usdot fhwa cfltd-06-006 - rockery design and construction guidelines

8/2/2019 USDoT FHWA CFLTD-06-006 - Rockery Design and Construction Guidelines

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YBAEOY] LOQMCJ NJL ABJQ\Y_A\MBJC_MLO@MJOQ

[ui`man|mbj Jb* HGSN$AH@"\L$;8$;;8 Jbxodioy 9;;8


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?* Yo{by| Ln|o

Jbxodioy 9;;88* Niq|yna|

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Holoyn` Cbxoyjdoj| ln|o inae |b >=>7* Sm|gmj |go {ymxn|o qoa|by, abddoyamn``} ium`| ybaeoymoq gnxo iooj

abjq|yua|ol mj |go [namhma Jby|gsoq| hby n| ònq| |go `nq| hbuy loanloq njl mj Jby|goyj An`mhbyjmn njl Joxnln hby

n| ònq| |go `nq| >; }onyq* Nq ybaeoy} loqmcj {ybaoluyoq |ojl |b xny} yocmbjn``}, q|ulmoq soyo {oyhbydol |b

lo|oydmjo |go do|gblq i} sgmag ybaeoymoq nyo loqmcjol njl abjq|yua|ol mj xnymbuq yocmbjq |gybucgbu| |go

soq|oyj _jm|ol Q|n|oq* \goqo loqmcj do|gblq soyo |goj abd{nyol uqmjc qoxoyn` |}{man` ybaeoy} loqmcj `bnlmjc

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{yb{bqol loqmcj hby |go HGSNq H@G Lmxmqmbjq* Inqol bj |go yoqonyag {oyhbydol, n yn|mbjn` loqmcj

do|gblb`bc}, sgmag oxnùn|oq ybaeoy} q|nim`m|} nq n huja|mbj bh |go ybaeoy} cobdo|y} 'gomcg|, inqo sml|g, njl

in||oy-, ybae {yb{oy|moq njl {`naodoj|, njl `n|oyn` {yoqquyo md{bqol i} |go inaehm`` dn|oymn`q, snq loxo`b{ol*

N qnd{ò loqmcj {ybiòd mq mjaùlol* Yoabddojln|mbjq hby q{oamh}mjc njl abjq|yua|mjc ybaeoymoq |gn| nyo

abjqmq|oj| sm|g |go loqmcj do|gblb`bc} nyo n`qb {ybxmlol*

>3* Eo} Sbylq

YBAEOY] YBAEOYMOQ ONY\G

>7* Lmq|ymiu|mbj Q|n|odoj|

Jb yoq|yma|mbj \gmq lbaudoj| mq nxnm`niò |b |go


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Q}dib` Sgoj ]bu Ejbs Du`|m{`} I} \b Hmjl Q}dib`@OJC\G

mj mjagoq 9?**8> em`bdo|oyq ed

NYONmj9 q~unyo mjagoq 8


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\NI@O BH ABJ\OJ\Q

OWOA_\MXO Q_DDNY] ***********************************************************************************************************>

AGN[\OY > MJ\YBL_A\MBJ***********************************************************************************************1

INAECYB_JL ********************************************************************************************************************** 1

[_Y[BQO BH Q\_L]************************************************************************************************************* ?YBAEOY] LOHMJM\MBJQ ***************************************************************************************************** 8

Dnj Ybaeq *********************************************************************************************************************** 3

AGN[\OY 9 Q_YXO] BH OWMQ\MJC LOQMCJ DO\GBLQ********************************************>>GMQ\BYMA YBAEOYMOQ******************************************************************************************************* >>

DBLOYJ YBAEOY] LOQMCJ ******************************************************************************************* >1Holoyn` Cbxoyjdoj|******************************************************************************************************* >3

Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl**********************************************************************************************>7God{gm`` Abjqu`|mjc Ojcmjooyq*****************************************************************************91

Qomqdma [oyhbydnjao Luymjc |go Jmq~un``} Ony|g~uneo ***************************************9?

Cyn} ( Qb|my******************************************************************************************************************* 9=

Jby|goyj An`mhbyjmn Yocmbj ******************************************************************************************* 19Q_DDNY] BH OWMQ\MJC LOQMCJ DO\GBLQ ************************************************************** 13

AGN[\OY 1 ABD[NYMQBJ BH OWMQ\MJC LOQMCJ DO\GBLQ ********************************

ABD[NYMQBJ BH DO\GBLQ********************************************************************************************


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Q_DDNY]**************************************************************************************************************************** 3=

AGN[\OY ? YBAEOY] ABJQ\Y_A\MBJ C_MLO@MJOQ*********************************************7>

OWANXN\MBJ ********************************************************************************************************************** 7>

Hbujln|mbj Owanxn|mbj ************************************************************************************************** 79

Inae Au| Owanxn|mbj mj Qbm`****************************************************************************************** 78

Inae Au| Mja`mjn|mbj**********************************************************************************************78Inae Au| Q|nim`m|}**************************************************************************************************78

^_N@M\] BH INQO NJL HNAMJC YBAEQ********************************************************************** 73

YBAE [@NAODOJ\ ************************************************************************************************************ =;

O~um{doj|********************************************************************************************************************** =;Inqo Ybae [`naodoj|***************************************************************************************************** =>

Hnamjc Ybae [`naodoj|************************************************************************************************** =1AY_QGOL YBAE VBJO****************************************************************************************************** =8

LYNMJNCO Q]Q\OD*********************************************************************************************************** =3

Inaelynmj Abjq|yua|mbj ************************************************************************************************* =3Jbj$Sbxoj Cob|ow|mò************************************************************************************************ >;;

Quyhnao Lynmjnco********************************************************************************************************** >;>

AN[ YBAEQ ************************************************************************************************************************ >;9AGMJEMJC YBAEQ ************************************************************************************************************ >;1INAEHM@@*************************************************************************************************************************** >;1

\OQ\ QOA\MBJQ***************************************************************************************************************** >;;?

AGN[\OY 3 OXN@_N\MBJ BH OWMQ\MJC YBAEOYMOQ********************************************>>?

[G]QMAN@ NJL COBDO\YMA [YB[OY\MOQ **************************************************************** >>?Ybaeoy} @n}bu|************************************************************************************************************ >>?

Lynmjnco*********************************************************************************************************************** >>7Oxnùn|mbj bh Inqo Sml|g ******************************************************************************************** >>=

[g}qman` Oxnùn|mbj**********************************************************************************************>>=

Cob{g}qman` Oxnùn|mbj ***************************************************************************************>>=COB\OAGJMAN@"COB@BCMA MJXOQ\MCN\MBJ ********************************************************** >99

YBAEOY] OXN@_N\MBJ ************************************************************************************************ >91

Judoyman` Njn`}qmq****************************************************************************************************** >99?

YOHOYOJAOQ***************************************************************************************************************************>1>

IMI@MBCYN[G]**********************************************************************************************************************>1?

