Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Angeles University FoundationAngeles City, PampangaCollege of Allied Medical Professions

1. GDP

The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time.

United States GDPLastPreviousHighestLowestUnit

GDP16800.0016244.6016800.00520.53USD Billion[+]

GDP Growth Rate5.004.6016.90-10.00percent[+]

GDP Annual Growth Rate2.702.6013.40-4.10percent[+]

GDP Constant Prices16205.6016010.4016205.602082.50USD Billion[+]

Gross National Product16399.3016189.8016399.302096.40USD Billion[+]

GDP per capita45863.0245341.7345863.0215469.07USD[+]

Gross Fixed Capital Formation2643.302594.502700.701215.60USD Billion[+]

GDP per capita PPP51450.7450865.9351450.7436464.32USD[+]

Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp

2. GNP

Gross National Product in the United States increased to 16399.30 USD Billion in the third quarter of 2014 from 16189.80 USD Billion in the second quarter of 2014. Gross National Product in the United States averaged 7904.16 USD Billion from 1950 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 16399.30 USD Billion in the third quarter of 2014 and a record low of 2096.40 USD Billion in the first quarter of 1950. Gross National Product in the United States is reported by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gross-national-product

3. Population

No. of Population: 318,892,103 (July 2014 est.)

Definition:This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region. Note: Starting with the 1993Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have explicitly taken into account the effects of the growing impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These countries are currently: The Bahamas, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Population growth rate: 0.77% (2014 est.)

Definition:The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries.

Source:CIA World Factbook- Unless otherwise noted, information is accurate as of August 23, 2014 (http://www.indexmundi.com/united_states/population.html)

4. Crude Birth Rate

Crude Birth Rate: 13.42 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.

Formula: CBR = (Number of live births / Estimated midyear Population) * 1,000

Source: http://www.indexmundi.com/united_states/birth_rate.html

5. Crude Death Rate

Crude Death rate:8.15 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population.

Source:CIA World Factbook- Unless otherwise noted, information is accurate as of August 23, 2014 (http://www.indexmundi.com/united_states/death_rate.html)

6. Trends/Causes of Death

The top 10 leading causes of death in the US are below together with the most recent statistics and facts:

1. Heart disease2. Cancer(malignant neoplasms)3. Chronic lower respiratory disease4. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)5. Accidents (unintentional injuries)6. Alzheimer's disease7. Diabetes(diabetes mellitus)8. Influenzaandpneumonia9. Kidney disease (nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis)10. Suicide (intentional self-harm).

Heart disease Deaths: 596,577 Males: 308,398 Females: 288,179 Rate: 191.5 Age-adjusted rate: 173.7 Percentage of total deaths: 23.71%.Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the US and also the leading cause of death worldwide. More than half of the deaths that occur as a result of heart disease are in men.

Cancer (malignant neoplasms) Deaths: 576,691 Males: 302,231 Females: 274,460 Rate: 185.1 Age-adjusted rate: 169.0 Percentage of total deaths: 22.92%.

Cancer affects men and woman of all ages, races and ethnicities.The National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimate the total costs of cancer in 2009 were $216.6 billion: $86.6 billion for direct medical costs and $130.0 billion for indirect mortality costs.

Chronic lower respiratory disease Deaths: 142,943 Males: 67,521 Females: 75,422 Rate: 45.9 Age-adjusted rate: 42.5 Percentage of total deaths: 5.68%.

Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is a collection of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related issues, including primarily chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but alsobronchitis,emphysemaandasthma.

Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) Deaths: 128,932 Males: 52,335 Females: 76,597 Rate: 41.4 Age-adjusted rate: 37.9 Percentage of total deaths: 5.12%.

Every year more than 795,000 people in the US have a stroke; risk of having a stroke varies with race, ethnicity, age and geography. Risk of stroke increases with age, yet in 2009 34% of people hospitalized for stroke were younger than 65 years.

Accidents (unintentional injuries) Deaths: 126,438 Males: 79,257 Females: 47,181 Rate: 40.6 Age-adjusted rate: 39.1 Percentage of total deaths: 5.02%.Accidents, also referred to as unintentional injuries, are at present the 5th leading cause of death in the US and the leading cause of death for those between the ages 1 to 44. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration say that highway crashes alone have an annual price tag of around $871 billion in economic loss and social harm, with speeding accounting for $210 billion of that figure.

Alzheimer's disease Deaths: 84,974 Males: 25,677 Females: 59,297 Rate: 27.3 Age-adjusted rate: 24.7 Percentage of total deaths: 3.37%.

An estimated 5.2 million Americans may have Alzheimer's disease in 2014, including approximately 200,000 individuals younger than age 65 who have younger-onset Alzheimer's.

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) Deaths: 73,831 Males: 38,324 Females: 35,507 Rate: 23.7 Age-adjusted rate: 21.6 Percentage of total deaths: 2.93%.

Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. The estimated costs of diabetes in the US in 2012 were $245 billion. Direct medical costs accounted for $176 billion of those total and indirect costs such as disability, work loss and premature death accounted for $69 billion

Influenza and pneumonia Deaths: 53,826 Males: 25,401 Females: 28,425 Rate: 17.3 Age-adjusted rate: 15.7 Percentage of total deaths: 2.13%.

