In the wake ofPlessy v. Ferguson

Black America in the late 19th and early 20th Century

Post-Reconstruction Backlash

Jim Crow segregation laws Exodusters to Kansas “Talented Tenth” move northward (NY,

Chicago)

Plessy v. Ferguson

“separate but equal”

The Great Migration

Movement from rural South to urban North Response to segregation and violence Rise of urban ghettos

Violence in the North

Increased with the Great Migration Spread of the KKK Lynchings

The 1920s – Disillusionment

How to respond to segregation?

Booker T. Washington

Economic equality, social separation (aka The Atlanta Compromise)

Former slave His advice to blacks: be the “most patient, faithful,

law-abiding and unresentful people that the world has seen”

Confidential advisor to Theodore Roosevelt Successes –

1904 – fought against exclusion of blacks from juries

1911 – Supreme Court ruling banning peonage (involuntary servitude for debt)

W.E.B. DuBois Black nationalism and immediate equality Harvard educated Professor of economics, history & sociology at

Atlanta University 1905 – founded the Niagara Movement 1909 – founded the NAACP Editor of The Crisis Pan-Africanist Joined the Communist Party in 1957 and in 1960

renounced his American citizenship and moved to Ghana

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalism Self-pride, self-motivation, self-sufficiency Racial separation – rejected assimilation &

integration Called for whites to leave Africa and for many

Blacks to move to Africa Died without ever going to Africa

UNIA

Encourage commercial & industrial pursuits By the mid 1920s – 700 branches in 38 states The Negro World (Garvey’s paper) Liberty Hall Black Star Line of Ships

Foreshadowing…