N[[OJLMW N N@\OYJN\MXO QOMQDMA LOQMCJ [YBAOL_YO >1=


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\NI@O BH ABJ\OJ\Q

@MQ\ BH HMC_YOQ

Hmcuyo >* [gb|bcyn{g* Hnmùyo bh jbj$ojcmjooyol ybaeoy} mj O` Lbynlb Gm``q,

An`mhbyjmn, 9;;>

Hmcuyo 9

Hmcuyo ?* [gb|bcyn{g* N{{ybwmdn|o`} =*>$d$|n`` '1;$h|$|n``- ybaeoy} bu|qmlo @n

Cynjco, An`mhbyjmn, ln|mjc hybd |go `n|o >7;;q************************************************************>1

Hmcuyo 8* Cyn{gma* \}{man` ybaeoy} qoa|mbj hybd Cunjo``n [nqq iml lbaudoj|q***************************>8

Hmcuyo 3* Cyn{gma* \}{man` ybaeoy} qagoluò hybd Cunjo``n [nqq iml lbaudoj|q* ***********************>8

Hmcuyo 7* [gb|bcyn{g* Abd{ò|ol ybaeoy} hby Cunjo``n [nqq Ybnl, Ab`bynlb, 9;;?* ******************>3

Hmcuyo =* Agny|* Aym|man` gomcg|$|b$inqo$sml|g 'G"I- yn|mbq hby {bby`} abjq|yua|ol

ybaeoymoq '[AYq- njl so``$abjq|yua|ol ybaeoymoq 'SAYq-, nh|oy

Gojlybj************************************************************************************************************************9>

Hmcuyo >;* Cyn{gma* Qnd{ò anàu`n|mbj hybd |go God{gm`` yo{by| lodbjq|yn|mjc

n{{`man|mbj bh |go God{gm`` loqmcj do|gbl*****************************************************************9>* [gb|bcyn{g* Qmjcò$|moy, 1$d '>;$h|- ybaeoy}, Dm`m|ny} Ybnl n| Ojagnj|ol

[nyesn}, Holoyn` Sn}, Snqgmjc|bj 'Qm|o >-***************************************************************93

Hmcuyo >9* [gb|bcyn{g* \sb$|moy, 3*1$d '9?|g Nxojuo n| >9|g Q|yoo|,

[u}n`ù{, Snqgmjc|bj 'Qm|o 9-, sm|g cu} smyo njagbyol n| inqo bh

ybaeoy}* ************************************************************************************************************************93

Hmcuyo >1* [gb|bcyn{g* Qmjcò$|moy, >*9$d '


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\NI@O BH ABJ\OJ\Q

Hmcuyo >7* Cyn{gma* Nqqudol cobdo|yma yo`n|mbjqgm{q |b io uqol hby o~un|mbjq

qgbsj mj Hmcuyoq >8 njl >3* ****************************************************************************************1>

Hmcuyo >=* [gb|bcyn{g* Qmjc`o$|moy ybaeoy} abjq|yua|ol mj au| abjlm|mbj, O` Lbynlb

Gm``q, An`mhbyjmn '9;;>-************************************************************************************************19

Hmcuyo 9;* [gb|bcyn{g* [yb|oa|mjc ybaeoy} uqol nq n hnamjc hby n =*>$d$gmcg '1;$

h|$gmcg- DQO sn`` sm|g n ?*?$d '>7$h|- dnwmdud |moy gomcg| mj

Gojloyqbj, Joxnln '9;;>-* *****************************************************************************************11

Hmcuyo 9>* [gb|bcyn{g* [yb|oa|mjc ybaeoy} uqol nq n hnamjc dn|oymn` hby n |sb$|moy,3*8$d$gmcg '9?$h|$gmcg- qbm`$jnm` sn`` mj Ybae`mj, An`mhbyjmn '>===-* *************************11

Hmcuyo 99* [gb|bcyn{g* \gyoo$|moy, =*>$d$gmcg '1;$h|$gmcg- DQO q`b{o sm|g

{yb|oa|mjc ybaeoy} hnamjc, mj Hb`qbd, An`mhbyjmn '9;;1-* ********************************************1 njl !9* ********************************7*7 eJ"d1

'>9; {ah-, njl HQ 4 9* *************************************************************?1

Hmcuyo 1;* Cyn{gma* Qagodn|ma ybaeoy} qoa|mbj qgbsmjc aym|man` lmdojqmbjq njl{nyndo|oyq |b io lo|oydmjol hby loqmcj* **********************************************************************?8

Hmcuyo 1>* O~un|mbj* Lo|oydmjn|mbj bh `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyo abohhmamoj|, EN, uqmjc

|go Abu`bdi do|gbl****************************************************************************************************?=

Hmcuyo 19 O~un|mbj Gbymvbj|n` hbyao bj inae bh ybaeoy} o~un` |b |go qud bh |go


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\NI@O BH ABJ\OJ\Q

Hmcuyo 1?* O~un|mbj* Oxn`un|mbj bh {nqqmxo yoqmq|njao n| |go ybaeoy} |bo**************************************8

Hmcuyo 81* [gb|bcyn{g* [`naodoj| bh hnamjc ybaeq uqmjc nj owanxn|by sm|g n

|gudi************************************************************************************************************************=9

Hmcuyo 8


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\NI@O BH ABJ\OJ\Q

Hmcuyo 3>3

Hmcuyo 3?* [gb|bcyn{g* Ownd{ò bh md{yb{oy ybaeoy} `n}bu| oxmlojaoq i} xoy|man`

qondq njl ybaeq mja`mjol bu| bh hnao* ************************************************************************>>3

Hmcuyo 38* [gb|bcyn{g* Ownd{ò bh md{yb{oy ybaeoy} `n}bu| oxmlojaol i} qoxoyn`

xoy|man` qondq*************************************************************************************************************>>7

Hmcuyo 33* O~un|mbj* Lo|oydmjn|mbj bh gbymvbj|n` qomqdma abohhmamoj|, eg ' mj

mjagoq-************************************************************************************************************************>* Cyn{gma* Nqqudol Cobdo|y} hby Ownd{ò [ybiòd9


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\NI@O BH ABJ\OJ\Q

@MQ\ BH \NI@OQ

\niò >* Abd{nymqbj bh dnj ybae lohmjm|mbjq* ********************************************************************************=

\niò 9* Quddny} bh ybaeoy} biqoyxn|mbjq hb``bsmjc |go 9;;> Jmq~un``}

ony|g~uneo********************************************************************************************************************98

\niò 1* Abd{nymqbj bh {yoqaym{|mxo loqmcj do|gblq mj lmhhoyoj| am|moq* **************************************17

\niò


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@MQ\ BH NIIYOXMN\MBJQ, NAYBJ]DQ, NJL Q]DIB@Q


