerant to O3 in terms of injurythan those from North Italy.Histochemical markers such as autofluorescence,the presence of cell-wall thickenings, the enlargedcell vacuole and the typical necrotic lesions ofpalisade tissue we re investigated in order tounderstand if symptoms induced by O3, beingindependent of the taxonomic position of species,allow differential diagnosis of O3 injury. Moreoverthe final purpose of this work was to analyzespecies-specific and prove n a n c e - s p e c i f i ca n t i ox i d a t i ve capacity and to compare theantioxidant capacity of symptomatic (O3 visible-i n j u ry) and asymptomatic (O3-symptom fre e )leaves.

Ozone, CO2 assimilation and PSIIfunction in urban tr ees: the case ofTilia americana .

Pellegrini, E., Francini,A., Lorenzini, G., Nali, C.*

Department of Tree Science,Entomology and PlantPathology “Giovanni Scaramuzzi” University ofPisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAir pollution is one of the main environmentalproblems in urban areas and not only. In particular,ozone (O3) concentration in urban atmosphereduring the warm season may be, for many hours,well above 100 ppb. Plant responses to O3 varysignificantly among species: the genus Tilia, forinstance, generally does not show any foliar injuryinduced by O3 under natural conditions.M e a s u rements of leaf gas exchange undersaturating light and chlorophyll a fluorescenceparameters were performed on Tilia americana L.during 45 consecutive days of O3 exposure (120ppb, 5 h d-1).Although at the end of the fumigationthe plants did not exhibit any visible fo l i a rs y m p t o m s , e c o p hysiological parameters we realtered starting from 15 days after the beginning oftreatment. Ozonated plants compared to controlsshowed stomatal closure (-9.2%) and increasedintercellular CO2 concentration (+15.7%), leadingto a significant decrease of photosynthetic activity(-24.5%). The reduction in CO2 assimilation wasconfirmed from the light curve at high lightintensities. Fluorescence parameters analysis (atthe end of the treatment) suggested that the lightreactions were virtually altered in treated plants asdemonstrated by a significant reduction (-7.4%) ofthe maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), that waspreceded by a change in photochemical quenching(-17.1%) and in quantum yield of non-cyclicelectron flow (-33.5%), indicating an effect on thePSII reaction centre by O3.This paper shows that physiological tools, such asgas exchange and chloro p hyll fluore s c e n c ea n a lyses play an important role in the ear lydetection of environmental stress, even withoutsymptom development, and could constitute ani m p rovement for the management in urbanenvironment.

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A B S T R A C T SEthylenediur ea (EDU) protectssensitiv e trees and shrubs fr omozone injur y

M a n n i n g , W. J .( 1 ), C o n t r a n , N .( 2 ), Fe rr a r a , A . M .( 3 ),Tagliaferro, F.(3), Paoletti, E.* (4)

(1) Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences,University of Massachusetts,Amherst, MA 01003-9320, USA(2) Department of Biotechnology and Biology,University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza1, Milan, Italy(3) IPLA, Corso Casale 476, I-10128 Turin, Italy(4) IPP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractOzone (O3) is the air pollutant of major concernfor ve g e t a t i o n , because of its elev a t e dphytotoxicity and widespread distribution. In theNorthern hemisphere, background ozone levelshave increased 2-4.5 times since the pre-industrialage. Although precursor emission is decreasing,background levels are still increasing (0.5-2% everyyear). Ozone concentrations in the cities areusually lower than in suburban and rural areas, butlevels in Mediterranean cities may exceed thecriteria for vegetation protection. Ozone mayinduce a number of plant responses - including leafvisible injury, premature leaf senescence, growthreduction, altered water balance, predisposition toother urban stressors like water deficit orpathogen attack - that affect the ornamental valueof urban fo re s t s . A n t i oxidant application mayprotect sensitive plants from ozone injury. Themost successful synthetic antioxidant is N-[2- (2-ox o - 1 - i m i d a z o l i d i ny l ) e t hy l ] - N ’ - p h e ny l u re a( e t hy l e n e d i u re a , a b b reviated EDU). EDU iseffective in protecting crop and tree species whenregularly applied.EDU is rapidly transported in theacropetal direction, probably via the xylem stream,and accumulates in the apoplastic space of theleaves, but for a limited time. EDU in leaves is nott r a n s p o rted from them to leaves that havedeveloped since EDU treatment, hence the needfor application at 1-3 week intervals to providecontinuous protection for newly-formed leaves.The applicat ion to adult ornamental t re e s ,however, is technically difficult. Foliar spray and soil

drench would require a prohibitive amount ofEDU to treat large trees. Injection and infusion ina tree trunk require making an entry hole. Wesummarize the most recent results of EDUapplication to ornamental trees (Fraxinus excelsior)and shrubs (Hibiscus syriacus) in Italy. The resultsshow that EDU can be used for scientific (analysisof ozone mechanisms and effe c t s ) , d i a g n o s t i c(determination of ozone involvement in visibleinjury occurrence in the field), and practical aims(protection of ozone-sensitive plants).


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LUH 09New aspects on the impact ofvegetation in urban en vir onment.

Baraldi, R. *, Rapparini F.

Ist ituto di Biometeoro l o g i a , I B I M E T, C o n s i g l i oNazionale delle Ricerche.Via P.Gobetti 101, 40129Bologna, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractBenefits of trees in the urban environment includereduction of pollution and atmospheric carbon,shading and reduct ion of temperature, b e t t e rvisual impact and an increase in human health andwell-being. Trees can emit gases known as volatileorganic compounds (VOC) that can contribute tothe production of pollutants, especially ozone andparticles.This new aspect, relating to the impact ofvegetation in urban areas, is receiving increasinga t t e n t i o n . The present study invest igated theeffectiveness of different forest species in carbonsequestration, and screened and quantified VOCemission in order to provide useful informationfor a correct and innovative management of treesfor the improvement of air quality and lifecondition in urban environment.

Evaluation of salinity tolerance inBuxus spp.

Caser, M.*, Larcher, F., Scariot,V., Devecchi, M.

Dept. Agronomy, Forestry and Land management,University of Turin,Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUrban green area design and management requiredeep knowledge on environmental context. Manyabiotic stresses can compromise the vitality andthe aesthetic value of plants, such as salinity.E s p e c i a l ly in the Mediterranean re g i o n s ,characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wetwinters, several urban green areas are on salt-affected soils, irrigated by saline water, affected bysea aerosol or contaminated by ant ifre e z esolutions.Salts exert their toxic action on plants bothi n d i re c t ly and dire c t ly. I n d i rect damages arecaused by an increase of the osmotic pressure.Direct damages are caused by the contact of saltswith foliar or root tissues that induces diffusedor local necroses and alteration of chlorophyllcontent.Thus, information about salt tolerance inornamentals are needed in order to selectspecies suitable for urban environment.This work aimed to investigate the response tosaline stress in two species of Buxus commonlyused in Mediterranean green areas. One-hundredtwenty plants of B. sempervirens and B. microphyllawere grown from January to June 2006 at theExperimental Centre of the Faculty of Agricultureof the University of Turin (Italy) and submitted totwo NaCl solutions (0.125 N and 0.25 N),appliedat the beginning of the experiment by immersionor perfusion. Colour variation, determined bymeans of spectrophotometer and visual check,SPAD values and leaf chlorophyll content wereevaluated each two weeks. Differences betweenNaCl supply methods and between species wereobserved.Perfusion with NaCl, unlike immersion,negatively affected plant growth and ornamentalc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . In part i c u l a r, foliar damagesappeared in B. sempervirens perfused with bothNaCl concentrat ions after 72 day s , in B.microphylla after 87 days with perfusion at 0.25 NNaCl.

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A B S T R A C T SBioherbicides f or the urbanenvir onment

Grassia M.E.(1), Cioni P.L.(2), Flamini G.(2), Bacci D.(1),Benvenuti S.(1)

(1) Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie,Università degli Studi di Pisa,Viale delle Piagge 23,Pisa, Italy(2) D i p a rtimento di Chimica Bioorganica eBiofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33,56126 Pisa* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWeed presence in urban environment is undesiredand implies that ap p ropr iate weed contro lmeasures should be undertaken. Eco-compatibleweed management appears to be of gre a t e rimportance in the urban environment than in theagro-ecosystem, as the high density of the urbanpopulation would imply a serious risk for humanhealth if chemical weed control is applied on alarge scale. Indeed, the application of the commonherbicides in an urban context has enormousimpact not only on the quality of the surroundingecosystem but above all on the health of citizensexposed to the prolonged presence of herbicidesin the atmosphere. In this background the efficacyof essent ial oils extracted from seve r a lMediterranean asteracee was tested against twocommon weeds: Portulaca oleracea and Digitarias a n g u i n a l i s. Asteracee species as essential oilssource were selected as a function of their typicalrusticity in the perspective of their easy cultivationas crops for a new industrial production of naturalherbicides. Indeed, the aim of the experiments wasto explore the possibility to obtain an economicsource of essential oils.The overlapping of quanti-qualitative productivity (plant biomass and % ofextracted essential oils) and their efficacy indicatethe good performance of some species such asA rtemisia verlutorum, A rtemisia annua, O t a n t h u smaritimus and Xanthium strumarium. Their use asp re-emergence and/or post-emergence bio-herbicide was discussed as a function of thephytotoxic or phytocide effects of the severalessential oils extracted from each plant species.

New guide-lines f or urbanlandsca pes plan and mana gementby organic and ecolo gical methods(Landemed)

Natale, D.*(1), Pulga A.(2), Bazzocchi C.(3)

(1) Lande –Giardini e Paesaggi, Napoli, Italy(2) Icea – Bologna Italy(3) St.Ass.Agro-Biologico - Cesena (FC), Italy* corresponding authors: [email protected]

AbstractLandemed is the first Associative Project that haselaborated and set-up a complex of methods andcriteria for planning and managing urban greenspaces of social interest, referred to urban eco-systems (public gardens and parks) and to semi-natural ecosystems (historical gardens, botanicalgardens, thematic gardens and garden centres)characterised by the typical botanic, naturalistic andlandscaping profiles from the Mediterranean Basin.In order to ap p ly this idea, the A s s o c i a t i o nLandemed has:1) designed an own logo / label2) set-up diffe rent giude-lines for the organicmanagement and planning, and the certification ofurban and semi-natural ecosystems as previouslydefined, according to European and internationalstandards3) developed and organized a training systemoriented to Institutions and professional’s profiles,in order to qualify different skills to different tasks:a) P ro fe s s i o n a l ’s Offices – Fre e l a n c e s ( L a n d s c ap eArchitects, Agronomic and Naturalistic Engineers)for extending and implement ing expet ise inplanning urban green spaces, and for serv i c ecertification, according to Landemed guidel-ines. b)Public Administrations and Organizations for urbang reen spaces management and cer t i f i c a t i o n ,a c c o rding to Landemed guidel-ines. c) G re e nGardeners for extending and implementing expetisein managing urban green spaces, and for servicecertification, according to Landemed guidel-ines.4) set-up projects and actions, on its own and/orunder assignment from other Organizations, inorder to reach the aims previously reported.In addition, Landemed will be 1) organizing confe re n c e s , e x h i b i t i o n s , t r a i n i n gcourses in order to promote the mission and theprograms of the Association Landemed2) co-operating together with organizations orindividuals that operate and support dive r s eprograms that help to protect the environment,both in the social and in the cultural fields3) acting according the Valore Sociale standard.


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LUH 09Individual valuation of str eet tr ees.Old Sophoras on PiazzaCapitaniato , Padova.

Raimbault, P.(1), Morelli, G.*(2), Gasperini, S.(3)

(1) AgroParisTech – ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, CS14216, 54042 NANCY, France.(2) Progetto Verde, Via Darsena 67, 44100 Ferrara,Italia.(3) AR.ES.,Via Darsena 67, 44100 Ferrara, Italia.* corresponding author :[email protected]

AbstractSeven 140 years old Sophoras are the remainingt rees from an ancient alignment across thehistorical Piazza Capitaniato in Padova.The old Sophoras were topped several times onmain branches, resulting in hollow and thin-walledscaffold branches and trunk. Main roots were cutwhen the pavement was removed and injuriesoccur regularly at the collar. Nevertheless thet rees are still vigo rous and their dimensionsexceed the mechanical capacities of scaffold, trunkand roots. Substitution of the trees by new ones is“politically” impossible.What are the biological characteristics of theSophora? 1) On young trees or after topping, long shoots (1-3 meters) develop at the tip of the last year’s longshoot : the branches grow very fast. 2) After fewyears, however, the annual growth decreases (50cm) and apical inflorescences develop. 3) On theupper side of the bending branches, new shoots(reiterations) develop if the number of branches isnot too high. 4) The wood is light (530 g.dm-3),flexible and doesn’t break easily. 5) The cambialactivity is exceptionnally high.Is it possible to restore those trees? Using the previous characteristics, 1) we canreduce pro g re s s i ve ly the crown of the tre e swithout shortening branches of large diameter.Wehave first to simplify the forks by suppressing thelower branch.This allows new epitone reiterationsto grow inside the crown. Few years later, we cancut back the branch at the level of a reiteration. 2)If we bring an aerated substrate (up to 30 cmabove the soil) all around the collar, the cambialzone will initiate new roots from the collar. Thislarge area around the collar must be protectedfrom injuries at the expense of a few parkingplaces.We suggest to place a circular bench aroundeach tre e, which will increase the conv i v i a lcharacter of the place. .

Suitab le plant species to meet theenvir onmental conditions ofPiraeus Port

Paraskevopoulou,A.T.*, Papafotiou, M., Massas J.

Agricultural University of Athens, Department ofPlant Science, L a b o r a t o ry of Flor iculture andLandscape Architecture, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe Port of Piraeus is located 9 km to thesouthwest of the city centre of Athens, Hellas. Theport links mainland Hellas with the Aegean islandsand Crete and constitutes the main gate of theEuropean Union in the southeast. It is divided intwo main sections the passenger and commercialport. The passenger port is the largest of Europeand amongst the largest in the wo r l d ,accommodating for ap p rox i m a t e ly 20 millionpassengers annually. The commercial port with anannual transhipment capacity of approximately 1.4million TEUs and 670,000 cars is amongst the 10largest of both Container and Car Terminals inE u ro p e. Planting within urban areas re q u i re sa dd ressing adverse env i ronmental conditionscaused by air pollution and urban structure. Inaddition to usual urban environmental conditionsthe planting surrounding the Piraeus Po rt isexposed to the effects of frequent heavy transportof large vehicles, containers and cargo, sea windsand in places sea waves.The main objective of theplanting in the passenger section including thecruise section is to create an aesthetically pleasinglandscape where people can commute and finds h e l t e r. P a rt of the ancient ruins of theThemistoclean Walls survive in the cruise sectionand require special attention. On the other handthe main objective of the planting in the commercialsection is to provide a screen and shelter for theresidents that live in proximity to the port. A siteanalysis of the overall planting surrounding the portwas carr ied out and proposals are made tointroduce new and improve existing planting. Soilanalysis in problematic areas showed increasedlevels of soil salinity. In one particular area soilsalinity is prohibitive for the majority of ornamentalplant species.A native plant species growing on thesite is identified and further research is proposed toinvestigate its potential ornamental use.

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A B S T R A C T SReclamation of inclined bentonitemining b ypr oducts b y hydr oseedingin the island of Milos

Grammatikopoulou, K. (1), Kantsos, N.(1)

Nektarios, P.A.(1), Petrakis, G.(2)

(1) Dept. of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855,Athens, Greece(2) Head of Rehabilitation Department, BentoniteDivision, S&B Industrial Minerals S.A.,Voudia, Milos,Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThis 2year re s e a rch study focuses on thereclamation of bentonite inclined surfaces usinghydroseeding in a quarry of the island of Milos.Three types of hydroseeding seed mixes wereutilized: a) a mixture from 7 native species of Milos’sisland, b) a mixture from 6 commercial species, c) ab a r l ey-oat mixture and d) a non-hy d ro s e e d e dcontrol. The study included two inclined surfaces.The first had a northern while the second had aneastern orientation. Each inclined surface had 12experimental plots (12-15m height and 1,5m widthand each experimental plot was subdivided into 3subplots along the height direction (high, medium,low). Measurements included the total number ofplants, the total number of plants per species, thenumber of invading plants; soil moisture and plantdry weight. It was found that during the 2 years ofthe study, the number of plants as well as the soilmoisture was higher in the northern inclined surfacecompared with the eastern one. The commercialspecies mixture provided the highest plant number(66,39%, 59,04% and 73,78% more than nativespecies, barley-oat and the control, respectively).However towards the end of the second year asignificant increase was observed when the nativeplants mixture increased its total plant number(8,6% more plants compared with the commercialplants mixture). In contrast plant number in thebarley-oat mixture was reduced by 3% from the firstto the second year. The commercial plants mixtureprovided the most biomass as indicated by the dryweight.The species that provided the highest plantnumbers were mainly Lolium rigidum and Avenasterilis. The plant-intruders that were detectedwithout participating in the hydroseeding mixturewere Brassica nigra, Salsola kali, Inula viscosa andMesembryanthemum nodiflorum.

Evaluation of Spontaneous Speciesfor the Inno vation in Floricultur e:Pancr atium maritim um L. asOrnamental Plant

Paradiso, R.(1), Buonuomo, R. (1), Cardarelli, M.(2),De Pascale, S.(1)

(1) D e p a rtment of Agricultural Engineering andAgronomy - University of Naples Federico II - ViaUniversità, 100 - 80055 - Portici - Naples (Italy).(2) D e p a rtment of Geology and MechanicalEngineering, Bioengineering and Hydraulics for theTerritory,University of Tuscia - Via S. C.De Lellis snc,01100 - Viterbo (Italy)* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPancratium maritimum (Fam. Amaryllidaceae) is a perennialgeophyte, also known as sea daffodil or sea lily, whichgrows spontaneously on sandy dunes and beaches.Plants have a big bulb, linear leaves, twisted as a spiral,and scented white flowers, borne in umbels. It isw i d e s p read in Mediterranean coastal env i ro n m e n t s ,where it plays an important role in the landscapepreservation, keeping back the sand through the rootsand preventing the dune erosion. However, naturalpopulations are being drastically reduced during the lastfew years in many areas, because of sea erosion andhuman activities.The aims of this study were: to investigate the behaviourof spontaneous plants in natural habitat, to betterunderstand their biological cycle; to set up protocols forbulb production, by seeds and bulbs, to perform a fastand effective propagation; to evaluate the performancesof plants grown in greenhouse, for cut stems or as anornamental plant.In natural habitat, research was carried out in theLegambiente Natural Reserve in Paestum (Salerno, Lat.40° 25’ N). Spontaneous plants grew in sunny and windypositions, at different distances from the shoreline, andbulbs reached a considerable depth. Flowering occurredfrom the beginning of July to the middle of October.Propagation was easy by seeds but seed propagatedplants grew very slowly and they did not flower duringthe first year. Bulblets were obtained in vitro by entirebulbs and twin- and three- scales explants.Plants grown in cold glasshouse (Napoli, Lat. 40° 51’ N)showed good growth performances in pot, on a mixtureof peat-based compost and sand. Flowering occurred 2weeks earlier than in natural habitat but it was almost 1month shorter. Cut flower stems had good aestheticcharacteristics but they were short and had brief postharvest duration.


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LUH 09Use of bioindicators to e valuateheavy metal and micr oelementconcentrations in urban parks

Vittor i A n t i s a r i , L . * , G h e r a rd i , M . , Po n t a l t i , F. ,Vianello, G.

D i S TA - C e n t ro Sperimentale per lo Studio el’Analisi del Suolo (CSSAS), Facoltà di Agraria -University of Bologna - Viale Fanin, 40 - 40127Bologna* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe environmental quality of urban soil is closelyrelated to human health.The heavy metals increasein urban environments was due to the anthropicactivity.The urban parks monitoring in two citiesof Emilia Romagna region (Bologna and Ferrara)will highlight heavy metals and microelementsconcentration in the leaf tissues of coniferous anddeciduous trees, in mosses and in grass. Theairborne pollutants was studied by washing anda n a lysing the heavy metals concentrat ion inwashed-leaves water. The aim of the study wastwofold: to find an integrations between differente nv i ronmental compartments (vegetation andwashed-leaves water) and to highlight the differentcontribution of pollution sources. The samplingcampaign was carried out in two different seasons(Spring 2006 and Winter 2007) and involved takingsamples of grass, mosses, leaves of deciduous andc o n i fe rous treesand washed-leaves water. T h esamples collected we re suitably t reated anda n a lysed by means of optical emissionspectrometry using a CCD detector (ICP-OES,Spectro CIR.O.S.CCD). Integrated analysis of thed i f fe rent env i ronmental matr ixes permittedidentification of the most critical sites, respect tothe heavy metals and micro e l e m e n t sconcentration.The strong correlation between theconcentrations found in the moss, grasses andwashed-leaves water underlines how the urbanparks in Bologna and Ferrara are highly susceptibleto atmospheric pollution.

Young str eet greener y suppl y withnutr ients in Riga, L a t v i a , d u r i n g2007

Cekstere, G.*(1,2), Osvalde,A.(2)

(1) Faculty of Geograp hy and Ear th Sciences,University of Latvia, Alberta 10, LV-1010, Riga,Latvia(2) Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Instituteof Biology University of Latvia, Miera 3, LV-2169,Salaspils, Latvia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe street greenery is a very significant landscapeelement with important ecological value in thehigh building density area of the Riga City centralpart (Latvia). One of the most widespread treespecies of street greenery in Central, Northernand Eastern Europe, also in Riga, is lime tree Tilia xvulgaris H. The study was conducted to evaluatethe young street greenery supply with nutrients.The concentrations of 6 macronutrients (N, P, K,Ca, Mg, S) and 6 micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B,Mo) were estimated in lime leaf and soil samplescollected from 21 study sites (7 objects, to ~15years old trees) in Riga (August 2007).Bioindication re s e a rch on vitality of stre e tgreenery revealed slightly damaged status of younglimes. The highest macronutrient concentrationrange was stated for Ca (5425-24936 mg/kg in soil,0.98-2.78% in leaves), but the lowest for S (11-53mg/kg in soil, 0.05-0.17% in leave s ) . Fo rmicronutrients the highest concentration rangewas found for Fe (521-3461 mg/kg in soil, 174-440mg/kg in leaves), but the lowest for Mo (0.02-0.09mg/kg in soil, 0.40-4.88 mg/kg in leaves). In general,the main factors negative affecting T. x vulgarismineral nutrition were very low supply with N, S,K , and elevate concentrations of P, C a , M g .Decreased concentrations of S, K, P (Mn and Cu inseveral sites), as well as increased concentrationsof Mo and Fe were stated in leaves.Well visible Kand Mn deficiency symptoms in tree leaves wereobserved (K 0.66%; Mn 18 mg/kg).There was noclose correlat ion between the elementconcentration in the soil and lime leaves.

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mailto:guntac@inbo

A B S T R A C T SNative Mediter ranean Cistusspecies f or urban gr een areas

Li Rosi A.*, Di Gregorio R.,Toscano S., Romano D.

Università degli Studi di Catania - Dipartimento diO rt o F l o roArboricoltura e Te c n o l o g i eAgroalimentari, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania,Italy*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe landscaping and gardening with nativeMediterranean ornamental species of wild floraare a very interesting possibility to have plantslargely resistant to environmental stress quitefrequent in the urban area. The shrub plants, inrelation to morphological and physiological traits,can be particularly suitable to adapt to urban greenarea conditions. In relation to richness of Sicilianflora var ious species could be used in thelandscaping. Cistus plants are evergreen woodyshrubs and their blooms are profuse andattractive. They are natives of lands surroundingthe Mediterranean Sea and five species are nativeof Sicily. A preliminary problem to improve thisplant utilization in urban green areas is linked tothe individuation of the better nursery cultivationregimes.In this view on different Cistus species trials werecarried out to individuate the suitable propagationmodalities. In these species the heat generated byfire is a key germination stimulus. Also for thesereasons diffe rent temperature of germinat ion( f rom 15 to 25°C) and dry and wet hightemperature pre-treatment (from 80 to 120°C)were analysed in four Cistus species (C. creticus, C.crispus, C. monspeliensis, C . salviifolius). The resultss h owed that in all analysed species thetemperatures of germination have only slightlye f fe c t s . The high temperature pre - t re a t m e n t ,especially the wet ones, are able to improve thegermination rate.

Influence of winter pruning onornamental plants gr own in tw otypes of container

Ponchia, G., Zanin, G.

D e p a rtment of Env i ronmental A g ro n o my andC rop Science, U n i versity of Padov a , V i a l edell’Università, 16 – Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro (PD),Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPruning is an operation that assures adequatefunctional and aesthetic attributes to ornamentalp l a n t s . A regular development of the roots isessential for the plants grown in pots, because theroot system deformations can slow down plantsestablishment and compromise the stability of thetrees.The aim of this research was to investigate theperformance in the nursery of Elaeagnus x ebbingei‘Limelight’, Ligustrum lucidum ‘Excelsum Superbum’and Malus ‘P rofusion’ grown in two diffe re n tcontainers (a traditional and a modified container for“air pruning” effect on roots) and pruned withincreasing intensity (light, moderate and severe)compared with unpruned plants. During growingseason shoots growth was monitored.At the end ofseason the vegetative parameters such as plantsheight, shoot length, leaf area, dry and fresh weightof leaves, shoots,branches and roots were measured.Plants we re also subjected to a commerc i a levaluation. In spring the aesthetic worth of floweredMalus ‘P ro f u s i o n ’ p l a n t s was assessed. S o m edifferences among treatments were observed in allspecies. In Elaeagnus x ebbingei ‘Limelight’ unprunedplants had the lowest score and the best resultswere obtained with pruning at moderate intensitybecause they guaranteed a regular canopyd eve l o p m e n t . In Ligustrum lucidum ‘ E x c e l s u mSuperbum’ shoots growth was superior in the severepruned plants.The unpruned control had the worstresults because the canopy presented a weepingaspect. In this species the pruning at light intensitywas needed to obtain an uniform and round shape.In Malus ‘Profusion’ the unpruned plants had a worstblooming whereas severe pruning yielded vigorousand flowering shoots. In all species the adoption ofmodified container to obtain the “air pruning” effectguaranteed a good development of the ro o t seliminating the roots spiralling.The best ramificationof roots induced with modified pots should increasesurvival and reduce transplant shock.


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LUH 09Wildflo wers pollinators-attractivityin the urban ecosystem

Basteri G., Benvenuti S.

Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie,Università degli Studi di Pisa,Viale delle Piagge 23,Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn order to increase biodiversity in the urbane nv i ronment several wildflowers species we retested in terms of pollinators at tract ive n e s s .Indeed the species were selected as a function oftheir mutualistic relation with entomofauna interms of pollination biology. Plants with veryshowy flowers, like in the botanic families ofa m a ry l l i d a c e a e, i ri d a c e a e, a s t e ra c e a e, a p i a c e a e,ra n u n c u l a c e a e, l a m i a c e a e, c a ry o p hy l l a c e a e a n dc a m p a n u l a c e a e, a re some typical examples ofbotanic families of wildflower species that havebeen and could be utilized for this purpose even inthe urban environment. In this case the positiveeffect of the presence of wildflowers it is not dueonly to the increase of biodiversity but even to thehuman psychology that strongly depends by theliving environment since man lived until a veryrecent period of his evolutionary history in anatural ecosystem. Indeed the wildflowe r svegetation within urban areas (parks, gardens,flowerbeds, tra?c , etc.) could even become self-sustainable because, unlike ornamental herbaceousspecies (whose survival is crucially dependent onhuman action) since they can have persistencedynamics even without any human intervention. Insynthesis, the introduction of wildflowers into thecity landscape would favour a transition from theadverse visual impact of buildings to a scenariothat may – perhaps in man’s unconscious – bereminiscent of pleasant country scenes. In thisperspective several wildflower species were grownand tested into the urban environment to exploretheir potentiality to the pollinators attractiveness(bees, bumblebees, diptera and butterfly) in spiteof the typically adverse life conditions of the urbanenvironment.

Effects of dr ought str ess on gr owthand development of ornamentalspecies f or urban ar chitectur e.

Grassotti A.(1), Cacini S.(1), Pardossi A(2).

