urban planning & environmental management

8/4/2019 Urban Planning & Environmental Management

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Urban Planning

&Environmental Governance

56th Senior Staff CourseBPATC, Savar, Dhaka.

Class lecture prepared by

Md. Shamsul ArefinJoint SecretaryMinistry of Public Administration

Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh

21 April 2012 1M. Shamsul Arefin


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Definition of Urban Planning

Urban Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, andorderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and

services with a view to securing the physical,

economic and social efficiency, health and well-being

of urban communities.

The goal of urban planning is to ensure welfare of

the people and their communities by creatingconvenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and

attractive environments for present and future

generations. (Agenda 21)


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Scope of Urban Planning

Deals with the future of a city.

Manages urban growth

Considerations: the physical, social andeconomic aspects of communities and examinethe connections among them.

Highly collaborative process: Working withlocal residents, politicians, and special groups.

Much of planning is functional.


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What do planners do?

Planners formulate plans to meet the social,economic, and physical needs of communities,

and they develop the strategies to make these

plans work, such as; Land use patterns

Housing needs

Parks and recreation

Roads and transportation systems,

Economic development strategies


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Planning Process

Land use and its organization is an importantfunction in the planning process

Why your city is different from other cities interms of layout , size and scenic beauty

Historical factors

Economic factors

Geographical factors

Political factorsOther considerations


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The planning profession deals with

urbanization issues, such as: conversion of land from natural habitats to

urban built areas,

maintenance and use of natural resources and

habitats,

development of transportation related

infrastructure,

environmental protection.


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Planners not only deal with land use, but also:

Planning social and community services, Managing cultural and heritage resources,

Creating economic capacity in local communities,

Addressing transportation and infrastructure issues,

Planners must feel comfortable interpreting

population statistics, economic and social data,

geographical information, resource inventories andenvironmental indicators and have a genuine interest

in geography and environment.


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Urban Planning people

recommend policy and guidelines on land use,environmental conservation, housing, and transportation;

do research and prepare reports on demographic,

economic, cultural, social and environmental issues; review proposals for development to ensure that theyfollow regulations and generally accepted planningpractice;

prepare plans for developing private lands, providing

public spaces and services and maintaining and improvingthe environment;

answer questions from the public on planning policies andprocedures;

speak before public meetings or formal hearings;

consult with landowners, interest groups and citizens.


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21 April 2012 M. Shamsul Arefin 9

Pillars Urban Planning &

Environment

Urban planning integrates land use planningand transportation planning to improve economic

and social environments of cities.

Urban planner cares for environment

Urban Planners appreciate physical planning

Urban planners acknowledges concepts of

sustainable development


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Urban Policy Initiatives

The National Report on Human Settlements submitted to the UN Habitat I

conference held at Vancouver in Canada in 1976 came close to a policystatement on human settlements and urbanization.

Besides this, the various five year plan documents prepared between 1973and 1998 also indicated urban policy directions.

The National Habitat Report had recommended that various planningregions were to be identified and in each region one medium-sized townwould be chosen as focal point of regional growth.

The National Housing Policy 1993, The Bangladesh Urban and Shelter Sector Review (1993),


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Why Do We Need Urban Planning?

A city government usually includes sectoralapproaches that manage individual sectors such

as:

TransportWater and sewer

Land

Housing, etc.Waste Management

Pollution control

Good sectoral management is indispensable but it is not enough!


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Urban Planning Work Across Sectors

By contrast with sector managers, Urban Planners workacross sectors

For this reason their contribution to the efficiency of acity is unique


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Urban Planning

Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wroteHygeia, City of Health (1876) envisioning:

air pollution control

water purification

sewage handling

public transport

public health

Waste management


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Father of City Planning

The Greek Hippodamus (c. 407 BC) has been known as the"Father of City Planning" for his design of Miletus; Alexandercommissioned him to lay out his new city of Alexandria, thegrandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancientMediterranean world.


