U.S. HISTORY

MRS. TOTH

*Civil Rights Movement

*PLESSY V. FERGUSON

*1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON-

*SEPARATE BUT EQUAL

*DID NOT VIOLATE 14TH AMENDMENT

*JIM CROW LAWS-

*FORBADE MARRIAGE BLACK/WHITE

*EVERYTHING SEPERATED

*“COLORED WATER”– “NO BLACKS ALLOWED”

*Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

*May 17, 1954

*Linda Brown-8 yrs. Old

*21 Blocks to School

*Father charged school board with violating rights

*Chief Justice Earl Warren

*Types of Segregation

*De-Facto Segregation

*Exists by practice and custom

*Great Migration led to the “White Flight”

*“White Flight”- moving from the cities further out to suburbs

*De-jure Segregation

*Segregation by law

*Changing means changing attitudes not changing laws

*Little Rock Nine

*Arkansas (First Southern State)

*Set to Begin: September 1957

*High School: Central High School (all-white)

*Governor Orval Faubus:

*Ordered the AR National Guard to surround the school

*“to protect the school from attacks by armed protestors”

*One of the 9 showed up alone and was attacked

*Little Rock Nine

*3 Weeks

*Court Orders

*Pres. Eisenhower

*1.000 troops!

*Sept. 25, 1957

*Harassment, Suspensions,

*Expulsion

*Montgomery Bus Boycott

*Letter to the Mayor (Montgomery, Alabama)

*Refused to stop the Segregation (transportation)

*December 1, 1955:

*Rosa Parks (Seamstress, NAACP Officer)

*Took a seat on the front row of “Colored” sect.

*Driver asked her to vacate the seat for a white man to sit

*Rosa Parks refused to move! He threatened her arrest

*Montgomery Bus Boycott

*Many of the African-Americans of the community organized a bus boycott

*26 yr. old Martin Luther King (pastor of a church) led the boycott

*Filed a lawsuit against the city

*For 381 days, African Americans refused to ride the busing system

*Non-violent Protest (even with one bomb)

*1956: Supreme Court outlawed segregation

*Emmett Till

*14-year old boy

*From Illinois

*Visiting Uncle in MS

*Flirting with a white lady

*Beat, shot, and left at the bottom of the river

Southern Christian

Leadership Conference

(SCLC)*“carry nonviolent

crusades against the evils of second class citizenship”

*Planned to stage protests in the South

*King was the President

Student Nonviolent

Coordinating Committee

(SNCC)*“AA at Shaw Univ. in

Raleigh, North Carolina

*Pace from Brown v Board to slow!

*One of the most important student activist group in history

*Civil Rights

Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE)* Staged the first “sit-in” in

Chicago 1942

* Segregated Lunch Counters

* February 1960

*North Carolina: sit-in at a whites-only lunch counter

* Beating, pouring food, etc….refused to strike back!

*Civil Rights

*Freedom Riders

*1961: CORE Members took a bus trip through the South

*Purpose: Desegregated Interstate Bus Routes

*Wanted a violent reaction!

*Provoking Pres. Kennedy to enforce the Supreme Court decision

Bus One-AL State Line

*Racists boarded carrying:

*Chains

*Brass Knuckles

*Pistols

*Beat all AA and white riders

*Managed to escape—Kept on Riding!

*NEXT STOP: Birmingham!

Bus Two-Anniston Alabama

*200 whites attacked!

*Tire blew, windows were smashed, fire bomb thrown

*Bus Companies refused to go any further!

*SNCC sent another bus to pick those riders up

*Traveling from Nashville

*Freedom Riders

*Freedom Riders

Bus One-Birmingham,

Alabama (SNCC)*Policeman pulled them

from the bus and beat them

*Driven back to Tennessee

*Returned to Birmingham

*Driver was scared so instead they occupied “whites-only” waiting room for 18-hours!