(1) CRA-VIV Research Unit for Nursery PlantsProduction and Management of Landscape andOrnamental Plants, Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia(PT), Italy.(2) Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie,Sezione di Orticoltura e Floricoltura, Universitàdegli Studi di Pisa,Viale delle Piagge No. 23, I-56124Pisa, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractOne of the most widespread problem of urbanarchitecture in Mediterranean countries is droughts t ress that affects plants dur ing drier periodsresulting in lower development and ornamentalv a l u e. With the aim to obtain information onadaptability of different species to drought stress, aresearch was carried out in open field providingwater with two different frequencies during dryperiod. Species under investigation were: floweringshrubs (Myrtus communis subsp. tarentina, Genistal y d i a , Kolkwitia amabilis, Philadelphus virginalis,Ceanothus thyrsiflorus “Repens”, Mahonia aquifolium,S p i rea vanhouttei) ; eve r g reen hedge shrubs(Osmanthus hetero p hy l l u s, B e r b e ris tunbergii“Atropurpurea”, Prunus caroliniana,Viburnum lucidum,Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin”, Arbutus unedo, Myrtuscommunis); creeping shrubs (Loropetalum chinense“Fire Dance”, Pittosporum tobira “Nana”, Lonicerapileata,Cotoneaster damneri “Coral Beauty”, Viburnumpropinquum, Hedera variegata, Leucophyta brownii andcreeping roses cvs. “Tapis Rouge”, “Domenicana” e“Austriana”).All species were divided in two groups,dotated of a drip irrigation system and replicated inrandomized blocks. The first group was irrigatedweekly, while the second one was irrigated everyt h ree we e k s . F requency of irr igation changedaccording to rainy days. No intervention of pruningor fertilization were carried out. In the first year,results showed that most plants can grow anddevelop their roots anyway, because the rain couldcompensate for reduced irrigation. Therefore theyseem to adapt very well to drought stress, withouteffects on ornamental characteristics. After winterall plants we re pruned mantaining the sameirrigation treatments to evaluate the capacity ofplants to develop new vigorous shoots.

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mailto:ve@agr

mailto:assotti@entecr

A B S T R A C T SI nvestigat ion on five r ye g r a s scultivars’ response to incre a s i n gsalt (NaCl) in ir rigation water

A l i z a d e h , B . * ( 1 ), Te h r a n i f a r, A .( 1 ), S a l e h i , H .( 2 ),Momayyezi, M.(1)

(1) Department of Horticultural Science, FerdowsiUniversity, Mashhad, Iran(2) D e p a rtment of Horticultural Science, S h i r a zuniversity, Shiraz, Iran*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractSoil and water salinity is one of the biggestproblems in the way of green space developmentin most countries in Middle East such as Iran.Changing the irrigation water source and site bedsoil is too extravagant or maybe impossible.T h e re fo re, it is necessary to find and selecttolerant plants for these countries. As turfgrassand ground covers are the most effective elementsin parks and green spaces, it is important to findtheir tolerant cultivars for saline lands. Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) is a common turfgrass which isused in urban landscape.According to the wide useof rye g r a s s ; the experiment was started toinvestigate the salt tolerance ability of five ryegrasscultivars (‘Taya’, ‘Fancy’, ‘Barrage’, ‘Yarandi’ and‘Esquire’). Results showed that the seeds of all thecult ivars used had ve ry good germinationp e rcentage and ‘ Taya’ had the best seedgermination percentage (‘Taya’: 98%, ‘Fancy’: 96%,‘Barrage’: 96%, ‘Yarandi’: 94% and ‘Esquire’: 90%).However, ‘Yarandi’ had the best germination rate(time required for 50% seeds to germinate) andhad the highest uniformity, i.e., the shortest totalgermination duration.Thereafter, ‘Yarandi’ showedthe best seedling vigor. In order to determinate thei n h i b i t o ry impact of salt on germinationpercentage, germination rate and root growth insolution culture, 30 seeds of each cultivar weresown in plastic beads which were floated onsurface of 0.1 strength ‘Rorison’ nutrient solution,containing 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 200 mmol/LNaCl, along with control (deionized water), in 200mL plastic beake r s . A completely randomizeddesign (CRD) was used with three replicates ofeach treatment. After 14 days, the germinationp e rcentage and rate and root length we remeasured in each beaker. Data were analyzed by

MSTATC software, and means were comparedusing Tukey’s test at 5% level. Results showed thatincreasing NaCl concentration caused a decreasein the rate of seed germination and seedling rootlength in all the treatments. Different cultivarswere screened according to their ability to stands a l i n i t y. In highest NaCl concentrat ion (200mmol/L) ‘Taya’ was the most tolerant, and ‘Esquire’was the most sensit ive cultivar, re s p e c t i ve ly.‘ E s q u i re’ showed 100% decrease in seedgerminat ion rate and seedling root lengthcompared to control. The longest roots wereobserved in ‘Taya’ which indicated 90% increasecompared to control. It can be concluded that‘Taya’ should be used as monoculture or in seedmixture/blends in saline lands. ‘Esquire’ is notrecommended in these regions.


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LUH 09B i o l o gical control of two s p o t t e dspider mite in landsca pe bed dingplants

Price, J.F.*, McCord, E., Nagle, C.A.

University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research andEducation Center, 14625 CR 672, W i m a u m a ,Florida, USA 33598* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFlorida’s landscape is a highly managed one ofhome and condominium law n s , b u s i n e s slandscapes, institutional grounds, parks, etc. andincludes flowers, turf grass, trees, shrubs, beddingplants, etc. Landscape care businesses often are incharge of arthropod management and maintainaesthetics and health of plants while protectingcitizens and the environment. Properly applied,c o m m e rcial management includes re g u l a rscouting, identifying pests and beneficials, assessingthe landscap e ’s ecological status, and ap p ly i n ginterventions as needed. When pesticides arerequired, minimal areas are treated. Biologicalcontrol is desired, but information is lacking. Thetwospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch( A c a r i : Te t r a ny c h i d a e ) , is a pest of landscap eb e dding plants and often re q u i res contro l .Miticides are available but their use often isobjectionable in the landscape. Experiments werep e r formed to evaluate a single release ofP hytoseiulus pers i m i l i s Athias-Henriot (Acari:Phytoseiidae) predatory mites for spider mitecontrol in marigold (Tagetes patula L.) landscapeplant beds in comparison to a miticide and anuntreated control. Programs of the miticidesabamectin, bifenazate, and hexythiazox controlledthe spider mites exceptionally well. P. persimilisapplied at 3-5 predators per plant controlled thespider mites after about 5-6 weeks. Some spidermite damage occurred to plants before predatorsgained control. P. persimilis can be used effectivelyto manage spider mites in bedding plants andeliminate objections to miticides in the landscape.

Insects associated to Heliconia spp .inflor escenses used as ornamentalplants

Loges,V.*(1), Silva, F.A.(1),A.C.R. Castro(2);C o s t a , A . S .( 1 ), C a s t ro, M . F. A .( 3 ), Ve ro n a , A . L .( 1 ),Oliveira, C.M.(1)

(1) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco-D e p a rtamento de A g ro n o m i a , Av. M a n o e lMedeiros s/n, 52171, Recife, PE, Brazil.(2) Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, R. Sara Mesquita2270, 60511, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.(3) Fazenda Bem-Te-Vi,Aldeia (PE) Brazil.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe exotic and colored inflorescence and greenfoliage of most Heliconia species are characteristicsthat permited the use of this tropical plants asornamental plants. The inflorescences consist ofbracts could accumulate exudates,water and floralparts that favor insects occurrence. This aspectshould be taken into considerat ion for theheliconia indication, selection and management asornamental plants.The objective of this study wasto evaluate the insects associated to Heliconia spp.inflorescenses used as ornamental plants. FromMarch 2005 to March 2006, the insects fromH e l i c o n i a s p p. i n f l o rescences from the UFRPEHeliconia Collection, in Pernambuco-Brazil werec o l l e c t e d . The flowering per iod, i n f l o re s c e n c ecolor, position and number of bracts was considerto analyze the insects infestation.The genotypes H.p s e u d o a e my g d i a n a , H . ra u l i n i a n a , Heliconia xnickeriensis, H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv.Alan Carle, H. psittacorum cvs. Suriname Sassy,Strawberries & Cream, Red and Red Gold Opaland H. latispatha cv.Yellow-Red Gyro present lessthan 20% of infested inflorescences, however, itoccured in more than 50% of the assessed months,excepted for H . p s e u d o a e my g d i a n a and H .rauliniana. It was observed difference in infestedi n f l o rescence frequencies values between thegenotypes with erect and pendent inflorescences,and between genotypes cultivated in full sun andhalf shade. The months of highest temperaturedemonstrate the highest infested inflorescencefrequency.

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A B S T R A C T SThe CO2-concentrationcharacteristics of Beijing Ol ympicForest Park

Pan, Janbin, Dong, Li*

D e p t . L a n d s c ape A rc h i t e c t u re, Beijing Fo re s t ryUniversity, 35, Qinghua Dong Rd, Haidian DistrictBeijing 100083 China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAs one of the gases which cause the greenhouseeffect, the carbon dioxide (CO2) has been amatter of concern in recent years.As the ancillaryfacilities for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games,Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP), a precious‘green heritage’ for the urban dwellers left by thegreat event, also plays a role in improving theregional environment quality, with the huge area(680 ha) , high vegetation coverage and highb i o d i ve r s i t y. In order to assess its ecologicale f f i c i e n c y, we have been monitor ing thea t m o s p h e re change including the CO2concentration, microorganism, etc. In this paper,data of CO2 from April of 2007 to Jan.of 2008 arepresented. 19 sampling points, including 17 in theBOFP and 2 out of the park as control, werechosen and CO2-concentration was measured 4times, respectively in a clear day of April, July,November of 2007 and Jan. of 2008 with a CO2infra-red analyzer.The results indicated that CO2-concentration in the BOFP have ap p a re n tcharacteristics of seasonal and daily temporal-spatial variation. Compare the daily average CO2-concentration of July, 318?mol.mol-1, indicating thedata of growing season, with the daily averageCO2-concentration of 440?mol.mol-1 from Jan,indicating the data of non-growing season, theseasonal difference is significant. In July, from 7:00to 11:00 A.M, the CO2-concentration of the testpoints inside and outside of BOFP decreasedsignificantly, and then fluctuated at a low level from11:00 to 13:00. During 13:00-17:00 P. M , i tdecreased continually in the first hours and theni n c reased quickly. The minimum daily ave r a g eCO2-concentration (315 ?mol.mol-1) appeared atabout 15:00 P.M. On the other hand, in Jan, them i n i mum daily average CO2- c o n c e n t r a t i o n(390?mol.mol-1) appeared at 13:00 P.M., two hoursear lier than that in the growing season. We

attribute the main factors resulting in thedifference of this gas to vegetation photosynthesis,vegetat ion and soil re s p i r a t i o n . The spat ialcharacteristics of the CO2-concentration in POFBwas presented as gradient change, with graduallydecrease of CO2-concentration from the pointslocated near the border of the park to the centralof the park.This is considered mainly influenced bythe locations, the way of plant grouping and plantcommunity structures.These data will be valuablefor the future analysis of the ecological function ofthis specific greening land.


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mailto:dongleah@y

LUH 09Resistance of rose rootstock toMeloido gyne hapla nematode

P i z e t t a , P. U. C. , P i ve t t a , K . F. L . * , S a n t o s , J . M . ,Gimenes, R., Batista, G.S., Martins,T.A.

U n i versidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade deCiências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento deProdução Vegetal,Via de acesso Prof. Paulo DonatoCastellane, s/n, CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SãoPaulo State, Brazil.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe roses are widely utilized in landscaping. Oneof the most important phytosanitary problems ofthis ornamental plant in gardens is thefitonematodes, especially Meloidogyne hapla, beingthe most important in colder climate regions.Thiswork had the objective to study the resistance ofnine rootstocks (Rosa mult iflora ‘ P a u l i s t a ’ , R .mult iflora ‘ J ap a n e s e ’ , R . mult iflora ‘ I ow a ’ , R .multiflora ‘Kopman’s’, R. multiflora indicates x , R.shows’ Mayor ‘, R. sp. “Brier Christmas’, and R. R.Manetti canine’ inermis’) to the nematode M.hapla. Seedlings of rootstocks were planted to 14liters pots containing soil: manure (3:1) with freenematode soil. Were utilized ten repetitions ofeach rootstock, being each repetition constitutedby one plant per pot. Latelly was realized a collectof the roots that visually had galleds, in acommercial area of cut roses, to do later anisolation and identification of the nematodes.Theinoculum of M. hapla was previously multiplied inrose and tomato seedlings in the greenhouse.Afterthe pre p a re, we re inoculated 10 mL of thesuspension obtained and adjusted to 300 eggs andjuveniles of the second stage / ml in four holesdone in the substrate around each plant.The plantswere harvested ninety days after inoculation.Theroots were washed and the number of the eggsand juveniles recuperated in the root system ofeach plant it was quant ified. Based on thereproduction factor, were verified that all therootstocks evaluated we re susceptible to thenematode M. hapla.

Occur rence of plant-parasiticnematodes in ornamental andflowering plants at UNESP/FCA V,Campus of Jaboticabal São P auloState , Brazil .

Gimenes, R., Batista, G.S., Pivetta, K.F.L.*, Santos,J.M., Soares, P.L.M., Martins,T.A.

Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de CiênciasAgrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de ProduçãoVegetal,Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n, CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State,Brazil.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible forserious injuries in roots and shoots of ornamentalplants, reducing its beauty and consequently itseconomic value. This study aimed to ascertain theo c c u rrence and dist ribut ion of plant-parasit icnematodes through the analysis of the roots ofornamental and flowering plants at UNESP FCAV’slandscape. The roots were collected from fifteendifferent species as follows: Anthurium andreannum,Rhododendron simsii, Impatiens walleriana, Calatheas t ro m a t a , C o rdyline terminalis, D i e f fe n b a chia picta,Dracaena marginata, Ficus benjamina, Spathiphyllumortgiessi, Spathiphyllum wallise, Odontonema strictum,Po rtulaca gra n d i f l o ra , S t relitzia re g i n a e, Tra d e s c a n t i azebrina and Tradescantia pallida. Samples of rootswe re pro c e s s e d . The plant-parasit ic nematodesidentified in the samples we re : M e l o i d ogyne sp.(Anthurium andreannum, Impatiens walleriana, Calatheas t ro m a t a , D i e f fe n b a chia picta, Ficus benjamina,Odontonema stri c t u m , Po rtulaca gra n d i f l o ra ,S p a t h i p hyllum ort g i e s s i ) , H e l i c o t y l e n chus dihy s t e ra(Calathea stro m a t a , D racaena marginata, Po rt u l a c agrandiflora, Tradescantia pallida, Spathiphyllum ortgiessi,Tradescantia ze b ri n a ) , Ty l e n chus sp.(Anthuri u mandreannum, Rhododendron simsii, Calathea stromata,D i e f fe n b a chia picta, C o rdyline terminalis, F i c u sb e n j a m i n a ) , A p h e l e n choides sp. ( D i e f fe n b a chia picta,S p a t h i p hyllum ort g i e s s i e, S p a t h i p hyllum ort g i e s s i , S.wallise) Rotylenchulus reniformis (Cordyline terminalis,D racaena marginata, Odontonema stri c t u m ) ,Paratylenchus sp. (Spathiphyllum ortgiessi, S. wallise),Ditylenchus sp. (Spathiphyllum ortgiessi, S. wallise) andP ra t y l e n chus bra chyurus (Tradescantia ze b ri n a ) . N oplant-parasitic nematodes were found in the roots ofStrelitzia reginae.

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mailto:kathia@fcav

A B S T R A C T SInfluence of h ydric str ess in theproduction of to xic principles inNerium Oleander

Pe d r i n h o, D. R .( 1 ), P i ve t t a , K . F. L . *( 2 ), F ave ro, S .( 1 ),Batista, G.S.(2), Martins,T.A.(2), Gimenes, R. (2)

(1) Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estadoe da Região do Pantanal – UNIDERP, CampoGrande, Mata Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.(2) U n i versidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade deCiências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento deProdução Vegetal,Via de acesso Prof. Paulo DonatoCastellane, s/n, CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SãoPaulo State, Brazil.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractMany plants utilized in the urban center showssubstances considered toxic whose productioncould be influenced by some factors, like hydrics t re s s , including ornamental N e rium Oleander,widely used in gardens in various parts of theworld, which presents production of cardioativeglucosides, considered toxic. This study had theobjective to evaluate the effect of field capacity atthe level of cardioative glucosides in seedlings ofNerium Oleander. The experiment was carried atUNIDERP, in Campo Grande City, Mato Grosso doSul State, Brazil, at the University for Developmentof State and of Pantanal Region, using theexperimental delineation in randomized blocks.There were 4 treatments (25%; 50%; 75% and100% of the field capacity), 5 replications and 4plants by parcel. The evaluations were realized 60d ays after the seedlings we re planted. T h equantitative analysis of the cardioative glucosideswas realized by gravimetric test, after selectiveextraction of the glucosides. Were conclude thatincrease of the quantity of water in the soil raisedthe biomass production until 75% of the fieldcapacity and increased the grade of cardioativeglucosides, showing that water management isvery important and should be provided only thenecessary to development of the plant.

Allelopathic eff ect of Pinus eldricaMedw. leaf extract on seedgermination and seedling gr owth offour turfgrass g enera

Alizadeh, B.(1), Salehi, H.(2),Tehranifar,A.(1),Shoor, M.(1), Zargarian, M.(1), Kahrobaiyan, M.(1)

(1) Department of Horticultural Science, FerdowsiUniversity, Mashhad, Iran(2) D e p a rtment of Horticultural Science, S h i r a zuniversity, Shiraz, Iran* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe phenomenon of allelopathy, w h e re plantspecies chemically interfe res with seedgermination, and growth or development of otherplant species has been known for over 2000 years.The term of allelopathy, is a word, to describe allkinds of re c i p rocal biochemical interact ions(inhibitory as well as stimulatory) among plants.Pinus eldrica Medw. is one of the most commont rees planted in Iranian parks and urbanlandscapes. According to the wide use of theset rees in urban landscap e, experiments we reconducted to study the allelopathic effect of P.e l d ri c a M e d w. l e aves on four turfgrass seedgerminat ion and seedling growth using thesandwich and extraction methods. In the sandwichmethod, 5 mL agar (5%) was added to 6 petri-dishes containing 5 g (in dry weight) of P. eldricaMedw. fresh leaves.After solidification, 3.2 mL agar(5%) was added to the leaves agar layer. Twentyseeds of each turfgrass genus (Lolium perenne L.,Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Poa Pratensis L. andAgrostis capillaris L.) was placed on the agar culturemedium separately, with five replications per genusu s e d . After 7 day s , the seed germinationpercentage and the length of shoot and root ofseeds were measured. In the extraction method, acompletely randomized design (CRD) was usedwith 5 replicates of each turfgrass genus at fourconcentrations of leaf extracts (25%,50%,75% and100%) along with control. Hundred seeds of eachturfgrass in 5 replicates were placed on the filterpapers inside the petri-dishes and were irrigatedwith deferent concentration of P. eldrica Medw. leafextracts. The seed germination percentage andrate, and root length of seedlings in each Petri-dishwere measured after10 days.To prevent increasing


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LUH 09the EC in each petri-dish, the filter papers werereplaced with new ones before each irrigationtime (except the control treatment which irrigatedwith deionized water). According to the results, P.eldrica Medw. showed an strong allelopathic effecton some turfgrass genera used. The leastallelopathic effect was observed on Lolium and thehighest on Poa. It can be concluded that Lolium isthe best selection for planting as a turfgrass underthe P. eldrica Medw. trees, as monoculture or inseed mixtures/blends. Poa is not recommendedunder the same condition.

Problems of Gr een AreasIntegration in the Supermark etParkings

Iliescu A.F., Dumitrascu M.*, Ionescu R., Stanica F.

Faculty of Horticulture, Bd. Marasti Nr. 59,011464,Bucuresti, Romania*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe here about paper proposes the establishmentof determinant factors in the designing andrealization of the plantations.A series of data havebeen studied among which: the general plan fortraffic and parking areas systematization (reservedarea for plantations and their configuration); thetechnical solutions for infrastructure (concretea re a s , p ave d , a s p h a l t e d , the thickness of theconstructed layer, the depth and the tracking wayof the underground systems), the depth and thepractical volume for the plantations, the areaclimate and the microclimate generated by theconstructed area. The present study proposes toa n a lyze and to elaborate the cr iteria fo restablishing the types of plantations for parkingareas (trees rows, hedges, shrub mass plantings),for selection of the variet ies and thecharacteristics of the planting material (root ballor bare root plant material, high, trunk diameter).A case study have been done re g a rding thebehavior of varieties planted in the parking areasof two large commercial centers in North and Eastof Bucharest, respectively conditions of plantingand maintenance (vegetal soil, tutors, irrigation,pruning) have been analyzed; the effect of thephysiological stress (growth rhythm, desiccation ofthe branches, burns of the leafs); pollution effect,mechanical degradation.

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A B S T R A C T SIn vitr o propagation of endemicshrubs f or Mediter ranean-styleurban design

Mascarello, C., Mantovani, E., Sacco, E., Cervelli, C.,Savona, M., Ruffoni, B.

CRA FSO Research Unit for Floriculture – CorsoInglesi 508 – 18038 Sanremo (I) * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractSeveral endemic species of the Mediterranean areah ave a great ornamental value for theirmorphological and chromat ic effects fo rproduction of pot plants, green cut branches withor without fruits, and last but not least, forg a rdening and urban green design, c o m b i n i n gecological and agronomical aspects with historicaland artistic features. In addition the resistance tostress as drought, fire injuries and hot temperaturepermit to consider these species also fo rreforestation.In general they are semi-woody shrubs withinefficient propagation owing to the poor seedgermination percentages and to the difficulties inadventitious rooting. The increasing commerciali n t e rest needs the establishment of in vitropropagation protocols.In this presentation useful protocols fo rmicropropagation of Pistacia lentiscus, Ceratoniasiliqua and Arbutus unedo are described startingfrom axillary buds of selected plants.The shoot proliferation was induced by BAP orZeatin and permitted to obtain good multiplicationrates (up to 5 shoot per explant per monthdepending on the species) and shoots with optimalquality to be used for rooting experiments.Root development occurred with intere s t i n gpercentages in all the species either in in vitrocondition or after dipping in auxine solutions andimmediate transfer to the acclimat izationgreenhouse; the root-shoot connection was alsohystologically investigated. Observations on theacclimatization phase are discussed.

Relation betw een high and lo wmolecular w eight carboh ydrates intall f escue plants under se vermowing mana gement

Macolino, S.*, Scotton, M., Ziliotto, U.

D e p a rtment of Env i ronmental A g ro n o my andC rop Pro d u c t i o n , U n i versity of Padov a ,AG R I P O L I S , viale dell’Università 16, 3 5 0 2 0Legnaro Padova, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWith the aim to increase the knowledge aboutcarbohydrate reserves in a tall fescue turf, theevolution of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC)was studied in a field experiment in NE Italy.In a randomized complete block with tworeplicates four treatments we re compare d : 1 .Festuca arudinacea Schreber (Fa) ´Safari´, cut from4 to 3 cm and fertilized with 200 kg N ha-1 year-1; 2. Fa ´Safari´, cut from 8 to 6 cm, 200 kg N ha-1

year-1; 3. Fa ´Safari´, cut from 8 to 6 cm, 100 kg Nha-1 year-1; 4. Fa ´Noria´, cut from 8 to 6 cm, 100kg N ha-1 year-1. Four soil samples (4.5 cm diam.x 15.0 cm depth) including above ground biomasswere taken from each plot immediately aftercutting, to determine WSC content in roots andl e aves + rhizomes (stubble). Total and lowmolecular weight WSC were extracted using theSuzuki (1968) pro c e d u re, quantified using theanthrone reagent procedure and read by a paperc h ro m a t o g r ap hy. High molecular weight W S Cwere obtained by difference.Results showed that stubble and roots WSCconcentrations were higher in winter and after along mowing interrupt ion than dur ing theve g e t a t i ve growth per iod. M o re ove r, t h econcentration of low molecular weight WSC wasalmost always higher than that of high molecularweight WSC.


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SESSION 4

GREEN BUILDINGS

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SPeople and Natur e: integratingaesthetics and ecolo gy onaccessib le green roofs

Dunnett, N.

Reader in Urban Hort i c u l t u re, D i re c t o r, T h eGreen Roof Centre. Department of Landscape,U n i versity of Sheffield, C ro o kesmoor Building.Conduit Road. Sheffield. S10 1FL* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe simple classificat ion of green roofs intoi n t e n s i ve roof garden types versus extensiveecological systems is useful in a broad sense, butperhaps less useful in terms of design and plantingpotential. It is perhaps time to move away fromthese two terms to consider each roof on its ownmerit. Extensive green roof types have been drivenby their technical capabilities, but tend to look thesame the world over. Aesthetic considerationshave not been at the forefront and until recentlythe promotion of biodiversity was a secondaryconsideration. Similarly, there is no reason whye c o l o g i c a l ly informed ap p roaches should berestricted to inaccessible, extensive green roofs.There is great scope for using extensive and semi-e x t e n s i ve techniques on accessible ro o f s ,combined where feasable with strategically placedlarger herbaceous and woody plant material tocreate contemporary roof gardens that are muchmore sustainable than the roof gardens of the past.Green roofs are most commonly promoted asecological features: layers on a building surface thatdeliver a wide range of environmental benefits.Their landscape, amenity and aesthetic value areperhaps given less prominence, or are dealt withon a fairly superficial level of ‘helping to integrate abuilding with its surro u n d i n g s ’ . The simpleclassification of green roofs into intensive roofgarden types versus extensive ecological systemsis useful in a broad sense, but perhaps less useful interms of design and planting potential. Greenroofs are seen as either intensive or extensive, butthere is no reason why elements of both cannot becombined on the same roof. Why should roofgardens and intensive types be high maintenanceand rather tradit ional in their ap p e a r a n c e ?Conversely, why should the exciting possibilities ofnaturalistic planting, biodiversity, sustainable water

management and all the other env i ro n m e n t a lbenefits associated with the more extensive typesbe restricted to roofs which are seen as primarilynot for human use?It is perhaps time to move away from these twoterms to consider each roof on its own merit.Extensive green roof types have been driven bytheir technical capabilities, but tend to look thesame the world over. Aesthetic considerationshave not been at the forefront and until recentlythe promotion of biodiversity was a secondaryconsideration. Similarly, there is no reason whye c o l o g i c a l ly informed ap p roaches should berestricted to inaccessible, extensive green roofs.There is great scope for using extensive and semi-e x t e n s i ve techniques on accessible ro o f s ,combined where feasable with strategically placedlarger herbaceous and woody plant material tocreate contemporary roof gardens that are muchmore sustainable than the roof gardens of the past.Moreover, ecological objectives and creative orinnovative design can be seen as incompatible.Green roof design for aesthetic impact alone maybe inherently unsustainable, whilst design forbiodiversity can neglect visual quality and humaninterests. Where green roofs are visible and/oraccessible there is great potential to integrateaesthetics and ecology.The experience of relevant research, both ongreen roofs and on the ground, suggests that themain factors that promote invertebrate and otherfaunal diversity in designed or non-naturallandscapes are a) vegetation diversity, b) verticalvegetation structure, and c) horizontal landscapestructure - topography, surface texture, and ‘open’and ‘closed’ nature of the vegetation. Someinvertebrate species in particular may be tied intospecific plant species as larval or adult foodsources. Plants and vegetation are therefore keyto effe c t i ve green roof design to pro m o t eb i o d i ve r s i t y ; h oweve r, the precise ve g e t a t i o ncomposition may be less important than iscommonly supposed. Similarly, a requirement touse native plant species exclusively, or to use plantcommunities typical of the locality on a green roofbecause they are best adapted to local climate andsoil conditions does not necessarily stand up todetailed ecological scrutiny, although there are ofcourse many important reasons for choosing andworking with nat ive species and plantcommunities.


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LUH 09Accepting a more liberal view of the relationshipbetween ecological benefit and aesthetic opens upa wealth of creative design possibilities for low-input, naturalistic green roofs. Vegetation design,and promotion of dynamic, ecological processes iscrucial. But instead of, or as well as, ecologicalcr iter ia being the highest pr ior ity, a e s t h e t i cconsiderations such as colour, s c a l e, t e x t u re,diversity and form play an equal role. It is fruitfulto view the design of ecological green roofs, orgreen roofs for biodiversity as being a gradient orc o n t i nuum of ap p ro a c h e s , f rom a pur istrestoration ecology approach, through to a liberal,more horticultural approach. To date, the formerapproach has held sway. The UK, with its stronghorticultural tradition, is well placed to pioneerthe latter.Ecological systems are complex. Over and overa g a i n , re s e a rch suggests that gre a t e s tfaunal/invertebrate biodiversity is found whereplant diversity is greatest. Apart from wherep a rt icular animal species are dependent fo rparticular plant species for parts of their life cycle,p romoting diverse vegetations will pay off inincreased biodiversity value. Highly diverse greenroofs planted for aesthetic value may well also bevery good wildlife attractors. The specific wildlifeattracting features (e.g log and stone piles) can beplaced amongst any sort of vegetation – it doesn’tjust have to be native. Similarly, changes insubstrate depth and topography can be used witha wide variety of planting types. Rubble substratesare not necessarily any better than other stonysubstrates – indeed the highly variable nature ofbrick rubbles makes their use problematic. It isthe open stony surface that is important – itdoesn’t have to be from demolished buildings. Andsedums do have some biodiversity value,particularly if part of more diverse vegetations.