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Olmsteds Park Design Principles

1. SCENERY: design spaces in which movement creates constant opening upof new views and obscurity of detail further away

2. SUITABILITY: respect the natural scenery and topography of the site

3. STYLE:

Pastoral = open greensward with small bodies of water and scattered treesand groves create a soothing, restorative atmosphere

Picturesque = profuse planting, especially with shrubs, creepers and groundcover, on steep and broken terrain create a sense of the richness andbounteousness of nature, produce a sense of mystery with light and shade

4. Art to conceal Art

5. SEPARATION: of areas designed in different styles

of ways, in order to ensure safety

6. SANITATION: promote both the physical and mental health of users

Source: National Association of Olmsted Parks: http://www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm


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Settlement House Movement

Jane Addams founded HullHouse (Chicago) 1889

Housing settlement

must care forharmonious society


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Garden Cities (a British innovation)

Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)

three magnets

town (high wages, opportunity, and amusement)

country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air)

town-country (combination of both)


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Ebenezer Howard

USA 1850-1928

Opposed urban crowding/densityHe wanted a city of village

Priority Area of urban policy

Water and sanitationEnergyHealthBiodiversity protection andecosystem management


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Best Practice


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Best practices of urban Planning

Water quality and sanitation is ensured

Most people have adequate light and air

Fire danger is controlledDisease is controlled

Security is protected

Urban growth continues to create healthy and

humanizing environments


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg


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21 April 2012 23

Singapore
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Hongkong_central_kowloon-full.jpg


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21 April 2012 24

Why Urban Planning is necessary

Extreme pressure on housing, growth of slums and the pressure onurban services.

Economic: Leading to income inequality and poverty

Social: resulting in increased violence and crime, social degradation.

Cultural: entry of alien culture, loss of national cultural identity.

Political: Heavy unrest of citizens

Environmental : water and air pollution, high level of noise pollution anddegradation of land, uncollected garbage adds public health hazards,massive traffic congestions have become regular features, deforestation,cutting down of hills, encroachment and filling of water bodies


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Emerging Issues at City Environmental crisis, pollution, inadequate solid waste management

Poor transportation system and traffic congestion

Pressure on land, housing, growth of slums and squatter settlements

Pressure on all services (health, education, recreation, water, sanitation,

electricity, fuel etc)

Low productivity and system loss

Inequality and poverty

Insecurity

Lawlessness, violence and crime


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Urban Planning Encourages

Growth of secondary cities and small towns.

Attention to allocation of land for housing of all incomecategories, particularly the low-income groups, and to space foreconomic activities for the poor.

Adoption of a transportation system that would be efficient,affordable and environment friendly, (these may imply reducingdependence on private cars, cycle rickshaws and autorickshaws non-mass public transport).

Protection of cities from floods and other natural hazards,water logging. Control of environmental pollution, such as pollution of air,water and land.


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Urban Planning Encourages

Higher efficiency of urban centres by introducing better

management and participatory governance. Control of Traffic congestion.

Pure drinking water and sanitation system

Making provision of public park and garden Implementation of a comprehensive urban policy andimprovement of environmental management

Sustainable development


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EnvironmentalManagement is simply

a set of procedures toreduce environmentalfootprint in our day-to-day activities.

An EM is thecombination of people,policies, procedures

and plans to addressenvironmental issues.

EnvironmentalManagement


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The Continuous Cycle of Environmental Management

Plan

Planning, identifying environmentalaspects and establishing goals

DoImplementing, includes training and

operational controls

CheckChecking, includes monitoring andcorrective action

ActReviewing, includes progress reviewsand acting to make needed changes
http://www.epa.gov/ems/info/act.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/ems/info/plan.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/ems/info/check.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/ems/info/do.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/ems/info/index.htm


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Environment Management Cycle

Checking/Corrective Actions

Measurement and Monitoring Corrective Actions

ContinuousImprovement

Implementation

Roles and Responsibilities

Training and Communication

Planning

Environmental Aspects

Compliance

Objectives and Targets

Environmental Mgmt.

Programs

EnvironmentalPolicy

ManagementReview


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Governance Issues of Urban Planning &

Environment

Compliance with Regulations Reduction of Waste Hazard

Reduction of Energy Consumption

Recycling of waste

Green & clean city

Pollution Prevention

Reduce Traffic congestion

Create Drainage facilities


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Governance Issues of Urban Planning &

Environment

Clean production technologies

Developing more efficient energy technologies

Maintain urban air quality and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions

Sound management of Road and traffic



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Protecting the Natural Resource Base

Prevent water pollution to

reduce health hazards and

protect ecosystems

Watershed and groundwatermanagement

Support water recycling

Ensure the sustainable

development of environmentalprotection



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Water and Sanitation

Water is not only the most

basic of needs but is also

at the center of sustainable

development.

Around 1.2 billion people

still have no access to

clean drinking water

Around 2.4 billion peopledo not have adequate

sanitation.



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Water and Sanitation

Some key issues:

Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards

Protect ecosystems

Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation, industrial

and domestic wastewater treatment

River basin and groundwater management

Support water recycling



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Energy

Some 2 billion people

lack access to

electricity and rely on

traditional fuel sourcessuch as firewood,

kerosene, or biomass

for their cooking andheating & lighting.