N Naaoòyn|mbj Abohhmamoj| {oy NNQG\B Lmxmqmbj M$N, Qoa|mbj 1

N& Nd{`mhmol {one naaoòyn|mbj

Nn, Nx Naaoòyn|mbj abohhmamoj|q {oy N\A$1$;8

NNQG\B Ndoymanj Nqqbamn|mbj bh Q|n|o Gmcgsn} \ynjq{by|n|mbj Bhhmamn`q

N*L* @n|mj,Njjb Lbdmjm, auyyoj| anòjlny o{bag

NBQ N{{nyoj| B{ojmjc Qmvon{one [one q{oa|yn` naaoòyn|mbj, cynxm|} 'c-

NYA Nqqbamn|ol Ybaeoy} Abj|yna|byq

NQ\D Ndoymanj Qbamo|} bh \oq|mjc njl Dn|oymn`q

N\A N{{`mol \oagjb`bc} Abujam`

I Inqo ybae sml|g, d

ID[ Ioq| Dnjncodoj| [yna|maoq nq yo`n|ol |b qm|o oybqmbj, qolmdoj|, njlyujbhh abj|yb` njl yolua|mbj

a, a \b|n` njl ohhoa|mxo qbm` abgoqmbj xnùoq, yoq{oa|mxo`}, mj e[n* N`|gbucg

ohhoa|mxo q|yoqqoq nyo dbq| |}{man``} uqol, |go |oyd a mq abddbj`}

uqol |gybucgbu| |gmq yo{by|*

an* @n|mj, amyan, donjmjc nibu| hby ln|oq |gn| nyo n{{ybwmdn|o`} ejbsj

An`\ynjq Q|n|o bh An`mhbyjmn, Lo{ny|doj| bh \ynjq{by|n|mbj

aH, aH \b|n` njl ohhoa|mxo qbm` abgoqmbj xnùoq mj |go hbujln|mbj qbm`, mj e[n

AH@GL Aoj|yn` Holoyn` @njlq Gmcgsn} Lmxmqmbj

AMO Qomqdma mjoy|mn` abohhmamoj|

AB Abj|yna|mjc Bhhmaoy

l Lo{|g bh qbm` |b jocòa| sgoj abd{u|mjc {nqqmxo yoqmq|mjc hbyao, d

l{one [one q{oa|yn` lmq{`naodoj|, ad

L Odioldoj| lo{|g n| |bo bh ybaeoy}, d

L& Nd{`mhmol {one lmq{`naodoj|

o Dbdoj| oaaoj|ymam|} yo`n|mxo |b aoj|oy bh inqo ybae d


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HN Na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo hbyao na|mjc bj |go inae bh |go ybaeoy}

HN,G Gbymvbj|n` abd{bjoj| bh na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo hbyao eJ '{oy do|oy bhybaeoy}-

HN,X Xoy|man` abd{bjoj| bh na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo hbyao, eJ '{oy do|oy bh

ybaeoy}-

HNO \b|n` q|n|ma {`uq qomqdma |gyuq| na|mjc bj ybaeoy}, eJ '{oy do|oy bh

ybaeoy}-

HNO Mjayodoj|n` qomqdma |gyuq| na|mjc bj ybaeoy}, eJ '{oy do|oy bh ybaeoy}-

HG Qud bh q|n|ma gbymvbj|n` lymxmjc hbyaoq na|mjc bj ybaeoy}, eJ '{oy do|oy

bh ybaeoy}-

HG,Q Qud bh q|n|ma njl qomqdma gbymvbj|n` lymxmjc hbyaoq na|mjc bj ybaeoy},eJ '{oy do|oy bh ybaeoy}-

HGSN Holoyn` Gmcgsn} Nldmjmq|yn|mbj

H@G Holoyn` @njlq Gmcgsn}

Hbujln|mbj

Hm``

Dn|oymn` abjhbydmjc |b Qoa|mbj 3; bh |go HGSN Q|njlnyl

Q{oamhman|mbjq 'H[$;1-

H{ [nqqmxo yoqmq|mjc hbyao bj |bo bh ybaeoy}, eJ '{oy do|oy bh ybaeoy}-

Hq Gbymvbj|n` yoqu`|nj| hbyao luo |b n{{`man|mbj bh xoy|man` quyagnyco `bnl,eJ '{oy do|oy bh ybaeoy}-

H Q|n|ma yoqmq|mjc hyma|mbj hbyao bh ib||bd bh inqo ybae, eJ '{oy do|oy bh

ybaeoy}-

H,Q Q|n|ma njl qomqdma yoqmq|mjc hyma|mbj hbyao bh ib||bd bh inqo ybae, eJ'{oy do|oy bh ybaeoy}-

HQ Hna|by bh qnho|}

HQIA Hna|by bh qnho|} sm|g yoq{oa| |b ionymjc an{nam|}

HQB\ Hna|by bh qnho|} sm|g yoq{oa| |b ow|oyjn` bxoy|uyjmjc

HQB\RMJ\ Hna|by bh qnho|} sm|g yoq{oa| |b mj|oyjn` 'mj|oy$ybae- bxoy|uyjmjc

HQqomqdma Hna|by bh qnho|} sm|g yoq{oa| |b yo~umyol ybaeoy} somcg| |b `mdm| ybaeoy}

lmq{`naodoj| |b by `oqq

HQQ@ Hna|by bh qnho|} sm|g yoq{oa| |b inqo q`mlmjc


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~dnw Dnwmdud n{{`mol ionymjc {yoqquyo n| |bo bh inqo ybae luo |b dbdoj|oaaoj|ymam|}, e[n

~dnw,q Dnwmdud n{{`mol ionymjc {yoqquyo n| |bo bh inqo ybae luo |b dbdoj|

oaaoj|ymam|} ujloy qomqdma `bnlmjc, e[n

~q Xoy|man` quyagnyco {yoqquyo na|mjc bj |go cybujl quyhnao iogmjl |go

ybaeoy}, e[n

YQ[ Ybae q`b{o {yb|oa|mbj, o*c*, ym{yn{

YQQ Yomjhbyaol qbm` q`b{o

QNCO Qnjloyq ( Nqqbamn|oq Cobq|yua|uyn` Ojcmjooymjc, Mja*

QO Qbjma Oagb, n |}{o bh cob{g}qman` quyhnao snxo do|gbl

\n N``bsniò |ojqmò q|yojc|g hby cob|ow|mò qbm` yomjhbyaodoj|, o~un` |b

@\LQ"HQ

_IA _jmhbyd Ium`lmjc Ablo

_*Q* _jm|ol Q|n|oq

_X _`|ynxmbò| `mcg|, quag nq quj`mcg|

x{one [one q{oa|yn` xo`bam|}, ad"qoa

X& Nd{`mhmol {one xo`bam|}

S \b|n` somcg| bh ybaeoy} 'ujm| sml|g inqmq-, ec

SAY So``$abjq|yua|ol ybaeoy} nq lohmjol i} N* F* Gojlybj, Fy*

Sm Somcg| bh ybaeoy} abd{bjoj| 'ujm| sml|g inqmq-, ec

wm Dbdoj| nyd hybd |bo bh ybaeoy} |b aoj|ybml bh dnqq hby ybaeoy}

abd{bjoj|, d

v [bmj| bh n{{`man|mbj bh HNO, donquyol xoy|man``} hybd inqo bh ybaeoy}, d

\bòyniò ybaeoy} lmq{`naodoj| hby Ymagnylq njl O`dq njn`}qmq, mj

HNO Mjayodoj|n` qomqdma |gyuq| na|mjc bj ybaeoy}, eJ '{oy do|oy bh ybaeoy}-

Njcò, donquyol u{ hybd |go gbymvbj|n`, |b |go inae au| by yony hnao bhybaeoy}, locyooq* [bqm|mxo njcò mq lohmjol nq hnao bh inae au| q`b{mjc

