urmi: urbanization, mobilities and...
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11/27/2016 URMI: Urbanization, Mobilities and Immigration - WP 2 -
Sustainability
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Marko Joas
Åbo Akademi
Kestääkö kauan? -
URMI-seminaari asiantuntijoille kaupunkien
kestävän kehityksen benchmarkkauksesta Cafe Köket (Aleksanterinkatu 28, Helsinki)
URMI: Urbanization, Mobilities and Immigration
Kaupungistunut Suomi 2039
Academy of Finland / The Strategic Research Council
Call: Urbanising Society (2016–2019)
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Sustainability
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• (Urban) sustainability – An interdisciplinary
concept searching for support to local
governments?
• Informed Cities – Why and how to use policy
tools for local governments in Europe.
• Selected sustainability tools for local
governments in Europe and in Finland.
• Covenant of Mayors as a policy tool – To what
extent do local governments commit themselves
to CoM?
• What or why NOT in Finland?
• We are forerunners, but why don’t we show it to
others?
Contents – Kestääkö kauan?
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Sustainability
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Defining urban sustainability
Joas & Theobald 2014
• ...is NOT an easy task!
• Dating back to 1970’s the concept of Sustainability/Sustainable
Development has gradually been built up as an interdisciplinar
concept.
• The political definition was given by WCED/Brundtland-commission
in 1987 (Our Common Future), the responsibility for this work as
well as the indicator based monitoring has been developed further
trough UN Agenda21-process and now Agenda 2030, as well as
national processes.
• Intensive, supported process for (local/urban) sustainability within
EU; Aalborg Commitments/Charter 1994, Leipzig Charter 2007 and
on-going network activities trough several organisations as ICLEI,
UBC…
• The traditional definition includes ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC
and SOCIAL (incl. health and cultural) sustainability.
• However, each one of these issues are highly complex as such.
• A context based implementation is only possibility to get broad
acceptance to the sustainability goal!
• Broad acceptance requires also process goals (as a
participatory approach) in order to reach legitimacy!
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Understanding knowledge
brokerage for urban sustainability
Joas & Theobald 2014
‘Knowledge brokerage has become a strong driver in
current sustainability discourses, with a body of literature in
multiple scientific areas that is promoting the importance of
knowledge sharing and transfer as a way of breaking down
barriers that impede interaction, healthy communication and
collaboration.’ (Sheate and Partidário 2010: 278)
• Politics – democracy – as a decision-making system is based
on values as guiding principle, not always good?
• Complex world, complex issues are not very easy to discuss
through values – or they are easily simplified much too much.
• The level of decision-making, i.e. local government level, does
not make issues more simple.
• (Urban) Sustainability is a highly complex, interdisciplinary
issue and concept that clearly needs knowledge based
evidence for decision-making, support from multiple actors to
help decision-makers:
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UN Sustainability Agenda 2030 –
A state of the art in Finland?
Source: Lyytimäki et al (2016), Agenda 2030 Suomessa: Kestävän kehityksen avainkysymykset ja indikaattorit,
Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 31/2016
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UN Agenda 2030 indicators
and Finland 1 - 8
So
urc
e: L
yytim
äki e
t al (2
01
6), A
ge
nd
a 2
03
0 S
uo
me
ssa
: Ke
stä
vä
n k
eh
itykse
n
ava
inkysym
ykse
t ja in
dik
aa
ttorit, V
altio
ne
uvo
sto
n s
elv
itys- ja
tutk
imu
sto
imin
na
n
julk
ais
usa
rja 3
1/2
01
6
11/27/2016 URMI: Urbanization, Mobilities and Immigration - WP 2 -
Sustainability
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UN Agenda 2030 indicators
and Finland 9 - 17
So
urc
e: L
yytim
äki e
t al (2
01
6), A
ge
nd
a 2
03
0 S
uo
me
ssa
: Ke
stä
vä
n k
eh
itykse
n
ava
inkysym
ykse
t ja in
dik
aa
ttorit, V
altio
ne
uvo
sto
n s
elv
itys- ja
tutk
imu
sto
imin
na
n
julk
ais
usa
rja 3
1/2
01
6
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Measuring sustainability 1 (env.)
Source: Lyytimäki et al (2016), Agenda 2030 Suomessa: Kestävän kehityksen avainkysymykset ja indikaattorit,
Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 31/2016
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Sustainability
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Measuring sustainability 2
(broad)
Source: Lyytimäki et al (2016), Agenda 2030 Suomessa: Kestävän kehityksen avainkysymykset ja indikaattorit,
Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 31/2016
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Measuring sustainability 3 (comp.)
Source: Lyytimäki et al (2016), Agenda 2030 Suomessa: Kestävän kehityksen avainkysymykset ja indikaattorit,
Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 31/2016
• UN Agenda 2030 – Challenges for local governments in Finland
can be traced in the indicators:
• A number of indicators that are problematic for Finland are clearly
issues that are handled first and foremost on national level (even
though they are based on individual behaviour), some indicators
are clearly also local issues that can also be handled trough local
government action.
