urban pest house fly-ssnaik tnau ph.d scholar
TRANSCRIPT
WEL COME
SSNAIKTNAU, Ph.D Scholar
TERM PAPER PRESENTATIONON
URBAN PEST-HOUSE URBAN PEST-HOUSE FLY FLY
ENT 615DOEMISTIC, VETERINARY AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
CPPS,TNAU,COIMBATORE-641 003
NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIKID. NO: 2015800506YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
Introduction
Conclusion
PART I
PART II
PART III
INDEX
Common house fly Little house fly
Integrated Fly Management
INTRODUCTION
PART I
INTRODCUTION Which insect described as true fly ? Dragonflies, mayflies, fireflies, caddisflies, butterflies etc., HOUSE FLY-TRUE FLY / Two winged flies Cosmopolitan pest Farm and home /urban pest Nuisance and disease causing insects vectors of over 100 human and animal pathogenic organisms 36, 83, 000 bacteria-slum 19, 41,000 bacteria -cleaner Potential threat to the human and the animals Filth fly/ Synanthropic fly
TAXONOMIC POSITION
Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Muscidae Genus : Musca Species : domestica
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Order: Diptera Nematocera Brachycera CyclorrhaphaTipuloidea Psychodoidea CuliodeaAnisopodoideaBibionoideamycetophiloidea
Tabanoidea AsiloideaEmpidoidea
LonchopteroideaPhoroideaSyrphoideaMicropezoideaNothyboideaOtioideaSciomyzoideaLauxanioideaPallopteroideaAnthomyzoideaAgromyzoideaCholoropoideaDrosophiloideaMuscoideaCalliphoroidea
Greek meaning ‘di’- two, ‘ptera’- wingsFouth largest order of insectsHigly structurally evolved order
DIFFERENTIATION
Nematocera Brachycera Cyclorrhapha Thread horn Antennae is long Larval head-developed Mandibulate MP Obtect pupa Straight split
Short horn Antennae is short Retractile head Mandibulate MP Exarate pupa Straight split
Circular crack Antennae is aristate Larval head-vestigial Mouth hooks Coarctate pupa Circular split Ptilinum
Nematocera
Brachycera
Cyclorrhapha
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COMMON SPECIES
PART II
COMMON HOUSE FLY
LITTLE HOUSE FLY
HOUSE FLY Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Muscidae Genus : Musca Species : domestica
Short, aristate antenna, plumose
Compound eyes are large
Sponging type of mouth parts.
Telescopic last abdominal segments Pseudo ovipositorBody covered with the hairs
abdominal segments yellowish in colour Single pair of membranous wings
Prothorax
Mesothorax Meta thorax
Reduced wing traceation
Tarsus 5 segmented
How can we differentiate a female and male house fly ?
Male
Female
1. Labellum2. Lower lip (labium)3. Maxillary palp 4. upper lip (labrum)5. Subgenal area 6. Clypeus 7. Fronto-orbital area8. Fronto-orbital bristles 9. Outer vertical bristle10. inner vertical bristle11. postocellar bristles (postvertical bristles in old literature)12. Ocelli13. Ocellar bristles14. compound eye 15. Frontal suture or ptilinal suture 16. antenna 17. Arista 18. Vibrissa
HOUSE FLY MOUTH PARTS AND ITS FEEDING MECHANISM
FEEDING MECHANISM
Heaps of accumulated animal faecesMoisture (not too wet), Texture (not too solid) and Freshness (normally within a week after deposition).
BREEDING SITES
Garbage and waste from food processing
Garbage provides the main medium for breeding. It includes waste associated with the Preparation of the food Cooking and serving of food at home and in public places, handling, Storage and sale of food,Fruits and vegetables markets
Dung
BREEDING SITES
Sewage Houseflies also breed in sewage sludge and solid organic waste in
open drains, cesspools (underground pools for household sewage) and cesspits.
Accumulated plant materials Piles of decaying grass clippings, compost heaps and other
accumulations of rotting vegetable matter serve as good breeding places for flies
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
House flies are strongly suspected of transmitting at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, leprosy and tuberculosis
Houseflies can transmit intestinal worms, or their eggs
This common fly originated on the steppes of central Asia,
Now occurs on all inhabited continents,
All climates from tropical to temperate, and in a variety of environments ranging from rural to urban.
It is commonly associated with animal faeces, but has adapted well to feeding on garbage, so it is abundant almost anywhere people live.
DISTRIBUTION
DISPERSAL
House flies will disperse all directions from a single source in urban areas; Dispersal is tied to food availability and flies tend to stay at food source (only 8-30% disperse beyond source dairy or poultry facility) (38% disperse
beyond 1 mile or more from woodland release site) Facility clean-out and spreading manure on fields can be major times for fly
dispersal Rate of dispersal increases above 53° F and when breeding materials are
scarce Flies move upwind with steady 2-7 mph wind as they move towards attractive
sites, otherwise movement is non-directional “random”; another study threshold was 10 mph for directed movement
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) can increase local fly densities
DISPERSAL
Stafford, 2008
COMPARISON OF DISPERSAL BETWEEN RURAL, URBAN AND FARM AREAS
Stafford, 2008
BIOLOGY & LIFE CYCLE Their thorax is gray, with four longitudinal dark lines. The underside abdomen -yellow, Body covered with hair.