Development of TurfgrassManagement Systems f or Gr eenRoof-type a pplications

Cisar, J.

University of Florida, 3205 College Ave., 33314, Ft.Lauderdale, USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWith the effort to green urban environments,turfgrass systems provide intriguing aesthetic andfunct ional opport u n i t i e s . H oweve r, t u r f g r a s ssystems are not passive, requiring ro u t i n emanagement to obtain acceptable playing surfaces.Turfgrass systems are typically grown in mineralsoil-based systems with soil depths in excess of 30cm that provide load–bearing obstacles to roofeds y s t e m s . Reducing soil depth increases soilm o i s t u re retention that can adve r s e ly impactturfgrass perfo r m a n c e. This experimentinvestigated the effect of three depths (0,5, and 15cm) of a traditional sand-based mix modified witha novel coating of sands to alter soil physical andchemical characteristics for growing sports turfbermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x C . transvaalenis).Turfgrass quality, putting green ball roll distance,surface firmness, and soil moisture we redetermined over two years. Turfgrass quality andball roll were not affected by soil depth. Soil deptha f fected soil moisture retention and surfacefirmness. While reduced or modified root zonem i xes can provide suitable growing mediaconditions for turfgrass systems, adjustments inmanagement will need to be identified for a rangeof proposed mixtures and usages. Examples ofunique sports turf venues grown on modifiedsubstrates are provided.

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A B S T R A C T SInvestigation of dynamic cycles ofsemi-e xtensiv e green roof

Nagase,A.* (1), Dunnett, N.(2)

(1) Chiba University, Department of Horticulture,271-8510, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo city, Japan.(2) University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Department ofLandscape, Floor 3, Arts Tower, Western Bank,Sheffield , UK* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe phenological study of green roofs (e. gflowering performance and growth pattern over ayear) has been limited although it is crucial tocreate aesthetic and seasonal interesting greenroofs.This study aimed to investigate the dynamiccycle of semi-extensive green roofs.To achieve thisaim, the following four points were studied on thegreen roof of Moorgate Crofts Business CentreR o t h e r h a m , UK from Fe b r u a ry to Nove m b e r2006: (1) Characteristics of seasonal change (2)Individual plant growth pat tern and flowe rperformance (3) Planting design (effect of plantspecies diversity and planting density). This greenroof was installed in the summer 2005 and 54species of perennials, ornamental grasses and bulbswere planted at 10 cm (areas with gravel mulch)and 20 cm (areas without mulch) of substrate. 32places of quadrates (50 cm x 50 cm) were set upby the combinations of plant species diversity(High and Low), planting density (High and Low),aspects (South East, South West, North East,North West) and covering gravel mulch (with andwithout).The percentage of coverage, plant height,flower succession, number of weeds invasion andself-seeding were measured. The result showedthat it was possible to create aesthetic extensivegreen roof which has long flowering and seasonalinterest with little maintenance and supplementali rr igation if ap p ropr iate plants we re chosen.Except for Sempervivum arachnoideum and Sedumspathulifolium, var. purpureum all plant species usedin this study showed good growth and flowerperformance. Throughout 9 months, at least 3species flowered in each month and the highestnumber of flowering species was observed in June.Silene uniflora , E rodium ciliatum, S e d u mk a m t s chaticum v a r. f l o ri ferum ‘ We i h e n s t e p h a n e rGold’ and Calamintha nepeta showed particularly

long flowering performance. It was shown thatplant species diversity might affect ove r a l lflowering succession and dynamic change andplanting density might affect interaction betweenplants. In areas of high plant species diversity, therewere more possibilities to have a longer floweringterm, more seasonal interest and dynamic changethan low plant species diversity. In areas of lowplant ing density, individual plants generallyproduced the better growth than those in highplanting density. Moreover, the plant growth hadmore interaction between species in the higherplanting density. However, these tendencies werenot only because of the difference of plant speciesdiversity and planting density itself but they wereaffected strongly by the combination of specieswhich were used.Therefore, it is important to beaware of individual growth characteristics such asplant size (coverage and vertical), phenologicalg rowth pat tern and flowering season. S u c hinformation would be useful for selection of plantspecies and planting design for further extensivegreen roof instalment.


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LUH 09Evaluation of per ennial herbaceousspecies f or their potential use in agreen roof under mediter raneanclimate conditions

Provenzano M.E, Cardarelli M.T., Saccardo F.,Colla G.*

University of Study of Tuscia, Department GEMINI,Via S.Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGreen roofs are constructed vegetation systemwith aesthetic and environmental qualities that arebecoming popular as an ecological roof cover.The environmental benefits of green roofs makebuildings more thermally efficient, prolong the lifeof a roof, ameliorate the extremes of temperatureand humidity, moderate surface water run-off, helpto reduce air pollution and noise and providegreen-space for people and wildlife.All this suggeststhat green roofs have the potential to play asignificant part in improving the quality of urbanl i fe. H oweve r, establishment and survival ofvegetation on green roofs can be limited by severalfactors:extreme temperature, drought, low fertility,high winds and pollution .In Mediterranean region climates is characterizedby wet winter and dry summer season. Summerdrought places a great deal of stress on the localvegetation and mostly on roof conditions.Understanding of what species will survive andthrive under drought stress conditions in thisgeographic area is required.The aim of our re s e a rch was tested seve r a lherbaceous perennial species, succulent and nonsucculent, for vegetation performance in droughtstress conditions.The screening was taken place ina greenhouse in a soilless system during summerperiod. Several bio-agronomical (dry weight shootbiomass, growth index) and physiological (relativewater content of leaves, canopy temperature etc.)parameters of perennials species were measured.The results showed significant differences on waterstress tolerance among the tested species andexplain their observed microhabitat preferences.These information can be used for selection ofsuitable species for establishment of green roofsunder Mediterranean climate conditions.

Strategies to impr ove folia ge plantacclimatization to interiorlandsca pe

Scuderi, D.*, Li Rosi A., Romano D.

Università degli Studi di Catania - Dipartimento diOrtoFloroArboricoltura, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123,Catania, Italy*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractInteriorscaping has become an integral part ofcontemporary life and the role of plants as livingair purifiers and to improve psychological stressassociated with high population densities is gettingm o re re l ev a n t . Ornamental foliage plants arespread used in interiorscaping to their low lightcondit ion adaptat ion through an ap p ro p r i a t eacclimatization. For this reason these plants areusually produced under shading conditions.With the aim to investigate the effect of shadinglevels and their period length on quality andp e r formance of weeping fig and croton insimulated interior environment, plants were grownin pots for three months under 50, 70 and 90%shading level. After this period, half of the plantsbelonging to 50 and 70% shading levels weretransferred to 90% for two further months.At theend of cultivation plants were transferred in acharacteristic interior environment (low light andRH) and kept there for eight weeks.Tested speciesshowed different response in relation to previouscultivation conditions. During interior ke e p i n geither species showed higher net photosynthesisin plants grown under low radiation availability.N eve rtheless weeping fig showed a betteradaptability to interior conditions if the plantswere transferred to the highest shading level onlyduring the last period of cultivation. On thecontrary plants of croton grown under low lightintensity during all or a part of cycle kept betterhigh values of aesthetic character istics duringindoor life.

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A B S T R A C T SApples Vs House Plants: Can GivingYour High School Math Teacher aPlant F or The Classr oom Mak e theClassr oom and a BetterEnvir onment to Teach and Learn In?

Kaufman,A.J* (1)., Cox, L.(2), and Kawabata, A. (3),(1)University of Hawaii, Manoa, 3190 Maile Way,Room#102, Honolulu, HI 96822-2279, USA (2)University of Hawaii Manoa, HI (3)University of Hawaii, Komohana Station, HI * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe notion of bringing an apple to your teacherwould put you in a better situation with them, andpossibly a better grade in the class may not be aseffective as giving them an indoor plant for theclassroom! A pilot study conducted in math classes,indicates that having indoor plants present in theclassroom improves teacher’s feelings, perceptions,and interactions with their students; in addition toi m p roving student’s behavior and academic testscores. These results further the information thatindoor plants can improve indoor air quality, reducep a rticulate matter, and re m ove volatile organiccompounds. In addition to these findings, recentresearch has shown that there are powerful aestheticand emotional values associated with plants such astheir ability to reduce peoples stre s s , i n c re a s eworker productivity, and aid in health recovery. Sincemath has been inherently a subject that evokes astress response in many students, this pilot study wasd eveloped to place indoor potted plants intoclassrooms to see if teacher’s perceptions, feelingsand interactions changed as opposed to classroomswithout indoor plants. Teachers were anticipated tohave lower levels of stress, feel more comfortable intheir classrooms and to perceive that their studentsfelt better,behaved better,and would score higher onacademic testing. This research project consisted ofplacing plants into five math classrooms at a Hawaiianhigh school that was located in a lower social-economic area for one academic semester. Classesconsisted of male and female students, and ranged inage from sophomore to seniors. During this time,teachers recorded weekly self-report data and alsotracked student academic progress and disciplinarybehaviors. Preliminary analysis of the data reveal thatclassrooms that incorporated indoor potted plantshad more positive effects on teachers, as well asstudents as opposed to when plants were notpresent.

What are the benefits of plantsindoors and wh y do w e respondpositiv ely to them?

Lohr,Virginia I.

D e p a rtment of Hort i c u l t u re and LandscapeArchitecture,Washington State University, Pullman,WA99164-6414, USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPlants are essential for our survival.They providefo o d , f i b re, building mater ial, f u e l , a n dpharmaceuticals. Plants also produce intangiblebenefits for people, such as improving our health.These benefits occur with plants outdoors andindoors. People have been bringing plants intotheir homes for thousands of ye a r s . Weincreasingly work indoors, and we are makingample use of plants in these spaces as well. Plantsindoors have many benefits. P hy s i c a l ly, t h eycontribute to cleaner, healthier air for us tob re a t h e, thus improving our well-being andc o m fo r t . T h ey make our surroundings morepleasant, and they make us feel calmer. Interiorplants have been associated with reduced stress,i n c reased pain tolerance, and improve dp roduct ivity in people. R e s e a rch studiesdocumenting some of the benefits associated withinterior plants will be presented.Of increasing interest to many people is thequestion of why plants have intangible positiveeffects on us. If we understand this, then we canmake better recommendations regarding the useof plants indoors and out to enhance their effectsof people. Studies indicate that people havelearned and innate responses to plants. Some ofthese responses appear to have genet iccomponents. Specific studies will be discussed, andpotential applications of the results of thesestudies will be presented. For example, someprimates are able to detect subtle differences inleaf color, selecting those with the highest nutritivevalue: we have shown that people respond morepositively to plants of some colors than to others.By selecting plants of various colors, we may beable to enhance our responses to them.


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LUH 09Athens Concer t Hall Roof Gar denConstruction

Nektarios, P.A.*, Zacharopoulou, A., Ntoulas, N.,Chronopoulos I.

Dept. of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos,118 55,Athens, Greece*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe uncontrolled increase of urbanization hasresulted in contemporary cities characterized bythe lack of open spaces and ve g e t a t i o n . R o o fgardening is considered as a unique opportunity toeffectively create green spaces in an established cityenvironment. The extension of Athens’s ConcertHall was built in a por tion of the city park“Eleftheria”. The extension included a library, twobig halls and five smaller ones with storehouses, asubsidised patio, a three level garage, and theconnection with the underground railway. However,considering the tight urban planning and the lack ofvegetation in the city of Athens most of the ConcertHall was built below ground in an effort to recreatethe original park after the construction.As a result,a roof garden totalling 20,000 m2 was created overthe roof of the extension building of the ConcertHall.The particularity of the project consisted to thevariable slopes of the building shell that varied from2% to 69% due to an effort to retain the sloppysurface of the original park. The presentation willfocus on the decision making processes during theselection of the drainage systems and the soilsubstrates in the different parts of the green roofthat were dictated by the different slopes andloading capacities of the building shell. Due to thesteep inclination at some par ts of the ro o f ,re i n fo rcing and stabilization techniques we renecessary.A combination of soil reinforcing nets inconjunction with geocomposite honey c o m bmaterial was utilized to prevent soil movement andslippage as well as surface erosion. Stabilization ofthe big tree specimens was performed withu n d e r g round anchorage provided by concre t ed o nu t - s h aped const ructions. The biggest ro o fgarden in Greece has been constructed in such waythat it can host multiple funct ions withoutaggravating the city environment and will surelyimprove the life quality of the citizens of Athens.

The perf ormance of 32 nativ e andexotic species on an e xtensiv egreen roof in Melbourne ,Australia

Williams, N.S.G.*, Raynor, K.R., Rayner, J.P.

University of Melbourne – Burnley Campus, 500Ya rra Boulev a rd , R i c h m o n d , 3 1 2 1 , V i c t o r i a ,Australia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThere is increasing interest in establishing greenroofs in Australian cit ies due to theirdemonstrated environmental benefits. However,the lack of scientific data available to evaluate theapplicability of extensive green roofs to Australianconditions is a major barrier to their widespreaduse. Relying on European and North Americanexperience and technology is problematic due tosignificant diffe rences in climate, av a i l a b l esubstrates and plants.To overcome this knowledgeg ap we have constructed A u s t r a l i a ’s firstexperimental extensive green roof and evaluatedthe performance of 32 native and exotic plantspecies over 10 months. Our 20 m2 green roofutilised a Zinco system with 125 mm of scoriabased substrate. It was divided into four quadrants,(native grasses, native herbs, native succulents andexotic succulents), which were planted with 10individuals of eight species (=320 plants). Survivaland growth were recorded using digital photoa n a lyses and aesthet ic appearance assessed.Australian grasses performed poorly, and onlyLomandra multiflora had greater than 50% survival.The performance of the native herbs varied but anumber of species did well. Exotic succulents,particularly Sedum species, survived and expandedwhile native succulents such as Marieana georgeiand Calandrinia polyandra have great potential forgreen roofs.

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A B S T R A C T SEffects of ar tificial light intensityand ambient CO 2 level onphotosynthesis of Araceae Speciescommonl y used f or interiorlandsca pe

Neretti, U.*, Giorgioni, M.E.

Department Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Science,Viale G. Fanin, 46; 40127 Bologna, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract .The photosynthetic light-response curves ofAglaonema Sylver Queen, Anthurium andreanumDakota, Dieffenbachia picta Camilla, Philodendronerubescens Red Emerald, S p a t h i p hyllum wa l l i s iMauna Loa, Syngonium podophyllum Maya Redplants we re analyzed after a 3-monthacclimatization period in a phytotron under 380-400 ppm CO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 26 ±2 °Ctemperature and 8/16 hours of light/night (20umol ? m-2 s-1 neon lamps). CO2 assimilation ofc o m p l e t e ly expanded leave s , g rown duringacclimatization period, was measured by ainfrared gas analyzer LI-6400XT increasing PARf rom 10 to 200 ?mol m-2s -1 photon flux(common indoor conditions) and with two CO2levels (400 -800 ppm).Light saturat ion (s ; ?mol m-2s -1) , l i g h tcompensat ion (g; ?mol m-2s -1) , ap p a re n tquantum efficiency (AQE; ?mol CO2 ? ?mol PPF-1), respiration (Rd; ?mol CO2 m-2 s-1), maximumphotosynthesis rate (Amax; ?mol CO2 m-2 s-1)are discussed and used to classify species anddefine the suitable intensity for artificial indoorlighting.Light compensation point resulted under PAR 10umol ? m-2 s-1 for all species and regardless ofCO2 concentration while light saturation rangedfrom 128.0 (Anthurium) to 584.4 (Syngonium) andfrom 130.8 (Spatiphyllum) to 324.0 ?mol m-2s-1

(Aglaonema), under ambient and 800 ppm CO2,respectively. At PAR of 200 ?mol m-2s-1, CO2enrichment increased assimilat ion from 35.2(Philodendron) to 80.6% (Anthurium), getting to1.42 in Philodendron and 5.51 umol ? m-2 s-1 inSyngonium.

Development of design criteria toimpr ove aesthetic a ppreciation ofextensiv e green r oofs

Dagenais, D.*(1), Gagnon, C.(2)

(1) School of Landscape Architecture, Faculty ofEnvironmental Design, University of Montreal andChair in Landscape and Environment, Faculty ofEnvironmental Design, University of Montreal, C.P.6128, Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec, Canada, H3C3J7;(2) Chair in Landscape and Environment, Faculty ofEnvironmental Design, University of Montreal, C.P.6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec, Canada,H3C 3J7*Corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractBooks, reports, and articles have discussed theaesthet ic as well as psychological benefit s ofimplementing green roofs. These claims are basedon studies which show that scenes or landscapescontaining natural elements (usually vegetation) areeither preferred over urban scenes or landscapedevoid of these elements; or that they are morepsychologically beneficial. The authors submit thatthese results can not actually be readily applied toextensive green roofs, for two reasons. 1. It ispossible that extensive green roofs would not beperceived as natural elements but as infrastructure,as part of buildings. 2.The appearance of extensivegreen roofs is very different from aestheticallyvalued nature scenes. Studies involving thepreference between nature-containing scenes havedistinguished between scene content (types ofplants) and scene structure or spatial organization.Both have been found to influence aestheticappreciation. Sanitary or seasonal conditions of thevegetation, soil coverage and colour have also beenfound to have an impact on preferences. In terms ofspat ial organizat ion, p re fe rred or re s t o r a t i velandscapes have been mostly described as park-likesettings of smooth grass and trees. Studies indicatethat the quality of the urban environment as well asthe views could impact on preferences or aestheticappreciation. Based on an extensive review ofresearch results, the authors will propose designcr iter ia to increase aesthetic ap p reciation ofextensive green roofs.The possible contribution offamiliarity, knowledge and environmental attitude tothe enhancement of aesthetic ap p reciation ofextensive green roofs will also be discussed.


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mailto:enais@umontr

LUH 09Façade gr eening – a case study ofplant perf ormance fr omMelbourne ,Australia

Rayner, J.P*., Raynor, K.R.,Williams, N.S, May, P.B.

University of Melbourne – Burnley Campus, 500Ya rra Boulev a rd , R i c h m o n d , 3 1 2 1 , V i c t o r i a ,Australia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractDespite the increasing interest in and use of façadegreening in cities, there is little published researchliterature in the area. This paper describes theresults of a detailed study undertaken at theCouncil House 2 (CH2) building in centralMelbourne, Australia. The CH2 façade greening islocated on nine levels of the northern side of thebuilding. It consists of 90 modular planters (300litres volume), each located on a platform andsupporting a 1000 mm x 2000 mm stainless steelX-tend™ mesh tre l l i s . Six diffe rent species(Aphanopetalum re s i n o s u m , Clematis ari s t a t a ,Kennedia rubicunda, Kennedia nigri c a n s, Pa n d o re apandorana,Trachelospermum jasminoides) were used,totaling 164 plants.The study evaluated the project18 months post-planting, in March, 2008. Theresults showed a 60% failure of all plantings. Theplant failure was due to a multitude of factorsincluding poor plant selection, irrigation systemfailure, container substrate design and problems ininstallation and establishment.The paper exploresand discusses each of these factors in detail,particularly comparing species performance, siteissues and analyzing substrate pro p e rt i e s . I tconcludes by identifying some key re s e a rc hquestions important to the development of façadegreening for the future.

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SESSION 4

GREEN BUILDINGS


A B S T R A C T SAgronomic perf ormance of se veralxeroph ytic species gr own in dr ygreen r oofs

Bacci D., Grassia M.E., Benvenuti S.*


AbstractG reen surfaces in dense urban centres areindispensable to prevent the well note “ h e a tisland” effects and to improve the urban comfortas a funct ion of the positive psychologicali nvo l vements of a green landscap e. F rom anaesthet ic point of view, g reen roofs help tomaintain a pleasant living environment and toinducing an attractive balance between nativevegetat ion and urban infrastructure. A crucialcharacteristic needed for this perspective is thedry-tolerance of the vegetation since water is thes t rong limit ing factor of this bio-arc h i t e c t u reapplication and evolution due to economic andecologic problems. The aim of the present workwas to test the agronomic performance of severaln a t i ve Mediterranean xe ro p hytic species.Germoplasm of these species (A s t e ra c e a e,C a ri o f y l l a c e a e, C ra s s u l a c e a e, E u p h o r b i a c e a e,G l o b u l a ri a c e a e, G ra m i n a c e a e, L a m i a c e a e,S c o f u l a ri a c e a e and Va l e ri a n a c e a e) was collectedfrom dry ecosystem during the year 2007 and theprogeny was grown in 2008 in the experimentalgreen roof. This agronomic environment, withoutirrigation, was obtained by using an experimentalsubstrate, from vulcanic origin, implemented with abasal layer of hy d ro p e r l i t e. In the Tu s c a ne nv i ronment (Roselle, GR) the fo l l ow i n gparameters we re analy z e d : biomass grow t h ,canopy cover dynamics, flowering periods andplant survival after the summer period.The resultsevidenced the optimal performance of several ofthe tested species in spite of the deep drought thatoccurs during the july and august months. Finallythe several cr iter ions of plant selection( o r n a m e n t a l , scent pro d u c t i o n , e n t o m o f a u n aattractivity, etc.) were discussed.

Germination ecolo gy ofMediter ranean species fr omnatural “living walls”

Benvenuti S.


AbstractGreen spaces in the urban landscape improve theirhabitability because they assume many functions aswell as psychological recreation, environmentalbenefits in terms of noisiness reduction. Besidesurban vegetat ion increases the availability ofwildlife habitats since they are needed to allowbiodiversity in this anthropized ecosystem. In thecities space on the ground is very limited butve rtical space is plent iful. C o n s e q u e n t ly thepossibility to “greening” the urban walls assume acrucial role in the evolution dynamics of bio-a rc h i t e c t u re. This ve rt ical ve g e t a t i o n , c a l l e d“vertical garden”, can be quite spectacular inappearance, and in some cases, can even work tofilter clean air into the building in which they aregrowing upon. Unfortunately the common “livingwalls” utilize plant species that needs water togrow and consequently they imply economic andecologic problems. However it is easy to observethat often old buildings are infested by somevegetation that grows in this deep stre s s e de nv i ro n m e n t . This stress is due not only bynutrients lack but overall regards to the erraticwater availability.The aim of this work has been toselect some of the typical “walls species”characterized by flowering with positive aestheticimpact and to test their seed dormancy andgermination characteristics in a perspective oftheir agronomic use for the realization of dryvertical gardens. Experiments were conduced invitro in Petri dishes by using climatic chambersregulated to diffe rent light and temperatureconditions. In the cases of deep dormancy severalp hy s i c a l , chemical and/or physiological seedtreatments were tested to improve germination.


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mailto:ve@agr

LUH 09Perf ormance of nativ e Sedumspecies on an e xtensiv e green-roofsystem in Bolo gna sur roundings,Italy: flowering and co veragepattern in r elation to pr opagation.

Giorgioni. M.E., Neretti, U.,

Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Science,46,Viale G. Fanin, 46- 40127 Bologna, Italy* corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract .The genus Sedum includes the most popular speciesof perennials for extensive green roof systems,withthin substrate and not irrigated conditions in dryMediterranean areas, too, as the result of droughtand wind tolerance, ability to withstandtemperature extremes, rapid establishment, long lifeand fast self-propagation.The horticultural available sedums are more than5 0 , including cultivars and species, but manyregional forms can be identified, m o r p h o -physiologically different and well adapted to specificpedo-climatic conditions.Five Italy native Sedum types (S. album, ‘green’ and‘g re y ’ forms of S. re f l e x u m , S. s e x a n g u l a re, S.hyspanicum var.pallidum) from the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano have been grown in modules for extensivegreen roof, with a 9 cm substrate, including 8-12mm and 3-5 mm volcanic tuff in the bottom and inthe superficial layer, respectively, and gravel on top.The percentage of coverage, plant height, floweringperiod and length were valuated over one year,fromOctober 2006, in relation to type (tip or stem) andweight (g/m2) of cuttings at planting.At flowering time, after 7.5 months from planting,the S. reflexum ‘green’ type resulted taller and earlier(7 ± 2days) than ‘grey’ one and exibited a coveragearound 10% higher, from digital image analysis (48.7-38.4 % coverage respectively, starting from 100cuttings, equivalent to 200 g/m2/ ). The cuttingnumber seems to influence coverage more thaninitial cutting weight. Plant area of S. album, S.sexangulare and S. reflexum ‘grey’ was alike (10.3-10.7and 13.6 cm2/plant) with a higher establishmentcapacity of tip than stem cuttings. Flowering periodranged from the15th May to the end of June. Alltypes tested survived during winter and resultedsuitable for the use on non irrigated extensives y s t e m s , except for S. hyspanicum v a r. pa l l i d u mbecause of its growth as an annual and leaf lackduring summer.

Turfgrass gr owth andevapor transpiration in intensiv egreen r oof systems

Nydrioti, E., Papadopoulou, M., Nektarios, P.A.*

Dep. of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75,11855,Athens, Greece.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGreen roofs constitute an alternative way to increasegreen space in modern cities which are characterizedby dense construction and lack of free space.The aimof the study is to investigate the intensive green roofsubstrate and drainage effects on turfgrass growthand evapotranspiration.Two studies were performedin outdoor lysimeters having an internal diameter of30cm and a height of 45cm.The lysimeters were filledwith 2 different drainage systems.The first drainagesystem consisted either from 15cm Lava and ageotextile on top [G] while the second drainagesystem consisted from 10cm Lava and 5cm sortedsand. In the first study [A] the substrates were SL60-P40, SL60-P20-PER20, SL60-PER40, SL30-P40-PER30,SL30-PER70, while in the second study [B] thesubstrates we re SL3 0- P2 0- P E R3 0- L2 0, S L3 0- P2 0-P E R3 0- P V2 0, S L3 0- P2 0- P E R3 0- LV2 0, S L3 0- P E R4 0-PV30, SL30-PER70, where SL= Sandy Loam soil, P=Peat,PER=Perlite,L=Hellenic Lava, PV=Italian Pumice,LV= Italian Lava. Each study was replicated in twodifferent time periods (autumn and spring). Thelysimeters were seeded with Festuca arundinaceae andthe growth of the turf was determined by clipping’sdry weight. In study A turf growth was promotedmostly in substrate SL60-P40 in both seasons. Theleast turf growth was observed in substrate SL30-P40-PER30 during the autumn and in substrate SL60-PER40 in the spring. In the second study [B] turfgrowth was promoted mostly in substrate SL30-P E R4 0- P V30 in autumn, while there we re nodifferences among the substrates in the spring. Thee f fect of drainage system was not significantconcerning the growth of the turf in any of the twostudies. Evapotranspiration (ET) was increased insubstrates SL60-P40 and SL30-PER40-PV30 whichwas dire c t ly correlated to turfgrass grow t h .Differences in the spring were detected neither forthe drainage systems nor for the substrates. Incontrast the geotextile drainage system increased theET in both studies by 6.4mm during the autumn.

