us foreign policy 1865-1917 unit 5 ch. 9 chapter 11
TRANSCRIPT
US Foreign Policy 1865-1917
Unit 5Ch. 9
Chapter 11
Foreign Policy v. Domestic Policy
Foreign Policy – any government action involving relationships with other nations Examples: treaties, military actions, trade
agreements
Domestic Policy – any government action within the nation Examples: programs like Medicare and Social
Security, taxes, business regulations, etc.
The Age of Imperialism
Imperialism – the process of a powerful nation exerting its will on a weaker nation or people
Colonization – one nation actually owns and occupies another region of the world
The Age of Imperialism - CausesMilitary – naval bases
Alfred T. Mahan (Military Historian) - The Influence of Sea Power on History
Economic new markets for goods sources of raw materials (not a big problem for the
US) “Extractive Economies”- imperial country extracted
goods and shipped them to the home countrySocial
missionary impulse- spread western values (religion)
Social Darwinism- stronger rule over the weaker. God’s will for Americans to settle the frontier
“The White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling
US Foreign Policy Goals - General
Increase tradeProtect US business interestsAvoid conflict with Great PowersMaintain the Western Hemisphere as US
sphere of influence
Pre-Civil War Foreign Policy
George Washington’s Farewell Address Avoid foreign entanglements (alliances) Remain neutral in any international conflicts Behave “virtuously” in relations with other nations
Manifest Destiny Major Territorial Expansion
Foreign Policy 1865-1890Alaska – purchased 1867 from Russia
Secretary of State William Seward Seward’s Folly/Seward’s Icebox- why would US want
a vast tundra of snow and ice
Hawaii US business interests – especially in sugar cane King Kalakaua and the Bayonet Constitution Queen Liliuokalani v. Sanford B. Dole & the
Hawaiian League Senate Investigations Annexation to the US – 1898
Pre-Civil War Foreign Policy
Monroe Doctrine – 1823Open trade with Japan – 1853
Commodore Matthew Perry Sailed a fleet of American warships into present day
Japan
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
Causes of The Spanish-American WarThe worldwide impulse toward imperialismUS economic interests in Cuba
Particularly sugar caneThe Cuban Revolution
Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler Reconcentrados – concentration camps
José Martí – poet and symbol of revolutionThe Yellow Press
William Randolph Hearst & the New York Journal “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”
The sinking of the Maine
“Remember the Maine and To
Hell With Spain!”
The War
George Dewey led his ships to destroy the Spanish Force
Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino nationalist Led other nationalists fought against Spain and US
Rough Riders US cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt Secured grounds surrounding Santiago
Results of the Spanish American WarCuban independence US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines
(for $20 million)The Platt Amendment
Prevented Cuba from making treaties without US permission
Gave US permission to intervene in Cuba if the US felt it was necessary
US becomes an imperial power
The duty of the hour: to save her not only from Spain, but from a worse fate.
The US and Asia
1898-1914
The US & the Philippines
Foreign Policy goal: Have a naval base from which to protect trade and
US interests in Asia Promote US expansion in the Pacific “following the
sun”
Philippine Insurrection Emilio Aguinaldo
William Howard Taft – administrator
The Imperialist/Anti-Imperialist Debate
Imperialist arguments: US should be a Great Power like others Increase trade around the world Necessary for naval bases and protection of international
trade If the US doesn’t annex, someone else will
Anti-Imperialist arguments: Against fundamental American principles Costs too much money Unnecessary to promote trade
How some apprehensive people picture Uncle Sam after the war. (Detroit News, 1898)
Declined, with thanks.
JOHN BULL: It’s really most extraordinary what training will do. Why, only the other day I thought that man unable to support himself. (Fred Morgan, Philadelphia Inquirer, 1898)
“What the US has fought for.”
“The White Man's Burden” By Rudyard Kipling (Feb. 1899)
Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.
Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch sloth and heathen folly Bring all your hope to nought.