u{ njl nsn} hybd |go inqo bh |go ybaeoy}, q|ny|mjc hybd |go ib||bd bh

|go au|*

N X L Josdnye njl Gn`` nd{`mhman|mbj hna|byq


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, # \b|n` njl ohhoa|mxo qbm` hyma|mbj njcò " njcò bh mj|oyjn` hyma|mbj,yoq{oa|mxo`}* N`|gbucg ohhoa|mxo q|yoqqoq nyo dbq| |}{man``} uqol, |go

|oyd mq abddbj`} uqol |gybucgbu| |gmq yo{by|*

AY Hyma|mbj njcò 'ohhoa|mxo by |b|n`- bh ayuqgol ybae inaehm``

H Hyma|mbj njcò 'ohhoa|mxo by |b|n`- bh hbujln|mbj qbm` njl qbm` n| |bo bh

ybaeoy}

, q Lojqm|} bh yo|nmjol qbm`, eJ"d1

AY Lojqm|} bh ayuqgol ybae inaehm`` 'jo| lojqm|}, mjaùlmjc xbmlq-, eJ"d1

Y Lojqm|} bh ybaeoy} hnamjc 'jo| lojqm|}, mjaùlmjc xbmlq-, eJ"d1

H Lojqm|} bh hbujln|mbj qbm`, eJ"d1

Hyma|mbj hna|by hby q`mlmjc

Inae au| mja`mjn|mbj, locyooq


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OWOA_\MXO Q_DDNY]

OWOA_\MXO Q_DDNY]

N ybaeoy} mq n yo|nmjmjc by {yb|oa|mbj q|yua|uyo |gn| abjqmq|q bh q|naeol ybaeq sm|gbu| dby|ny,

abjayo|o, by q|oo` yomjhbyaodoj|* N`|gbucg |go ybaeq nyo q|naeol mj nj mj|oy`baemjc {n||oyj,

|goyo nyo jb doagnjman` abjjoa|mbjq dnlo io|sooj |go mjlmxmlun` ybaeq* Yn|goy, |goqo q|yua|uyoq

yo`} bj |go somcg|, qmvo, qgn{o, njl mj|oyhnao hyma|mbj bh |go ybae o`odoj|q |b {ybxmlo bxoyn``

q|nim`m|}* B|goy q|yua|uyoq, quag nq ym{yn{ yoxo|doj|q, ly}$q|nae ybae sn``q, njl cybu|ol ybae

sn``q, uqo ybaeq nq n {ymdny} abjq|yua|mbj dn|oymn`, n`|gbucg |go} nyo jb| abjqmloyol ybaeoymoq*

Hby |go {uy{bqo bh |gmq q|ul}, n ybaeoy} mq lohmjol nq nj ojcmjooyol q}q|od bh q|naeol njcu`ny

ybaeq {`naol sm|gbu| dby|ny mj nj n{{ybwmdn|o yujjmjc ibjl {n||oyj* Ybae lmdojqmbjq nyo

cojoyn``} cyon|oy |gnj


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OWOA_\MXO Q_DDNY]

\go bifoa|mxoq bh |gmq q|ul} nyo |b yoxmos owmq|mjc njn`}|man` do|gblq njl abjq|yua|mbj

|oagjm~uoq auyyoj|`} mj uqo njl |b loxo`b{ n ujmhmol hyndosbye hby loqmcj njl q{oamhman|mbj bh

ybaeoymoq mj dbloyj gmcgsn} abjq|yua|mbj* \go u`|mdn|o cbn` bh |go {ybfoa| mq |b {ybxmlo

loqmcjoyq, mjq{oa|byq, njl abj|yna|byq sm|g n inqmq hby oxnùn|mjc owmq|mjc ybaeoymoq njl

q{oamh}mjc njl abjq|yua|mjc jos ybaeoymoq*

\go yoabddojlol loqmcj {ybaoluyo mq njn`bcbuq |b |go loqmcj bh cynxm|} yo|nmjmjc sn``q* \go

ybaeoy} mq loqmcjol |b yoqmq| q|n|ma njl qomqdma ony|g {yoqquyoq njl `n|oyn` {yoqquyo quyagnycoq |gn|nyo lohmjol uqmjc |ynlm|mbjn` yo|nmjmjc sn`` loqmcj abjao{|q* Naabylmjc`}, |go ybaeoy} mq agoaeol

hby nj nlo~un|o hna|by bh qnho|} ncnmjq| q`mlmjc, bxoy|uyjmjc, njl ionymjc an{nam|} hnmùyo*

Nllm|mbjn``}, nj n``bsniò lmq{`naodoj| do|gbl hby qomqdma loqmcj {yb{bqol i} Ymagnylq njl

O`dq '>=3=- hby cynxm|} sn``q mq {ybxmlol hby abq|$ohhoa|mxo ybaeoy} loqmcj*

_qmjc |go yoabddojlol loqmcj {ybaoluyo, cynxm|} ybaeoymoq anj cojoyn``} io abjq|yua|ol |b

io|sooj 9*< d '7 h|- njl 1*3 d '>9 h|- |n`` mj hm`` abjlm|mbjq sm|gbu| cobcyml yomjhbyaodoj|, njl

u{ |b


21/176

AGN[\OY > MJ\YBL_A\MBJ


INAECYB_JL

N ybaeoy} mq n yo|nmjmjc by {yb|oa|mbj q|yua|uyo |gn| abjqmq|q bh q|naeol ybaeq sm|gbu| dby|ny,

abjayo|o, by q|oo` yomjhbyaodoj|* N`|gbucg |go ybaeq nyo q|naeol mj nj mj|oy`baemjc {n||oyj,

|goyo nyo jb doagnjman` abjjoa|mbjq dnlo io|sooj |go mjlmxmlun` ybaeq* Yn|goy, |goqo q|yua|uyoq

yo`} bj |go somcg|, qmvo, qgn{o, njl mj|oyhnao hyma|mbj bh |go ybae o`odoj|q |b {ybxmlo bxoyn``

q|nim`m|}*

B|goy q|yua|uyoq owmq| |gn| uqo ybaeq nq n hnamjc o`odoj|, n`|gbucg |go} nyo jb| abjqmloyol

ybaeoymoq* Ybae q`b{o {yb|oa|mbj 'YQ[-, n`qb ejbsj nq ym{yn{, mq qmdm`ny mj abjao{| |b ybaeoymoq,

n`|gbucg m| mq uqun``} {`naol bxoy duag qgn``bsoy q`b{oq njl loqmcjol |b yoqmq| g}lynu`ma h`bs

hbyaoq yn|goy |gnj `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyoq* Cybu|ol ybae sn``q nyo n`qb uqol mj dnj} `njlqan{o

n{{`man|mbjq, n`|gbucg |go} loymxo |gomy q|yojc|g hybd |go cybu| hm`` io|sooj |go mjlmxmlun` ybaeq

njl, |goyohbyo, nyo n`qb jb| abjqmloyol ybaeoymoq*

Qmdm`ny`}, ly}$q|naeol, ujdby|nyol ybae sn``q, n`|gbucg jb| abjqmloyol ybaeoymoq nq lohmjol

goyomj, gnxo iooj abjq|yua|ol mj |go _jm|ol Emjclbd hby bxoy >;; }onyq* Dnj} nyo q|m`` mj uqo

n`bjc |go gmcgsn} q}q|od* \goqo sn``q nyo cojoyn``} abjq|yua|ol bh > |b 9; ec '9 |b