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A B S T R A C T SMetalaxyl-m leaching fr omdiff erent substrates and draina gesystems in intensiv e green roofs

Nikologianni A.(1),Andreou P.(1), Nektarios P.A.(1) andMarkoglou A.N.(2)

(1)Dept.of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75Str., 11855,Athens, Greece(2)Dept. of Pesticide Science,Agricultural Universityof Athens, Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855,Athens Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractContemporary urban areas are characterized bythe lack of open green spaces due to theoverwhelming presence of structured surfaces.Green roofs seem to be, an effective alternative inorder to increase the green areas of the cities andurban centers. H oweve r, t h e re is a lack ofre s e a rch evidences concerning the leachingpotential of the applied agrochemicals on thegreen roofs that might end into the sewagesystems. Therefore the aim of the present studywas to investigate the leaching potent ial ofmetalaxyl-m (mefe n ox a m ) , a highly solublefungicide, used in turfgrass culture. The studycomprised by 2 trials and was conducted inoutdoor lysimeters, (450mm height and with300mm ID). Fifty four lysimeters we reconstructed and filled with different substratesusing two different drainage systems: a) a tri-l aye red sand/lava system (S) and b) ageotextile/lava (G) system. For the first trial (A)the substrates were SL60-P40, SL60-P20-PER20,SL60-PER40, SL30-P40-PER30, SL30-PER70. Thesubstrates for the second trial (B) were SL30-P2 0- P E R3 0- L2 0, S L3 0- P2 0- P E R3 0- P V2 0, S L3 0-P20-PER30-LV20, SL30-PER40-PV30, SL30-PER70,(SL=Sandy Loam Soil, P = Pe a t , P E R = Pe r l i t e,L=Greek Lava, PV=Italian Pumice,LV=Italian Lava).All lysimeters we re seeded with Fe s t u c aa r u n d i n a c e a. The highest re c o m m e n d e dconcentration of metalaxyl-m (1.476,9 mg L-1)was applied once in eve ry lysimeter at theinitiation of the tr ials, and the effluent wascollected and analyzed for fungicide traces.Metalaxyl-m was determined by highp e r formance liquid chro m a t o g r ap h i c - m a s sspectrometric (LC/MSD) detector configured for

atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI).It was found that metalaxyl-m leaching rate wasgreater in the substrates that did not include peatas soil amendment, regardless of the drainagesystem. In addition metalaxyl-m concentration inthe leachate was re d u c e d , as the peatparticipation in the substrate increased from 0 to20 to 40%. However it was noticed that despitethe observed differences in-between substrates,all the detected concentrations exceeded themaximum permitted residues level (MRL) of 0,1?g L-1.


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LUH 09Living walls as traditional elementin urban gr owth

Dumitras, A.*, Pop, P., Singureanu, V., Ilca-Suciu, T.,Zaharia, D., Oroian, I., Bors, S.

University of Agricultural Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine, Manastur Street, no. 3-5, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe lack of vegetation in the urbanized areas, as aresult for the development of the humanestablishment, directly affects the quality of life,from a physical and a esthetic point of view.The transition to a healthy urban environment,ecological, with high esthetic valences can beaccomplished by applying innovative technologiesin the landscape area, only by profundity studies,safety methods and technologies, usage of durablematerials and compounds.The construction of living walls is recommendedboth in interior and especially in the exterior ofthe buildings. By applying these technologies, anykind of area can be used at its maximum capacity,obtaining esthetic valences, benefic for theenvironment and for the human health.Compared with the classical front side of buildingscomposed by climbing plants like (H e d e ra ,Partenocissus, Wisteria, Clematis, Lonicera), for theconstruction of living walls we can choose avariety of dendro-flor icol species like height ,habitus and shape: succulent plants, shrubs, ferns,decorative grass, perennial species and others.Even if the price of constructing and maintainingthe living walls is higher than a classical landscapearea, compensates by the environment benefits,raising the vegetation surfaces, with impact forreducing the pollution effect.The new modern concepts for landscap ed evelopment are keen on using any kind ofsurfaces of glass on concrete turning them in realvertical gardens, being possible to overcome thedevelopment of the urban area making a smoothtransition for a healthy green urban environment.

Abo ve the Str eet, Below the Clouds:People’ s Psychoph ysiolo gicalResponses to Gr een RoofLandsca ping in Urban Ha waii

Kaufman,A.J., Sabugo, J.

University of Hawaii Manoa, HI* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe green roof movement is in its emerging stages inthe State of Hawaii, with public and political interesti n c re a s i n g . E ven though rooftops are not aneveryday thought, green roof technologies offermany benefits in storm water abatement, heat islandmitigation and energy savings in comparison toconventional roofing.What has not been extensivelya dd re s s e d , a re people’s emot ional and phy s i c a lresponses to green ro o f s . Since green ro o ftechnology is not widely known, and the high initialcost of green roofs re l a t i ve to conve n t i o n a lc o n s t r u c t i o n , discourages their installat ion. I nHawaii, especially Honolulu which has approximately17,603,180 square feet of roof space in businessdistricts alone, urban sprawl and demand for newagriculture lands is resulting in the conversion ofHawaii’s landscape from an aesthetic natural iconinto a tap e s t ry of commercial and industriald eve l o p m e n t . H aw a i i ’s economic base, which isl a r g e ly dependent on the visitor industry, i st h reatened with the degradation of its mainattraction, namely the natural beauty of the islands.D evelopment of urban and industrial ro o f t o ptechnologies seems a promising means by which toa dd ress concerns about existing and futuredevelopment and current loss of vegetation. Ina dd i t i o n , i m p rovement of urban aestheticsthroughout the islands from adopting wide use ofgreen roof technologies potential to sustain andincrease economic revenues through tourist dollars,but also improve Hawaii’s natural environment. Theuse of psychophy s i o l o gy in previous re s e a rc hindicates that plants and landscaping dominated byvegetation contribute to people’s states of arousaland calmness. This information could havetremendous economic and social impacts for officeworkers, high rise tenants, and tourists that have aview of a green roof versus a conventional roof.Thispaper address people’s emotional, economic andphysiological responses, for green roof technologyverses standard roofing practices in Hawaii.

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mailto:kaufmana@haw

A B S T R A C T SThe landsca pe construction of thecover: Energ etic challeng es for the21st centur y

Martínez Quintana, L. *(1), Ortega Umpiérrez, M. (2)

(1) Department of Art, City and Territory. School ofArchitecture. University of Las Palmas de GranC a n a r i a , Campus Universitar io de Tafira Baja,35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España.(2) D e p a rtment of Graphical Expression andArchitectonic Projects, School of Architecture,University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,CampusUniversitario de Tafira Baja, 35017, Las Palmas deGran Canaria, España.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn last years urban populat ion has grow nexponencially, especially in the Third World. 50cities around the world have more the 15 millionspeople, being 40 of them in the Third World.Thisspontaneous global urbanizat ion pro d u c e surbanized regions like the megalopolis of thed eveloped wo r l d , h aving high env i ro n m e n t a ldegradation with few viable options to improve.Though strategies like public transport, whichreduces global CO2 e m i s s i o n , h ave beenimplanted, we should look for a wider solution aslandscape is.Huge “unusable” covers, which are frequently seenin megalopolis, could be transformed into “green”covers, with a rigorous planning and execution ingeneral scale, as a strategy to fight against theincrease of current indexes of global warming.These actions will allow us to improve air qualityin our highly pollutioned cit ies, re d u c i n goverheating of the atmosphere by increasing greens u r f a c e s , p romoting thermal and acousticinsulation of buildings, and minimizing energeticconsumpt ion of cities. A p a rt from anadministrative legislation wich allows that a largescale action reaches Kioto protocol in 2012,t r a n s format ion of these spaces will permit ahealthier culture.In view of the ecological accumulated short-termbenefits by the employment of these actions,landscape construction of covers, bets on being atool to bear in mind when planning our cities.

Orto v olante : Green roofs on Romelocal mark ets

D’Ambrogi, S.*(1), Bretzel R.(2)

( 1 )L a n d s c ape arc h i t e c t , via T i b u rtina 68, 0 0 1 8 5 ,Rome, Italy(2)Designer, via Mantova 23, 00100, Rome, Italy*corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractIn historic towns it’s difficult to identify green areasalternatives at the existing gardens.In Rome, the roofs of local markets could offernew opportunities in this sense. Must of thesebuildings have flat roofs that constitute potentialplaces to localize green areas both for children andadults leisure and for educational activities. In factthe local markets are well localized in the urbann e t work often inside crowded are a s , e a s i lyaccessible and well served by public transport.The presentation describes the proposal of agarden on roof of a local market in a Rome centraldistrict. In the project the roof becomes a newpublic space where connect the hort i c u l t u r a lact ivit ies at pr imary school teachingmethodologies (observation of plant life cycle,knowledge of seasonal vegetables variety, etc.) andwhere use low maintenance plant associations.Then the green roof layout shows intensivecultivation system for the vegetable garden andextensive cultivation system for the playgrounda re a s . In these areas the use of wildflowe rassociations has the main aim to enhance theesthetical value of urban landscape controlling, atthe same time, the garden maintenance costs.The highest level (terrazzo) is an inaccessible areawith shrubby plants; the medium level (prateria) isaccessible (playground and sport areas) and hasgramineous and wildflowers planting. The lowestlevel (sosta) is an area for leisure and educationalact ivit ies as botanic pathway and teachingvegetable garden.


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LUH 09Green roofs within climate chang e:an envir onmental tool f or theMediter ranean city

Riguccio, L.*(1), Falanga, C.(2)

(1) The green area and Landscape PlanningLaboratory Scuola Superiore Catania Universityof Study of Catania, Via santa Sofia 100, 95123,Catania, Italy.(2) Department of Agrarian Engeneering, Universityof Study of Catania, Via santa Sofia 100, 95123,Catania, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractEcological equilibrium should exist between Man andhis env i ronment…wellbeing concerns the globalenvironment from a single habitation to the entireatmosphere (World Health Organization WHO).Half the world’s population lives in cities, most ofwhose environmental snapshots are degraded, andin which ‘urban heat islands’ are on the increase. Inthe near future, many Mediterranean cities willbecome such.Green roofs can play a role in reducing urban heatislands (UHI), but to date, there is insufficient dataon the appropriate techniques and technologiesfor the Mediterranean.This work proposes the study of green roofs as atool of env i ronmental mit igatation for urbanrequalification strategies.By means of several real and virtual case studies,guide lines are drawn specifically aimed at theMediterranean city using green roof technologyand garden placement . T h e re fo re, p a rt i c u l a rimportance is given to Mediterranean landscapeand xeriscaping.By means of bio-mitigation, plants and green roofscan contr ibute to reducing urban heat .F u rt h e r m o re, sustainable planning as well aso p t i mum landscape planning, can considerablyimprove urban microclimates and consequentlythe quality of life.

Principles of selection ofornamental w oody plantsassor tment f or gar dens on r oofs in conditions of Minsk

Torchyk , U.

Central Botanical Garden of Belarus NationalAcademy of Sciences, Surganova Str. 2B, 220012,Minsk, Belarus* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractFor control of woody plants growth and theirdevelopment in gardens on roofs we studiedm i c roclimatic conditions on roof surfaces ofbuildings with different number of storeys andthese conditions influence on 30 species andforms. Fall in temperature of substrate till - 18-22º? in winter and its heating till + 25-33,4º ? insummer are revealed as main limitative factors bygrowing of woody plants on roofs.There are sometypical fe a t u res for seasonal development ofwoody plants on roofs in conditions of Minsk suchas: increase of vegetation period by majority oftaxa, shortening of fruits ripening period, moreintensive tonality of autumn colouring of leaves.Ability of roots of woody plants for hardening bygrowing in gardens on roofs is proved. It allowsextend an assortment of commonly used plants.Asa result of the research we revealed the maincriteria by choosing a range of plants such as: highwinter hard i n e s s , e s p e c i a l ly of root system;compact growth fo r m ; high ornamentalityperceived within short distance. By such criteriathe most suitable for these purposes areornamental forms of introducted species whichwere long-tested and showed sufficient steadinessin conditions of Minsk. Adaptive possibilities ofplants and developed recommendat ions onkeeping agrotechnics let them pre s e rve highornamentality by cultivation on roofs of buildingswithin 10-12 years.

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A B S T R A C T SWith the head in the clouds and thefeet in the co ver.Green roofs Systems.

Martínez Quintana, L.*(1), Ortega Umpiérrez, M.(2)

(1) D e p a rtment of Graphical Expression andArchitectonic Projects. School of Architecture.University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,CampusUniversitario de Tafira Baja, 35017, Las Palmas deGran Canaria, España.(2) Department of Art, City and Territory. School ofArchitecture. University of Las Palmas de GranC a n a r i a , Campus Universitar io de Tafira Baja,35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGarden-roofs, also known as green roofs, havebeen executed for centuries as natural thermalinsulation, for low temperatures in cold climates,and to protect from intense solar radiation of hotclimates. Benefits of thermal insulation,allow us tominimize climatic extreme situations, reflectingvegetation part of the long wave caloric radiationemitted by the construction and preventing thatwind takes contact with the surface of thesubstratum, diminishing building heat loss.Green roofs, or ecological covers, which arose tog i ve efficient response to these and otherre q u i re m e n t s , concern to the ve r n a c u l a rarchitecture.Today, they have joined to sustainablestrategy.We will analyze different horizontal and inclinedgreen roofs solutions, and we will develop theirmost significant constructive details.

The Problems of InteriorLandsca pe Design inT ourismBuildings at Antal ya Region

Kaynakçı Elinç, Z.

Akdeniz University Fine A r ts Faculty, 0 7 0 5 8 ,Antalya,Turkey.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn 2008, nearly 948 tourist facilities are beingestimated in the city of Antalya. Unfortunately,definite numbers cannot be given concerning thetourist facilities as each and every day a new oneis opened.Due to the fact that in the city of Antalya -with asurface area of 2.810.437 hectare- these 948tourist facilities were completed in a short time,high competition between the tourist facilities hass t a rt e d . This has resulted in searching newalternatives of inner decoration for the touristfacilities.Therefore the inner garden concept also became avery important decoration object.As the numberof inner gardens used in the decorations increase,the number of problems have also increased.Due to the fact that the plants used in the innergardens are living things, some esthetical problemsstarted to occur after the applications of theprojects. Sometimes a very compact type of a planthas grown so much that it almost closed the way.At times, the plants which were planted at thesecond line grew so fast that they blocked theplants in the front lines.Additionally dirt started tooccur due to defoliation and due to spread land.The chemical ingredients given to the plants of theinner gardens were causing damages in the innergarden decorations; at times even causing them tomelt down.Besides such esthetical problems of the innergarden plants, some other problems also startedto occur over time due to physiological needs.In order to have healthy plants in the inner gardensas a piece of inner decoration, and in order toobtain the required color and shape of the plant,the growth circumstances required by the plantmust be fulfilled.The inner garden can easily be agreat failure if one cannot came across with thewater, light, air and alimentation needs of theplants. One other reason of failure is the mistake


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LUH 09made in maintenance. For example the light is ave ry impor tant source for the plants fo rphotosynthesis and also for them to producealimentation.The duration, quality and the densityof the plant must be arranged in the ratio the plantrequires.At the end of the research, some criteria aredetermined, which are very important for innerdesigns in esthetical and functional terms.

Medicinal plants in interiorlandsca pes in thera peutic facilities

Zepperitz, C.(1)*, Oschmann, C.(2), Grüneberg, H. (2),R??i?kova, D. (2)

(1) Ironmudspa Bad Schmiedeberg, Kurpromenade 1,D-06905 Bad Schmiedeberg(2) Inst itute for Hort icultural Sciences, S e c t i o nOrnamentals, Humboldt- University, Lentzeallee 75,D-14195 Berlin,* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn therapeutic facilities medicinal plants should bepresented all year long blooming and in good vitalc o n d i t i o n . T h e re ’s ve ry lit tle knowledge aboutmedicinal plants and methods for earliness andcultivation. The goal of this first study was toevaluate a serious of medicinal plants in respect ofthe effects of light and temperature on growth andflowering.The tested species were Achillea millefolia, Calendulao f ficinalis ‘Fiesta Gitana’ , H y p e ricum perfo ra t u m ,Echinacea purpurea and Urtica urensIllumination: from 6am – 6 pm, if the irradiance waslower than 275 µmol/s/m2

variant 1: 24,4 µmol/s/m2variant 2: 48,8 µmol/s/m2

Temperature: 11/23/06 – 01/04/07: 10°C01/05/07 – 03/31/07: 14°CThe experiment commenced by batches 11/23/06,12/20/06, 02/05/07, 02/21/07Results:The temperature of 10°C was too low for a goodgrowth rate.A chillea millefolia a n d Calendula officinalis ‘F i e s t aGitana’ started blooming by the end of February.These species are suitable for early bloomingcombined with an att ractive ap p e a r a n c e. T h elifespan under indoor conditions is about 10 weeks.Althea officinalis and E chinacea purpure a s t a rt sblooming in April and a non-uniform growth wasobserved.Urtica urens showed an attractive vital appearenceH y p e ricum perfo ratum was ve ry susceptible fo rBotrytis cinerea and showed no blossoms until theend of March.This first study had revealed that medicinal plantscan successfully be cultivated in wintertime andbeing presented in interior landscapes. However, itneeds more research work to extend the range ofspecies of medicinal plants and to investigate thetrigger mechanism for their flowerinitiation.

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A B S T R A C T SIn vitr o plantlets fr om somaticembr yos of selected ornamentalplants- a ne w prospect f or interiordecorations and hor ticultur eindustr y

Hasbullah, N.A. (1), Mat Taha, R.(1),Awal,A.(2)

(1) Inst itute of Biological Sciences, Faculty ofScience, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.(2) Faculty of Applied Science, MARA University ofTechnology, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractSomatic embryogenesis is a multi-step process forthe induction of somatic embryogenesis, embryod eve l o p m e n t , e m b ryo maturation and embryogermination.All plantlets obtained through somaticembryogenesis did not differ phenotypically fromthe parental clones. In this study, several plantssuch as G e r b e ra jamesonii, B e gonia x h i e m a l i sFotsch., and Saintpaulia ionantha were successfullyregenerated through somatic embr yo g e n e s i sprocess. Explants such as leaf, petiole and stemwere used to induce somatic embryos from all theplant species. Explant were cultured on Murashigeand Skoog (MS) medium supplemented withvarious types of plant growth regulators such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), ?-Naphthalene aceticacid (NAA), 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and T h i d i a z u ron (TDZ). Due to theattractiveness and elegance of in vitro plantletsderived from somatic embryos, they have thepotential to be promoted and marketed as interiord e c o r a t i o n s , scientific handicrafts and furt h e rpublicized as a new prospect in hort i c u l t u reindustry


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SESSION 5

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICALROLE OF HORTICULTURE IN THE

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SBiof eedback e vidence of social andpsycholo gical health benefitsprovided b y plants and flo wers inurban en vir onments

Mattson, Richard H.

Kansas State Unive r s i t y, D e p a rtment ofHorticulture, Forestry and Recreation Resources,2021 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5506, U.S.A.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractBiomedical instrument advancements have made itpossible to re c o rd and understand humanresponses to plants in urban env i ro n m e n t s .Biofeedback is an experimental method used tomeasure stress by monitoring blood pressure,heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension, ande l e c t ro-dermal re s p o n s e s . Initial biofe e d b a c kresearch at KSU involved measuring finger tiptemperature responses to interior plants whilesubjects listened to a relaxation tape. Within fiveminutes, subjects near a live plant had increasedskin temperature and lower stress, while thoselooking at a photograph of the same plant wereless responsive, and minimal change occurred inthe same room with no plants. Another group ofsubjects, walking through a botanical garden hads i g n i f i c a n t ly lowe red heart rate and bloodpressure. Stress reduction occurred and fast betabrain waves increased for subjects in a room withred flowering geraniums as compared toresponses in a room with green foliage or in anempty room. For groups of students who weregardening, within 40 minutes, significant changes ini m munoglobulin A and cortisol occurre d , a scompared to those who were not gardening.Thisresulted in fewer colds and respiratory problemsreported by the gardening group. Other KSUresearch has measured social interaction, stress,and pain perception to fragrance, color, and plantdensity within hospital rooms, classrooms, andlandscape gardens.

Urban parks in Tunisia: spaces f orpsycholo gical r est cur e

Loukil, B.

ENSP Versailles –ISA Chott Mariem, France* Corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe creation of public green spaces in urban areaswas an occidental invention. Since 1891 this policyhas been installed by and for the French settlers inTunisia, bringing improvements to urban landscapes.After Independence in 1956, the Tu n i s i a ngovernment had the pr iority of creating andresolving city planning issues.That’s why we qualifythis period as a “Silent Green” one. It has takenthirty years ever since to notice the emergence ofthe “Green Policy” as part of the government’sagenda.This policy has emerged with the creation of theNational Agency of Env i ronment Protection in1988, followed by the foundation of the Ministry ofEnvironment and Sustainable Development. “GreenHand” is a basic strategy elaborated by the TunisianMinistry of Environment. It aims to protect naturalresources. Its sphere of action is the creation ofnational programs and projects like the NationalProgram of Urban parks (1996) established in orderto create hundreds of parks in the nationalterritory.Throughout this contribution, we do not intend toconduct an inve n t o ry of env i ronment policyp ro g r a m s . R a t h e r, we will t ry to add ress thefollowing question:What is the rationale for urbanpark creation in capital city of Tunisia and forwhom? It was indispensable to observe people in parks inorder to determine their practices. We have alsomade a sample survey which refers to visitors fromdifferent social classes. This study proves that thesuccess of a terr itorial program such as theNational Program of Urban Parks depends not onlyon insiders’ actions but also on visitors’ practicesand perceptions.Twelve years after the launching of this territorialprogram, twenty six parks were founded and wereopen to the public. By this research, we havestudied the sample of three parks: Nahli Park,Mourouj Park and Farhat Hached Park localised inGreat Tunis.


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LUH 09Identifying r estorativ e elements in small urban parks using e yemovement tracking

Nordh, H.*, Hägerhäll, C.

D e p a rtment of Landscape A rc h i t e c t u reand Spatial Planning, Norwegian Universityof Life Sciences, Box 5003 N-1432 Aas* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractEarlier evidence suggests that natural scenes are ingeneral more restorative than built scenes but weknow very little about which specific elements orstructures in nature that promotes restoration.Restoration involves the process of recoveringfrom stress and restoring cognitive functions. Byusing eye movement tracking this studyinvestigates which elements e.g. flowers, trees,bushes, type of ground cover etc. that peopleactually focus on when evaluating if the space isrestorative or not.A sample of 38 photos of smallurban green spaces (pocket parks) wasp reselected for low and high re s t o r a t i o nl i ke l i h o o d . 33 students with varying studyb a c k g round part i c i p a t e d . First subjects we rebriefed about the procedure and the rating task inwhich the subjects should indicate on a scale from0-10 how good a place it would be to restore andrecover in. They were then asked to imaginethemselves being mentally tired and in need ofre s t o r a t i o n . Photos we re presented for 10s e c o n d s , on a 19” scre e n , 670mm from theparticipant. Eye movements were registered foreach photo, followed by the rating task on screen.Various analyses, such as generation of heat mapsand analyses of fixation number and dwell time inareas of interest were made for each park, basedon all subjects, to identify which areas attractedmost attention. Further analysis will be done andresult from the analysis will be presented at theconference.

With ste war dship , turfgrass off ersenvir onmental and sociolo gicalbenefits

Waltz, C.*(1), Bauske, E.(1), Trenholm, L.(2), Moss, J.(3),Stachlewitz, R.(4)

(1)The University of Georgia, 1109 ExperimentStreet, 30224, Griffin, GA, USA.(2)The University of Florida, Box 110675, 32611,Gainesville, FL, USA.(3)Oklahoma State University, 360 Ag Hall, 74078,Stillwater, OK, USA.(4)The Lawn Institute, 2 East Main Street, 60118,East Dundee, IL, USA.*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe use of turfgrass in urban environments isroutinely scrutinized. Concerns are raised aboutfertilizer and pesticide application,as well as, watermanagement practices associated with turfgrassmaintenance. The objective of this project was toreview research pertaining to the environmentaland sociological benefits of turfgrass. A secondobjective was to provide alternatives (e.g. BestManagement Practices - BMPs) which mitigate theenvironmental impact of turfgrass managementpractices. Studies have demonstrated the positiveand non-harmful impacts of turfgrass systems,particularly pertaining to nutrient and water use.Often turfgrass is perceived as being an over-consumer of fe rtilizer and water, in spite ofmultiple research studies showing turfgrass has ahigh affinity for nutrient uptake and could surviveperiodic periods of drought. Additionally, but lessdiscussed are the effects of landscapes, turfgrass isa component of an overall landscape, on humanbehavior and psyche. Turfgrass establishment is acr itical component of erosion and sedimentc o n t ro l . This project relates findings fro mpublished scientific studies and case studies thatdemonstrate where turfgrass systems have serveda functional role in community enhancement andhow active stewardship by industry practitionerscan influence conservation and policy.

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A B S T R A C T SHor ticultural training impr ovesinmates job pr ospects and sense ofwell being

O’Callaghan,A.

University of Nevada, Cooperative Extension, 8050Paradise Road, Las Vegas, NV 89123* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractU n i versity of Nevada Cooperative Extension(UNCE) faculty members have taught basich o rt i c u l t u re to inmates of Southern Nev a d acorrectional facilities for over eight years. Thetraining material used was originally the 70-hourcurriculum used to train gardening volunteers. Overthe past three years we have revised it to direct itmore toward job skills to assist inmates afterrelease. The curriculum was first expanded to domore intensive teaching on such topics as irrigation,l a n d s c ape plant selection and maintenance, a n dp roblem solving. E ven with these changesh o rt i c u l t u re jobs we re generally limited to lowpaying, entry level ones. To improve employmentopportunities, UNCE collaborates with the NevadaDepartment of Agriculture. After inmates havepassed the horticulture program, they may take thestate pesticide applicator training and examination.Conversations with potential employers indicate thatthis significantly enhances their likelihood ofemployment at a higher than entry level. Mostrecently we have added a unit on resume writing andapplying for jobs.More than 300 inmates have completed the trainingto date at six institutions ranging from minimum tomedium security.For many prisoners, completing the training programis their first educational accomplishment. S o m ereport that because of this training they enrolled incollege after leaving the prison system. T h eincarcerated population of the US is growing. Thetotal prison and jail population reached 2,258,983 bythe end of 2006, representing 0.7% of the USpopulation From 1995 to 2000, the prison populationincreased by 17%, while educational programmingincreased by only 1%. Any program that can lowerrecidivism is essential. Due to the nature of theircrimes, many inmates cannot return to previousprofessions.This is especially true of prisoners whocommit white-collar crimes.These inmates need newavenues for employment to make a legal living.Horticultural training provides an opportunity tochange attitudes and life goals.

Urban Agricultur e in Israel:Between Civic Agricultur e andPersonal Empo werment

Alon-Mozes,T

Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty ofArchitecture and Town PlanningTechnion City,32000, Haifa, IsraelCorresponding author’s: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper examines several re p re s e n t a t i ve casestudies of urban agriculture in Israel from the mid1930s and the early 2000s.It suggests that as theeconomic value of this practice was, and still is verylimited; people relate other meanings for cultivatingsmall, private vegetable and flower gardens. Beside thepersonal benefits of the practice,or its environmentalcontributions, the paper identifies the civic role of thepractice - not merely for the community, but for theentire nation.As a civic practice,urban agriculture is lately discussednot only as a mode of locally-based food productionaimed for communities’ social and economicd eve l o p m e n t , but also as a mechanism fo rstrengthening connectedness to place via embodiedwork and agricultural literacy.The Israeli case is unique.During the pre-state period,urban agriculture was perceived as an agent thatcultivates national pride and cohesiveness.Agriculturewas considered as a public action of commitment tothe nation’s ideology that aspired to bring back theJewish people to cultivate their ancestral land. Urbangardeners were recruited into this framework asrepresenting the share of the urbanites in the nationalproject.Lately, as agriculture work lost its priority within theZionist ethos, the country became more urbanizedand crow d e d , and national ideology became lessinfluential, the national expression almost disappearedfrom the urban agriculture discourse. Interestingly,urban agriculture remained in the form of nostalgia fora better, naïve Israel, or as a commitment to religiouscodes. Surprisingly, recent attempts to recruit newimmigrants to establish urban gardens are based onthe early 20th century rhetoric of nourishing placeattachment via agricultural work. The findings revealthat such considerations no longer prevail within theveteran local population.As a qualitative research, this work is based on diverses o u rc e s : a rchival documentation, case studiesexploration and interv i ews with gardeners andexperts.


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LUH 09Comm unity health and urbanagricultur e

Bellows,A.C.

Institute for Social Sciences in Agriculture, UniversitätHohenheim, Schloss Museumsflügel, 70599 StuttgartCorresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUrban gardening and farming are experiencing growthand recognition in much of the world. But while theentrepreneurial and urban planning aspects of urbanhorticulture are increasingly being understood, relatedhealth benefits have not yet convinced communityhealth professionals to support actively the expansionof urban gardening and farming. D i ve r s einterdisciplinary studies are beginning to amass peer-reviewed data that link public health outcomes withurban horticulture, however, this research is scatteredand to date unrecognized. The purpose of this paperp resentation is to present structured re s e a rc hevidence of the links between urban horticulture andhealth with the objective of convincing communityhealth policy makers to centralize urban horticultureas an appropriate community health intervention.Working with plants and being in the outdoors triggerboth illness prevention and healing re s p o n s e s .Gardening-related exercise has been connected toreducing risks of obesity, coronary heart disease,g lycemic control and diabetes, and occupationalinjuries. Health professionals use plants and gardeningmaterials to help patients of diverse ages with mentalillness improve social skills, self-esteem, and use ofleisure time. Horticulture therapy promotes plant-human relationships to induce relaxation and to reducestress, fear and anger, blood pressure, and muscletension.Urban community and school-based lands dedicated tofood production encourage participation in the vigor ofa positive urban environment.Working collaborativelyto “green” a neighborhood creates safe and pleasantneighborhoods that decrease air pollution, reducecrime and enhance civic life. Social engagement ispositively correlated with personal attention to healthcare and wellness.Of course, urban gardens and farms also producesignificant amounts of fruits, vegetables, fish, poultry,and meat. Urban agriculture provides a buffer bothagainst local economic insecurity as well as periods ofwar and conflict that can disrupt normal food flows.