• Selected ’problem’ indicators that can be handled also at local
government level (yellow = further action needed, red = far away
from goal):
• Health indicators (Doctors/BMI) LG to Regional responsibility
• Homicides (per pop.) LGs resp. in planning, psych. health support
• CO2 emissions/GDP, PPP (tCO2)
• CO2 emissions per capita (tCO2/capita) LG planning/traffic etc.
• Municipal Waste Recycled LG resp. (NEW DATA BETTER?)
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UN Sustainability Agenda 2030 –
Challenges for local governments?
Source: Lyytimäki et al (2016), Agenda 2030 Suomessa: Kestävän kehityksen avainkysymykset ja indikaattorit,
Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 31/2016
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What kind of tools are there?
A typology of sustainability policy tools:
• Policy support tools: Tools that help (local) governments to politically commit into long term
sustainability processes (declarations, commitments).
• Process guides: Tools to manage a project or policy on sustainability: a) which phases to go
through, b) how to involve stakeholders, c) types of tools to use and d) how to analyse the
situation (frameworks, assessments, strategies and checklists).
• Calculation tools: Tools for calculating the environmental outcome from different solutions,
products or procedures (Life Cycle Analysis, economic and social evaluation tools, system
simulation tools).
• Assessment methods: Tools to weight different aspects of sustainability (environmental,
economic and social) to illustrate differences of priorities between different solutions (multi-
criteria assessment tools, evaluation procedures, surveys and public discussions).
• Monitoring tools: Tools for the selection of indicators and benchmarks for monitoring and
policy formulation on sustainability, including green accounts.
Source: Further developed from McGuinnes (2014), Jensen and Elle (2007)
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Why do European cities use
sustainability policy tools?
• Data from PRIMUS / Informed Cities Research Project 2009-2013:
• A number of reasons for using tools emerged from the Informed
Cities Workshops and Fora. These included:
1. To support decision making and strategy development at local level;
2. To assist with benchmarking, monitoring and evaluation of progress;
3. As part of a longitudinal monitoring process (e.g. annual review of
progress);
4. To secure a ‘green’ badge or other form of sustainability
accreditation;
5. Due to requirements under national or international
guidelines/initiatives.
Source: Joas et al: Informed Cities Making research work for local sustainability (Earthscan/Routledge 2014)
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A selection of tools
Overview of urban sustainability monitoring tools in Europe
Covenant of
Mayors
European
Green Capital
Award
European Green City
Index
European Green Leaf
Local
Evaluation 21
Reference
Framework for
Sustainable
Cities
Urban
Ecosystem
Europe
Year of establishment
2008 2008 2009 2015 2004 2008 2006
Affiliated consortium
European
Commission
European
Commission
Siemens European
Commission
ICLEI CEMR,
CEREMA,
FNAU, French
Ministry of
Housing and SD
Ambiente
Italia
Application of tool
Continuous Continuous 2009 Continuous 2005, 2010 Continuous 2006, 2007, 2010
Number of local governments that have applied
> 6000 Ca 100 30 8 Ca 150 Ca 100 Ca 70
Sam Grönholm 2016
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Covenant of Mayors – What kind
of policy tool?
• Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy was introduced in
2008, as one outcome of the 2020 EU Climate and Energy
Package.
• European Commission launched CoM to endorse and support
the efforts deployed by local authorities in the implementation
of sustainable energy policies.
• Aim of CoM is CO2/GHG reduction and support the integration
of mitigation and adaptation to climate change at a local level.
• Still supported by European Union/Commission financially, a
small secretariat in Brussels.
• What kind of a tool? A Policy network based tool that that
gives a) policy support for long term commitment, and b)
includes also some monitoring elements (follow-up on the
commitments).
• The main part is though the statement of a political will to work
(together) for local climate policies.
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Covenant of Mayors – We, the
Mayors….
