urogenital
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
26-1
Human Urogenital System
![Page 2: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
26-2
Urogenital System Functions• Filtering of blood, Removal of wastes and
metabolites
• Regulation of – blood volume and composition– concentration of blood solutes– pH of extracellular fluid– blood cell synthesis
• Synthesis of Vitamin D
• Reproduction and sexual function
![Page 3: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
26-3
Urinary System Anatomy
![Page 4: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
26-4
Location and External Anatomyof Kidneys
• Location– Lie behind peritoneum on
posterior abdominal wall on either side of vertebral column
– Lumbar vertebrae and rib cage partially protect
– Right kidney slightly lower than left
• External Anatomy– Renal capsule
• Surrounds each kidney
– Perirenal fat• Engulfs renal capsule and acts as
cushioning and source of energy
– Renal fascia• Anchors kidneys to abdominal
wall, separates from abdomen
– Hilum• Renal artery and nerves enter and
renal vein and ureter exit kidneys
![Page 5: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
26-5
Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
• Cortex: Outer area– Renal columns
• Medulla: Inner area– Renal pyramids
• Calyces– Major: Converge to form
pelvis
– Minor: Papillae extend
• Nephron: Functional unit of kidney– Juxtamedullary
– Cortical
![Page 6: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
26-6
The Nephron
![Page 7: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
26-7
Histology of the Nephron
![Page 8: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
26-8
Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
• Renal corpuscle– Bowman’s or Renal capsule
• Parietal layer• Visceral layer
– Glomerulus• Network of capillaries
goes into another capillary bed called the peritubular Capillaries
- Arterioles
– Afferent• Blood to glomerulus
– Efferent• Drains not into veinule but
another arteriole
• Tubules– Proximal (convoluted)
tubule– Loops of Henle
• Descending limb• Ascending limb
– Distal (convoluted) tubules
• Collecting ducts
![Page 9: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
26-9
Renal Corpuscle
![Page 10: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
26-10
Kidney Blood Flow
![Page 11: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
26-11
Ureters and Urinary Bladder
• Ureters– Tubes through which
urine flows from kidneys to urinary bladder
• Urinary bladder– Stores urine
• Urethra– Transports urine from
bladder to outside of body
– Difference in length between males and females
– Sphincters• Internal urinary
• External urinary
![Page 12: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
26-12
Ureters and Urinary Bladder
![Page 13: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
26-13
Urine Formation
![Page 14: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
26-14
Filtration• Filtration
– Renal filtrate• Plasma minus blood
cells and blood proteins
• Most (99%) reabsorbed
• Filtration membrane– Fenestrated
endothelium, basement membrane and pores formed by podocytes
• Filtration pressure– Responsible for filtrate
formation– Glomerular capillary
pressure (GCP) minus capsule pressure (CP) minus colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
– Changes caused by glomerular capillary pressure
EFP = GCP – CP – COP
Where Effective filtration pressure = EFP
![Page 15: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
26-15
Filtration Pressure
![Page 16: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
26-16
Tubular Reabsorption• Reabsorption almost 90%
takes place in Proximal tubule via – Passive transport– Active transport– Cotransport
• Specialization of tubule segments
• Distal tubule and collecting duct affected by hormones like ADH & Aldosterone
• Substances transported– Active transport moves
Na+ across nephron wall
– Other ions and molecules moved by cotransport
– Passive transport moves water, urea, lipid-soluble, nonpolar compounds
![Page 17: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
26-17
Reabsorption in Proximal Nephron
![Page 18: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
26-18
Reabsorption in Loop of Henle
![Page 19: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
26-19
Reabsorption in Loop of Henle
![Page 20: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
26-20
Tubular Secretion
• Substances enter proximal or distal tubules and collecting ducts
• H+, K+ and some substances not produced in body are secreted by countertransport mechanisms
![Page 21: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
26-21
Secretion of Hydrogen and Potassium
![Page 22: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
26-22
Urine Production
• In Proximal tubules– Na+ and other substances
removed– Water follows passively– Filtrate volume reduced
• In descending limb of loop of Henle– Water exits passively,
solute enters– Filtrate volume reduced
15%
• In ascending limb of loop of Henle– Na+, Cl-, K+ transported out of
filtrate– Water remains
• In distal tubules and collecting ducts– Water movement out
regulated by ADH• If absent, water not
reabsorbed and dilute urine produced
• If ADH present, water moves out, concentrated urine produced
![Page 23: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
26-23
Filtrate and Medullary Concentration Gradient
![Page 24: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
26-24
Medullary Concentration and Urea Cycling
![Page 25: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
26-25
Urine Concentration Mechanism
• When large volume of water consumed– Eliminate excess
without losing large amounts of electrolytes
– Response is kidneys produce large volume of dilute urine
• When drinking water not available– Kidneys produce small
volume of concentrated urine
– Removes waste and prevents rapid dehydration
![Page 26: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26-26
Urine Concentrating Mechanism
![Page 27: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
26-27
Hormonal Mechanisms• ADH
– Secreted by posterior pituitary
– Increases water permeability in distal tubules and collecting ducts
• Aldosterone– Produced in adrenal cortex
– Affects Na+ and Cl- transport in nephron and collecting ducts
• Renin– Produced by kidneys,
causes production of angiotensin II
• Atrial natriuretic hormone– Produced by heart when
blood pressure increases• Inhibits ADH production
• Reduces ability of kidney to concentrate urine
![Page 28: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
26-28
Effect of ADH on Nephron
![Page 29: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
26-29
Aldosterone Effect on Distal Tubule
![Page 30: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
26-30
Autoregulation and Sympathetic Stimulation
• Autoregulation– Involves changes in
degree of constriction in afferent arterioles
– As systemic BP increased, afferent arterioles constrict and prevent increase in renal blood flow
• Sympathetic stimulation– Constricts small arteries
and afferent arterioles
– Decreases renal blood flow
![Page 31: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
26-31
Clearance and Tubular Load
• Plasma clearance– Volume of plasma
cleared of a specific substance each minute
– Used to estimate GFR
– Used to calculate renal plasma flow
– Used to determine which drugs or other substances excreted by kidney
• Tubular load– Total amount of
substance that passes through filtration membrane into nephrons each minute
– Normally glucose is almost completed reabsorbed
![Page 32: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
26-32
Tubular Maximum
• Tubular maximum– Maximum rate at
which a substance can be actively absorbed
– Each substance has its own tubular maximum
![Page 33: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
26-33
Urine Flow and Micturition Reflex
• Urine flow– Hydrostatic pressure
forces urine through nephron
– Peristalsis moves urine through ureters
• Micturition reflex– Stretch of urinary
bladder stimulates reflex causing bladder to contract, inhibiting urinary sphincters
– Higher brain centers can stimulate or inhibit reflex
![Page 34: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
26-34
Micturition Reflex
![Page 35: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
26-35
Effects of Aging on Kidneys
• Gradual decrease in size of kidney– Decrease in kidney size leads to decrease in
renal blood flow
• Decrease in number of functional nephrons• Decrease in renin secretion and vitamin D
synthesis• Decline in ability of nephron to secrete and
absorb
![Page 36: Urogenital](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052619/556294a9d8b42a950c8b4f03/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
26-36
Kidney Dialysis