Urban a gricultur e industries inGeorgia, U.S.A. respond to outdoorwatering ban

Bauske, E. M. *(1), Landry, G.(1), Florkowski,W.(2)

(1) UGA Center for Urban A g r i c u l t u re, 1 1 0 9Experiment St.,Griffin Georgia,30223-1797, U.S.A.(2) Agricultural and Applied Economics, UGA 1109Experiment St.,Griffin Georgia,30223-1797, U.S.A.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUrban agriculture industries of Georgia U.S.A.have flourished, primarily as a result of rapidpopulation growth. Urban agriculture industriesinclude businesses involved in ornamental plantproduction, sales, installation, maintenance, design,and allied businesses. These concerns we rel o o s e ly organized into several associat ions.Georgia experienced a significant drought in 2007.In September, 2007 most outdoor water use wasprohibited in the northern third of the state (61counties). This ban had an instantaneous negativeimpact on urban agriculture and resulted inunprecedented unification of the industry. Severalassociations joined forces through the Urban AgCouncil (UAC).With the help of the UGA Centerfor Urban Agriculture, the economic impact of theoutdoor water ing ban on the industr y wasassessed. Industry-wide losses were estimated at$262,612,000 for each month of the ban and acalculated 35,000 employees faced layoff. Theimpact on the industry was an “ u n fo re s e e nconsequence” of the ban and few decision-makerswere aware of urban agriculture and its economicand environmental impact. The UAC launched apolitical campaign which resulted in favo r a b l el e g i s l a t i o n . A public education program wasinitiated to increase public aw a reness andunderstanding of urban agriculture issues and tohighlight the benefits of urban agr iculture inenhancing the urban environment.

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A B S T R A C T SHow to pr oject healing landsca pe?

Cavallo A.*(1), Durastanti F. (2), Marrucci V.(1),Santini L.(3)

(1) Faculty of Architecture “L. Quaroni”, University“La Sapienza”, Rome - Italy.(2) Faculty of A g r i c u l t u re University of Tu s c i a ,Viterbo - Italy.(3) Psychiatric Hospice “il Caprifoglio”, Genova –Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe therapeutic function of landscape has been re-discovered and enhanced mostly in Anglo-Saxoncountries, where it is primarily addressed to peoplesuffering psychosocial disturbs. The garden therapyand the horticultural therapy are medical practiceswhich employ plants and gardens as therapeutictools in rehab programs; they are based on theprinciple, scientifically proved, that the contact withthe nature has beneficial effects on individuals and ithelps them to endure better pain and depression aswell as to stimulate the improvement of theorganism.Over the last decade a number of studies havee m p l oyed notions of therapeut ic landscape todescribe the ways in which places and environmentsbecome implicated in processes of healing or healthenhancement (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1982, 1989,Ulrich,19849, Cooper Marcus and Barnes, 1999).The present paper analyses some possible criteria toadopt for the design of green spaces for horticultureand garden therapy, after a theoretical-conceptuald i s s e rt a t i o n . By means of an interd i s c i p l i n a ryapproach to the planning, the authors identify newguidelines for the design and the development ofdesign models for healing landscapes, starting fromthe shared experienced of the research group andf rom the integration of the single pro fe s s i o n a lcompetences. Some of the design ideas and some ofthe examined study’s guiding principles areconcretely analyzed in the case study. The latterp resents the elements of the pro j e c t s , t h emethodological orientation which has been adoptedand the single project choices.They all are discussedthrough an approach which integrates psychologicalclinical practice, l a n d s c ape arc h i t e c t u re andecological and agronomic principles.

Self-sufficiency in suburban homegardens? On the histor y andprospects of the idea of f oodproduction in German homegardens.

Lieske, H.

Technische Universität Dre s d e n , F a k u l t ä tA rc h i t e k t u r, A dd re s s : Zeunerstraße 83, 0 1 0 6 9Dresden, Germany* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractFrom the beginning of civilisation agriculture hasplayed a major, if not the central role in economic andcultural life. Ever since, a great deal of the food wasself made at the oikos, the pre-modern home and self-sufficient economic unit that for most of thepopulation was the centre of their world.The modernoverall break up with domestic food production, withcitizens re lying completely on nourishment bysupermarkets, is all but a matter of course.In 19th century many of the rural population migratedto the cities that were not capable of grantingsubsistence to so many people. Allotments of therising Kleingarten movement gave the chance for self-sufficiency in terms of vegetables, fruits and poultry.The idea was also supported by the Garden Citymovement and the German Settlement movement.Anunderdeveloped agriculture as well as depression andwars made home garden and allotment fo o dproduction indispensable far into the 20th century.G i ven industrialized agriculture, political andeconomic stability, after WW II vegetable plots wereturned into leisure gard e n s . To d ay in Germanytraditional growing of vegetables and fruits isrestricted to the fringes of home gardens and toallotments. But in allotments, too, the trend for leisureand ornament has been observed for many years(Groening 1974).Yet vegetable beds have not disappeared completelyfrom the home garden. In an empirical study theauthor has shown that the productive garden survives– miniaturized and marginalized,but still important tomany owners. Its character has changed from foodp roduction to aesthetic attraction and symbolicrepresentation. Hence the productive garden is notthe counterpart to the leisure garden any more; it hasto be seen as a part and a special variety of it.Thus thesuggested self-sufficiency of the productive gardenturns out to be a refined manner of the luxury ofbeing independent to real production.


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LUH 09Well-planned gr een spaces impr ovemedical outcomes, satisfaction andquality of car e: a trust hospital casestudy

Riaz,A.*,Younis,A.,Ali,W. and Raza,A.

Institute of horticultural Sciences, University ofAgriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.*corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Well-planned green spaces not only creates anatmosphere of relaxation, lowered stress level,social interaction and mental stimulation, but alsocan improve clinical outcomes through reducingpain medication intake and shorter hospitalization.Present study was designed to understand thepeople opinion about the impact of green spacesand gardening act ivit ies on health status andrecovery level of the patients in Khadija MahmoodTrust Hospital, Faislabad, Pakistan. Questionnaireswere developed to get the detailed information ona structural format from patients, visitors andd o c t o r s . Q u e s t i o n n a i re contained personalquestions, opinion question and question for theirsuggest ions about the improvement of thelandscape of the hospital. In total, 215 respondentswas interviewed, 100 were patients, 100 visitorsand 15 doctors. Data was analyzed by using chi-square test with SPSS (Statistical Package for SocialSciences) data analysis tool. Chi–square test isused for non-parametric population and nominalvariables. Data were analyzed at 5 % of significancelevel. Findings from present study have convergedthat majority of respondents strongly agreed thatgreen areas have restorative values and help thepatients in recovering from diseases especially instress releasing and hypertension. Present studyhas begun to appear suggesting that green areas inhospitals provide psychological benefits byengaging the patients in horticultural activities andenhance patient and family satisfaction with thehealthcare provider and the overall quality of care.Well-designed green spaces in hospitals makegood sense for the health of the entire community:patients, staff and visitors and it should become anintegral component of modern healthy facilityplanning and operation to improve medicaloutcomes, satisfaction, and economic outcomes.

Allotment gar dens: oppor tunity top e d agogic exper iences in urbanlandsca pe

Della Valle, M.F., Corsani, G.*

Dipartimento di Urbanistica e Pianificazione delTe rr itor io (DUPT), Facoltà di A rc h i t e t t u r a ,Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Micheli 2,50121, Firenze, Italy*corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn present wider roles of allotments related tosocial, cultural and ecological issue, the pedagogicvalue re p resents an outstanding re s o u rce toimprove relationships with natural environmentand to cultivate community around a garden andoutdoor learning centre. In this perspect ivedifferent experiences of associations and didacticp rograms testifies co-operat ion projects tosensitize children for natural cycles and gardening,to lay out garden plots for their education abouthealthy food and care of land. Allotment gardensare welcome places to play, to learn from eachother and, by working together, to buildmulticultural community integration. The focus ofour contribution is analysis of educational aspectsand influences reflecting over Italian historicevolutions, as pedagogic allotment gardens at theend of Nineteenth Century in Roma’s region,Montessori school gard e n s , rural schools andh o rticultural programs by Opera NazionaleDopolavoro (OND), and present study cases, asRoma municipality school projects, Rete Italiana ofdidactic farms, Slow Food association programs. Bymeans of specific key readings and comparativerough ove rv i ew of similar contemporar yexperiences the aim is to focalize how strategiesof welfare policy and municipal local programsconnect fruition of these green spaces to the openspace system and extend values and tastes insocial sphere of the city. In this way they cancontribute to green wedges penetrating deeplyinto urban structure as well as to socialenrichment of urban life.

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A B S T R A C T SC o l l e g e Community Gardens atPurdue: maxim um cultural div ersityat play.

Paino D’Urzo M.* ( 1 ), A l k i re B.( 1 ), H a r by N .( 2 ),Weizbauer(1),Anderson M.(3)

(1) D e p a rtment of Hort i c u l t u re and Landscap eArchitecture - Purdue University, 47907 WestLafayette, IN –USA.(2) Department of Botany - Purdue University,47907 West Lafayette, IN – USA.(3) D e p a rtment of A n t h ro p o l o gy - Purd u eUniversity, 47907 West Lafayette, IN –USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPurdue University Village offers apartment living tostudents with families. The gardens have beenintegral part of the Village since its inception, withthe acknowledged function of improving residents’life. These gardens, occupying 4 hectares dividedinto 300 plots of different size, remain the onlyexample of community gardens for West Lafayetteand Lafayette. Due to harsh winters in Indiana,plots are rented from April to November to bothvillage residents and community members.Affordable rents from 25 to 40 dollars per seasoninclude irrigation water. Rent profits are funneledto the Village preschool. A strong internationalpresence (60%) reflects in a great variety of plantspecies and growing techniques. The gard e n scontribute considerably to family food supply andprovide an opportunity for individuals of differentgenerations to meet, work, exchange ideas, shares e e d s , vegetables and diffe rent languages andcultures. They are a cultural mixing place forforeigners and locals, allowing people to keepg rowing and culinary tradit ions, while beingexposed to different ones.Renters are the primarybeneficiaries of the food they grow, therefore plotsare intensively managed and virtually pesticide-free.The gardens are vibrant with activities and atthe same time relaxing and sought after for leisure,especially on evenings and weekends. The recenta ddit ion of a fenced area re s e rved for dogsreinforces this concept. With renewed interest inurban food production we hope this experiencewill grow, possibly helping the spread of othercommunity gardens in the area.


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SESSION 5

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICALROLE OF HORTICULTURE IN THE

URBAN ENVIRONMENT


A B S T R A C T SOpen air labs in school cour tyards:experiences of en vir onmentaleducation

Bretzel, F.*, Carrai C., Pezzarossa, B.

Institute for Ecosystem Studies, CNR, via Moruzzi1, 56124 Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPlanting mixtures of wildflowers in towns andcities is not just a way to improve biodiversity andto involve people in the sustainable managementof urban green areas. It can be a very effective toolfor teaching school children how to protect theenvironment.The Regional Agency for Development andInnovation in Agriculture and Forestry of Tuscany(ARSIA) funded the project “Wildflower plantingsfor the sustainable management of town andschool gard e n s ” . The aim was to assess thee f fe c t i veness of managing urban areas withwildflowers in terms of costs, sustainability andschool teaching with the support of the localcouncil of Livorno (Italy).As part of our research project, we plantedwwildflower meadows in the gardens of schools inL i vorno in order to invo l ve children in theobservation and study of plants, insects, soil andbiodiversity. The teaching staff were given trainingin how to involve 5 to 12 year-old children inpractical activities, such as soil tillage, sowing andseed harvest. With help from their teachers, thepupils produced many art and scientific workssuch as drawings, poems, photos, diaries, andexperiments. As a result of this pilot experiencewe are producing a guide to enable other townsand schools to replicate our success.

Extension master gar denersvolunteers – mana ging the demandfor hor ticultur e leadership in urbanareas

Bradley, L.


AbstractWith increasing demands matched with decreasingbudgets Cooperative Extension relies heavily onvolunteer Master Gardeners to extend outreach.Presentation will include an overview of the NorthCarolina Master Gardener Program structure andadministration including re c r u i t m e n t , t r a i n i n g ,management and impacts. In add i t i o n , t h epresentation will also include an overview ofseveral of the on-line management tools designedto both enable county agents to delegateresponsibility and to enable Master Gardeners tostay connected. Components of an effectivevolunteer program as well as strategies fo rinspiring participation will be covered.


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LUH 09Flower beds inspir ed by music

Moric, S.*, Poje M.,Vrsek I.

Department for Ornamental Plants, LandscapeA rc h i t e c t u re and Histor y of Garden A r t ,U n i versity of Zagre b, Faculty of A g r i c u l t u re,Sveto?imunska cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPlant material is an important natural elementwhich has a significant influence on the visualidentity of the environment. In nature it spreadsfreely and spontaneously thus creating complexhorticultural unit. In areas like a park or a privategarden man influences the choice of the plantmaterial and arranges it according to the certainorder and rules.Plant material, besides it has its aesthetic function,is becoming a significant factor in the horticulturaltherapy thanks to its sensory characteristics aswell as the fact that it is a live and growingelement. Carefully selected plant material whichstimulates all senses has a positive effect on themental, physical, cognitive and social skills as well asthe health of people.Music, especially classical, has a positive influenceon the brain as well as the general condition ofman and is also used in therapy.The goal is to connect diffe rent therap e u t i cmethods - gardening,music and drawing in creatingraised flower beds with plant material chosenaccording to drawings of participants associationsinspired by selected musical composition.

Developing successful collaborationwith the urban hor ticultur eindustr y – the Georgia, USAexperience

Landry, G.*, Bauske, E., Hurt,T., Chance,W.

The University of Georgia College of Agriculturaland Environmental Sciences, Center for UrbanAgriculture, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA,USA 30223-1797 * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe UGA Center for Urban Agriculture is a unitwithin the College of Agricultural andEnvironmental Sciences (CAES) at the Universityof Georgia. The Center was formed to improveinformation transfer among college faculty and therapidly growing urban agriculture industries inG e o r g i a . The urban hort i c u l t u re industries inGeorgia were represented by seven professionalassociations. These associations were generallyindependent and seldom communicated with eachother although an individual business might be amember of several associat ions. The Centerfostered the collaboration of these associationsfor 10 years resulting in the development of theGeorgia Urban A g r i c u l t u re Council(www.urbanagcouncil.com). For the first timethese industries now have a single, more effectivevoice for the diverse segments of urbanh o rt i c u l t u re and provides leadership for theindividual associations.The Center supports urbanhorticulture by focusing on the council and itsindividual associations. Thus the Center maintainsclose relationships with the various industries andp ro fessional associations, thus enhancinginformation transfer among all parties. Educationaltools include a Center web sitew w w. g a u r b a n a g . o r g , the Georgia Cert i f i e dLandscape Professional program, email Alerts, on-line videos, on-line surveys, Center Reports, etc.

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A B S T R A C T SPlants f or a better lif e –investigation of human-plantrelations in indoor en vironments

Dyrhauge Thomsen, J.*, Müller, R.

Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of LifeSciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé13, DK-2630 Tåstrup, Denmark* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract“Plants for a Better Life” is a newly started project withthe overall aim to research into interactions of humansand plants. It takes an interdisciplinary approach andseeks to combine knowledge from social sciences,health sciences and natural sciences in order to examinehow plants and flowers in indoor environments affectpsychological and physiological well-being of Danishadults.The project consists of five sub-studies.The onepresented here is a study which focuses on how Danishadults think about and experience the effect from plantsand flowers in indoor environments. More specific thestudy addresses questions like: What do Danish adultsunderstand by words like plant, foliage plant, flower andpotted plant? How do they use plants and flowers inindoor environments in everyday life? How do they useand experience plants and flowers in private life contraworking life? How do they experience the effect fromfoliages plants and flowers (e.g. on health, mood, stresslevel, etc.)? Are various kinds of plants and flowersaffecting them differently? The study takes an explorative and inductiveperspective, due to the fact that the aim of the study istheory development and generating knowledge that canbe used to form hypothesises that can be tested inexperimental and quasi-experimental settings.T h e re fo re, most of the data will be collected byqualitative methods, such as focus groups or semi-structured interviews. However, quantitative methodssuch as a short questionnaire with closed endedquestions will be used to collect demograp h i cinformation and information about the number of plantsand different type of plants the participants are exposedto in their homes and at their wo r k p l a c e s . T h eparticipants will be Danish adults, both male and female,from rural as well as urban areas, in different ages andwith diffe rent occupational and socio-economicb a c k g ro u n d s . The collected data will be analy s e da c c o rding to the principles of grounded theory.Furthermore, the qualitative and the quantitative datawill be compared in order to estimate the reliability ofthe data. The data collection will start in the end ofJanuary 2009.

The significance of plants in schoolgrounds and en vironmentaleducation of secondar y schools inTrikala, Hellas

A ko u m i a n a k i - I o a n n i d o u , A . * , P a r a s kevo p o u l o u ,A.T.,Tachou,V.

Agricultural University of Athens, Department of PlantScience, Laboratory of Floriculture and LandscapeArchitecture,75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe beneficial effects of planting in urban areas are welldocumented. These benefits increase with the size ofurban areas but their importance is not less significantfor relatively small cities within rural areas.The city ofTrikala with a population greater than 70,000 people islocated within a rural area on mainland Hellas in theprefecture of Trikala. Amongst other green spacesschool grounds can play a vital role in the interactionof students with planting. Planting in school groundsdoes not only provide an aesthetic environment inwhich students live in but also creates an educationalenvironment that offers teachers the opportunity toteach various subjects and enhance environmentalaw a reness of students. E nv i ro n m e n t a l ly basededucation programs can have a positive effect onstudent performance in addition to attention andenthusiasm for learning. The Ministry of NationalEducation and Religious Affairs fund programs forEnvironmental Education, that are optionally taught tostudents’ nationwide, to increase env i ro n m e n t a lawareness of pupils. Site analyses of secondary schoolsin Trikala illustrate that plant species present in schoolgrounds are randomly selected and do not follow aparticular planting design. A questionnaire survey isundertaken at secondary schools of Trikala with theobjective to investigate the degree of satisfaction andattitudes of students and teachers towards the use ofplanting in the teaching curriculum and theirinteraction with planting in general. Preliminary resultshave shown that the planting at secondary schools inTrikala is re l a t i ve ly satisfactory but quantitative lyinadequate. Plant material is sparsely used in thecurriculum however students illustrate a desire for itsuse. Most students consider the presence of plantssignificant in school grounds with preference to plantsp roviding shade and flowering plant species.F u rt h e r m o re most students show an interest tovoluntarily participate in plant maintenance.


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LUH 09The impor tance of organic methodin social hor ticultur e

Muganu M. *(1), Balestra G.M. (2), Senni S. (3)

(1) Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale - Universitàdegli Studi della Tuscia(2) D i p a rtimento di Protezione delle Piante -Università degli Studi della Tuscia(3) D i p a rtimento di Economia A g ro fo restale edell’Ambiente Rurale - Università degli Studi dellaTuscia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractTh e p ro fessional training and the labourmanagement are pr imar y aspects of themanagement of commercial farms,especially in so-called “social” or “ c a re” farms in whichh o rticultural therapy is often applied andpersonnel management must be combined withthe need to obtain high quality products. Organicmethod represents a useful strategy to improvethe quality of the production and to transferagronomic competences to people with varioustypes of disabilities.The paper presents the results of two differentprojects in which nursery, horticultural and fruittree crops were carried out in two different socialfarms in the province of Viterbo (latium, centre ofItaly). people with mental disabilities and “doubled i a g n o s i s ” , i . e. who are facing a psychiatr icdisability as well a substance abuse problems, wereactively involved in horticultural activities with theaim to determine “good agronomical practices” tobe adopted in this kind of situat ion. Pe o p l einvolved showed a strong wish to share to theseact ivities to assert own social identity. T h e s etechniques allowed to increase the involvement ofdisabled individuals, both in nursery and open fieldcultivations, to develop specific abilities and toobtain at the same time a satisfactory quality ofpotted plants and field crops that were sold inlocal market and fair.

Historical gar den as culturalidentity mark in Buchar est urbanlandsca pe - the Kiseleff Road andGarden -

Ionescu,R*., Iliescu,A.F., Dumitrascu, M.

The University of A g ronomic Sciences andVeterinary Medicine Bucharest, Bd. Marasti nr. 59,postal cod: 011464, Bucharest, Romania* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractHistorical parks and gardens of Bucharest seemsto be destined for today to an unfair neglecting,thanks to all the changes produced in commonmentality by the new throwaway society, but more,because of greats economic interests which tendto monopolize every green centimetre, convertingin this way, the urban oasis in unfailing moneyfactories.The Bucharest old public gardens which make insome senses urban image uniqueness also closethis landscape with European cultural context ofXIX modernity century. As identity elements, weobserve on the one hand, real and / or imaginary,the urban morphology that abound of vegetalspaces, and on the other hand we remark thespecific difference of use way for these areas.The danger of these areas destruction could beappreciated from their inner multiple values:- Ecological value – through the filter rolefor urban intense pollution- Histor ical – architectural value –t h rough the age of establishment, but morethrough artistic qualities and cultural bond withsimilar spaces and times from European Occident- Social value – by specific way of use,c o m munity coagulat ion role and mark ofappurtenance to a certain type of civilization.Old places for social practice of leisure, greenareas with heritage value are situated near currentcenter of the city. That’s why the high prices ofthese lands create an ascending pre s s u re todecrease of free building spaces from centralareas.The link between culture, e nv i ronment andcommunity seems to be stronger if the people areconscious about the historical significance of livingplace, urban landscape being a powerful element ofcultural identity.

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A B S T R A C T SThe role of home v egetablegardening and comm unitygardening f or cr eating the value oflif e and the local comm unity inMichigan, U.S.A.

Kimura, M.*(1), Suvedi, M.(2), Miyata, M.(1),Matsuo, E.(1)

(1) Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737, Funako,Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan(2) Michigan State University, 135 Natural ResourcesBld., East Lansing, MI 48824-1222 USA* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn this study, to reveal the role of home gardeningand community gardening in Michigan, a ni nvest igat ion was conducted on the actualconditions of these gardening and people’s viewsand opinions in Michigan, U.S.A. This investigationrevealed two important roles of the communitygardening; one is “local community activation”.Theother is “self-sufficient production of fo o d s ” ,especially ethnic vegetables for people from othercountries. Because, ethnic vegetables required fortheir food life are hard to buy. And, they also feelthat it’s very helpful to household economy. Onthe other hand, the home vegetable garden is inthe back yard of private house in general. In bothof home and community gard e n , most ofgardeners do organic gardening, worrying aboutchemicals. They share the products with theirneighbour and/or co-worker, and they also thinkthey can make a good friendship/companionshipt h rough shar ing pro d u c t s , s e e d l i n g s , c o m p o s tand/or information with the neighbour.A dd i t i o n a l ly, i n t e rv i ews indicated that homevegetable gardening was indispensable for elderly’swelfare and creation of the value of life and alsomade it possible to live a more fulfilling life in thelocal commu n i t y, by its contr ibutions to theimprovement of the people’s health, their self-realization, the activation of the community, theinvigoration of the region and the improvement ofits environment.

The role of home v egetablegardening f or comm unityactivation and human healthin Ja pan

Miyata, M.*, Kimura, M. and Matsuo, E.

Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737, Funako,Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn the urban areas, as economic development andurbanization go on, human relationships trendtoward weakness, and the number of peoplesuffering mental health issues is increasing.To solvesuch problems, the role of home gardening orcommunity/ allotment gardening have attractedattention. In Japan, self-sufficient home vegetablegardening had been done for a long time, but thereare few in the urban areas now. In order to revealthe roles of gardening and to activate gardening inurban areas, investigations were conducted in ruralareas; six remote southwest islands in OkinawaPrefecture, where people still live according totraditional life style. The results of interviews to161 gardeners showed that almost all of gardenersshare the products with their neighbour and/orrelatives, and they think they can make a goodfr iendship/ companionship through gard e n i n g ,although some regional difference was seen. Andmost of them very much enjoy cultivating manykinds of vegetables and/or fruits in the gardenevery day, and they feel that working in the gardenand products from the garden is very good fortheir health. A certain gardener also voiced thatgarden products in his garden are always sharedwith community members. Such a role of homevegetable gardening for community act ivat ion,which became clear by this investigation, should beutilized to achieve the healthy and fruitful urbanlife in urban areas.


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LUH 09A Phytoalim urgic gar den topromote wild edib le plants

Zuin, M.C.*(1), Zanin, G.(2), Zanin, G.(2)

( 1 )Institute of A g ro - E nv i ronmental and Fo re s tBiology, CNR, 35020 Legnaro (PD).(2)Department of Environmental Agronomy andC rop Science, U n i versity of Padov a , V i a l edell’Università, 16 – Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro (PD)* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe term phytoalimurgy derives from the Greekword phytón = plant, with the Latin words alimenta= food and urgentia = emergency. Hence, it meansthe study of ways to tackle a food crisis (famine,etc.). Wild plants have always been an importantfood source for people, not only in the distant pastbut also during more recent times of war.A wealthof information linked to human traditions has beengained on these plants which are wo r t hp re s e rv i n g . As now these experiences are aprerogative primarily of the elderly in rural areas,there is limited time to preserve this knowledge.APhytoalimurgic Garden (PG) is a place whereedible wild plants are grown as if in their naturalenvironment and is planned to produce food allyear ro u n d . To create a PG now, as fo o demergency no longer exists in Europe, means toexploit and spread these plants, promoting popularcustoms, old flavours and uses.The PG is intendedfor agri-tourism and teaching purposes, to spreadethnobotanical knowledge and pre s e rvebiodiversity.This paper describes how to plan andto manage a PG and reports, as an example, theone realized in the plain of central Veneto (North-eastern Italy). A surface of about 900 m2 wasspatially divided in areas were different specieswe re planted according to their re s p e c t i vee c o p hysiological re q u i rements (in terms ofshading, competition, etc.). In this manner we triedto recreate the habitats where these species live inthe wild (tilled soils, meadows, uncultivated land,hedgerows, beneath hedgerows, etc.). As one ofthe aims of the garden is to capture people’sinterest, the layout was particularly considered.C u rre n t ly, 7 shrubs and tre e s , and about 40herbaceous alimurgic species are present in thegarden. Some of the species have been analyzed fortheir nutritional value.

Bioenerg etic landsca pes, aninno vativ e technique to cr eateeffectiv e “Healing Gar dens”utilizing the beneficial pr oper ties ofplants.

Nieri, M.

Archibio, Via Masia 12/a, 40138 Bologna, Italy* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractIt’s well known that a great quantity of vegetablespecies have therapeut ic pro p e rties used asp hy t o t h e r apeut ic or alimentar y medicines.Nevertheless few know that it is possible tochoose and use the peculiar electro m a g n e t i cproperties of plants for our benefit. a long studyon the biological influence of electromagnetism ofour biosphere on living beings allowed to discoverthat each plant has its own characteristic influenceon each organ of the human body, and that ispossible to create particular interactions amongplants and the natural and artificial magnetism ofthe place, measuring afterwards the positive effectson human body. the innovative technique of the“bioenergetic landscapes” consist in doing specificmeasurements on the environment and on plants,to use those with the most favourable propertiesfor the body, by putting them in particular placesof the garden.This can allow to amplify and spreadfor tens of meters their beneficial electromagneticproperties, using the best biological qualities ofeach species, amplified and spread in theenvironment by particular waves of the naturale l e c t ro m a g n e t i s m . with this applicat ion it ispossible to offer the most effective instrument torealise parks and gardens whit an authentic naturalt h e r apeut ical character istic. On the basis ofrelevations made before on the ground it will bepossible to project the green space underlining thepotentiality of the area, obtaining by plants the bestbiological benefits without renouncing anyaesthetic features.