22/176


q}q|od* @m||ò mq ejbsj nibu| |go loqmcj bh dnj} bh |goqo ybaeoymoq, n`|gbucg m| mq quq{oa|ol

dnj} soyo abjq|yua|ol sm|g `m||ò by jb ojcmjooymjc* Joxoy|goòqq, sgmò qbdo gnxo hnmòl,

dnj} nyo q|m`` mj uqo |bln}* \goqo b`loy ybaeoymoq, nq so`` nq dbyo yoaoj| ybaeoymoq, dn} jool |b

io oxnùn|ol i} |go H@G hby abjhbydnjao sm|g auyyoj| loqmcj q|njlnylq nq auyyoj| njl hu|uyo

|ynjq{by|n|mbj joolq lo{ojl bj |gomy abj|mjuol uqnco*

N`|gbucg |goyo mq oxmlojao |go {ui`ma qoa|by snq ium`lmjc ybaeoymoq mj |go >=1;q, |go {ymxn|o

qoa|by n{{onyq |b gnxo iooj qbdosgn| q`bsoy |b nlb{| abddoyamn` ybaeoy} abjq|yua|mbj*Ybaeoymoq gnxo iooj abjq|yua|ol mj |go [namhma Jby|gsoq| hby |go {nq| hbuy loanloq, njl gnxo

qooj mjayonqmjc uqo mj jby|goyj An`mhbyjmn njl Joxnln bxoy |go `nq| >; }onyq* Ioanuqo ybaeoymoq

nyo n yo`n|mxo`} mjow{ojqmxo ojcmjooyol yo|nmjmjc n`|oyjn|mxo sm|g n jn|uyn` noq|go|ma n{{on`, |go}

abj|mjuo |b cnmj mj {b{u`nym|} |gybucgbu| |go soq|oyj _jm|ol Q|n|oq*

\go H@G abj|mjuoq |b hmjl qm|un|mbjq sgoyo jos ybaeoy} abjq|yua|mbj sbu`l io nlxnj|ncobuq by

sgoyo yo{nmy by dblmhman|mbj bh owmq|mjc gmq|byma ybaeoymoq mq yo~umyol* Gbsoxoy, abjxoj|mbjn`

gmcgsn} loqmcj q|njlnylq nyo jb| nxnm`niò |b abjhmyd nlo~un|o mj|oyjn` q|nim`m|} by hna|byq bh

qnho|}, oxoj sgoyo ybaeoymoq gnxo {oyhbydol nlo~un|o`} hby loanloq*

Dbyobxoy, |goyo mq `mdm|ol abxoynco bh ly}$q|naeol ybaeoymoq mj ojcmjooymjc |ow|ibbeq njl

`m|oyn|uyo* N`|gbucg n||od{|q gnxo iooj dnlo |b loxo`b{ cumlo`mjoq hby abjq|yua|mbj, |goqo nyo

|}{man``} `ban` ohhby|q njl |ojl |b io dbyo {ybaoluyn` |gnj njn`}|man`* Hby ownd{ò, mj >==9 |go

Nqqbamn|ol Ybaeoy} Abj|yna|byq 'NYA- '>- loxo`b{ol abjq|yua|mbj cumlo`mjoq inqol bj `ban`

ow{oymojaoq mj |go [namhma Jby|gsoq|* Gbsoxoy, sgmò |go NYA cumlo`mjoq {ybxmlo cojoyn`

yuòq$bh$|gudi hby uqo i} abj|yna|byq luymjc abjq|yua|mbj, |go} lb jb| {ybxmlo n yn|mbjn` inqmq

hby loqmcj* Nq n yoqu`|, mjlmxmlun` loqmcjoyq nyo òh| |b loxo`b{ ybaeoy} loqmcj njl abjq|yua|mbj

q|njlnylq inqol bj |gomy {oyqbjn` ow{oymojao*

\go `nae bh q|n|osmlo by jn|mbjn` loqmcj q|njlnylq njl abjq|yua|mbj cumlo`mjoq gnq qbdo|mdoq


23/176


jn|uyo bh ybaeoymoq luymjc |go yoxmos {ybaoqq, gnxo yoqu`|ol mj {bby {oyhbydnjao, mjaùlmjc

hnmùyoq luymjc by nh|oy abjq|yua|mbj* Mj dnj} anqoq, |go nae bh ~un`m|} nqquynjao by abjq|yua|mbj

bxoyqmcg| cumlo`mjoq ownaoyin|oq {ybiòdq yo`n|ol |b {bby loqmcj by abjq|yua|mbj {yna|maoq* Hby

ownd{ò, |go hnmòl sn`` qgbsj mj Hmcuyo > cojoyn``} gnq ybaeq bh mjnlo~un|o qmvo njl sgmag nyo

{bby`} q|naeol* Mj nllm|mbj, n inaelynmj lboq jb| n{{ony |b gnxo iooj mjq|n`òl*

Hmcuyo >* [gb|bcyn{g* Hnmùyo bh jbj$ojcmjooyol ybaeoy} mj O` Lbynlb Gm``q, An`mhbyjmn,9;;


24/176


Ioanuqo ybaeoymoq nyo hmo`l nqqodiòl sm|g jn|uyn` njl xnymniò dn|oymn`q, anyohu` hmo`l

biqoyxn|mbj mq oqqoj|mn` |b abjhmyd |gn| |go nq$ium`| q|yua|uyoq nyo abjqmq|oj| sm|g |go mj|oj| bh |go

loqmcj* \goyohbyo, cumlo`mjoq gnxo n`qb iooj loxo`b{ol |b {ybxmlo loqmcjoyq, mjq{oa|byq, njl

abj|yna|byq sm|g n inqmq hby q{oamh}mjc, oxnùn|mjc, njl abjq|yua|mjc ybaeoymoq*

YBAEOY] LOHMJM\MBJQ

Ybaeoymoq anj io cojoyn``} lohmjol nq ybucg ybaeq q|naeol mj nj mj|oy`baemjc {n||oyj sm|gbu|

abjayo|o, dby|ny, by q|oo` yomjhbyaodoj|* Jom|goy doagnjman` jby {g}qman` abjjoa|mbjq nyo dnloio|sooj |go mjlmxmlun` ybaeq5 mj|oy`baemjc mq naabd{`mqgol |gybucg {yb{oy ybae `n}bu|, ybae

somcg|, njl hyma|mbjn` mj|oyna|mbj* Xnymbuq |oydq gnxo iooj uqol |b loqaymio ybaeoymoq, mjaùlmjc

ybae iyonq| sn``q, ybaeoy} sn``q, ly}$q|nae sn``q, q|bjo sn``q, njl ybae sn``q* \go

|oydq uqol |b loqaymio ybaeoymoq bh|oj yohòa| |go mj|ojlol uqo, njl, mj qbdo anqoq,

