us-mexico border, climate change, and infectious diseases · 2016. 2. 20. · us-mexico border,...
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US-Mexico Border, Climate Change,
and Infectious Diseases
Stanley Maloy
Dean, College of SciencesSan Diego State University
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Children and Infectious Disease:
Canaries in a Coal Mine
• Diarrhea
• Zoonotic disease
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Infectious Disease Vulnerability of Border Region
• Arid ecosystem
• High biodiversity
• Pacific migratory bird pathway
• High human population mobility (busiest
international border in the world)
• Urban development challenges
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Urban Development Challenges
• Breeding ground for rodents• Close exposure of humans and animals• Contamination of water
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Environment
HumansAnimals
Atlas et al. 2010. MicrobeCasas et al. 2011. Intl. J. Microbiol. doi: 10:1155/2010/754368Casas et al. 2011. Gut Pathogens 3:10 doi:10.1186/1757-4749-3-10
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- Changes in agriculture (Salmonella, E. coli )
- Changing demographics (Nipah virus, Dengue)
- Environment disruption (Lyme disease, SARS)
- Disruption of public health (Rabies)
- Human technology (Legionella)
- Climate change
Human alteration of the environment …
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Examples
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The Water Cycle
Precipitation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Run-off
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• Both drought and flooding affect fresh
water supplies, increasing transmission of
pathogens like Salmonella and Rotovirus
• Increased rainfall provides more breeding
grounds for mosquitos, promoting
transmission of diseases
• Periodic drought followed by heavy rain
often increases rodent populations
Impact of Altered Precipitation
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Four Corners Disease (1993)
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/outbreak.htm
Hantavirus (Sin nombre)
Drought Heavy spring rains
Mouseoverpopulation
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Sources of recent Salmonella outbreaks
Animal products:• Poultry• Beef• Pork• Eggs• Fish• Milk• Cheese• Chocolate
Pets:• Turtles• Reptiles• Dogs• Cats• Birds• Pet food• Treats
Plant products:• Alfalfa sprouts• Bean sprouts• Melons• Marijuana• Lettuce• Onions• Tomatoes• Peppers• Cilantro• Cereal• Rice• Flour• Nuts (peanut butter)
Why has transmission viaplants increased recently?
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GFP labeled Salmonella Typhimurium growing inside Arabidopsis tissue
3 hr 20 hr
Chemotaxis toward photosynthetic cells;
Scanning EM of Salmonellaon stomata of lettuce leaf (3250x)
Growth in plants
Kroupitski et al. (2009) AEM 75: 6076; PLoS ONE (2008) 3: e2279
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Why?
• Arid farm land / dependent on irrigation
• Highly variable annual rainfall / Frequent droughts
• Mixing of human, animal, and plant pathogens
• Selection for survival of bacteria inside plants
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Tijuana River Estuary
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Sewage Run-off into Ocean
Increase in human infections on both sides of border
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Environmental Reservoir of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Tijuana River Estuary
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Many Other Examples
Diseases transmitted by
• ticks (Rickettsia, Mexicali 7/15)
• aerosols (tuberculosis and influenza)
• marine animals (Leptospirosis in Sea
Lions, Ensenada, La Paz)
• toxins (red tide/phytoplankton and
aflaxotoxin/fungi)
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Real-time Impact of Climate Change
• Increased terrestrial temperature– Insect vectors: Dengue, Chagas, Reduced biodiversity
• Increased ocean temperature
– Growth of pathogens: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
• Changes in the water cycle– Flooding and drought: Salmonella, EHEC, Rotovirus, etc
– Rodent vectors: Hanta virus
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• Increased average terrestrial and ocean surface temperature- Changes in precipitation- Storms, floods, drought
• Contamination of water by pathogens• Increase in number / activity of vectors• Changes in populations of animal carriers
• Diarrheal diseases• Diseases transmitted by ticks, mosquitos, and other insects
• Diseases transmitted from animals
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One Health Salud única
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Environment Surveillance Prevention
One Health paradigm:
Prediction
• Environment• Animals• Human disease
Disease Surveillance Investigation Treatment
Human Health paradigm:
• Human disease
Atlas & Maloy. 2014. One Health: People, Animals,
and the Environment. ASM Press, Washington D.C.
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One Health
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Tijuana River Watershed
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How does this lead to new disease?
Reservoirs of potential pathogens in environment
Disrupt environment
Natural selection for microbes with new properties
Exposure of animals to new microbes
Transmission to Humans
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Emerging Infectious Diseases1993Hanta virus (mice)
1994Plague (rats)
1995Ebola (apes)
1996CJD (“mad cow”)
1997H5N1 influenza (fowl)
1998Nipah (bats)
1999West Nile Virus (birds)
2000Rift Valley Fever (goats)
2001[Anthrax]
2002Norovirus
2003SARS (bats, game)
2004Marburg Virus (monkeys)
2005H5N1 influenza (fowl)
2006E. coli 0157:H7 (cattle)
2007Food-borne / MMP
2008Salmonella (peppers)
2009H1N1 influenza (pigs)
2010
Salmonella (eggs)
2011
E. coli 0104:H4 (sprouts)
2012
MERS Coronavirus (camels, bats)
2013
Neisseria meningitis
2014
Ebola (bats)
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Climate Variation and Infectious Disease
• Wildlife die-offs (threaten biodiversity)
• Sewage runoff (rain / beach closures)
• Zoonotic infectious disease (close contact
of humans and animals)
• Vector borne diseases (mosquitos, ticks)
• Emerging infectious disease and antibiotic
resistance