usaid / south asia regional initiative for energy · pdf fileenclosures will protect tampering...

USAID / SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL INITIATIVE FOR ENERGY

(SARI/ENERGY)

26th July to 8th August, 2010

CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATIONOF

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION CORPORATION(A Govt. of India)

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAM ON

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSREDUCTION

FOR AFGHANISTAN POWER

EXECUTIVES

METERING, BILLING & COLLECTION; Advance meters; AMR, RMR, Prepaid

Metering, Spot Billing

METERING1. Performance of any utility depends on Metering2. It metering is perfect, then utility is perfect(i) Needs special & essential attention on Metering, as it plays vital

role in running any utility.Energy meters are cash registers of electricity utilities unlike

telephones. If metering is effective, losses will be reduced therebyincreasing the efficiency.

Advances in Metering, Billing & CollectionLittle attention paid by Electricity utilities. Millions of meters are beingprocured under 100% making programme. Utilization of these meteringvery important as they play vital role, in revenue protection and life ofenergy meters.Hence, metering is nothing but life of any Electrical Utility.Of late, several advances taken place, in metering, billing and collection.

(ii) To take care of this vital aspect, several initiatives are taken.

Various Meters:

1. LT Meters (Single Phase)

2. 3Q Meters

3. LTCT Meters

4. HT Meters

Meter installation & Usage PracticesIn high tension & LT Industrial connectionI. Wrong connections should be checked upa. Panel wiring is to be ferruledb. Electronic energy meter can assist utility engineer for correct

wiringc. Microprocessor based energy meters communicate information

on specific electrical quantities such as voltages, current, powerfactor

d. Incase of wiring errors, installation checking soft ware allowsthe installer to simulate the effect of changing specific wiresbefore physically changing them.

Meter installation & Usage Practices (Contd……)

II. Meter enclosures:Installation of energy meters in boxes will reduce the Tampering with

wiringa. Conventional Electro mechanical meters being tampered by

interfacing with moving discs or fiddling with wiring.b. Microprocessor based energy meters do not have any moving parts

and also can detect fiddling with wires.Electricity mafia now is moving towards vandalism, it trying

physically damage meters.Enclosures will protect tampering of energy meters using powerfulmagnets.III. Meter sealing:

Meter terminal covers are not sealed in domestic / commercial meters,thereby motivating consumers to tamper electricity meters. Good sealsshould be provided. Lot of innovation took place in technology of seals.

Good quality plastic seals made of polycarbonate and members marked onthem with laser technology available in the world marker.

IV. Whole current meter installation:a. Aluminium cables are generally used for current circuit wiring. It isdifficult to insert aluminium cables in meter Terminal holes, having morethan 60 Amps current rating.

Electricians cut off certain strands while doing wiring to accommodate inthe meter terminal blocks and this causes terminal block.Hence it is advisable to use copper cable from nearest fuse point to meter.

b. Special care to be taken to terminate the current circuits throughlugs by proper crimping

It is desirable to use double point hexagonal crimping instead ofconventional crimping.

Meter installation & Usage Practices (Contd……)

Meter installation & Usage PracticesContd……

V. Meter usage:a. It is essential to select right kind of meter for right application.b. Need is to interrogate meter with right communication

technology.c. Overall metering accuracy, including instrument transformers

shall be ensured

Instrument transformers rated burden shall match with meter burdento get overall metering accuracy.