{yoabjao{|mbjq yocnylmjc ybaeoymoq*

\goyo mq qbdo lmqncyoodoj| sm|gmj |go ojcmjooymjc abddujm|} nq |b sgo|goy ybaeoymoq qgbu`l io

abjqmloyol ony|g yo|nmjmjc q|yua|uyoq* \go Am|} bh Qon||ò, Snqgmjc|bj, q{oamhman``} q|n|oq

ybaeoymoq qgbu`l jb| io uqol hby ony|g yo|oj|mbj {uy{bqoq,'9-

iu| anj io uqol nq nj noq|go|ma

|yon|doj| hby nj b|goysmqo q|niò q`b{o by |b {ybxmlo oybqmbj {yb|oa|mbj 'q`b{o nydby-* \go Am|}

bh Qon||ò ybaeoy} cumlo`mjoq n{{ony |b gnxo iooj nlb{|ol i} Dnqbj Abuj|}, Snqgmjc|bj, njl

|go Am|} bh Q{nyeq, Joxnln, ib|g bh sgmag lb jb| n``bs |go uqo bh ybaeoymoq hby ony|g

yo|oj|mbj*'uj{ui`mqgol Mj|oyjo| yohoyojaoq- Bj |go b|goy gnjl, dujmam{n`m|moq quag nq |go Am|} bh Iymoy,

Snqgmjc|bj, n``bs |go uqo bh ybaeoymoq nq yo|nmjmjc q|yua|uyoq, n`|gbucg |go} yo~umyo ojcmjooyol

loqmcj hby nj} ybaeoymoq bxoy ;*= d '1 h|- |n``*'1-

Qbdo yoqonyagoyq gnxo naejbsòlcol |gn| ybaeoymoq anj qoyxo nq yo|nmjmjc q|yua|uyoq njl gnxo

loxo`b{ol o~un|mbjq oq{oamn``} loqmcjol |b oxnùn|o |go q|nim`m|} bh ybaeoymoq yo|nmjmjc ib|g

jn|mxo qbm`q njl hm``q*'


25/176


|b gomcg|q u{ |b 3*8 d '9? h|- mj |go [namhma Jby|gsoq| njl jby|goyj An`mhbyjmn bxoy |go `nq|

loanlo*

Hby |go {uy{bqo bh |gmq q|ul}, n ybaeoy} mq lohmjol nq nj ojcmjooyol q}q|od bh q|naeol njcu`ny

ybaeq {`naol sm|gbu| dby|ny mj nj n{{ybwmdn|o yujjmjc ibjl {n||oyj* Ybae lmdojqmbjq nyo

cojoyn``} cyon|oy |gnj


26/176


loqaymioq |go somcg| bh n ybae* Hby ownd{ò, n |sb$dnj ybae mq lohmjol nq |go `nycoq| ybae |sb

doj abu`l dbxo mj|b {`nao5 n hbuy$dnj ybae sbu`l yo~umyo hbuy doj, njl qb bj* Dnj ybae

qmvoq nyo cojoyn``} an{{ol n| qmw$dnj ybaeq*

GOMCG\

G

G

X

INQO SML\G

I

Hmcuyo 9* Cyn{gma* Lmncynd qgbsmjc lohmjm|mbjq bh gomcg| 'G-, inqo sml|g 'I-, hnao in||oy,

njl yo`n|mxo ybae qmvoq*

Ioanuqo |gmq ujm| bh donquyo mq quifoa|mxo, lohmjm|mbjq bh dnj ybae qmvoq bh|oj xny} io|sooj

dujmam{n`m|moq, nq qgbsj mj \niò >* \goyohbyo, |go a`nqqmhman|mbj bh hnamjc ybaeq mj|b dnj ybae

cybu{q mj |go hmo`l yo~umyoq ejbsòlco bh |go lohmjm|mbjq iomjc uqol* Hby ownd{ò, \niò >

qgbsq |gn| sgmò |go dnwmdud somcg| hby n qmw$dnj ybae mq cojoyn``} abjqmloyol nibu| 1,8;; ec

'7,;;; ì-, n| ònq| bjo a`nqqmhman|mbj q}q|od abjqmloyq |go |}{man` somcg| |b io >,;=; ec

'9, MJ\YBL_A\MBJ


27/176


\niò >* Abd{nymqbj bh dnj ybae lohmjm|mbjq*

Qbuyao

NYA '>- Am|} bh Qon||ò,SN '9-

Am|} bh Iymoy,SN '1-

Cmhhbyl (Emye`njl '?-

HGSN '8-

YbaeQmvo

'DnjYbaeq-

Somcg|,ec

Nxoynco

L

mdojqmbj,d

Somcg|,ec

X

bùdo,d

1

Somcg|,ec

L

mndo|oy,d

Somcg|,ec

QuyhnaoNyon"

D

njYbae,d

9

Somcg|,ec

Nxoynco

L

mdojqmbj,d

> 91

=>

;*1;

;*>

;*;18

91

=>

;*1;

;*79 ;*11 9;

=;

;*1;;

;*


28/176

AGN[\OY 9 Q_YXO] BH OWMQ\MJC LOQMCJ DO\GBLQ


29/176



GMQ\BYMA YBAEOYMOQ

\go uqo bh ly} q|naeol ybaeq |b ium`l sn``q mq bjo bh |go ony`moq| abjq|yua|mbj |oagjb`bcmoq uqol

i} dnj* M| mq lbui|hu` |gn| nj} ony`} ownd{òq bh ybae abjq|yua|mbj soyo loqmcjol, b|goy |gnj

i} |ymn` njl oyyby, |b {ybluao n q|yua|uyo |gn| snq uqohu` hby n {oymbl bh |mdo naao{|niò |b |go

ium`loy* Nq n yoqu`|, ybaeoymoq |gn| quyxmxo |bln} nyo bj`} |gbqo |gn|, i} agnjao by |gybucg |go

ow{oymojao bh |go ium`loy, gnxo aoy|nmj agnyna|oymq|maq |gn| gnxo n``bsol |god |b q|njl |go |oq| bh

|mdo* \goqo agnyna|oymq|maq dmcg| mjaùlo |go uqo bh `nyco ybae$dnqq$|b$ybaeoy}$gomcg| yn|mbq,