4-5 days period500 eggs (5-6 batches) 12-24 HoursRice grain like
Holometabolous development
Cylindrical shape Tapering anteriorlySpiracular platesCreamy white colour
Muscalure, (Z)-9-tricosene
Puparium3-4 daysPuparium 2-4 weeks in summer
longer in cooler weatherDiurnal active fliersCeiling, roofs, walls, posts and other surfaces
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE INDOOR AND OUT DOOR MANURE PITS
BREEDING AND PUPATION ZONE
CHANGES IN THE PUPA yellow, red, brown, to black
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE HOUSE FLY
Stafford, 2008
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE ADULT FLY ACTIVITY
LESSER HOUSE FLY
Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Muscidae Genus : Fannia Species : carnicularis
Lesser house fly was first recorded in Hawaii in 1901 Frequently encountered in poultry houses. They have an erratic flight pattern Flying in large numbers around indoor light fittings. Tolerant of cool conditions This species survives the winter mainly in the form of pupae, adults remain active and reproduce throughout the year in warm conditions Makes longer flights and spends less time resting Females of the species tend to remain near the breeding sites and Only the males migrate Less prone to transmit disease
INTRODUCTION
BREEDING MATERIAL
Poultry manure
Moist decaying organic material
BIOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE Holometabolous development
DIFFERENCES
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COMMON HOUSE FLY LESSER HOUSE FLY
They are highly active indoors Intolerant to cooler conditions Generally manure, garbage and decaying organic materials Less flights maximum 8 km No erratic flight movement Spending more time in the resting
Females will do the migration
Around indoor light fittings Tolerant to cooler conditions Mainly poultry manure and other decaying organic material Longer flights more than 8 km Erratic flight behaviour-circular flights Spending more time in the flight than
the resting Males will do the migration than the
females
General :
DIFFERENCES ………………….
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Biology & Life cycle: Blackish- gray fly with the mottled yellow abdomen
No dark stripes down its back
Smaller that the common house fly
Wings are overlapping V shape Fourth longitudinal vein straight Larva is brownish in colour Life cycle completes 15-30 days
10 days old
Grayish fly with yellowish abdomen
Four dark stripes
Bigger than the little house fly
Wings no over lapping Fourth longitudinal vein curved Larva is creamy white in colour
and cylindrical in shape Life cycle completes within 6-10
days 48 hours after emergence
oviposition
DIFFERENCES ………………….
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Biology & Life cycle:
Pearly white cylindrical eggs
Eggs cannot have the mechanism to float in the liquid medium
No hairy protuberances present on the maggot
Banana shaped eggs
Eggs longitudinal stripes so that they can float on the liquid medium
Hairy protuberances present on the
maggot and flattened with numerous spines
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DIFFERENCES ………………….
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DIFFERENCES ………………….
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INTEGRATED FLY MANAGEMENT
Cultural manure controlMechanical controlBiological control Chemical control
CULTURAL CONTROL First step is the removal of the maggot food source/ breeding material Removal of wet manure twice in a week The manure can be spread or the added to the liquid medium Wet straw, shredded paper, coarse saw dust should not be piled up near the
buildings Maintain the moist levels low below 50 percent by leaking or the ventilation
CULTURAL CONTROL …..
CULTURAL CONTROL
Remove the garbage regularly
The garbage cans should have tight fitting lids, should be cleaned regularly
and located far from the doors
Exterior lights should be sodium vapour type placed at least 30 feet away and
directed towards the premises
MECHANICAL CONTROL
Adult flies can be trapped using the mechanical traps with adequate numbers, right place
Install fly entry proofing measures such as screens in all opening premises, with 18 mesh screens, double doors, air curtains on large shutters.
Various sticky or adhesive traps and electrocuting traps or “bug zapper Bait traps also effective traps Pheromone trap for the female adult fly using the sex attractant (Z)-9-
tricosene One baited trap is used approximately every 20-30 feet around the perimeter
of where the flies are resting in the morning and afternoon The bait material should not give foul smell Inverted cone traps, Light traps with ultra violet light can be installed inside the premises
20 m
COMMERCIAL STICKY TRAPS AND CONTAINER TRAPS
EXAMPLE BAIT TRAP : BELTSVILLE BAIT TRAP
Adhesive ribbon Jug or bottle trap Bag trap
MECHANICAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Macrocheles muscaedomesticae feeding on house fly eggs
Uropodid mite Fuscurpoda vegetans
Predators:
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Hister beetle, Carcinops pumilio, Ophyra leucostoma
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Parasitoids:
Muscidifurax raptor female laying eggs
No pesticides, space sprays, residual sprays should be used inside
the premises.
If sanitation efforts are not possible, a non residual pyrethrin
aerosol / deltamethrin 2.5 WP/Flow @ 0.025% as water base or
chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.5% as water base will be applied out
doors by covering all breeding places, external periphery and
sewage/drains
CHEMICAL CONTROL
CONCLUSION
PART III
CONCLUSION
House fly is a cosmopolitan pest associated with the human habitations and the farm animals. They are the pioneers in the transmission of the dangerous disease causing pathogens because of their mode of feeding and their body structures majorly in the urban areas. Proper control like cultural manure management, mechanical control, biological control and the chemical control measures based on its biology would control the house flies. Community approach and institutions like NGOs, awareness programmes, majorly taking preventive measures play a vital role in their control.
Please keep understanding…
Flies life cycle
REFERENCES
FOR REFERNCES PLEASE CONTACT [email protected]
Thank You
Presented bySabhavat Srinivasnaik
ID.NO:2015800506I Ph. D (Agrl. Entomology)