Large number of Electronic meters installed in various electricityboards, but usage of these electronic meters is much below thecapacity of meter due to the following

i. Lack of IT infrastructure to analysis the dataii. Organisational issues (Training of Personel)

Meters are mostly:1. Electro mechanical2. Electronic Meters

Advantages of Electronic Meters:1. Accuracy2. Negligible loss3. TOD facility4. Memory (CMRI)5. Tamper Proof6. Several Parameters Can be incorporated

Comparison of Electro Mechanical & Electronic Meters01 Life 15 Years Limited

02 Accuracy Class I Class II03 Calibration One Time calibration at

FactoryRequires calibration in SEB’s Labs

04 Current Range Long range 400% to 800% of Basis current

Limited range 400% generally

05 Voltage range (-40%) + 150% 75% to 110% rated voltage

06 Wear & Tear No wear & Tear (Solid state Technology)

Lot of wear & tear meter becomes slow with tire

07 Hanging of meter

Measures accurately under any condition

Accuracy effected with change in angle of hanging

08 Stable Highly stable,(no drift over long time)

Drifts with time

09 Shock & Vibration

Being solid state technology immense to

shark & vibration

Prone to vibration

Comparison of Electro Mechanical & Electronic MetersContd…..

10 Protection Fullly protected in case of wrong connection Get damaged with wrong connection

11 Tampered Measures accurately in various tampered condition

1.Reverse Tamper2.Earth Tamper3.Immense to DC influence4.Distrud phase sequency

Meter either do not record in tampered condition (or) even

start running in reverse directs.

12 Technology Latest digital technology Traditional Ferrai type meters

13 Testing & service cost

Negligible Service costs are large

14 Starting of Records energy even at 10.4% Starts at much comparatively higher current

15 Power Loss Loss in voltage circuit of electric meter in low

Loss in voltage ckt of conventional meter high

16 Power Cost High (30% more) low

Problems:1. Multiplication factor 2. Wrong Connections3. Wrong Capacity Meters (Installation) 4. Usage5. CT Ratio / PT Ratio 6. Theft7. Transportation of Meters (Rural) 8. Metering Errors (CREEPING) etc.,

Solutions:1. Review of MRB’s2. Electronic Meter3. Pole Mounted Meters4. Comparison of Meter readings with earlier months

Meter Exceptions

1. Meter Ok (Normal) 2. Meter Struck up3. U DC – Under Disconnect 4. Meter Change5. Door locked 6. MNE Meter Not existing7. Dial Complete (Round Complete) 8. RNF (Reading Not furnished)9. NIL Consumption 10. Multiple Meters11. Meter Burnt 12. Sluggish

Advancements:1. Spot Billing (Hand held Computer)2. CMRI3. Prepaid Meters4. Remote Meters

Problems encountered while releasing Services (Power intensive / High value):

1. CTs & PTs2. CT-PT set.3. HT Trivector Meters4. Supplied by customer should be tested at standards laboratory in the

presence of all representatives.TARIFF:• How to increase meter sales• How Agricultural consumption is to be computed• Meter Billing (Telescopic)• Boundary Meters• Use of HT Trivector Meters in LT Industrial services to take of

Transformer Losses • How to calculate Losses? (SCADA Metering)

Efficient Billing and CollectionAppropriate Technology

Improved Processes

Spot Billing in Electricity MeteringAdvantages of automated meter reading and spot billing arewell recognized by various power utilities in the countrytoday. Spot Billing is useful to lead to greater demand,revenue collection efficiency and better decision systems,which also brings intangibles like transparency and bettercustomer service.Several features makes attractive platform for developingturn key spot billing.i. It is full featured hand held computer. Its software and

hardware can easily customised to requirements.ii. The machine with 64 Mb of RAM and a 206 MZ processor.

One of the most powerful machine, with nocompromise in terms of performance.

Spot Billing in Electricity MeteringContd…..

iii. This has 32 Mw permanent storage capacity which canhold lakhs of customer records

iv. It has mobile hand held printer so that receipts / Bills canbe given to customers on the spot.

v. It has a built in smart card reader / writer, making bothsecure and shareable between many field personnel.

vi. It has many modes of exchanging data, with PCs andmeters. USB, Serial, infrared (wireless) and Plane Torth(Wireless)

vii. It can be used to send and receive data over internetwith the help of regular phone line and a theem sizedmodel

viii. Cost effective

Comparison between existing procedure of meter reading, billing and revenue collection

Vis – A – Vis futuristic methodsExisting Fare

•Collection of Meter Book from office•Meter reading•Returning the Book to Office•Data punching to District computer•Transportation of Floppy to Base Computer station•Generation of Edit List•Edit Checking

•Automatic reading of meters•Generation of Bills•E-mailing of Bills•Payment of E-Banking / Credit

Comparison between existing procedure of meter reading, billing and revenue collection Vis – A – Vis futuristic methods Contd…..