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Urban Planning & Environmentalmanagement respects Biodiversity

Biodiversity - is a term we use to describethe variety of life on Earth.

It refers to the wide variety of ecosystemsand living organisms like animals, plants, theirhabitats and their genes.

Managing environment means showinghonor to biodiversity


Urban Planning respects Ecology


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Urban Planning respects Ecology

The word "ecology" ("kologie") was used first in 1866 bythe German scientist Ernst Haeckel (18341919).

Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the distribution andabundance of organisms and their interactions with their environment

Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the study of life. An observations onthe natural history of plants and animals.

Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It is closely related tophysiology, evolutionary biology, genetics.

Urban Planning respects Ecosystems ie every life-supporting function onthe planet, including climate regulation.


The Greenhouse Effect & Environment


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The Greenhouse Effect & EnvironmentA T M O S P H E R E

S U N

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U b P li & GHG


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Urban Policy & GHG

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called

greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb andemit infrared radiation. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in

Earth's atmosphere are

Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide



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Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh

GHG emission is low and negligible Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only

Sectoral consumption of electricity Industries (46%)

Residential (45%) Commercial (7%) Others (2%)

Large part of GHG is coming from electricity generation andtransport sector

Landfills also generate GHGSource "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1(July, 2000)"

http://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png


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Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1 (July, 2000)"42M. Shamsul Arefin

Global Warming
http://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png


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The burning of fossil fuels,

land use change and otherindustrial activities have

increased the GHGs in the

atmosphere that are liable

forGlobal Warming.Cities are more vulnerable

due to global warming.

Global Warming


C f Gl b l W i


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Spread of dengue and other diseases

Heavy rains & severe draughts

Floods, storms, & hurricanes

Changed rainfall patterns

Warming and aridity

Loss of biodiversity

Consequences of Global Warming



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Global primary energy consumption in 2006

15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012

W

Global population in 2006 6.56 billion

Global energy consumption per person in 2006

15.8 x 1012 W

6.56 x 10

9

2.4 kW

Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/



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Energy Options

Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)HydropowerNuclear energy

Solar energy

Wind energyGeothermal energy

Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy

Biomass energyBiofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy


Fuels


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Fuels

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glob

alConsumption(inMillio

n

tonnesoileq

uivalent)

Oil Hydroelectric

Coal NuclearNatural gas

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 200821 April 2012 47M. Shamsul Arefin

Indirect CO emissions from life cycle


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Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle

(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)

4 2148

236 280

1306

688

439

910

966

100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear

Upper rangeLower range

Nuclear fission energy isthe best CO2 emissions-free energy source so far.

IAEA200021 April 2012 48M. Shamsul Arefin


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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planetsto provide the resources we use and absorb our waste.

This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months toregenerate what we use in a year.



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EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid 2030 if current population andconsumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios.

It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to supportus.


Ecological Footprint (EF)


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EF measures how much land and water area

a human population requires to produce theresource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,using prevailing technology.

EF does not include an economic indicator.


Sustainable global EF per capita

= Total Bio capacity per capita

Ecological Footprint (EF)


Biocapacity


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Biocapacity is shorthand for biologicalcapacity, which is the ability of anecosystem to produce useful biologicalmaterials and to absorb wastes generatedby humans.


Biocapacity


For the World


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Total EF (billions gha)

Total Biocapacity (billions gha)

For the World

Before 1986, the world consumed resources andproduced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the

planet could produce and reabsorb.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org21 April 2012 53M. Shamsul Arefin

Urban Environment degradation


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Industry

Raw materialEnergy

ted

Capital Labour

UnlimitedWaste material

Products

UnlimitedEnvironmental

degradationUnlimited

Unlimited


Urban Environment degradation

Forest industry waste


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Forest industry wasteMost "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.

These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.


Factory waste


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Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/

More than

500 factorie(mostlytextiles) linethe banks othe 200-milCitarumriver, neartheIndonesiancapital ofJakarta.

Factory waste


Computer industry waste


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Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com

Computer industry waste



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Boat playing on a city road


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Water logging in Dhaka city road

Solar System in the City


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Solar System in the City

Electric Rail


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Electric Rail


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PRT System

Conclusion


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Conclusion

Planning is not just the layout of buildings

Planning should involve people in the process

Look at the different opportunities for the city

Balance among competing interests

Urban Planning is comprehensive: economic, social, environmental & design

Improved conditions for peoples lives

Manage scarce resources


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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