... Source: www.eumayors.eu/index_en.html
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Covenant of Mayors – Participants
in Europe and abroad
6328 Signatories
5589 Action plans
1181 Monitoring
reports
4067 Benchmarks
(best cases)
Source: www.eumayors.eu/index_en.html
CoM and local governments in selected
countries
• All in all over 6000 signatories in EU and also other countries
• The signatories (2016) of the Covenant of Mayors by countries,
with total number of inhabitants covered by the project
Country Nr. of Signatories Population covered
Denmark 38 ca 3,3 mill (63%)
Estonia 3 ca 435.000 (34%)
Finland 11 ca 2,1 mill (41%)
Italy 3771 ca 40,5 mill (69%)
Latvia 20 ca 1,1 mill (51%)
Lithuania 15 ca 1,4 mill (43%)
Norway 8 ca 1,3 mill (31%)
Spain 1713 ca 28,6 mill (65%)
Sweden 57 ca 4,3 mill (49%)
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Users in Finland
Overview of urban sustainability monitoring tools in Europe
Covenant of
Mayors
European
Green Capital
Award
European Green City
Index
European Green Leaf
Local
Evaluation 21
Reference
Framework for
Sustainable
Cities
Urban
Ecosystem
Europe
Year of establishment
2008 2008 2009 2015 2004 2008 2006
Affiliated consortium
European
Commission
European
Commission
Siemens European
Commission
ICLEI CEMR,
CEREMA,
FNAU, France
Ambiente
Italia
Number of local governments that have applied
> 6000 Ca 100 30 8 Ca 150 Ca 100 Ca 70
Local governments (> 100 000 inhabitants)
8/ Espoo, Helsinki, Jyväskyla,
Lahti Tampere, Turku, Oulu,
Vantaa
4 / Espoo, Helsinki, Lahti,
Tampere
1 / Helsinki
0
2 / Helsinki, Vantaa
3 / Espoo, Helsinki, Lahti
(participated in the testing phase)
4 / Helsinki, Tampere, Turku,
Vantaa
Local governments (20 000 – 100 000 inhabitants)
3 / Kainuu region, Joensuu, Vaasa
0
0
1 / Kuopio
0
1 / Kuopio
Sa
m G
rönh
olm
201
6
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HINKU – A national approach
Source: http://www.hinku-foorumi.fi/en-
US
• A national based tool to support LG
commitment to carbon neutral society.
• Start 2008 with 5 LGs committing
themselves to green house gas
reductions (15% by 2016, 80% by 2030)
and a certain process to do this work.
• Follow up by HINKU network (coordinated
by Finnish Environment Centre/SYKE
with partners).
• The tool pack includes also other type of
tools, as for example information
packages to involve other local actors.
• By 11/2016 all in all 34 Local
Governments in the network (committed),
and an additional 33 companies and
organisations.
• Mid-sized or smaller LGs with all in all
646900 inh. (approx. 12%).
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Case Helsinki in an international
indicator comparison
Source: Cornier T in Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2012 (Vol. 11,
No. 1).
• A indicator based comparative study of 53 (+400 000 inh.) EU Cities
(2012):
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Case Helsinki in an international
indicator comparison
Source: Cornier T in Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2012 (Vol. 11,
No. 1).
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Case Helsinki in an international
indicator comparison
Source: Cornier T in Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2012 (Vol. 11,
No. 1).
• Not best possible way to measure sustainable development,
but this takes into account both progress (quantitative) as
well as process (in qualitative indicators).
• This tells also a story on our strengths and weaknesses
(besides the climate...).
• Results pointing towards the same direction also in my own
research (for example Evans, Joas, Sundback, Theobald: Governing Sustainable
Cities, Earthscan 2005).
• What can we learn...?
Conclusions – Back to the Fano
guidelines for LGs?
• 1. Learning as an
organization
• 2. Moving away from
'policy silos' within local
government
• 3. Making alliances with
people and organisations
• 4. Facilitating the process
and developing credible
leadership
• 5. Encouraging creativity
and innovation in policy-
making
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• 6. Communicating to
make a difference
• 7. Catalysing action
through raising
environmental
awareness
• 8. Maintaining
commitment to
achieving the long-
term vision
• 9. Sharing experience
with peers
• 10. Influencing all
levels of government Based on DISCUS Research / Governing Sustainable Cities 2005
The way forward – our research
questions in URMI WP 2 -
Sustainability
• Four main focus:
– 1) WP 2.1 Urban sustainability policies and
practices in Finland and Europe (ÅAU) Survey
to support WP2 Spring 2017
– 2) WP 2.2 Resource efficiency of current and
future urban infrastructure in Finland (TUT)
– 3) WP 2.3 Specific local interventions on
sustainability (TAL with UTU)
– 4) WP 2.4 Socially sustainable urban development
(IMI with THL)
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Earlier research on sustainable cities
• ‘…[T]hose local governments who show the widest range and greatest intensity of achievement are
also those who have recognized their central role in promoting and taking action on sustainable
development issues. These local governments are setting the agenda and acting proactively in
establishing and maintaining partnerships and alliances both within the local authority itself and
with external organizations. Local government may be able to achieve change on its own.’
• Excerpt from: Evans, B., M. Joas, S. Sundback & K. Theobald, Institutional and Social Capacity Enhancement for Local Sustainable
Development: Lessons learnt from European urban settings, in Baker, S. and K. Eckerberg, In Pursuit of Sustainable Development
New governance practices at the sub-national level in Europe, Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science, Oxon 2008,
pp. 74-96.
Thank You!
Earthscan/Routledge 2013
Earthscan 2005
These book are also
main sources to the
presentation if not
otherwise indicated.