Existing Fare•Generation of Bills•Delivery of Bills to customer•Customer pays the bill by cash cheque•Cheque presented to utility account•It is sent for collection•Reconciliation of payments mode•The amount is credited to utility account•Payment is updated

Comparison between existing procedure of meter reading, billing and revenue collection Vis – A – Vis futuristic methods Contd…..

Note:Earlier, the time taken for collection of amounts against

Electricity supplied by 45 to 60 days

The time taken has been drastic called reduce due to spotbilling and other advances in collect system (Heary interest issaved with the result)

Computerized Bill Collection System1. Latest advances in metering, billing and collection

has got separate distinct activities with technocommercial activity

2. Survival of any utility depends its efficiency to collect3. SEBs cannot have cash today and credit tomorrow4. Computerized billing operation as:

a.Consumers are devided to metering and billingcycles

b.Data of Consumers of a cycle is collected andprocess tagetter, with arrears updated, along withinterest calculation

c.Disconnection list can be the procedure is mereefficient than manual billing

Computerized Bill Collection SystemContd…..

d. The good collection System depends on good billingsystem

e. Helps in reduction of arrearsf. Online updation of Consumers accountg. Provides adequate information to staff for dealing

consumer complaintsh. Provides MIS for efficient monitoringi. Present / Reduce brands and malpracticesj. CAT analysis can be arrived atk. Updating consumer (i) arrears (ii) Age wise break up of

arrears (iii) Last payment particulars (iv) Bouncedcheque record of cashier (v) if disconnected then thosedetails those details (vi) if granted installments thenthose details (vii) if subsidies then those details

Spot billing with Hand Held Computer

Fast

Versatile

Intelligent

Affordable

Light weight

User Programmable

Benefits of Electronic Spot billing

• Bills are issued on the spot there by the consumers are able toget different due dates, hence it avoids rush at paymentcenters.

• Using Hand Held Computers which also has GSM (Cellular)feature for daily updation of billing records and payment bills onthe spot.

• Focus on attending to exceptionals.• Better monitoring of demand, especially of rural areas• Reduction of Billing complaints• Better cash flow• Tie-Up with e-seva centers for bill payment and able to pay

where ever, to the convenience of the public.(25 e-seva centresacross the Hyderabad and Secunderabad)

• Avoid of rush at payment centres due to on spot issue of bills

Online Payment facility of

Electricity Bills

mployees to cess various umer Details

Tracking the product chainEnergy Purchased

Sold

lost

Remote Metering

The Meters of various locations are being readremotely from corporate office of CPDCL.Typically these are of : Boundary points with generators and Transco Predominantly agricultural feeders Feeders of selected substations feeding major loads Selected HV consumers

Consumption curves are superimposed andanalysedMeters which are tampered/wrongly connectedand not recording properly are detectedPilferage is detected

Electrical parameters recording

Medchal

Instantaneous ElectricalParameters like Voltage,Current, Power factor,Active Power and ReactivePower Can be viewed atany given point of thetime.

33 Kv MEDCHAL STEEL MILL FEEDER SUPER IMPOSE OF Kwh,Kva, Kvarh

0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1:30

3:00

4:30

6:00

7:30

9:0010:3012:0013:3015:0016:3018:0019:3021:0022:30

24:00:00

kW(I)kVAr(I)kVA

03- Dec - 2002

IDENTIFICATION OF LOSSES

05.02.02 Comparision

01:302:303:304:305:306:307:308:309:3010:3011:3012:3013:3014:3015:3016:3017:3018:3019:3020:3021:3022:3023:30

Med.Fdr

Consumers

Power factor during the day

Tampering data recorded during the day

Tampering information can be viewed without physical presence

of our staff.

