urbanization in pakistan
TRANSCRIPT
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Urbanization in Pakistan
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Urbanization
A process of population concentration in an area having better facilities of life.
• It proceeds in two ways: the multiplication of points of concentration and the increase in the size of individual concentrations
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Pakistan and Other South Asian Countries
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldev
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
0%10%
20%30%
40%50%
60%70%
80%90%
100%
22
26
7
28
28
12
33
23
78
74
93
72
72
88
66
77
Urban PoplationRural Population
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Levels of Urbanization
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Urbanization level in Pakistan: 1965-2010
1965 1994 2010 20120%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
6
25 32 3318
3938 38
76
36 32 31
Rural PopulationPeri-Urban PopulationUrban Population
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Percentage of Urban population at Provinces level: Census of 1998
Sindh
Punjab
Baloch
istan
Kheber Pak
htunkhwah
Islamab
ad
FATA
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
49.531 23 17
65.7
2.7
50.569 77 83
34.3
97.3
Rural PopulationUrban Population
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Some major Urban Centers ,1998, Pakistan
Karachi: More than 60 percent of the population of urban Sindh lives in Karachi
Lahore :In Punjab, 22 percent of the urban population lives in Lahore.
Peshawar: 33 percent of the urban provincial population.
Quetta :The share of Quetta in the total urban Baluchistan population was 37 percent.
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Approximately three-quarters of the total urban population of Sindh are concentrated in
just three urban centers: Karachi, Hyderabad and
Sukkur. More than half of the total urban population of Pakistan lived in 2005 in eight urban places : Karachi, Lahore,
Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Hyderabad, Gujranwala and Peshawar.
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Urban Population,1998, Pakistan
Reli-gion
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
95.51
2.821.220.34
Column1
Qadiani
Hindu
Christians
Percentage of urban population on the basis of language Urdu 20.22 %
Punjabi 47.56 %
Sindhi 9.20 %
Pushto 9.94 %
Balochi 2.69 %
Siraiki 5.46 %
Others 4.93 %
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Percentage Urban Population (15 Years & Above) by Age Group, Marital Status 1998, Pakistan
Age groups Married Widowed Divorced Never married
1 15-19 7.9 0.3 0.1 91.82 20-24 34.2 0.4 0.2 65.33 25-29 64.3 0.7 0.3 34.74 30-34 83.3 1.3 0.4 15
5 35-39 90 2.2 0.5 7.36 40-44 90.7 4 0.5 4.97 45-49 89.4 6.7 0.4 3.5
8 50-54 84.2 11.6 0.4 3.89 55-59 80.3 16.1 0.4 3.210 60-64 71 23.9 0.4 4.6
11 65-69 66.3 29.3 0.4 412 70-74 55.9 37.3 0.4 6.413 75 or above 44.8 45.7 0.5 9
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Major Causes of Urbanization
1. Natural increase in populationHigh Birth rate ,2. Migration toward urban centers• Livelihoods and better basic services.• To escape from war • Insecurity • Natural disasters
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Merits of Urbanization
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Merits
Economic opportunities
Educational opportunities
Modernization
Freedom of speech
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Economic Opportunities
Urbanization come up with a number of economic opportunities. Urban centers motivated the mass movement of people away from the countryside in search of livelihoods and jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which
generate 85% of the country’s non-agricultural jobs, are urban based in Pakistan.
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Educational opportunities
Urbanization brings a lot of educational opportunities. Lahore is the crown jewels of
Pakistan’s educational system. It has a number of urban institution like University of the Punjab
Lahore, Government College University Lahore, King Edward Medical University etc.
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Modernization
Pakistani urban centers enjoy considerable interconnectivity. There are hubs of innovation,
technology and communication in urban centers, in Pakistan.
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Freedom of Speech
Most of the progressive minded individuals are urban based in Pakistan. According to some analyst, Pakistan’s
urban middle class is deeply nationalistic and pious and
ready to take part in national development programs.
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Demerits
• Unemployment• Threats to agriculture• Insufficient provision of services • Traffic congestion and noise pollution• Housing deficit
Welfare issues
• Water contamination• Waste management & sanitation• Industrial pollution• Spread of Diseases
Environmental issues
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Threats to agricultureUrbanization increases the
number of unemployed educated
youth considerably. In urban
centers, more often than not,
youth are educated. However,
gainful employment, even for the
educated youth remains elusive. Added to this, there is lack of
entrepreneurship which
results in an army of
unemployed educated youth,
who can readily be drafted by
gangs, mafia and other
degenerated groups.