Influenza accounts for 1,532 deaths annually and pneumonia 52,294.

Kidney disease (nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis) Deaths: 45,591 Males: 22,649 Females: 22,942 Rate: 14.6 Age-adjusted rate: 13.4 Percentage of total deaths: 1.81%.

It is estimated that more than 10% of adults in the US - more than 20 million people - may have CKD, of varying levels of seriousness. The chances of having CKD increase with age; it increases after 50 years of age and is most common among adults older than 70 years. Chronic kidney disease is widespread and costly, costing Medicare upward of $41 billion annually.

Suicide (intentional self-harm) Deaths: 39,518 Males: 31,003 Females: 8,515 Rate: 12.7 Age-adjusted rate: 12.3 Percentage of total deaths: 1.57%.

According to the CDC, suicide results in an estimated $34.6 billion loss in combined medical and work costs.

Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282929.php

7. Life Expectancy

The average life expectancy for Americans is 77.6 years, a record high according to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Life expectancy is calculated based on mortality in 2003, the most recent year for which substantially complete data is available.

The figure is up from 77.3 in 2002 and comes in spite of a decades-long rise in obesity reported by the agency in October.

The new CDC report also shows that the gender gap is closing. The difference between life expectancy in men and women (who live longer) closed from 5.4 years in 2002 to 5.3 years in 2003. The gap as 7.8 years in 1979.

The report, "Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2003," was prepared by CDC's National Center for Health Statistics.

Among the conclusions were record-high life expectancies in several categories: White males - 75.4 years Black males - 69.2 years White females - 80.5 years Black females - 76.1 years

Hawaii had the lowest or best mortality rate while Mississippi had the highest.

Source: http://www.livescience.com/183-life-expectancy-america-hits-record-high.html

8. Health Care

Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses. Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government. 6065% of healthcare provision and spending comes from programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration.[citation needed] Most of the population under 65 is insured by their or a family member's employer, some buy health insurance on their own, and the remainder are uninsured.

The market-based health insurance system in the United States has caused a human rights crisis that deprives a large number of people of the health care they need. The most visible problem is the 50 million people without health insurance; the most distressing is the number of preventable deaths, estimated to reach 101,000 people a year, simply due to the way U.S. health care is organized.

This crisis persists despite available resources to protect the right to health, record levels of health care spending and repeated health reform efforts. Since social determinants, such as race, income and environment strongly influence who becomes ill and who receives access to quality care, the health care crisis disproportionately affects disadvantaged groups and under-resourced communities, such as people living in poverty, people of color, and immigrants. Yet barriers to accessing care, the burden of medical debt and the shortage of primary care providers affectall people, including those with employer-sponsored insurance. Overall, the health care crisis is the result ofthe privatization and commoditization of the U.S. health system, which reflects market imperatives and profit interests that devalue human needs, dignity and equality.

How the U.S. health care system fails to protect the human right to health

Health outcomes: The U.S. has a higher infant mortality rate and lower life expectancy than comparable countries. (WHO 2007, Commonwealth Fund 2007) The U.S. has the highest rate of maternal mortality among high-income countries (13 in 100,000), and also the highest rate of C-Sections (32%, as opposed to a WHO recommended 5-15%) 45,000 people die each year simply because they have no health insurance (American Journal of Public Health 2009)

Barriers to care: Around 50 million people do not have health insurance. Over half of them are African Americans. (Center for American Progress 2009) Of those who are insured, at least 25 million are underinsured. They often forgo care because of high deductibles and co-pays. (Commonwealth Fund 2008) 700,000 families go bankrupt each year just by trying to pay for their health care even though three quarters of them are insured. (Health Affairs 2006). In comparison, the five largest insurance companies made a combined profit of around $12 billion in 2009. (Department of Health and Human Services 2010) U.S. has fewer doctors and nurses than other high-income countries. (WHO 2007) Hospitals and doctors are disproportionately located in wealthier areas. Public hospitals are closing in areas where they are most needed. The U.S. ranks lowest among high-income countries in its primary care infrastructure. There is a projected shortage of 44,000 primary care doctors within the next 15 years. (WHO, Health Affairs 2008)

Disparities in access to care:The U.S. has a highly stratified system with separate tiers for different categories of people receiving different levels of care.

The rights of people of color are violated: e.g., the 10-year survival rate for Black people of people with cancer is 60% for Whites and 48% for African Americans. (SEER cancer statistics, also Office of Minority Health) The quality of care given to people of color is generally lower, including in the treatment of cancer, heart failure, and pneumonia. (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009) While immigrants are generally healthier than the average citizen upon arrival in the United States, their health tends to deteriorate the longer they remain in the country. (Unhealthy assimilation", Demography, May 2006) Women are more likely than men to forgo needed health care due to cost-related access barriers. (Commonwealth Fund 2007) Womens right to non-discrimination is violated through increasingly restricting those services only women use, reproductive health care.

Source: http://www.nesri.org/programs/health-care-in-the-united-states

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