Phase wise current status

The Agriculture supply can be maintained or cautioned for ricting the stipulated time With this graph any violations can

Customer DiligenceCustomer Analysis Tool

GIS Mapping

DSM

CSC

cept - The CAT framework

The combined alpha-numeric code is assigned to each consumer based on the default and collections history (for a period of twelve

months), thus profiling the entire population on collections parameter

Collection %

Def

ault

%

Class Structure

1 2 3 4 5>90% 61%-90% 31%-60% 1%-30% 0%

A 0% A1B upto 33% B1 B2 E EC upto 66% C1 C2 C3 ED 67-99% D1 D2 D3 D4F 100% F

consumer analysed for 12 months period

For the twelve month period, at individual consumer level the collections made against the demand raised are analysed and assigned a numeric code of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 based on the collection percentage

sed on the default ercentage of the consumer, the habetic code of A, C, D E and F are

assigned

As entire billing information is available, reports related to key

business processes of Metering, Billing, Collection and Data

maintenance generated

Default

High risk classes

Low risk classesAttempt to further push all towards A1 class

Medium risk classesRequire urgent monitoring to try and shift to lower risk class categories

F

D4

D3

D2

D1

C1

C2

C3

B1

A1

B2

E

Generic risk profile of consumers based on collection

Require urgent attention

GIS MAPPING

• Selected areas being mapped• The process of digitisation and

georeferencing will follow• Integration of trouble call management

system and transformer basedconsumer data base will be taken up

• Load flow analysis in selected areasthrough special software

11 KV Feeder From Asif Nagar Sub Station

ehdipatnam Section

30.20%

24.94%19.75%

18.17% 17.05% 16.20%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Loss

es (%

)

Financial Year

Distribution Losses - PLAN

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)

i. It is an effective means of data collectionii. AMR technology eliminates the traditional

requirement for the meter reader to visit theconsumer premises to collect billing information.

iii. Reading can be done, automatically and remotelyprovided good communication is available

iv. The microprocessor in the meter sends theinformation on the billing computer thatgenerates the invoice

(a) A Typical AMR system comprises a meter, a meterinterface unit, (MIU) for great way device, and thehost computer.

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) contd….

Meter data is passed from the meter to a gateway,which is either integrated into or attached to themeter through power lines.

From the gateway, the data is transmitted over thecommunication medium, to either mobile interrogatorunit or a node, in the fixed network.

From the interrogator, the data is typically storeduntil the end of the day, at which point it is uploadedto a host computer, a telephone modern or serial portconnection.


More advanced AMR modern would entail a 2 waycommunication system, in which both end pointdevices may send and receive information.The end point remains an idle mode, until it receivesa wake up signal from the collection device and thentransmits data.

There are several technologies that can be used forautomatic meter readings.Some systems use a radio frequency basedcommunication link with radio transmitters for thetrans receivers to collect data.


Power line carrier communication technology totransmit data. This is very effective, because theyleverage the underlying infrastructure of electricalnetwork. This is particularly suitable for Rural &Residential areas.

AMR data can also be easily transmitted by telephoneand satellite cable

. AMR is going ground on the effective data collection.


I. Through the initial costs are high, in the long runthese can be substantial savings through reducedmeter re reads, greater data accuracy, Datacollection, more frequent readings, improved billingand customer service, more timely energy profilesand consumption trends and better deploy net ofhuman resources.