Take up the White Man's burden-- No iron rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go, make them with your living And mark them with your dead.
Take up the White Man's burden, And reap his old reward-- The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard—The cry of hosts ye humor (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness. By all ye will or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent sullen peoples Shall weigh your God and you.
Take up the White Man's burden! Have done with childish days-- The lightly-proffered laurel, The easy ungrudged praise: Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers.
“Take Up the White Man's Burden, and Reap His Old Reward”
By William H. Walker, Life (March 16, 1899)
Uncle Sam: "I don't like the job, Rudyard, my boy!"
Denver Post 1900
“The Real White Man’s Burden” by Ernest Crosby
Take up the White Man’s burden. Send forth your sturdy kin, And load them down with Bibles And cannon-balls and gin. Throw in a few diseases To spread the tropic climes, For there the healthy [savages] Are quite behind the times. And don’t forget the factories. On those benighted shores They have no cheerful iron mills, Nor [huge] department stores. They never work twelve hours a day And live in strange content, Although they never have to pay A single [cent] of rent. Take up the White Man’s burden, And teach the Philippines What interest and taxes are And what a mortgage means. Give them electrocution chairs, And prisons, too, galore, And if they seem inclined to kick, Then spill their heathen gore.
They need our labor question, too, And politics and fraud— We’ve made a pretty mess at home, Let’s make a mess abroad. And let us ever humbly pray The Lord of Hosts may deign To stir our feeble memories Lest we forget—the Maine. Take up the White’s Man’s burden. To you who thus succeed In civilizing savage hordes, They owe a debt, indeed; Concessions, pensions, salaries, And privilege and right— With outstretched hands you raised to bless Grab everything in sight. Take up the White Man’s burden And if you write in verse, Flatter your nation’s vices And strive to make them worse. Then learn that if with pious words You ornament each phrase, In a world of canting hypocrites This kind of business pays.
Source: Ernest Crosby, “The Real White Man’s Burden,” Swords and Ploughshares (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1902), 32–35.
US – Japanese Relations
Foreign Policy Goal Limit the growth of Japanese influence in Asia and
the Pacific Maintain friendly relations with Japan
Roosevelt arbitrates settlement to Russo-Japanese War 1905 wins a Nobel Peace Prize
Roosevelt encourages Japan to annex Korea
US – Japanese Relations
Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907 end segregation of American and Asian children in
schools
Great White Fleet New force of navy ships Demonstrated America’s increased military power
around the world
The Great White Fleet
US – Chinese Relations
European “spheres of influence”US Foreign Policy goals:
Support Chinese independence Maintain possibility of US trade with China
US intervenes in the Boxer Rebellion – 1900 Chinese secret society killed foreign missionaries
and diplomats0
John Hay – Open Door Policy US didn’t want colonies in China, just wanted free
trade there
The Open Door Policy
The Boxer Rebellion
The US and Latin America
US Global Investments and Investments in Latin America
1914
Theodore RooseveltBig Stick Diplomacy
Enforce the Monroe Doctrine Attempt negotiations Use force if necessary Protect and promote US business interests
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Updates doctrine for an age of economic
imperialism
Theodore Roosevelt
Panama Canal Attempts to negotiate with Colombia to get control of
the Canal Zone Sends navy ships to Panama to support Panama’s
revolution against Colombia After Panama’s independence negotiates with THEM
for use for the Canal Zone Increase speed and reduce cost of international trade
Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
The Roosevelt Corollary
William Howard Taft
Dollar Diplomacy Enforce the Monroe Doctrine Replace European loans with American loans Economic ties will promote friendly relations Use force when necessary Protect and promote US business interests
Woodrow Wilson
Moral Diplomacy Enforce the Monroe Doctrine Democratic governments will promote friendly
relations Use force when necessary to ensure stability Promote and protect US business interests
Intervention in HaitiIntervention in Mexican Revolution
John J. Pershing led forces to chase rebel Pancho Villa
US Interventions in Latin America