|niu`ny ybae qgn{oq, njl so``$lynmjol yo|nmjol dn|oymn`q*

Bjo bh |go ony`moq| quyxmxmjc ownd{òq bh n ly} q|naeol sn`` mq ejbsj nq Gnlymnjq Sn``, sgmagmq qgbsj mj Hmcuyo 1* Ium`| mj >99 N*L* i} |go Ybdnj Od{oyby Gnlymnj, |go sn`` qoyxol nq n

hby|mhman|mbj ncnmjq| mjxnqmbj i} inyinymnjq* \go sn`` mq 8 d '9; h|- |n`` njl 1 d '>; h|- smlo,

njl q|yo|agoq >>3*? ed '31 dm- naybqq |go qbu|goyj ibyloy bh sgn| mq jbs Qab|`njl*'Nibu| Qab|`njl,

uj{ui`mqgol Mj|oyjo| yohoyojao- \go sn`` cojoyn``} lboq jb| yo|nmj qbm` by {yb|oa| n qbm` q`b{o, njl,

|goyohbyo, mq jb| lmyoa|`} njn`bcbuq |b ybaeoy} loqmcj by {oyhbydnjao* Joxoy|goòqq, m| mq nj

ownd{ò bh |go luynim`m|} njl {oydnjojao bh gmq|byma dby|nyòqq ybae abjq|yua|mbj*



30/176


\go `nycoq| q|yua|uyo n| |go qm|o, |go Cyon| Oja`bquyo, mq |go `nycoq| njamoj| q|yua|uyo mj Nhyman

qbu|g bh |go {}yndmlq mj |go Qngnyn Loqoy|* \go ium`lmjc gnq n amyaudhoyojao bh nibu| 9?? d

'7;$d$gmcg '11$h|$gmcgsn``q, njl n dnwmdud sn`` |gmaejoqq bh nibu| ? d '>3 h|-* M| mq

oq|mdn|ol |gn| nibu| bjo dm``mbj i`baeq soyo uqol |b abjq|yua| |go Cyon| Oja`bquyo*'C`bin` Goym|nco

Hujl, uj{ui`mqgol Mj|oyjo| yohoyojao-

Njb|goy ownd{`o bh ony`} ybae abjq|yua|mbj mq |go ly} q|naeol ybae sn``q njl q|yua|uyoq

abjq|yua|ol i} |go Mjanq n| Dnagu [maagu mj [oyu, nq qgbsj mj Hmcuyo


31/176


sn``q yodnmj, {ny|mau`ny`} n`bjc ynm`sn}q njl gmq|byma anjn`q aymqqaybqqmjc |go Qmoyyn Joxnln

dbuj|nmj ynjco* Bjo ownd{ò bh |gmq |}{o bh ybaeoy} mq qgbsj mj Hmcuyo ?, sgmag qu{{by|ol n

hùdo hby g}lynu`ma dmjmjc bu|qmlo bh @n Cynjco, An`mhbyjmn* \go ybaeoy} mq n{{ybwmdn|o`} =*>

d '1; h|- |n`` njl n{{onyq |b gnxo nj bxoyn`` sml|g bh òqq |gnj 1 d '>; h|-* Sgmò qdn`` nyonq n|

|go h`njeq bh |go ybaeoy} gnxo iocuj |b lo|oymbyn|o luo |b oybqmbj, |go dnfbym|} bh |go ybaeoy} mq

q|m`` mj cbbl abjlm|mbj*

Hmcuyo ?* [gb|bcyn{g* N{{ybwmdn|o`} =*>$d$|n`` '1;$h|$|n``- ybaeoy} bu|qmlo @n Cynjco,

An`mhbyjmn, ln|mjc hybd |go `n|o >7;;q*

DBLOYJ YBAEOY] LOQMCJ

\go loqmcj bh ybaeoymoq n{{onyq |b gnxo iooj nj ny| yn|goy |gnj n qamojao, sm|g dbq| ybaeoy}

abjq|yua|mbj inqol bj n |ymn`$njl$oyyby {ybaoqq, uj|m` qbdo|mdo mj |go >=8;q by >=3;q* Nibu| |gmq

|mdo, qum|niò o~um{doj| njl dn|oymn`q ioando nxnm`niò mj |go jby|gsoq|oyj {by|mbj bh |go

_jm|ol Q|n|oq |b {ybluao ybaeoymoq oabjbdman``} njl lo{ojlni`}* \goqo ybaeoymoq iocnj |b

ybu|mjo`} hon|uyo |niu`ny, |mcg|`} {`naol q|bjoq bh nlo~un|o qmvo |b yoqmq| loq|nim`mvmjc hbyaoq* Mj

nllm|mbj, sn`` loqmcjq iocnj |b q{oamh} |gn| ayuqgol ybae mjhm`` dn|oymn` io uqol iogmjl |go ybae

h m ml gm g g i ehm`` m ` l l l m \g m



32/176

go`{ol q{ool abjq|yua|mbj* Huy|goydbyo, i`nq|ol njl ayuqgol ybae sm|g noq|go|man``} {ònqmjc

agnyna|oymq|maq gnq mjayonqol mj abddoyamn` nxnm`nim`m|}* Sgoj abdimjol, |goqo hna|byq gnxo n``

abj|ymiu|ol cyon|`} |b |go oabjbd}, {b{u`nym|}, njl lo{ojlnim`m|} bh ybaeoymoq uqol hby

abddoyamn` abjq|yua|mbj mj yoaoj| }onyq*

Gbsoxoy, sgmò aoy|nmj ybaeoy} abd{bjoj|q n{{ony |b io abddbj |b dbq| dbloyj ybaeoymoq,

lmdojqmbjmjc, q{oamh}mjc, njl ojcmjooymjc ybaeoymoq mq nj oxb`xmjc {ybaoqq |gn| anj xny}

qmcjmhmanj|`} io|sooj loqmcjoyq* \go yodnmjloy bh |gmq agn{|oy {yoqoj|q loqmcj njl q{oamhman|mbj

qmdm`nym|moq njl lmhhoyojaoq hbujl io|sooj |go lmhhoyoj| loqmcjoyq njl cbxoyjdoj|n` oj|m|moq

q|ulmol*

Holoyn` Cbxoyjdoj|

\go _*Q* Lo{ny|doj| bh Ncymau`|uyo, Iuyonu bh [ui`ma Ybnlq qgbsol |}{man` ybaeoy} qoa|mbjq bj

|gomy {`njq hby |go A`mh|bj$Q{ymjcoyxm`ò Ybnl mj |go N{nago Jn|mbj Hbyoq| mj Nymvbjn,'uj{ui`mqgol,

uj|m|òl lynsmjc- sgmag lodbjq|yn|oq ybaeoymoq soyo iomjc abjq|yua|ol i} qbdo lo{ny|doj|q sm|gmj

|go Holoyn` cbxoyjdoj| nq ony`} nq >=>7* Bj |gmq {ybfoa|, ly} yuiiò sn``q soyo n{{nyoj|`}

uqol nq gonlsn``q n| {m{o bu|hn``q* \go gonlsn``q, sgmag n{{ony |b xny} io|sooj ==; njl >,8;;

dd '1= njl 81 mj- mj gomcg|, gnxo dmjmdud inqo sml|gq bh ?1; |b 38; dd '9> |b 1; mj- njl |b{

sml|gq bh 17; |b >*? h|-* \moyol ybaeoymoq soyo

`mdm|ol |b 1 d '>; h|- {oy |moy* Q{oamhma ybaeoy} lmdojqmbjq soyo loqaymiol bj |go {`njq uqmjc |go