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A B S T R A C T STrees and the City .Some Remarks on the functions of a nar rativ e urban stylegardenesque as a matter of pub lic didactics

Thielking, S.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover,Philosophische Fakultät , Deutsches Seminar,Lehrstuhl für Didaktik der deutschen Literatur,Königsworther Platz 1, D-30167 HANNOVER* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractPublications - from J. C. Loudons “Hints onBreathing Places for Metropolis…” (1829) to L.Baljons’ „Green Urban Spaces in European Cities“(2002) - have pointed out some kind of interest inthe reorganisation of the mutual functions ofurban parks, a r b o reta are a s , g reen wildernessc e m e t e r i e s , and especially their out liningtreescapes and neglected varieties. Today, thoseplaces seem to take over strong tasks in Horttherapy, or reflecting on aging services, health careor any recreation fields.To keep this in mind and tocreate a more known green urban future thereshould be a certain renaissance dealing with such(somet imes neglected or yet fo r go t t e n )horticultural narrations about old city parks andtheir tree funds, beside from the fact that theyoften seemed to be chosen for ornamental valueonly.Actually, we’ll have to listen to and to discusstogether about the special roles this story-tellingand remembrance could perhaps play in fascinatingfuture types of reshaping identifying urban culturallife. One field to operate this is optionally to addm o re scholar ly interest and attent ion to theimportance of green local knowledge (C. Geertz) ascity tree planting memories which would be a finesubject of public didactics – building the missing linkb e t ween human horticultural relationship andsuccessful concepts of urbanity.

Utilization of hor ticultural thera pyfor elderl y persons in the urbanenvir onment

Koura, S.*(1), Oshikawa,T.(1), Ogawa, N.(1),Nagatomo, M.(2), Nishikawa, C.(2)

(1) Health Science Faculty, Kyushu University ofHealth and Welfare 1714-1 Yoshino-cho Nobeoka-shi Miyazaki, 882-8508 Japan (2) The Jurisdiction of Social Welfare Ministry Kanji-kai 2900 Takano Miyakonojyo-shi Miyazaki 885-0221 Japan* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractAn attempt was made to develop a geriatric caretechnique characterized by the use ofhorticultural therapy that stimulates the senses innursing homes. Beneficial character istics ofhorticultural therapy activities were summarized.All of the horticultural therapy activities exhibitedcan stimulate three or four out of the five sensesand a wide variety of symptoms that can possiblybe maintained or improved. With respect tosymptoms that can possibly be maintained orimproved, all of the activities were expected to beeffective with paralysis, mental disorders, akinesia,dependence and range of motion exe rc i s e.Specifically, however, craft activities are expectedto be effe c t i ve with flat tening of affe c t ,deter ioration of balance control in a seatedposit ion and dementia, w h e reas cultivationactivities are expected to be effe c t i ve withdeterioration of motor skills in hands, spasticityand osteoporosis. Overall, it was suggested thathorticultural therapy as a care technique fore l d e r ly persons could become established ifimplemented in a structured manner by identifyingthe senses that can be stimulated in relation to thes u b j e c t ’s symptoms by hort icultural therapyact ivit ies and evaluating her/his pro g ress asdemonstrated in this study. In the city, many placeof horticultural therapy at elderly people facilitieswere usually small area. However, it was revealedthat the artifices of garden designing for thehorticultural therapy that include indoor activitiesare able to expect maintenance or improvementof various symptoms.


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LUH 09Studies on making comm unityplaces b y flo wers that made fr omPET bottles

Ogawa, N.*, Koura, S., Oshikawa,T.

Health Science Faculty, Kyushu University ofHealth and Welfare 1714-1 Yoshino-cho Nobeoka-shi Miyazaki, 882-8508 Japan * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe lifestyle harmonizing with the nature in TashaTudor lived in Vermont, was charmed peoplearound the world. People in the world havegathered to see the life style and great garden.Through nature or a flower, it can be said thatcommunity setting is made on a world-wide scale.Also in Japan, there was an elderly person wholiked flowers and always made a lot of flowersbloom in the garden around the house. A lot ofblooming flowers all over the house garden wereso splendid that many people came to see themfrom a long distance. However, when the personwas not able to grow down flowers due to kneeosteoarthritis of both sides and made flowerscreated with the PET bottles over the gardeninstead, it generated publicity and many peoplevisited to see the garden and also people rangingfrom schoolchildren to senior visited to study theway of making from the nationwide. I will reportthe process of generating the place of thec o m munity through flowers made from PETbottles, without asking it the country and theurban environment.

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SESSION 6

PLANTS IN HISTORICAL GARDENS

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SThe gar dens of ancientPompeii

Ciarallo,A.

Laborator io di Ricerche A p p l i c a t e.Soprintendenza Archeologica Speciale diNapoli e PompeiVia Villa dei Misteri, 2- 80045 Pompei (Italy)* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractAs opposed to most ancientM e d i t e rranean sites, the image theVesuvian territory covered by the eruptionof 79 AD can be recomposed, also in thoseaspects which we re irre m e d i a b ly lostelsewhere.The refining of the techniques andmethods which are peculiar to otherscient ific fields, applied to the ancientcultures, increases the disposable data,besides those tradit ionally“archaeological”.Consequently, the green areas within thetall walls of ancient Pompeii constitute ane x t r a o rd i n a ry heritage: t h ey uniquelydemonstrate the way green areas weredistributed within a town two thousandyears ago.

A l t e r n a t i v e practices fo rve getat ion management inarchaeolo gical sites - The caseof Eleusis

Papafotiou, M.*(1), Kanellou, E.(1), Economou, G.(2)

(1) L a b o r a t o ry of Floriculture and Landscap eA rc h i t e c t u re, Agricultural University of A t h e n s ,Department of Plant Science, Iera Odos 75, 118 55,Athens, Greece(2) Laboratory of Agronomy, Agricultural University ofAthens, Department of Plant Science, Iera Odos 75,118 55,Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn this study the vegetation management in thearchaeological site of Eleusis (25 km west of Athens)was approached.Weeds,bushes and shrubs are nativelygrown in the site and in same cases cover a great partof the monuments constituting a severe problem.Themain problem in such a case is considered theprohibitive control of the undesirable vegetation byherbicide spays in order to avoid possibledeteriorations of the monuments, as they have beenconstructed by sensitive porous materials, and toinsure human safety. The undesirable vegetation wasrecorded following a stratified procedure in selectedsites, whereas we applied alternative control methodsfriendly to the historic environment. Soil solarizationwas applied to control the we e d s , with 80%effectiveness during the following winter period and55% effectiveness the following spring. An integratedmethod consisted by mechanical and chemical meanswas applied to bushes and shrubs.The branches wereseverely pruned and glyphosate (Round-Up) in a densesuspension fo r mula was applied to the sections.Alternatively, the glyphosate was applied by injectioninside the cambium. Both methods had 100%effectiveness.A particular problem is that of olive treesseedlings grown on the monuments, by means of seedsdispersal from olive trees that are part of the landscapeof the archaeological site.Spraying once with 400 mg l-1 naphtalinacetic acid (Apponon), at the end of May –early June resulted in complete fruit abortion, thus thismethod is suggested to control the great distributionof olive trees in the majority of Mediterr a n e a narchaeological sites.A special layering was applied in aparticularly sensitive site, a mosaic floor, closed tovisitors, part of a Roman villa, in order to protect itfrom the weeds. The mosaic floor was covered withlayers of quartz sand, matting, LECA and gravel, and bythis way weed development was totally inhibited.


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LUH 09The Plants in Chinese historicalgarden and their cultural meaningsin landsca ping

Dong, Li.

D e p t . L a n d s c ape A rc h i t e c t u re, Beijing Fo re s t ryUniversity, 35, Qinghua Dong Rd, Haidian DistrictBeijing 100083, China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractChina has a long history of gardening landscape andleft great number of historical garden, becomingprecious cultural heritage of human being. In thehistorical gardens, plant is not only one of the mainelements for landscap i n g , but also the mostimportant element in expressing the philosophy ofthe garden designer/ow n e r. T h e re fo re, it wase x t re m e ly subt le in plant select ion anda rr a n g e m e n t / l a n d s c ap i n g . In most of the cases,when specific species were chosen, the expressionof the philosophy of the designer/owner was in away of combining the plants with architects orother landscape elements as mountain, water andstone, etc.The symbolic meaning was expressed viaunderstanding of the cultural content of specificplant species or, in a very common way, cluing on byinscribed boards or couplets hung on the pillars ofa hall etc. Beside the concrete elements ofl a n d s c ap i n g , the climat ic or other naturalphenomena such as sun, moon, rain, wind, snow,frost and animals as birds, fish etc. were oftenborrowed in the garden as scenery element toe x p re s s , combing with plants, the philosophicmeaning of the garden. The cultural meaning of theplant was formed during the long history ofcivilization. Usually it was abstracted from theshape/form of the plant, its phonological calendar,ornamental characterist ics or other bioticproperties. After long history of development, thecultural meaning became the most significantcharacteristic of Chinese historical gardens, makingthe garden a joyful place not only for physical butalso for spiritual life. N ow a d ay s , the wor ld isdeveloped quickly and the material civilization isgreatly developed, therefore, people are now paymore and more concern to the conflict of thehuman being and natural in view of ecological point,however, the cultural essential is of the samesignificance and should not be ignored. We maylearn something from the historic gardens, not theexact way of building a garden, but the philosophy.

Splendor of Mexican pre h i s p a n i cgardens

Leszczynska-Borys, H.*,W. Borys, M.

Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado dePuebla, Instituto de Investigación, 21 Sur 1103,Col.Santiago, 72-160 Puebla, Pue. México* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe rulers of ancient Mexico kept magnificentgardens where aromatic herbs, medicinal plants,vegetables, trees and flowers were grown. Thosegardens were designed for the pleasure of the elite,who enjoyed especially the scents of flowers. Theroyal gardens were known as “palace of flowers” –xochiteipancalli while popular gardens were knownas xochicali – “house of flowers”.Among the most famous prehispanic gardens arethose of prince Moctezuma in Chapultepec andHuaxtepec (today Oaxtepec, State of Morelos);those of Cuitláhuac – Señor of Iztapalapa (MexicoCity) and those of king Nezahualcoyotl in Cerro deTezcutzingo (Texcoco, State of Mexico).The unique floating gardens known as chinampaswere located around the Lake Texcoco, which inthe XVI century consisted of five large lagoons.TheNahuas (Mexicas) settled on the southern shorebetween 1350-1400, and obtained permission fromthe king of A z c apotzalco to establish theplantations of vegetables and flowers. In exchange,they had to pay a tribute in produce to the king.To utilize the shallow lagoon´s surface the nahuasdeveloped an innovative technique to prepare beds(camellons) for plant cultivation. The chinamitl(chinampas) were built on a structure of willowt ree reeds (S a l i x s p p.) whose root systemss t rengthened the border of the bed. U n d e rcultivation were corn, beans, huauhatli (amaranth),squash, chili, tomatoes and aromatic flowers.Most Mexican prehispanic gardens havedisappeared but a few continue the rich tradition.For example, the Xochimilco chinampas,considered the birth place of Mexican horticulturea re now undergoing rescue and conserv a t i o nefforts.The objective of this work is to present theXochimilco chinampas and the gardens of kingNezahualcoyotl on the Tezcutzingo Mountain, asthey were in ancient times and today.

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A B S T R A C T SVe getat ion elements in Baro q u egardens (The influence of f oreignplants on Bar oque pr ogram)

Dobrilovic, M.

Univ. of Ljubljana, Biotehnical Faculty, LandscapeArchitecture Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111, Ljubljana, Slovenia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to find out witchplant’s species represent baroque style and inwhich way they were used.The first section of thepaper includes a discussion about the appearanceof vegetat ion elements in baroque gard e n s .Particular attention is paid to manner in witchnon-native species, exotic plants and ornamentalbulbs were used in planting design. The paperdefines the individual plant types, the reasons fortheir introduction and their influence on gardendesign in terms of individual stylistic periods.Thesecond section of this paper compares Slovenianbaroque gardens to European.The Baroque periodin Slovenian gardens began at the end of the 17th

century and was particularly evident in Gori?anecastle, Slovenska Bistrica, ?rnci pri Apa?ah andBegunje. This study also investigates the influenceof foreign plants on Baroque program. The casestudy of baroque park - Brdo pri Kranju shows themanner of using non-indigenous plants and spatialchanges they caused. Park was establish around1 7 7 0 . H e re Karel Zois raised not only theindigenous plants which he had gathered on hisbotanical walks but also foreign trees. He importedplants from England, I t a ly, Austr ia and theNether lands and arranged them in surv i v a b l eorchards with no particular design in mind. It wasthe fertility of the land that dictated garden design.In this garden, foreign plants played a strictlyscientific role. It was find out that certain types ofplants provided the means to create highergeometric forms but in this specific regard foreignvarieties did not offer any particular advantageover indigenous types. The introduction of newtrees changed the relationship between space andsurface elements, c reat ing new accents andb roadening the spatial rhy t h m . U l t i m a t e ly, t h eB a roque quality of parks declined with theintroduction of the new plants.

The restoration of the fir e affectedarea of the medie val castle ruins atthe traditional villa ge of Leontari,Arcadia, Hellas

P a r a s kevo p o u l o u , A . T*. , N e k t a r i o s , P. A . ,Photinopoulou, P., Nydrioti, E., Stergiopoulos, G.,Labropoulos, P.

Agricultural University of Athens, Department ofPlant Science, L a b o r a t o ry of Floriculture andL a n d s c ape A rc h i t e c t u re, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractLeontari, is a relatively small traditional and historicalvillage of the Peloponnese with approximately 384inhabitants. It is located in the southwest of Arcadiaat an altitude of 540 m on the northeast side ofmount Taygetos, 11 kilometers from the city ofMegalopolis and 30 kilometers southwest of thecapital city,Tripoli.Rising within the village, a moundhouses the medieval castle ruins, and two byzantinechurches. The forest fires in August 2007 burnt asection of the village including the pine forest on themound.The effect of the fires did not scar only thelandscape but the inhabitants as well, who struggle tocontinue living within the region after the damagesincurred to their livelihood. Efforts are being madeto restore the landscape of the village.The exposureof the ruins from the fire attracted archaeologistsand excavation works are carried out to study andhighlight their historical value. A questionnairesurvey was undertaken to investigate people’s viewon the landscape of the castle ruins prior to and postthe fire, methods to restore and increase visitationof the site and the village in general. Preliminaryquestionnaire results illustrate that the majority ofinhabitants want the mound restored and access toit improved. Inhabitants did not fear restoring theplanting on the mound using the same species beforethe fire.A proposal to create a botanical garden withnative plant species of the region at the bottom ofthe mound seemed indifferent to them. Based on thefindings of the questionnaire survey and preliminaryexcavation works a design proposal is under way torestore the mound.Aims of the proposal include theselection of suitable plant species in appropriatelocations determined by archaeological findings inrelation to views to and from the castle, village andsurrounding landscape.


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LUH 09Plants and plant material in ninegardens of LeNôtr e

Van Den Toorn,M.

Delft University of Te c h n o l o gy, Faculty ofA rc h i t e c t u re, P O B ox 5043, 2600 GA DELFT,HOLLAND* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractPlants and plant material are, together with waterand ground, the three classic design materials inlandscape architecture. Contrary to architecturewhere new materials have enabled new directionsfor design, in landscape architecture the designmaterials have been the same since the verybeginning of the making of gardens and landscapes.The use and scope of plants and plant material asdesign material have their roots in the cultivatingof plants for food, plants as medical herbs, for themaking of gardens and horticulture. The use ofplant material for gardens, parks and landscapesforms the basis for most landscape architecturalinterventions.The goal of this paper is to show the richexperience the profession has in the using of plantmaterial as design material in particular in thework of LeNôtre. In this paper we have analysednine gardens of LeNôtre on the use of plants andplant material at different levels of intervention.The analyt ical framework is based on thedist inction between element, s t r u c t u re andprocess.The results are quite remarkable in the sense thatthey show the stunning craftmanship of LeNôtreas designer. How he has created such a variety andrichness of visual and spatial qualities with very fewand simple design pr inciples. M o re over it isinteresting to see how he integrated the threedesign materials water, ground and plantation.This research is part of a larger research projectthat focuses on plants as design mater ial inlandscape architecture and urban design.

Beatrix Fa rrand (1872-1959), a n dher designs f or the Marsh BotanicGarden, New Haven, Connecticut: amodel f or the conser vation of wildplants in the built en vironment

Moore, G.

Independent Garden Historian, The Old School,Dunsyre, South Lanarkshire, ML11 8NG, UK* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn America in the 1890s garden designers becameinterested in the gardens of the Italian Renaissanceand it was proposed that the Italian garden couldbe adapted to create a new type of Americangarden. This was opposed by ecologists whoargued that a naturalistic approach to gardendesign was more ap p ro p r i a t e. At that timelandscape design and ecological conservation wereseen as mutually exclusive, but in a career spanningf i ve decades the landscape architect Beatr ixFarrand demonstrated that the two subjects couldbe combined to good effect. Inspired by Charles APlatt’s book, Italian Gardens, published in 1894, shevisited Italy in 1895 and afterwards created formalgardens in America in an Italianate style. She wasaware that the native flora of America was underthreat from industrial development and she madea valuable contribution to plant conservation bymixing native plants selected according to the soiland climate with non-native, exotic plants tocreate ecologically based planting schemes withinher formal gardens. She took this a stage furtherin 1923, with her design for the Marsh BotanicGarden at Yale University, where she proposedthat a collection of native American plants shouldbe planted within a layout re p roducing thegeometric plan of the botanic garden at Padua, theoldest botanical garden in Europe. Here shedemonstrated that architectural design and wildplants could coexist, and in this paper it issuggested that her design for the Marsh BotanicGarden might now serve as a model for theconservation of plants in the built environment.

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A B S T R A C T SIntr oduction and conser vation ofautumn camellias in historicalgardens of Nor th-Western Ital y

P. Gullino *, F. Larcher ,V. Scariot

Dept. Agronomy, Forestry and Land management,University of Turin,Via Leonardo da Vinci 4410095 GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractCamellia sasanqua, also known as autumn camellia,has Japanese origin and flowers during autumn andwinter seasons. Since ancient times, in Orient C.sasanqua was appreciated as ornamental plant andrepresented in many paintings. In Europe, the firsti n format ion we re published by Engelber tKaempfer in 1712 in Amœnitatum Exoticarum. Inthis book the Author named the autumn camelliaas “Sasanqua of Japanese” and described the 25main cultivars he saw in Japan.The introduction ofC. sasanqua plants in Europe dates back to the firsthalf of the XIX century. At that time this specieswas not very popular as ornamental because ofthe simple shape and soft colour of the flowersand was often confused with C. oleifera and C.maliflora.This study aimed to investigate the introductionand the assessment of autumn camellias in Italyt rough a detailed bibliographic re s e a rc h . Fewinformation were found in ancient documents andcatalogues kept in public and private archives anda small number of old C. sasanqua cultivars werefound collected in historical gardens. To date,p recious collect ions are located especially ingardens around the Lake Maggiore (Piedmont –Italy). This rare botanical heritage needs to bestudied and preserved.

Green Traces fr om past to futur e:eco-cultural value of historicalparks in Central Eur ope

Butenschön, S.*(1), Säumel, I.*(2)

(1) TU Berlin, Department of Urban and RegionalP l a n n i n g , H a rd e n b e r g s t r. 40 a, 10623 BerlinGermany(2 )TU Berlin, D e p a rtment of Ecology,Rothenburgstr.12, 12165 Berlin-Steglitz Germany* corresponding authors:[email protected],[email protected]

AbstractHistor ical gardens and parks are widelyacknowledged as hotspots of species diversity andas crucial elements for healthy and liveable cities inour future warmer world. Besides environmentaland ecological services, historical parks provideimportant social and psychological benefits. Inaddition as a matter of particular interest one canstress their cultural value as historical monuments,especially concerning those of the 19th century.The objective of the ongoing project Green Tracesis to analyse the eco-histor ical dimension ofCentral European historical parks. The history ofdevelopment of urban parks and its cultural-historical importance as well as the contemporarysanitary impact in the cities will be explored.Theecological effects of horticultural history of urbanparks with its high concentration of exotic speciesof flora along a North-South gradient in CentralEurope will be analysed in the context of globalw a r m i n g . The aim is to improve ecosystemservices of urban historical parks, to strengthendiversity of species, habitats and communities, toprovide a historical park network for enhancinginterconnectivity in Central Europe. The projectstructure will be presented and first results will bediscussed.


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LUH 09New challeng es for Mediter raneanhor ticultur e and landsca peplanning: how can the Villa Thur etproject r espond to the urbansociety’ s demand f or gr een?

Donvez,J.*(1), Ducatillion, C. (2)

(1) E P L E F PA : Etablissement Public Locald’Enseignement et de Formation ProfessionnelleAgricole, Jardin botanique de la Villa Thuret, 90,chemin Raymond, 06160 Antibes Juan-les-Pins(2) I N R A : Institut Nat ional de Recherc h eAgronomique, Jardin botanique de la Villa Thuret,90, chemin Raymond, 06160 Antibes Juan-les-Pins* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractSince one and a half centuries, Gustave Thuret andhis successors have introduced, experimented, anddescribed ten thousands of exotic plant species,making the Thuret Botanic Garden a historicalc e n t re for scient ific re s e a rch applied toMediterranean decorative horticulture.Their worklargely contributed to the renowned landscapes ofthe Côte d’Azur.To d ay, the Mediterranean coast faces newchallenges.Together with urbanisation, grows the society’sdemand for green and the need to find innovativesolutions to conquer new spaces as roofs, walls,urban equipments,… Moreover, climate changeand its consequences on water re s o u rce isp redicted to be part i c u l a r ly accurate inMediterranean areas. This context induces thenecessity of finding new methods and techniquesof urban landscape planning and horticulture.Therefore plants have to be considered in theircomplexity and the choice of plant species has toevolve to be adapted to these new conditions.To address these challenges, the Thuret projectaims to create a multi-partner competence centrededicated to Mediterranean plants, landscape, andurban ecology. This will be lead in closep a rtnership between re s e a rc h , educat ion andprivate sector actors.In a moving international context and to face theMediterranean countries’ challenges, this centrewill have three main missions:1. Research, Experimentation and Expertise, tocontr ibute to document and understand

Mediterranean plants and their potentiality torespond to urban demand.2 . Higher educat ion on Mediterranean plants,water resource management,adaptation to climatechange3. Organisation of cultural, scientific and technicalvenues, to engage the interest of a wide range ofpeople in value of plants Beyond its expertise in plants, the Thuret Villa hasa strong federative power and as in a past, afundamental role to play in the definition andconception of the future Mediterranean landscape.

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A B S T R A C T SPlants in gar dens and parks of XVIIIcentur y in Piedmont

Accati, E.*, Gullino, P.

Dept. Agronomy, Forestry and Land management,University of Turin,Via Leonardo da Vinci 4410095 GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWhile several public historical gardens, located indifferent provinces of Piedmont (Northern Italy),we re studied in the past , nu m e rous pr ivategardens are still unknown. For this reason are s e a rch was re c e n t ly performed with thepurpose of better understanding style of thegardens, the work of famous landscape architects,the history of the sites with particular emphasis onthe botanical richness. During the XVIII century,mainly English and German plant hunters travelledthrough eastern countries and discovered exotict re e s , shrubs and flowe r s . These plants we recollected and cultivated into private gardens ofPiedmont and now represent an important botanicsource of germoplasm. This study shows that inthese gardens monumental trees such as Cedrus,different cultivar of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus andCycas etc.. are present. In gardens closed to LakeMaggiore Camellia and Rhododendron species wereplanted during the XIX century. Moreover in manyparks of Piedmont were built greenhouses forrecovering exotic potted plants not frost resistant.During the study it was also possible to note acorrelation between the history of the provincesand the evolution of the parks and gard e n sthemselves.

Colour schemes b y Ger trude J ekyll– an interpr etation

Nilsson, N.

”Garden Design”, Department ofC o n s e rv a t i o n , G o t h e n b u r gU n i ve r s i t y, B ox 77, SE 54221Mariestad, Sweden* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe aim is to test if it is possible to apply colourtheory on the planting design schemes of GertrudJekyll (1843-1932) with the purpose to increasethe knowledge about her colour use principles.Jekyll is an important historical garden designer.Her studies in art , colour and garden craft ,resulted in art icles and books, w h e re shedescr ibed her plant ing design thoughts andprinciples. In “Colour Schemes for the FlowerG a rden” she produced a histor ical gard e ndocument of import a n c e. This book can bedeemed as a guidebook for the composition ofplants from a colour point of view. The mainquestions I will try to give the answer to are (1)how does her colour scheme appear from a visualpoint of view and (2) how is the scheme linked tocolour theory? The method used is to compare her plantingschemes and statements with the colour theory ofJohannes Itten (1888-1967) as presented in “Kunstder Farbe”.The work contains an investigation inthree steps: an interpretation of Jekyll´s colourschemes in colour analysis, compare these analysiswith Itten´s colour theory, and compile Jekyll’saesthet ic cr iter ia in the form of support i n gguidelines and reflections.The result is a colour translation of Je k y l l ́ scomposition schemes, presented as a laboratoryexperiment which is commented upon from theviewpoint of “Ittens” colour theory.


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LUH 09The Role of Music in theDissimilation betw een Eastern and Western Landsca pe Gar den

Dedong, Zheng

Institute for History and Theory of Design, BerlinUniversity of the Arts, PO Box 120544, Berlin* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractGarden and music are standing on two different artsystems, although both of them have their owndevelopment, they do have inseparable relationship.For thousands ye a r s , t h ey effect each other,progressing together, and perfecting the charactersof counterpart.In fact, for most of the nations the specialcharacters of ar t existed at ve ry beginning,s i mu l t a n e o u s ly presenting in many diffe re n tcategories of arts. In these different categories ofarts, they also have very tight connection inside toshare those characters.This point can be found stepby step between garden and music.The worship inmusic is also impressed in the gardens which are inthe same culture area, evidently signed in the layoutof the garden, the gradation of the garden, the visualfocus of the garden, and the composition of thegarden.The whole organization has the reflection ofmusical metaphor, such as the different balanceb e t ween western and eastern mu s i c, and thedissimilar temperament in western and easternmusic, and so on, there are plenty arguments to beprove in the garden. Just as the eastern melody,called “BaiYan” system, was accurate used in theirwinding way and uneven building in gardens, thewestern melodies also were utilized in their regularparagraph arrangement and rigorous conformationof western gardens.That is one of the exact reasonswhy we should free more attention from the visualsurface to the integration between garden andother categories of arts.This article set the Music as an example withins everal par ts (including Melody, R hy t h mu s , a n dtempo) to give partly explanatory notes about theroot of dissimilation between Eastern and WesternLandscape Garden. Meantime, it explains the reasonof different aesthetics’ shaping in landscape garden.By analyzing another form of Art - Music- thisa rt icle intends to unfold a new thread fo rresearching the regular laws of gardens’ evolution.

Botanical gar dens; from plantcollections f or scientific study togreen urban spaces

Van Den Toorn,M

Delft University of Te c h n o l o gy, Faculty ofA rc h i t e c t u re, P O B ox 5043, 2600 GA DELFT,HOLLAND* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractBotanical gardens have a long history; they are thefirst type of gardens that were designed for aspecific function, the systematic study of plants.Since most botanical gardens are associated with auniversity, we find them mostly in cities. Althoughplants are still studied, the number of botanicalgardens has diminished, some have disappearedbut there also examples that have diminished insize.The goal of this paper is to make clear how therole of botanical gardens has changed in the urbanc o n t e x t . In this paper we will analyse someexamples both old and new, still functioning andchanged in function and how this has affected therole of botanical gardens as urban green space.The approach is based on the ‘case-study method’.Case studies are all European and limited innumber. The analytical framework is based on adist inct ion between element, s t r u c t u re andprocess. It results in a comparison between thedifferent cases in relation to form, function andmeaning at different levels of intervention. One ofthe conclusions of this research is that botanicalgardens are typical urban phenomena.The specialorganisation of plants based on taxonomy, climatezones or other criteria does not interfere with theuse as urban green space. The special layout,organisation of space and choice of plant speciescontributes to a special atmosphere and identity.Altogether a wonderful example of combination offunctions that adds to the quality of these urbangreen spaces.This research is part of a larger research projectthat focuses on plants as design mater ial inlandscape architecture and urban design.

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A B S T R A C T SWooded meadow gardening insouthern Sw eden during the pastcenturies

Gunnarsson,A.