AMR system capability for real time data transmissionmade possible by recent advances in communicationsystem can better plan consumption trends andthese plan network upgrades


Further, meters today offer facilities of multi tariffprogramming, “Time of day measurements” loadsurrey and measurement of active, reactive andapparent energy. Meters also have built inmechanism to detect and record instances oftampering, peak load and maxim demand notation.

Consumer data is stored in non volatile memoriesand hence less chance for data loss due to poweroutages.


. Grid metering and ABT with the electricity boards,splitting in to companies the number of “Inter tiepoints” are increased with megawatt hours of energytransfer taking place per second, at each of “Inter TiePoints” the accuracy of meter is of Prime importance,typically of the order of 0.2 percent. The overallaccuracy also well taken for CTs and PTs also byintelligently compensating measurement errors of CTs& PTs over their dynamic range thus ensures overallaccuracy.

I. Meters should be of SEM for ABT compliance


V. Meters are developed to have more memory strangeover 30 mts / 15 mts intervals for the past onemonth.

Since meter is a store house of information, anassociated requiring is of returning the information,either remotely or locally and pulling the same formainful use


Hence meters offering communication parts, now become a defects requirement in meters used forindustrial metering communication parts can belooked to PSIN / GSN (or) other communication mediausing appropriate inter phase devices. So that thedata can be collected remotely.

I. Now-a-days meters are designed in such a way thatthey can be tasted and repaired easily. The designalso permits meter to draw power from an externalsource and not load the network undermeasurements.

Remote Meter Reading

MIS reportsRF/GSM/PSTN Network

IT Application

Modem/Controller

Typical RMR Set-upeder/HT ter

Benefits of RMRdersaster tracking of feeder breakdowns and interruptions

nhanced control over supply of power on agricultural feeders

Automatic energy audit

Consumersfficient collection and processing of data for billing

nhanced revenue collection

nhanced information availability for load monitoring and load forecast

Meter tamper detection and surveillance

Prepaid Meteringepaid meters came into existence due to poor revenuellections are also due to inadequate and faulty meters.

epaid meters work like cash cards for mobile phones.nsumers pay in advance to recharge, when it out.

ectricity too can be purchased in the form of a card.

operates on 3 levels.Lowest level meter installed at consumers premiseSecond level vending statue at power utilities officeTop level system master station (SMS)

Prepaid Metering contd….

hnologySMS communicates with various rending stations via a modem.Information about consumers, tariff changes communicated anddetails of sales communicated back to SMS.Prepaid metering technology could either be “token” (ie)utilizing coins, tickets, keys, magnetic cards or could be “Tokeness” through key pad prepaid meters wherein vending is done on

the phone.Sophisticated meters would provide comprehensivenformation including the remaining credit, days of usage,overage usage and peak demand.In certain cases, to eliminate fraud and tamperingmeasurement and control unit (MCU) place, in a securewhere it is difficult for a customer to perpetrate fraud.

Prepaid Metering contd….

nefitsUtilities receive payment 45 – 60 days earlier.

These are no invoices or mailing costs, which lead toless billing expenses

System ensures 100% revenue collects.

Consumers too stand benefit. They can controlusage and thus budget is controlled with prepaidmeters electricity can be purchased like any otherproduct.

dvantages of Smart card – Comparison with other methods

Smart CARD Smart Key Key Pad

Open system rchitecture

Not open system Not open system

nternational tandard (ISO 7816)Smart card up chip)

No standard No standard technology

Advanced encryption Lack of encryption -

ighly reliable Non secure Non secure

wo way ommunication

One way No customer follow up

PMRS - Concepts

ntegrated performance management and reporting tool toanalyze aggregated data for key parameters at each levelof the organization

Provides the ability to ‘drill down’ and detect exceptions atany level across the organisation

Captures data at the point of generation and providescurrent information over the intranet

Prepaid Metering System

System Overview

Prepaid Metering System consists of:1. 2 way Communication - Smart Card based

Prepaid Energy Meter2. Vending Station3. Central Control Server

Smart Card Based Meter

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