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Threats to agricultural sector
“Pakistan is an agricultural country and 70% of its population is directly or indirectly dependent on
agriculture. Expanding urban centers in Pakistan seems to be undergoing vertical or horizontal growth, eating
into the rural areas or agricultural land that lies in their hinterland. Many agricultural lands are converted into
residential area. This is also a reason for low production which decreases our net national exports. According to
one estimate, over 60,000 acres of agricultural land have been eaten up by urban sprawl.
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Insufficient provision of services
• Unplanned urbanization brings inequality issues, which exist almost in all urban centres in Pakistan. Inequality means extreme differences in between poverty and wealth, as well as in people's well-being and access to things like jobs, housing, and education etc. Inequalities may occur in:• Housing provision• Access to services like schooling, health care facilities etc. • Safety and security issues.Most of the people who live in Poorly developed urban centers experiencing a poor quality of life because of increasing rate of poverty and inflation.
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Traffic congestion and Noise pollution
• Urbanization brings technology and innovation. Urban centers are quipped with complex road networks. These roads then link up with smaller, older, narrower roads in urban centers in Pakistan. This causes a severe traffic congestion and insufficient traffic management leads to the number of traffic accidents. For example, Lahore; a sprawling metropolis of seven million, has fewer than 100 traffic lights, which are insufficient measure of traffic management .
• Traffic congestion and noise pollution are major environmental impacts urbanization. Noise pollution from large factory engines and motor vehicle idling, unreasonably high radio waves in air.
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Housing deficit
Today, Pakistani urban centers suffers serious housing deficit. nearly, 50% of urban
Pakistanis living in slums. Pakistan also has one of the highest single room
accommodation average in the world with 38.11 percent followed by two rooms housing units at 30.54 percent. In Pakistan, a number of houses in urban centers, left unrented, as
their landowners settled in abroad and refuse to rent their properties. Only about 5% of
housing in Pakistani Urban centers, is rented.
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Water Contamination• Pakistani urban centers have poor water management
facilities. About 40% water is wasted through water leakages in pipes. Less than 1% waste water is treated in Pakistan. Sewage is collected through open drains, and discharge into rivers, streams, lakes and canals without treatment.
• Some economist argue that the urban centers lacks the ability to be an urban service provider in Pakistan. In Karachi, about 30 thousands individuals killed due to unavailability of clean drinking water per year.
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Solid waste generation
• Poorly developed urban centers in Pakistan, experiencing poor sanitary conditions. In urban centers, in Pakistan; less than 50% of solid waste is collected by government while the rest is left to root on the streets.
• There are heaps of garbage, in poorly developed urban centers in Pakistan increases the disease prevalence rate.
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Industrial Pollution
• In urban centers, open burning of waste causes air pollution problems. In addition to this, untreated air from industrial sector directly release into the air, causes respiratory illness in urban settlers. Factories emit untreated effluents into freshwater bodies causes water pollution problem.
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Spread of Diseases
Urban centers make it easier for the diseases to be transmitted in the poorly developed urban centers in Pakistan.
Unhealthy environments & overcrowded housing exposes the ‘urban poor’ to high rates of infectious diseases e.g. pneumonia, T.B, diarrhea, Cholera.
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Solutions to the urban problems
• The most effective way to tackle urbanization is to make the economy of rural areas fully viable.
• Rural economies can be strengthen if the government undertakes a massive rural development program.
• Surplus rural manpower should be absorbed in the village themselves so as to reduce rural to urban migration
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• The most effective way to tackle traffic congestion in urban centers in Pakistan is to encourage people to use public transport whish is positive and environmental friendly attitude.
• Government should provide funds to promote entrepreneurship so that part of the surplus un employed will be employed
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Government of Pakistan should formulate devolution plan for the effective and efficient provision of services within urban centers.
Government should formulate a Citizen Community Boards (CCBs) to engage the urban community in the decision making process.
Government of Pakistan should move toward sustainable urbanization.
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• Government of Pakistan should move toward sustainable urbanization.
A sustainable Urbanization is a process in which an urban center grown in a way, which offers a good quality of life to current residents but doesn’t reduce the opportunities
for future residents to enjoy.
• These changes, accompanied with much-needed municipal financial reforms, are likely to bring positive change in urban Pakistan.
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