D e p a rtment of Conser v a t i o n , U n i versity ofGothenburg, Box 77, 542 30 Mariestad, Sweden* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractThe aim of my presentation is to give a view of thewooded meadow systems in the Swe d i s hcountryside, as garden substitute phenomena inthe past. The haymaking meadows close to thefarms and villages were at least in the 18th and19th centuries not only a place for winter foddercollection, but also a substitute for traditionalgardens by the houses. As a matter of fact thewooded meadow was the true garden of thefarmers and other countryside inhabitants at thattime. Here they were keeping their fruit-producingtrees and bushes of different kinds and sometimeseven perennials.When more formal gardens wereintroduced at the end of the 19th and the 20th

centuries, the role of the wooded meadow waslost with except for some remote areas in thewoodland region of southern Sweden. In theseareas the degenerating traces of the meadowgardening land-use is still to be seen.The main questions put in relation to the meadowgardening phenomena are: (1) which kinds andvarieties of fruits and berries were grown, (2) whatkind of patterns and structures were typical forthis kind of wooded meadows, and (3) which werethe main working elements in the garden-likem e a d ows during a typical year? The mosti m p o rtant informat ion sources used aredocuments and maps from different archives, thetraces in the landscape and interviews with oldcountry-side people.The results of my study shows that meadowgardening has been an important part of thecultural landscape character and of the husbandry.It is of great importance to keep the crafttraditions associated to the meadow gardeningpractise alive, as well as the remaining orchardmeadows and their old varieties of fruit andberries.

The characteristics of the historicalgardens of Sicil y

Catara, S.*(1), Cristaudo A.(2), Romano D.(1)

(1) Università degli Studi di Catania – Sezione di OrtoFloricoltura, Dipartimento diOrtoFloroArboricoltura e TecnologieAgroalimentari,Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania,Italy(2) Università degli Studi di Catania - Sezione diBiologia ed Ecologia Vegetale, DipartimentoD.A.C.P.A.,Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe complex history of Sicily, with its centrallystrategic position in the Mediterranean made it ani m p o rtant cro s s roads of civilization, and alsoinfluenced the use of ornamental plants inhistorical gardens. However, very few studies havebeen carried out on these typically small gardens.Some years ago research was started on thecharacteristics of such gardens in Eastern Sicily.Over 50 gardens were analysed most of themfrom the late 19th and early 20th century.A tailor-made methodology was used to look more closelyat the biological and agronomical traits of theplants in these gardens so as to understand themholistically.The results show that these gardens arecharacterized by high plant diversity despite thesmall surface devoted to plant cultivation. In factover 500 taxa of ornamental plants have beenidentified. Often the species are very rare, so theymay only be found in one or a few gardens.About88% of the garden species were exotic while theremainder were indigenous. The plants are alsocharacterized by exceptional hardiness and goodadaptability to the Mediterranean environment.For about 18%, of the species there were variouscultivars all of which are commercially defunct.There were also many edible plants creating aclose tie between the ornamental and utilitarianrole of the garden.There is also a discussion of theway the plants were used and their organisationwithin the gardens was often very original andc l o s e ly calibrated to the Mediterr a n e a nenvironment.


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LUH 09The plant ing of flowers and it scultural connotat ions in SuzhouCour tyard Gar dens

Zhou,W., Zeng,W*.

Department of Art, Southeast University, 210096,Nanjing, China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn Chinese traditional culture, the plants andflowers growing in courtyard gardens often havee s t a b l i s h e d , p a rticular and symbolized culturalconnotations,and the planting of trees and flowersand scenic arrangement also have their culturalsymbols. People slop over in front of flowers andwatch their blows and falls, which composingcultural connotat ions in Chinese court y a rdgardens. Numerous plants and the distinctive plantdisposition style play a very important role in thedevelopment of Chinese classical gardens. Theplant material is one of the four gardening factors,and every gardening plant has its unique shape,color and charm..As one of the principal parts ofChinese classical gardens, the plant landscape andits cultural intention are in people’s good graces.And as one of the histor ic and culturala c h i evement of Chinese five thousand ye a r sh i s t o ry, the classical gardens show its stro n gChinese historical spirit and national characters.

Plants in K unming WorldHor ticultur e Exposition Gar den

Zheng, L.*(1), Zhao,Y.(1), Peng, X.(2)

(1) Department of Horticulture and Landscape,Yunnan Agricultural Unive r s i t y, Hei Longtan,650201, Kunming, China(2) Kunming Expo Garden Co.LTD, 10# on Shi BoRoad, 650224, Kunming, China* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractKunming World Horticulture Exposition Gardenestablished in 1999. It was the historical garden inwhich the Chinese Government held for the 1999Kunming International Horticultural Expositionofficially registered as a specialized internationalexposition rated A1 successfully From May 1 toOctober 31 in Kunming,Yunnan. Kunming Expo’99was a large-scale international confe rence ofshowing garden plants and urban horticulturetechnology in the end of 20th century.As a displayarea of the top-class horticultural and gardeningm a s t e r p i e c e s , the Expo Garden boasts theconsiderable technical and scientific contentswhich embody the beautiful features, the artistictechniques and the intellectual value. About 2551species of plant have been transplanted, including60,000 arzbors, 300,000 shrubs, 66,000 vines,200,000 herbs and 200,000 lignosa and otherornamental foliage plants; Over 400,000 m2. oflawn and some 1,000,000 potted flowers havebeen cultivated, among which the precious andrare, endangered and high-valued ornamental plantspecies amount to 112. In the Grand Greenhouse,over 1200 species of plants growing in tropic, sub-tropic and frigid zones have been raised. TheBamboo Garden is a paradise for gigantgrass,s q u a re bamboo, spot bit ter bamboo, b i t t e rbamboo and so on. In the Tree Garden, 319 speciesof plant are transplanted, with the precious treessuch as sago cycas, gingko, Chinese golden larchand Chinese manglietiastrum enjoying themselvesthere. In the Medicinal-Herb Garden, 464 speciesof medicinal herb like ginseng, pseudo-ginseng,g a s t ro d i a , taxus chinesensis and so on havesurvived and multiplied. The Expo Garden is agalaxy of plants from all over the provinces ofChina and foreign countries, among which manyare rare and endangered.

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A B S T R A C T SFrom the Miner va Garden to CircaInstans illuminated herbaria: avir tual path without boundaries

Capone, P.

Dipartimento di Sociologia e Scienza della Politica,Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte donMelillo – Fisciano (SA) 84084* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe Historical Archive of Botanica Salernitana,placed inside the “Giardino della Minerva”, keepsnearly 9.000 images of 16 illuminated herbariawhich illustrate the herbs used in a medievalpharmacopoeia known as Circa Instans.It is a virtual archive of texts and images related tothe Salerno old botanical tradition, designed torevive the highest point of city’s history.The history of the Archive is deeply intertwinedwith that of the Giardino della Minerva.The Giardino della Minerva, the first botanicalg a rden in the wo r l d , is a historical andarchitectural document set in the heart of oldSalerno. It is the Schola Medica Salernitana gardenof “simples” (a simple being the part of a plant thatwas believed to contain the active principle).The originals of these herbaria are kept in majormuseums all over the world, including London andParis. Due to their value and fragility, it is verydifficult to have access to these manuscripts.M o re ove r, due to the distance between themuseums, it is obviously impossible to consultmore than one herbarium at the same time, inorder to compare, for example, the differentrepresentations of the same plant,or to appreciatethe colouristic developments, the resemblance toreality, and so on.This pro j e c t , s p o n s o red by the Salerno CityCouncil, differs from other like products in the waythe information is reached, that is by means ofvirtual reality and artificial intelligence technology.Most interesting is a 3D reconstruction of theGiardino della Minerva as a key to gain access tothe herbaria images.The user will be able to take avirtual walk through the Giardino, and stop byeach of the existing flower-beds. Here, he/she willbe led to know about the over 500 embeddedplants, through the presentation of: 1) a picture ofthe plant; 2) a picture of the same plant taken from

a contemporary herbarium; 3) a picture takenfrom the illuminated herbaria showing how theplant was represented in the Middle Ages.In order to make the product attractive for a widerange of users, the presentation of the informationwill resort to advanced adaptive techniques to suitthe user’s pro f i l e. For instance, the contentsintended for a school kid will be different than theones intended for a research worker these are theresults of the re s e a rch and didact ics of theArchive.The final project will also include the transcriptionand translation of the old texts a botanical file cardand a comparison between past and presentpharmacological uses. This will give everyone theopportunity to approach a difficult branch oflearning, that of medicine, in an easy way.


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A B S T R A C T SRestoration of the Ro yalGlasshouses and their plantcollection in the historical gar denof Racconigi in Piedmont

Fornaris,A.*, Larcher, F.

Dipartimento Agro.Selvi.Ter, Facoltà di Agraria,Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe neogothic Royal Glasshouses in Racconigi,designed by the architect Carlo Sada, are one ofthe most important examples of greenhouse andconservatory architecture of the XIX century inEurope. They were built between 1843 and 1850,under the supervision of the royal headgardeners,Marcellino and Giuseppe Roda, who were wellaware of the new technologies and knowledgeabout gardens in Germany, Holland, France andBritain.Until the beginning of the XX century, theseglasshouses hosted a great botanical collection ofover 2000 exotic and rare species coming fromevery country around the world.Alas, around the1920s the decline of the entire park started, andthe collection was gradually lost.In order to safeguard and evaluate this heritage, animportant project for the restoration of both theCastle and the Park is in progress. In particular, thisstudy is focused on the restoration of the RoyalGlasshouses and their botanical collection.A veryp recious document was found in the privatearchives of the Castle: the Inventory of the speciesthat were grown inside the conservatory in 1892,handwritten by the then headgardener FerdinandoCaula.The project is now to put back those plants insidethe glasshouse, with the aim of bringing back thepassion for agronomy and scientific experimentingthat was typical of XIX century Europe and of theso called ‘botanical fever’, and that was the mainfeature of the Royal Gardens of Racconigi, thefavourite mansion of the kings.

Citrus gar dens in P antelleria:places wher e tradition meansinno vation

Barbera, G.(1), Motisi,A.(1), Rossi, F.*(2),Georgiadis,T.(2).

(1) Dipartimento Colture Arboree Università diPalermo Italy(2) Istituto di Biometeorologia. Consiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche. Bologna. Italy CNR IBIMET, ViaP.Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe “giardino pantesco” is a tradition in thePantelleria island. Located at 36.82N, 11.97E, 70Kms part from Africa coast and 85 Km from Sicily,Pantelleria climatic and meteorological conditionsdo not allow the growth of important, traditionalplants of Mediterranean. Strong winds, low rain,high summer temperatures are in fact limitingfactors.Traditional gardens are diffuse, made of localstones forming a circular wall, each including asingle citrus, or a lemon tree.Our study shows how these structures impact andmodify local micro m e t e o ro l o gy, and offe rinformation about a very sustainable, traditional,low-impact plant protection structure.


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LUH 09Taxonom y, distribution andeconomic impor tance ofXylocarpus species at Car ey Island– the herita ge island of Mala ysia

Haron, N.W.*, Mat Taha, R.

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe genus X y l o c a r p u s, belonging to the familyMeliaceae is distributed in the tropics includingmangrove habitat from Africa to Australia, Malaysiaand India (Ridley, 1922). It is usually associated withAvicennia, Excoecaria, Acanthus, Rhizophora, Bruguiera,Sonneratia, Nypa and Ceriops.There are three speciesof X y l o c a r p u s in Malaysia namely, X y l o c a r p u sgranatum, X. mollucensis and X. rumphii. They areconsidered important endangered mangrove speciesin Malaysia. X. granatum, commonly known as nyirehbunga, is important economically for wood carving.The inner bark is a source of dye for tanning, the oilfrom seeds is used for grooming hair, the fruits andseeds are used to treat diarrhoea, and a barkdecoction for cholera. It has been mentioned as thebest and most beautiful cabinet wood. Its fine, glossyt e x t u re is suitable for furniture (Burkill, 1 9 6 6 ;Primavera et. al, 2004). However, the population ofthe species is dwindling hence there is an urgentneed to conserve the species.To date, t h e re is no re c o rd on detailedmorphological study of the species therefore it isone of the aims of the study to investigate themorphological characteristics of the species.Anatomical studies on the leaf and primary stemwere also carried out.Scanning electron microscope study revealed thepresence of sunken,anomocytic-type stomata on theabaxial surface of the leaf. Results from anatomicalstudies showed the presence of thick cuticle on bothabaxial and adaxial surface of the leaf. S u n ke nstomata and thick cut icle are adaptations ofmangrove species to reduce transpiration. Tannincells were also observed in the leaf lamina andprimary stem and this needs further investigation.Regeneration of this species from tissue culture hadbeen attempted, however, only callus formation wasobserved.

Safeguard and valorisation of theproductiv e areas in historicalgardens

Botti F., Biasi R*.

Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale - Universitàdegli Studi della Tuscia - Viterbo* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstr actFruit trees have represented since the beginning oftheir domestication both a main source of man’slife and, owing to their beauty, a source of pleasurein gardens as well as in the rural landscapes.Fruit trees have been used as ornamental plants inthe different typology of gardens, regardless oftheir evolution and diversification, so that brolo,v e r z i e re, p o m a ri o , h o rt u s a re just examples ofelements of gardens and parks in with fruit treeswere the main constitutive traits. Furthermore, inthe rural contest, fruit trees cultivation systemshave represented a constant element of landscape,frequently establishing usefulness and uniquenessof large areas or single spaces. Historical gardensmay represent oases of historical fruit orchards. Infact, owing to their confined and preserved nature,they represent in comparison to the rural areasmore suitable places for conservation of fruit treesgermplasm and traditional cultivation systems,b e c o m i n g , t h e re fo re, sites in which botanical,ecological, cultural, historical and aesthetic valuesmeet together. Nonetheless, the productive areasin some historical gardens are not considered aspriorities in the restorations actions.The study’s aim was to define the global value ofthe pro d u c t i ve are a , i . e. the p o m a ri o, of therenascence garden of Palazzo Giust inianiOdescalchi in Bassano Romano (VT), Italy, actuallylimited to some residual plants. It has been appliedan integrated evaluat ion system that hasconsidered at first the biological value of theunique varieties of apple, pear and cherry. Theapplied methodology has allowed to recognizecharacters and functions other than theproductive one, that represent the complexity, andadded value of these area. The analysis of thecultivar ident ity and of the histor icaldocumentation has allowed to pro p o s erestoration actions coherent to the history andthe original constitutive garden’s elements.

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mailto:biasi@unitus

A B S T R A C T SPlant degradation in park Maksimir

Poje, M.*,Vrsek, I. , Moric, S.

Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Ornamentalplants, Landscape arhitecture and Garden art,Sveto?imunska cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractPark Maksimir is one of the most significantsymbols of Zagre b. In landscape arc h i t e c t u re,Maksimir is known as the first public park in thispart of Europe and by this he holds an importantposition in the garden art in general.Its primary function is providing sanctuary to aperson so he could be able to disassociate himselffrom pressure and growing dynamic of life in thecity. Urbanization produces many positive changes,but also brings less acceptable. Considering thefact that the urban core is over-crowded, it takeshold of every open area. This is how the role ofgreen areas becomes subordinated to buildingconstruction and traffic areas. Illegal urbanizationhas a direct influence on the park itself throughconstruct ion of var ious buildings within theboundaries of the park. Even legal urbanization hascaused a great deal of damage to Maksimir. It isfortunate that the larger part of the schemedcontents was never carried out in full.For some reason, a complete plan of revitalizationhas not been offered yet. There were mostlyprojects that referred to specific parts of the park.Accordingly, it is necessary to create a new parkdesign plan in order to achieve its functionality inevery sense, with respect to the history matrixand conservatory criteria. In order to actualize thisplan, goal of this paper is revitalization of plantmaterial.To achieve that, a few mostly present treespecimens were chosen and observed in order toevaluate their quality characteristics (scale,e n c l o s u re, quality of light, m a n a g e m e n t , a n dstimulus).

Restoration of a Roman villagarden in the ar chaeolo gical site ofEleusis

Papafotiou, M.*, Kanellou, E.

Agricultural University of Athens, Department ofPlant Science, L a b o r a t o ry of Flor iculture andLandscape Architecture, Iera Odos 75, 118 55,Athens, Greece* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractA study was carried out aiming to the recreationof surrounding area and gardens of a Roman villafound in the archaeological site of Eleusis. TheS a n c t u a ry of Eleusis was one of the mostimportant idolatrous centres in the ancient Greekworld,where the Eleusinian mysteries were takingplace. In our days, the site is of great archaeologicaland historical importance and is visited by morethan 20000 people yearly.The proposal was basedon the type of Villa’s gardens (atrium and xystus),plant species used at the Roman period and had asymbolic meaning, and low maintenance. T h eRoman villa is situated at the SW end of the siteand is not easily noticed because of the hillylandscape. So, we emphasized the passage towardsthe villa with small trees or shrubs pruned intotrees, as pomegranate (Punica granatum), myrtle(Myrtus communis) and oleander (Nerium oleander).The atrium was the centre of activities in a romanvilla, where the impluvium (rain water tank) wassituated. Often the atrium was turned into ag a rd e n . In our proposal the i m p l u v i u m i ss u rrounded by pots with my rt l e s . The x y s t u s(hortus) of a Roman villa was the area wherefruiting trees and vegetables were cultivated. So, inthe xystus of this villa we suggest to plant one rowof lemon trees (Citrus limon) and in frond of it tworows of pruned boxwood (Buxus sempervirens).Weput box-wood instead of vegetables in order tokeep the maintenance low. F u rt h e r m o re thepruned shrubs remind to visitors that Romanswere the ones that developed in particularly thetopiary in order to give formal shape to plants.


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mailto:poje@agr


LUH 09Redisco vering a F orgotten Gar den.Research upon a Mon umentGarden, Par t of the HistoricAssemb ly of the Otteteli?an uMansion

El Shamali S.A.*, Burdas., Iliescu A.F.,Dumitrascu M.

University of Agronomic Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine, Faculty of Horticulture , address: Bd.Marasti, nr.59, postal code: 011464, Bucharest,Romania.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWe approach the present state of a monument-g a rd e n , which for 158 years has inconstant lychanged concurrently with the changes from theRomanian society. This case is not a singular onein Romania, but here we face with a paradoxicalsituation: on one side, in legal view, as the gardenhas never had the status of “public garden”, it wasprotected from the human masses flow and fromthe irreversible space rehabilitation, helping thusthe initial restoration possibility. On the otherside, although one of the first professionally-fittedg a rden in Wa l a c h i a , included in a patr imonymonument-assembly, it was “forgotten”. Thus, theown evolution of the garden is interesting. Thenatural elements participated in a survival battleand nature entered its role where it was onlydesired to suggest it.The rehabilitation attempts inthe past led to the unsuccessful transformation ofthe built elements, leaving much too obviousmarks upon the romantic style.The vegetation hasdeveloped according to own rules and manyspecimens resisted in time, becoming naturalmonuments.The observance and determination ofthe species on-site disclosed an extraordinaryconduct: exotic samples brought among the firstinto the country, have coexisted with the nativeo n e s , a d apting themselves perfe c t ly to theconditions of the site. The atmosphere hasg r a d u a l ly become that of a fo rest andcharacterist ic herbaceous vegetat ion hasdeveloped. Thus, the current forestry associationof the Otteteli?anu Garden was classified in thegeo-botanical category of the historic area, ofwaterside silvosteppe.

Historical r econstruction of GomesFreir e Square in Mariana – MG,Brazil

Duarte de Oliveira Paiva, P.*(1), Nogueira da SilvaCavalcante Alves, S.F. (2 )

(1) Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento deAgricultura, Professor, scholarship from CNPq, CaixaPostal 3037, CEP: 37 200 000, Lavras - MG, Brazil.(2) Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento deAgricultura, Researcher, scholarship from FAPEMIG,Caixa Postal 3037, CEP: 37 200 000, Lavras - MG,Brazil* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThis study deals with the knowledge and the analysisof the historical evolution of Gomes Freire Square inthe city of Mariana, located in the state of MinasGerais (Brazil), with identification of the landscaperepresentation of the square.Taking in considerationthe collective unconsciousness of Mariana’sinhabitants, this work was centered in the urbandevelopment of the city and in the transformationsundergone by this square. Its history starts as anopen space in the outskirts of the city and later itbecame a space organized as a place of recreationand promenade. The research on the historicalevolution of this square focused its interest in themorphological transformations of its space and inthe social representation of the square. For thisp u r p o s e, the methodology with an interfacebetween the inventive analysis and the subjectiveanalysis method was applied. The inventive analysisenables an interpretation which considers thenatural, patrimonial and social data of the place,identifying its physical and practical evo l u t i o nprocesses.The subjective analysis does not conductto a quantitative evaluation but reveals aesthetic,phenomenolical or symbolic values. Gomes FreireSquare, even though presenting modifications in itsstructure and in its use through its history, wasalways a space of popular arrogation, a space “to seeand to be seen”, a space destinated to socializedleisure. Gomes Freire Square is located in the vicinityof the back side of Basílica Nossa Senhora daAssunção Cathedral and the historical and landscapedimensions of this square are evidenced as a space ofpopular representation.This work was conducted with financial support byCNPq

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mailto:salma.elshamali@y


A B S T R A C T SHistorical r econstruction ofTiradentes Squar e in Our o Pr eto –MG, Brazil

Nogueira da Silva Cavalcante Alves, S.F.(1),Duarte de Oliveira Paiva, P.*(2)

(1) Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento deAgricultura, Researcher, scholarship from FAPEMIG,Caixa Postal 3037, CEP: 37 200 000, Lavras - MG,Brazil(2) Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento deAgricultura, Professor, scholarship from CNPq, CaixaPostal 3037, CEP: 37 200 000, Lavras - MG, Brazil.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe present work refers to the study and knowledgeof the historical evolution of Tiradentes Square,located in the city of Ouro Preto, state of MinasGerais (Brazil), aiming the ident ification of itsl a n d s c ape re p resentat ion in the collectiveunconsciousness of this city inhabitants. Having thisobjective in mind, it was necessary to concentrate inthe urban development of the city and in thetransformations undergone by this square. This leadto the necessity of studying in depth the knowledgeof the significance of these t ransfo r m a t i o n st h roughout the ye a r s , which allowed theidentification of its evolution as a public space.Theresearch on the historical evolution of TiradentesS q u a re was centered on the interest in themorphological transformations and in the socialrepresentation of the square. For this purpose, am e t h o d o l o gy with an interface between theinventive analysis and the method of subjectiveanalysis was applied. By means of the inventiveanalysis it was possible to identify the physicalevolutionary processes and the customs of thisplace.This implies in discerning what would be moreappropriated in the specific relationship between theplace and its social custom. The subjective analysis,even though it does not conduct to a quantitativeevaluation, reveals aesthetical, phenomenological aswell as symbolic values. Even though TiradentesSquare presents modifications in its structure and inits use, it showed a vocation to represent the publicpower during the course of history. It reached itsapogee in the period of the settlement of theRepublic regimen, when it embraced the monumentto Tiradentes, which became a great symbol of thispolitical moment along the XX century.

Integrated pest contr ol in historicalgardens: a successful e xample withPhytoseiidaea a gainst spider miteon lime tr ees

Auger, J.(1),Arnault, I.(2)

(1) Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences etTechniques, IRBI UMR CNRS 6035 Avenue Monge,37200 Tours(2) CETU Innophyt, Université de Tours, Faculté desSciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge, 37200Tours* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractLime trees are very sensitive to the outbreaks ofthe spider mite Eotetranychus tiliarium. Damagesare principally esthetical. Chemical treatments arerestricting, expensive and kill the beneficial fauna.But an alternative exists: Phytoseiidae which arepredatory mites of Tetranychidae. Since 1997,INNOPHYT is looking for solutions with the helpof the French Acarology team of the ENSAM-INRA of Montpellier.Experiments have taken place at Villandry castle onthe lime trees (Tilia platyphyllos) of the park.From 2000 till 2003, Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten)and a mixture of two species of Phytoseiidae,Euseius finlandicus and Kampimodromus aberrans,have been introduced. Phytoseiidae were collectedon wild lime tree with the branches where theyare living in the wood around the park of Villandry.These 3 years of fundamental study allowobserving the short and long -term effects ofPhytoseiidae.The populat ion of the spider mite can becontrolled with this technique which therefore isextended of all the lime trees in the garden.Phytoseiides and particularly Euseius finlandicushave now colonized the garden.


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mailto:yt@univ-tour

LUH 09Identification of old lilac and crabapple cultivars gr owing in the Cityof Helsinki, Finland

Lindén, L.*(1), Hauta-aho, L.(1),Temmes, O. (1),Tegel, S.(2)

(1) Department of Applied Biology, University ofHelsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 University ofHelsinki, Finland(2) Street and Park Division, the Public WorksDepartment, P.O. Box 1515, 00099 Helsinki City,Finland* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractOld parks and gardens of Helsinki City embody ana s s o rtment of woody ornamentals that isastonishingly diverse, in respect to the harshclimate and to the relatively short history ofornamental gardening in Finland. This pap e rre p o rts the results of a study aimed atdocumentation, evaluation and identification of oldcommon lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) and ornamentalcrab apple (Malus Mill.) strains growing in theg reen areas of Helsinki. The survey wasaccomplished in 2005 and 2006.The study materialincluded 62 individual common lilac shrubs and 30crab apple trees.The morphological characteristicsof each plant were measured and photographed.An initial idea on the cultivar identity was obtainedvia historical notes related to each growing siteand via the cultivar assortment presented incontemporary Finnish nursery lists and gardeninghandbooks.The morphological traits of the plantswere then compared to cultivar descriptions inreference works. For the lilacs, 26 phenotypeswere distinguished, and nine of them were given aplausible cultivar name.Among the crab apples, 14t rees we re pre l i m i n a r i ly ident ified as know ncultivars or as belonging to a certain cultivargroup.

Conser vation and use of palms inBrazil’ s landsca ping

P i ve t t a , K . F. L . *( 1 ), B a t i s t a , G . S .( 1 ), G i m e n e s , R .( 1 ),Martins,T.A.(1),Takane, R.J.(2), Oliveira, C.A.V.M.(1)

(1) U n i versidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade deCiências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento deProdução Vegetal,Via de acesso Prof. Paulo DonatoCastellane, s/n, CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SãoPaulo State, Brazil.(2) Faculdade da Cantareira, São Paulo, São PauloState, Brazil.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe palm trees belong to the Family Arecaceaeand are widely utilized in landscaping of tropicalcountries.Although there are many species, just afew are used in Brazil’s landscaping, being themajority coming from other countries. So, thisstudy had the objective to make a characterizationof the plants in the collection of palm trees atUNESP / FCAV, Campus of Jaboticabal, Sao PauloState, Brazil, in order to know the behavior ofseveral indications of palms for use in landscaping,as well as knowledge of the germination of seedsto increase the production of seedlings for use inlandscaping, being that the biggest difficulty tospread new species. It was accomplished theintroduction of new species in the collection. Itwas also made a survey of major pests anddiseases that occur in the collection. The mostcommon pests found were: Brassolis sophorae,Parisoschoenus obesulus, Rhynchophorus palmarumand C o ra l i o m e l a s p p. And the most commondiseases: Colletrotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Bipolarissp., Helminthosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Phyllostictas p. , Pe s t a l o t i a s p. , E x o s p o rium palmivorum a n dCeratocystis pardoxa.

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mailto:kathia@fcav

A B S T R A C T SReconstruction of the historicima ge of an urban gar den, as a toolfor pr eser vation and enhancement

Tassinari P.*, Diti I.,Torreggiani D., Benni S.

University of Bologna, Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Engineering, Spatial EngineeringDivision,Viale G. Fanin 48, 40127 Bologna, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractIn the last century, town have substantially changedat landscape and architectonic level and greenareas within urban context have been involved insuch change process. Several gardens indeed havetoday an historic value and represent a remarkableheritage for the entire community, but in manycases their current plant arrangement is highlydifferent from the original one. With the aim ofpreserving and enhancing such gardens, it resultsparticularly useful to define analytic tools for theknowledge of original features of those places andfor a comparison to the current ones, w i t hparticular consideration of plant and morphologicfeatures.The goal of the study is the definition of ano p e r a t i ve method of analysis suitable toreconstruct the historic image of urban greena reas with part icular re fe rence to the plantarrangement, the architectonic composition andthe morphology, by means of the joined analysis ofhistoric documents and of the survey of thepresent situation.The method defined was applied to a study caserepresented by a urban garden in Imola (Italy),designed and built at the end of the 19th centuryand deeply changed because of the modificationsin the ways of utilization and of maintenance of thes i t e. The histor ic image of the area wasre c o n s t r u c t e d , basing on documental dataobtained through the analysis of the or iginalp roject documents and their digitalization byCAD, thus producing in digital format the plan ofthe site, vertical sections and the table of theplants as considered in the project.The historic image was compared to the currentsituation, which was analyzed by means of a three-dimensional topographic survey, which allowed todraw up the plan of the study area and a 3D digitalmodel, by creating a Triangular Irregular Network

(TIN). The plant arrangement of the garden wassurveyed both in a topographic way - by definingthe location of threes and shrubs – and in abotanic way – by attr ibuting a specificdenominat ion to plants, a c c o rding to theinternat ional binomial nomenclature. T h ecomparison of the historic image to the currentsituation was performed by means of the overlayof digital plans, and by the creation in CADenvironment of sections of the surveyed area andtheir superimposition with the design sections.The results allowed to outline the transformationsu n d e r gone by the considered are a , and inparticular to identify the original elements mostsignificant at plant, composition and morphologicl eve l . Those elements are today hard lyrecognizable because of the modifications whichhave altered the original site arrangement. Theperformed analyses therefore represent a toolwith general validity, usable to define designchoices for the preservation and enhancement ofurban historic gardens.