Bus One-Montgomery,

Alabama (SNCC)*Kennedy promised

Protection to the riders

*Mob waiting with bats and lead pipes

*Beatings led to National News

*Kennedy sent support and riders continued to Jackson, MS

*James Meredith

*University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)

*Gov. Ross Barnett

*Kennedy ordered troops

*Sept. 30, 1962-riots broke out on campus resulting in 2 deaths

*Soldiers, 200 arrests, 15 hrs to stop!

*Federal official escorting Meredith to class

*March on Washington

*August 28, 1963: 250,000 Met at the Washington Monument

*Plan to March from the Monument to the Lincoln Memorial

*Martin Luther King Jr.

*“I Have A Dream”

*Oct. 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated

*Vice President Lyndon B Johnson

* July 2, 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964

*“prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, or national origin”

*Freedom Summer

*1964: CORE and SNCCC recruited college students to train (non-violent)

*To register African-Americans to vote in the south (Mississippi)

* June 1944

*Andrew Goodman

* James Chaney

*Michael Schwerner

*Disappeared in Neshoba County

*Klansman and Local Police murdered!

*Freedom Summer

*Campaign in Selma

*Fannie Lou Hammer organized 1964 MS Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

*Wanted seats in MS Legislature

*1965: King responded with a 50 mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery

*600 marched

*Police swung whips, clubs and clouds of tear dust swirled around marchers

*Freedom Summer

*Voting Rights Act of 1965:

*Eliminated literacy tests; Federal people could j enroll those who were denied locally

*Malcolm X

*Reason for many race riots in the United States

*Jailed at 20—Began to study the “Nation of Islam” (Black Muslims)

*Preached to Society:” Whites cause all our problems”

*Assassinated Feb. 1965

*Led to the movement of: “Black Power”

Black Power* June 1966-non-violent vs.

violent activists

*Some members of SNCC began to shout slogans similar to those by Malcolm X

*Stokely Carmichael

*Preached “Black Power”

*King advised against!!

Black Panthers*Founded by Huey

Newton and Bobby Seale

*Oct. 1966 in Oakland, California to fight police brutality in the ghetto

*Self-sufficiency, full employment, decent housing, exempt from military service

*Dressed in Black leather jackets, black berets, and sunglasses

*Preached self-defense, sold copies of communist books, participated in numerous police shoot-outs

*Death of Martin Luther King Jr.

*Objected the Black Power Movement

*April 3, 1968 gave a speech in Memphis

*April 4th, the King stood on his hotel balcony

*James Earl Ray—high powered rifle

*100 cities exploded in flames with rage

*Women’s Rights and Counterculture

*Women’s Fight for Equality

*Betty Friedan: “The Feminine Mystique”

*Feminism—The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

*Civil Rights Act of 1964

*National Organization for Women (NOW)

*Pushed for creation of child-care facilities

*Ban gender discrimination for job hirings

*Wanted Sex-segregation jobs illegal

*Women’s Fight for Equality

*Roe V. Wade—Right to have an abortion

*Now Supported!

* 1973 Supreme Court ruled that women do have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy

*Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972:

* 38 states to ratify

* Phyllis Schlafly (Conservative)—drafting of women, end of homemakers, husband responsibility, same-sex marriages

* “Radical feminists “hate men, marriage, and children”

*Culture and Counterculture

*Counterculture: “a movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s

*Hippies: “American society and it’s materialism, technology, and war has grown hollow”

*“Tune it, turn on, drop out”

*Hippie Culture

*Rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothing, sexual license, and illegal drugs

*(Marijuana and LSD)

*Zen Buddhism (religion)

*Ragged Jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, military garments, love beads and Native American beads

*Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco)

*Hippie Culture

*“Do your own thing” has no guidance??

*1970

*Janis Joplin

*Jimi Hendrix

*Collecting Welfare, and Food Stamps

*Popular Art

*POP ART

*Andy Warhol

*Bright, simple, commercial-looking images

*Rock Music

*Rock ‘n’ Roll

*The Beatles

*Liverpool, England

*Broke up in 1970

*Woodstock

*Aug 1969

*Farm in New York

*Music and Art Fair

Woodstock Festival

Grateful Dead-Woodstock

Woodstock Festival-All women, men, and children!

Janis Joplin-Woodstock 1969