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LUH 09Multidisciplinar y integratedmethodolo gy in the v egetalrestoration of the “Giar dino deiCedrati” in Villa Dora P amphilj,Rome

Bonacquisti, S.(1), Benocci C.(2), Biasi R. (3),Chilosi G.*(4)

(1) Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università diRoma “ La Sapienza”, Italy(2) Sovraintendenza ai Beni Culturali del Comune diRoma, Italy(3) Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Universitàdegli Studi della Tuscia,Viterbo, Italy(4) Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante,Universitàdegli Studi della Tuscia Viterbo, Italy* corresponding authors: [email protected]

AbstractThe re c ove ry, restoration and management ofhistorical green spaces re q u i res an integratedapproach among different professional areas. Themultidisciplinary approach provides new insights intothe conservation value of restored and remnantvegetation according to the historical evolution ofthe garden, taking account the prospects for propermaintaining and management. The study of vegetalrestoration of the “Giardino dei Cedrati” in VillaDoria Pamphilj (Rome) (Benocci et al., Il Giardino deiCedrati di Villa Dora Pamphilj, Viterbo, Italy 2008),expresses the result of harmonious integration andsynergy among diverse disciplines. This importantarea has changed over time with an integration offorms, species of plants, features, colours, pathways,spaces of aggregation. Nonetheless, over the yearsthis space has been interested by a progressiveabandon implying the risk of the loss of the gardenidentity. The scientific project was therefore basedon detailed study of each of the components as partof a organic unity of the “Giardino dei Cedrati” andthe interactions with Villa Doria Pamphilj’s park towhich it belongs. For successfully complete theproject, a work breakdown structure was producedto identify the component tasks. Among them, thestudy of the historical evolution and cartography ofthe are a , along with the compilation of at o p o g r aphical map, has provided the basei n fo r m a t i o n . Other areas of activity have beenc ove red by diverse disciplines, including botany,a g ro n o my, plant pathology, m a n a g e m e n t . F i n a l ly,alternative proposal concerning the maintenance andmanagement were presented and compared.

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

A B S T R A C T SThe landsca pe project betw eenredisco very and inter vention

Bürgi, P.

In Tirada, 6528, Camorino, Svizzera* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractBeginning from the small scale of a punctual projectlike a terrace of reduced dimensions floating above anarrow ravine over an untouched forest, passingthrough the urban scale of an harbor plaza which isthe connection of the city of Kreuzlingen with thelake and, at last, approaching a territorial scaleproject on a mountain like Cardada, we always movefrom the same fundamental principles and concepts,with the same design philosophy.In first place we let ourselves be inspired by the siteand wonder how to approach it, how to walkthrough, but also – at the end of experiencing theplace- how to leave it.The second step of this creative process refers tolandscape, to the hidden dimension that is possibleto be discovered beyond the physical perimeter of aplace.An active and sensitive observation will allowus to focus on the existing dialogue with thesurrounding environment of the area, and on theinspiring interaction between the nearby elements,and the horizon.From here begins the research on the history of thesite and the attempt to transmit a beautiful story ora tale through a playful dimension of design, alwaysarousing curiosity and enhancing the desire of goingdeeper in perceiving the site. Hence the visitor of asmall garden, of a plaza or a park will be invited toelicit questions without providing an immediateanswer, and will explore the area feeling free to playwith his emotions and imagination.All the stages of this process are essential startingpoints for my research: we could find them in almostevery project we could realized till today, but ineve ry project _thanks to a re - i n t e r p re t a t i veoperation_ they lastly give rise to a final result thatis completely different from the previous one.In the intervent ion “Esthetic of agriculturallandscape” in the German metropolitan area of theRuhrgebiet, the visitor doesn’t know in advanceanything about the project and he is even notinformed on its existence; but if he shall walkthrough the wide acreages or will perhaps observe itfrom on high, he will be able _maybe_ to discover itwith surprise.

The Nexus of Urban Hor ticultur eand Architectur e in New France

Farah, L.

McGill Unive r s i t y, School of A rc h i t e c t u re,M a c d o n a l d - H a rrington Building, 815 Sherbro o keStreet West, H3A 2K6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractSurveys on the provisioning of cities across NewFrance consent that bread and meat were the twomain components of the colonists’ diets. Yet, whilehorticultural produce were also significant elementsof settlers’ subsistence, the physical effects andspatial consequences of urban hort i c u l t u re inshaping these settlements have been overlooked.A detailed look at maps depicting New Francesettlements, as climatically diverse as New Orleans,M o n t real and Quebec City, yields surprisingi n format ion on the relation between urbanhorticulture and the built environment. The intra-muros layouts of these varied settlements are strikingbecause what is almost always represented on eachplot is a garden.What was the function of those gardens and how didthey interrelate with their surroundings? In seekingto answer these questions, this paper explores then a t u re of the relationships that linked urbanhorticulture to architecture in New France, withp a rticular focus on 18t h c. urban Montre a l . I tchooses Montreal to investigate the potential impactof urban horticulture on the morphology of an earlycolonial settlement situated on a cold-climate island.It does so, in emphasizing urban horticulture as (i)fruit and vegetable product ion cycles, ( i i )transformation processes, as well as (iii) commercialpaths within the settlement walls.The paper unfolds in three sections: The firstintroduces the context of French colonial Montreal,as well as urban horticultural practices.The secondpresents evidence from core primary sources thatinclude maps, traveler’s notes, and archeological datareferring to landscape, architecture and artifacts. Inthis section, specific parcels, building typologies andinfrastructures (through which fruits and vegetablesmade their way from backyard gardens or empty lotsto people’s diets and to wastes or by-products) aresurveyed. The third integrates these findings into athesis that suggests connections between urbanhorticulture and architecture.


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LUH 09Landsca pe Hor ticultur e inShopping Malls and Retail Centersin Metr o Manila,Philippines:Ov erview and Status

Lubag-Arquiza*(1),Amihan. M.(2)

(1) Crop Science Cluster,University of the PhilippinesLos Banos, College, Laguna Philippines(2) Department of Horticulture, Cornell University,Ithaca, New York 14850, U. S.A* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The modernization of the Philippine capital, Manila,and its environs has stimulated the construction ofshopping malls and retail shops within the last 10years to cater to local residents and internationalg u e s t s . These commercial centers usually havemaster-planned indoor and outdoor gardens. Tenshopping areas namely Alabang Town Center,Gateway Wall, Trinoma, Tiendesitas, Mall of Asia,Rockwell Mall, Robinson’s Place, Market Market,Serendra, Filinvest Alabang areas located in Manila,Makati, Muntinlupa, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City,and Taguig were studied. Their areas rangedfrom to 30,000 to 410,000 square meters whilearchitecture ranged from ethnic Filipino to moderns t r u c t u re s . With Metro Manila c o n s i d e re dcongested at 18,650 persons per square kilometer(2007), the landscaped areas function not just fortrade but for social events, entertainment, culturale x c h a n g e, i n formation center, and we l l n e s sactivities . Developers and property managers meetthe need of maintaining the gardens either by havingfull time landscape horticulturist leading a team orcontractors doing the work. The following trendswe re observe d : i n c reased utilization ofindigenous trees and ornamentals in the landscape,increased adoption of ir rigation and maintenancee q u i p m e n t , i n c reasing areas with at riums andinteriorscapes, strategies of using low maintenanceplants, adoption of modern landscape maintenancetools and use of new. i n t ro d u c e d p e re n n i a lt re e s , shrubs and herbaceous pere n n i a l s .O p p o rtunities include addition of annuals andcolorful perennials for seasonal display, installationof children and senior citizen areas and design andconstruction of more garden accessories by localartists and craftsmen. Highlights of the specialfeatures of the mall and retail shop landscapedg a rdens and their maintenance status will bepresented.

The Architectur e of Parking Areas:a Challeng e for Landsca pe Design.Garden-infrastructur e in periurbanareas.

Tassinari, P., Dall’Ara, E.*

D e p a rtment of Agricultural Economics andEngineering (DEIAgra) – University of Bologna,Viale Fanin, 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe work re p resents a cr it ical rev i ew of aselection of significant projects of parking areaschosen within the contemporary internationalcontext, aimed at discussing the role of parkinga rc h i t e c t u re conceived as an opportunity toreinvent suburban and rural landscapes. Such issueis part of the very topical and broader theme ofthe relat ionships between infrastructure andlandscape and deals with the important subject ofholistic landscape design. Nowadays designers haveto face several opportunities of parking designrelated to the construction of intermodal stations,airports, shopping malls, industrial areas, as well asnatural, cultural and leisure parks.These places anddesign themes have now become usual,nevertheless they still require an appropriate andoriginal design research.Parking are a s , besides their specific or iginalfunction, can represent gardens and public spaceslying between the city an the countryside, capableof producing new hybr id landscapes blendingarchitecture, infrastructure and nature.The introduction of the work refers to the artisticphenomenon of the sixties and seventies known asLand Art, which proves to be useful to underlinesome essential concepts of Landscape Design. LandA rt ists pre fe rred per iurban, natural and rurallandscapes as optimal spaces to test a new form ofrelation between man and nature, through anaesthetical and ethical claim.Aesthetical, since non-urban landscapes represented open air scenesrefusing the traditional exhibition halls and artmarkets, and, at the same time, places where theartistic work materials were mined, as well assources of formal inspiration. On the ethical sidethe attention was strongly turned to the ecologicalissue, felt as an urgent need in that period, andfocused on the key concepts of the reversibility

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A B S T R A C T Sand temporary nature of human actions, verys h o rt if compared to the t ime of naturalprocesses.Since (landscape) architecture is a functional art, itassumes the above-mentioned aesthet ical andethical values and combines them with social aneconomic needs. Some contemporary projects ofparking areas reveal a design approach aware ofthe specific features of suburban landscapes, meantas archetypal spaces where dialectics betweenhuman activities and nature, between agricultureand nature, between the landscape and the gardentakes place.

Urban v egetation and per ceiv edcolour

Thorpert, P.

S L U, Faculty of Landscape Planning,H o rt i c u l t u re and Agricultural Science,D e p a rtment of Landscape Management ,Design and Construction, Box 58, 230 53Alnarp, Sweden.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractLittle or no research has been conducted on howdistance affects the perceived colour of vegetation.The purpose of this paper is to present part of ano n going re s e a rc h , aiming to generate newknowledge and understanding about consciouscolour use in urban hort i c u l t u re design. T h eintention is also to start a professional discussionabout the interaction between colour, architectureand vegetation.In the re s e a rch project the experience ofperceived colour depending on distance, seasonand species is studied in different plantings. There s e a rch area is located in the Landscap eL a b o r a t o ry at the Swedish University ofAgr icultural Sciences, A l n a r p. The Landscap eLaboratory focus on the construction of newl a n d s c ape elements, characters and speciescombinations.The research is based on studies of plantationswith one species, Quercus robur, two species,Quercus robur and Prunus avium and complex standwith diffe rent key and complement species(Quercus robur, Prunus avium, Sambus nigra, Tiliacordata, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Prunuspadus, Crataegus monogyna). The project is a case-study based on site obser vations andi n t e r p retations by a test-group as the mainempirical sours.The methods used are Colour notesof hue and nuance, Colour notes of feelings, Colourspecification of the RHS Colour Chart and Colouranalyse with artist’s colours.The study is a contr ibution to the grow i n gknowledge in relation to how colour experiencesinteracts with arc h i t e c t u re and urbanhorticulture.


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LUH 09A pub lic gar den per r esident? Thesocio-economic conte xt of homesand gar dens in the inner city

Mees, C.

PhD Candidate at the University of Arts Berlin,Institute of the History and Theory of Design,Culture of gardening and open space development,Torstrasse 167, 10115 Berlin, Germany* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe ratio of open and built-up space in the innercity is depended on economic interests, city planningand the concept of living in a private home withgarden,also called “the American dream”. In times ofeconomic upswing urbanization spre a d s , w h e nsuburbs are created along traffic lines and residentsare pushed by real estate market and subsidizing outof a city’s center. Lots are subdivided, built-up andeventually new neighborhoods grow together tobecome inner city districts with their own social andeconomic centers. Density increases, while openspace is re d u c e d . Since the population of aresidential location, rental charges for apartmentsand the amount of open space is depended on thetype of ownership and occupancy of the buildings,the district may be downgraded from middle- tolow-income districts – with an further decrease inopen space due to speculation. During times ofeconomic downwind, these districts are vacated oftheir population, vacant buildings are built “back”and only some urban structures inhabited by fewlow-income residents remain. As more open spacebecomes available, residents create gardens next totheir home as they had been dreaming of.This spursrenewed interest in the residential location andrevives urbanization. Suburban development is re-introduced, succeeded by densification.The renewedpressure on land threatens the existence of thec o m munity gardens and the possibility of theresidents to remain in their neighborhood. Thisscenario of urbanization is analyzed at the exampleof the drastic changes in urban and communitygardens development in the South Bronx in NewYork City.The thesis is that the described cycle ofurban growth and shrinkage could be broken infavor of especially the low-income residents byreconsidering the concept of the “American dream”and by providing a privately used public garden perresident.

Towar ds a ne w professional figur e :the agri-city planner

Fleury,A*.,Vidal, R.

CERAPT, ENSP, 10 Rue Maréchal Joffre 78000Versailles France* corresponding author:[email protected]

AbstractSince a long time, horticulture collaborates witharchitecture. Formerly, for instance, orchards andalso kitchen gardens were green components ofgentry housing. so, in Versailles, famous Potager duRoi or Orangerie were conceived by la Quyntinie, atrue g a rd e n e r - l a n d s c a p e r, to be wo rt hy ofarchitectural conception of the palace. Similarly,urban design needs horticulture, because publicgardens and parks are considered as essential to amodern city. But henceforth, we must considerother scales than usually; particularly, this one ofurban region, or archipelago city, where cities islandsare separated each other by green open spaces, ornatural either cultivated. These latter become apart of urban design, when this one is managed atregion level. Modern green belts of big cities areimmense; they take up ten thousands km2, such asin Paris, Peking or Toronto.A l s o, meeting between hort i c u l t u re andarchitecture is deeply different. Probably, supplyingthe town with food is always important, not onlybecause horticultural belts we re a tradit ionalcomponent of cit ies (st ill in southern poorcountries), but also because there are nowadays alarge range of new stakeholders involved in urbanagriculture, in modern meaning of proximity grownfood. More, there are henceforth other socialvalues that horticulture deals with agriculture,more particularly rural landscape and heritage.Agriculture, and also they are involved in citygovernance.So, we proposed to design a new professionalf i g u re, whose background would be var ious(architecture, agronomy and horticultural science,landscape design, urban planning), but who wouldbe trained in order to work together and to designand manage a more efficient local project.

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A B S T R A C T SThe Preser vation and Pr otection ofUrban Trees: Lessons fr om the Fieldand Case Studies fr om the City ofNew York

Carsten,W. Glaeser

Glaeser Ph.D, Independent Consulting A r b o ri s t ,Glaeser Horticultural Consulting Inc, 47-36 156th

Street, Flushing NY 11355 USA.* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractUrban population centers are ever increasing in sizeand spread, enveloping much of the remaining openand tree inhabiting landscapes within those centers.In the City of New York growth and developmentover the past six years, both in the private andpublic sectors continues to have consequenceswhen occurr ing adjacent to vital urban t re ere s o u rces and voluminous root occupiedlandscapes. The NYC Mayoral “PLANYC2030”proposed in early 2008 is the outline for a Green &Sustainable city and under that Plan unequivocallyidentifies urban tree resources as the organism ofchoice to address the matters of sustainability- theecological, economic, social,health and quality of lifeissues curre n t ly confronting the 8 millioninhabitants of the city.Despite the PLANYC2030 and even NYC lawsintended to protect public trees, construction fromi n f r a s t r u c t u re and building development hasdirectly impacted and damaged unforetold numbersof large and mature irreplaceable specimen publictrees highly relied upon to deliver vital benefits andservices, and with tree health that are significantlycompromised and have become public liabilities.When tree protection and preservation goals doarise, independent Consulting Arborists (CA) areinvited to tell it like it is- informing and educatinga d m i n i s t r a t o r s , p l a n n e r s , engineers and theirl a n d s c ape architects pre c i s e ly what condit ionsindividual mature trees and their root zonesre q u i re to ensure cont inued t ree health andl o n g ev i t y. Exper iences from the field by aConsulting Arborist cites numerous case samplesw h e re t ree protection and pre s e rvation we resuccessful and other dire lessons- where treeprotection was set aside with obvious negativeoutcomes to those trees. Presented are strategiesand technologies currently used within the City ofNewYork by CAs to minimize the damaging aspectsof construction upon trees.

Bioengineering and ecolo gicalrestoration in urban gr een areas:examples fr om nor th-w estern Ital y

Larcher, F.(1)*, Montacchini, E.(2)

(1) D e p t . A g ro n o my, Fo re s t ry and Landmanagement, University of Turin, Via Leonardo daVinci 4410095 GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy(2) Dept. Human Settlements Science, PolytechnicU n i versity of Tu r i n , V.le Matt ioli 39, 1 0 1 2 5TORINO, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe importance of green areas is increasinglyc o n s i d e red for the restorat ion of urbanecosystems.Worldwide studies concerning peopleneeds in urban landscapes have underlined thefundamental role carried out by greening in thecities not only for social and aesthetical reasons,but also for environmental aims.Problems like soilerosion, river flooding, lack of biodiversity arefrequent in urban contexts and, in the last decade,ecological planning and design methods were oftenap p l i e d . In par t i c u l a r, the application ofbioengineering and ecological principles at theurban scale represents an interesting novelty. Forthis purpose an interd i s c i p l i n a ry ap p roach isneeded, agronomists and architects have to worktogether in order to solve both ecological andtechnical pro b l e m s . T h e re fo re, in this studyauthors looked at the use of bioengineer ingtechniques used in some recent intere s t i n gexamples in urban green areas in Piedmont (north-western Italy ) . The proper use of methods( s e e d i n g ; p l a n t a t i o n s , rock walls, piling walls),materials (wood, stone, geotextiles, biotextiles)and species (grasses and herbs, shrubs and trees)were analysed.D i f fe rences from cr iteria used in mountaincontexts, values and limits of these techniques inurban areas and their possible application alongbanks of rivers, slopes, roads, footpaths or bikepaths were pointed out.


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LUH 09Six J ewish Gar den Designers in Vienna

Meder, I.*, Krippner, U., Bacher, B.

Institute of Landscape Architecture, Departmentof Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences,University of Natural Resources and Applied LifeSciences,Vienna* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe lecture deals with the life and work of sixJewish women garden designers in Vienna in the1920s and 1930s.It discusses the potential ofg a rden design and hort i c u l t u re as a part ofwo m e n ’s economic self-determinat ion. And itshows both the great impact these women had onViennese Modern Garden architecture and thevacuum the emigration of 1938 left in Austria.In 1913, Yella Hertzka, a friend of Gustav Mahler,Arnold Schönberg, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek,founded the first Horticulture High School forGirls. In 1938 she escaped to Great Britain. HannyStrauß’ radically modern house, designed by JosefFrank in 1914, was the headquarter of her nurseryof perennials, called „Windmühlhöhe“. Followingher contacts with Frank, she supplied the plantsfor gardens in the Vienna Werkbundsiedlung anddesigned the garden of the Austrian pavilion at theParis World Exhibition in 1937. Oskar and HannyStrauß escaped to Haifa. Anna Plischke, n é eS c h w i t z e r, wo r ked pro fe s s i o n a l ly as a gard e ndesigner. Married to architect Ernst Plischke, inNew Zealand after 1938 she also turned tog rowing and propagating pere n n i a l s . D r. P a u l aFürth was both the owner of a nursery and headof a school of horticulture in Vienna; she, too,worked closely together with modern designersand architects. Helene Wolf’s „Helenium“ andGrete Salzer’s „Hortensium” were both nurseriesthat also designed gardens for houses of modernVienna Architects.This lecture will present results of a researchp roject on landscape arc h i t e c t u re in A u s t r i abetween 1912 and 1945.

A new landsca pe for Milan

Vallone, F.

Director of Department Street Furniture, Greenand Urban Quality - Municipality of Milan,Nat ional V i c e - P resident of AIAPP (ItalianAssociation of Landscape Architecture) * corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractM i l a n ’s Municipality has started a re n ov a t i o nprocess of the urban landscape, based on somefundamental “levers”. First comes the PGT. Incompliance with Law 12/2005, also Milan iscreating an instrument for managing the process ofurban transformation. The identified unchangingfeatures are the environmental and infra-structuralsystem networks. Green areas and roads willconstitute the connective tissue of the severalother urban structures and functions, thus definingnot only the shape, but also the functional and usearticulation of collectively used open spaces.A specific layer of PGT is the Plan for the Green(already defined in 2007), which specifies, besidesthe morphology, also the cultural and scientificcontents of the future green are a s : t h e i rconnections, permeability, ecological and landscapequality, use,… duly scaled to the territory: fromthe neighbourhood green areas, to the great urbanpark, up to the outermost green belt.The aim is more than doubling Milan’s green areas(from 13 to 30 square metre per inhabitant), byworking both on the creation of new greenery,t h e re fo re new parks, n ew plantat ions (aim:500,000 t re e s ) , n ew vegetal species (consistent withecological and environmental-friendly criteria); andon the systematisation of the existing and futuregreen, through interconnected and protected usenetworks (green areas, gardens and lawns), whichwill enable the citizens to reach and use also areaswhich today are marginal and often inaccessible.Anexample of this is the vast agricultural landscape tothe South of Milan, which will be reachable fromthe Darsena (wet dock) along the Nav i g l iwaterways, so as to appreciate a new kind ofg re e n , among farmhouses, a b b ey s , i rr i g a t i o nditches, agricultural fields, with the possibility ofvisiting the numerous farms and of buying theirtypical, often certified, products. The new green

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A B S T R A C T Swill be also supported by the waterways network,from the irrigation ditches and canals to the onlyriver still “in the open”, the Lambro,which will thusbecome the main ecological lane of the vast greensystem to the East of Milan, stretching from thecity centre towards Parco Forlanini, Idroscalo, andthen towards the outermost agricultural fringes.Thanks to a Green Area, it will be possible to reachthis region, as well as Parco Montestella, ParcoNord or – along the Naviglio Martesana – to gobeyond the municipality’s borders until…Lecco!In this way Milan, besides the more famous anddiscussed major works, has already started tore n ovate valuable are a s , re s t o re monu m e n t s ,floodlight churches and theatres, light up squaresand parks, enr iching them with art i s t i cperformances.Similarly, it has also started to redefine plans andprojects in order to give them the required formaland constructive consistency.We are faced with abig challenge and the work is in progress, startingfrom the first practical need: coordinating theseveral public and private workers acting on thesame vast territory.The aim is not only that of avoiding overlapping or,-even worse- interfering, but also and above allactivating synergies and economies of scale, usefulto the creation of a widely shared urban quality.By building a network with the other world citiesthat have already started important processes ofurban regeneration, Milan is laying the foundationsof an important renovation of its own urban fabric:not only through major works and big buildingsites, but also thanks to the re-establishment ofthe net of anthropic and env i ro n m e n t a lcomponents that constitute its intrinsic value andmemory.


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A B S T R A C T SSustainab le landsca ping: a low-maintenance pr oject f or a gr eenarea in Pisa (Ital y)

Bretzel F.*(1),Vernieri, P.(2), Clemente, F. (2)

(1) Institute for Ecosystem Studies, C N R , v i aMoruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.(2) Department of Crop Biology, viale delle Piagge23, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractWe are creating a new design for the 4 ha gardenthat is part of the National Research Council inPisa. Due to inadequate planning and a recentshortage of funding, this green area needs radicalrestyling. In order to reduce the planting costs andthe maintenance, the key elements taken intoaccount were: use of native hardy species, use ofcompost, irrigation limited to the representativea re a s , re n ewable energies. I m p rovement inbiodiversity and enjoyment for people were alsoconsidered important aspects.The garden restylingwould then benefit the thousand of people whowork there and all the out-patients who regularlycome to the clinic, that is also located in the samearea.

Urban landsca pe in pub lic places ofdense built ar ea

Dumitras,A., Singureanu,V.*, Ilca-suciu,T., Sabo, G.,Zaharia, D.

University of Agricultural Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine, Manastur Street, no. 3-5, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractThe presence of vegetation in urbanized places islooked punctual or accidental, reason for it’srequired a proper analysis of the situation andaction practices as soon as possible.In the highly urbanized places of the city, thevegetation in competed by the commercial postsand banners.The perennial character of vegetationand poor maintenance of the urban landscape canrepresent other factors that led to few vegetationareas in these areas.Due to these unfortunate events, we consider asopportunity or compulsory practice, adopting newsolutions for increasing the vegetation surfaces,related with the norms and laws of the EC witchstipulate the vegetation area/inhabitant will reach26 m2/ inhabitant till year 2010.Due to the ment ioned above situat ion, t h ep resence of vegetation is compulsory for itsbenefic effects, which assume certain equilibriumin the urban landscape.The paper proposes monitorization of the localdendro-floricol species, behavior of some newintroduced species in the Romanian landscaperegarding the climatic conditions specific to ourcountry. Another point of interest is keen on thepossibility for a better integration of thevegetation in the urban landscape, regarding thefront side of the buildings in the highly urbanizedplaces.Concluding, due to proper studies and analysisregarding the actual urban landscape area, will bepossible to make s u g ge s t i o n s and n ew defi n i t esolutions for raising the surfaces with vegetation inthe highly urbanized places, for a pro p e rc o n c o rdance of the Romanian landscap earchitecture with the EC standards and norms.


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LUH 09Agricultur e, agrarian landsca pe andter ritorial planning:characterization of the ter ritor yand h ypothesis of de velopment inSanta Flavia (Palermo) - Ital y

Aprile S.*(1), Folin M.(2), Zizzo GV.(1)

(1) C.R.A. – Unità di ricerca per il recupero e lavalorizzazione delle specie floricole mediterraneeS.S. 113 – km 245,500 90011 – Bagheria (Palermo)- Italy(2) Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia -Dipartimento di Pianificazione del territorioSanta Croce 1957 Ca’ Tron 30135 Venezia - Italy* corresponding author: [email protected]

AbstractTo d ay, c o m p lying with national and re g i o n a ll e g i s l a t u re, t e rr itorial planning in Italy mu s tguarantee a careful management of the territory.T h e re fo re it cannot omit the support ofe nv i ronmental studies (geological studies,agricultural-forest studies, E.I.A., S.E.A., etc.) thatdefine new and diffe rent perspectives to beassumed in landscape analyses and project choices.The present study case, carried out in Sicily withthe contribution of different professionals, takesplace in this context.The research is located in theterritory of Santa Flavia (Palermo), a small coastaltown divided between an economy based ontourism and one based on traditional fishing andagricultureThrough agricultural-forest study methodologies,the analyses so far conducted have care f u l lyexamined the municipal territory so as to identifypossible actions of re s t o r a t i o n , p rotection orexploitation of the forest and landscape resources.To reach this objective a methodology of dataelaboration has been adopted that distinguishesthe territory in “landscape unities” homogeneousregarding use and need of planning actions.The research reveals a territory possessing a richn a t u r a l i s t i c, histor ical and env i ro n m e n t a lpatrimony, about 70% of which covered withagrarian cultivations that deeply characterize thelandscape.The analyses in detail underline the extremefragmentation of landed property that, with theabandon of citrus cultivations and the pressure of

t h i r ty years of indiscr iminate urbanizat ion,disfigure the territory.T h e re fo re, str iving not to lose any peculiarh i s t o r i c a l - c u l t u r a l , l a n d s c ape and pro d u c t i vecharacter istics of the local country s i d e, s o m euseful hypotheses have been formulated in orderto exploit or re-qualify local agriculture, not onlyin terms of cultural re-conversion but also ofalternative uses of agrarian properties.

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urban horticulture reports from 2009 conference

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