33/176

Inqo sml|g6 ;*?G, iu| jb| òqq |gnj >*9 d '< h|-* Ybaeq mj onag abuyqo nyo q{oamhmol i} n

dnj ybae loqmcjn|mbj, njl n |niò snq {ybxmlol |gn| {yoqoj|q lmhhoyoj| xnùoq hby onag

abuyqo hby lmhhoyoj| ybaeoy} gomcg|q* \go dnwmdud nxoynco lmdojqmbj hby n qmw$dnj

ybae mq `mq|ol nq >*? d '? h|-*

Odioldoj|6 Dmjmdud bh ?;; dd '>=*? mj-*

Inqo quyhnao6 \go inqo bh |go ybaeoy} qgbu`l io q`b{ol inae mj|b |go q`b{o quag |gn| |go

ybaeq nyo jb| mja`mjol |b hn`` bu| bh |go hnao bh |go ybaeoy}*

\b{ sml|g6 ;*1G by ?;; dd '>=*? mj-, sgmagoxoy mq `nycoy*

N``bsniò q|oo{joqq"hnao in||oy6 G by h`n||oy*

Qbm` au|6 8X6>G by h`n||oy*

Q|yua|uyn` ybaeq qgn`` jb| io `bbqo by niò |b io dbxol i} n {y} iny nh|oy ybaeoy}

abd{ò|mbj*

Jbj$q|yua|uyn` agmjemjc ybaeq qgn`` jb| io `bbqo by niò |b io yodbxol i} gnjl nh|oy

abjq|yua|mbj mq abd{ò|o* Agmjemjc ybaeq abjqmq| bh qdn`` ybaeq uqol |b hm`` xbmlq njl

lmq|ymiu|o `bnlq io|sooj `nycoy hnamjc ybaeq*

\go `bjcoq| ybae lmdojqmbj qgbu`l io bymoj|ol {oy{ojlmau`ny |b hnao bh ybaeoy}*

\go `bjcoq| lmdojqmbj qgn`` jb| owaool |gyoo |mdoq |go qgby|oq| lmdojqmbj*

Q|yua|uyn` ybaeq qgn`` iony bj n| ònq| |sb ybaeq io`bs, njl qgn`` io {`naol qb |gn| jb

abj|mjubuq fbmj|q owmq|mjc mj om|goy xoy|man` by gbymvbj|n` {`njoq*

\ m ` `` l | m` l g l ` h |g C `` [ iml l | | l Hm



34/176

Hmcuyo 8* Cyn{gma* \}{man` ybaeoy} qoa|mbj hybd Cunjo``n [nqq iml lbaudoj|q*



35/176

Hmcuyo 7* [gb|bcyn{g* Abd{`o|ol ybaeoy} hby Cunjo``n [nqq Ybnl, Ab`bynlb, 9;;?*

Ybaeoy} loqmcj yoabddojln|mbjq soyo n`qb mloj|mhmol mj nYo|nmjmjc Sn`` Loqmcj Cumlo

{ui`mqgol i} _jm|ol Q|n|oq Lo{ny|doj| bh Ncymau`|uyo, Hbyoq| Qoyxmao, mj >==< 'Yo{by| Jb*

HGSN$H@[$=-nq |go {ymdny} loqmcj nmlq* Ybaeoymoq nyo loqaymiol nq {ybxmlmjc `mdm|ol yoqmq|njao |b

`n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyoq, njl |b io uqol {ymdnym`} hby oybqmbj {yb|oa|mbj* \go dnwmdud

yoabddojlol gomcg| hby ybaeoymoq mq


36/176

qbdo anqoq, òqq* [yoqaym{|mxo loqmcj {nyndo|oyq soyo bi|nmjol hby |go Am|} bh Qon||ò,

Snqgmjc|bj5 Am|} bh Iymoy, Snqgmjc|bj5 njl Dnqbj Abuj|}, Snqgmjc|bj* \go {yoqaym{|mxo

loqmcj {nyndo|oyq hby |goqo dujmam{n`m|moq nyo quddnymvol `n|oy mj |gmq agn{|oy* [by|mbjq bh |go

cumlo`mjoq gnxo n`qb iooj nlb{|ol i} |go Am|} bh Q{nyeq, Joxnln, njl |go Am|} bh Ejbwxm`ò,

\ojjoqqoo*

\go ybaeoy} abjq|yua|mbj {ybhoqqmbj n`qb loxo`b{ol cumlo`mjoq hby ybaeoy} abjq|yua|mbj* Inqol

bj ow{oymojaoq mj |go [namhma Jby|gsoq|, |goqo cumlo`mjoq, {ui`mqgol i} |go NYA,'>- {ybxmlo

cumlnjao yocnylmjc imllmjc {yna|maoq, ybaeoy} `n}bu|, lynmjnco, njl |go ybò bh |go cob|oagjman`

ojcmjooy* \go cumlo`mjoq n`qb q|n|o |gn| ybaeoymoq nyo cojoyn``} uqol nq oybqmbj abj|yb`

q|yua|uyoq5 sgoyo |go} yo|nmj `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyoq, |go} qgbu`l io loqmcjol i} n cob|oagjman`

ojcmjooy*

Bjo qmcjmhmanj| mjjbxn|mbj |b abdo bu| bh |go [namhma Jby|gsoq| gnq iooj |go uqo bh n vbjo bh

ayuqgol ybae iogmjl |go ybaeoy}* Mj nllm|mbj |b {ybxmlmjc n lolman|ol lynmjnco `n}oy, |go ayuqgol

ybae {ybxmloq n vbjo bh dn|oymn` sm|g n gmcg jn|uyn` hyma|mbj njcò, njl, |guq, n yo`n|mxo`} `bs

na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo abohhmamoj|, EN* Sgoj |go ayuqgol ybae abd{ymqoq n qmcjmhmanj| {oyaoj|nco

bh |go inaehm`òl vbjo, |go gmcg q|yojc|g bh |go ayuqgol ybaeq go`{q yoluao |go `n|oyn` ony|g

{yoqquyo bj |go ybaeoy} njl go`{q q|nim`mvo |go ybaeoy} q}q|od*

Ioanuqo ybaeoymoq gnxo iooj loqmcjol njl abjq|yua|ol hby qoxoyn` loanloq mj |go [namhma

Jby|gsoq|, dnj} bh |go {ui`mqgol yohoyojaoq `ban|ol hby |gmq q|ul} bymcmjn|o hybd |gmq nyon* \go

mjhbydn|mbj bi|nmjol hybd |goqo q|ulmoq hb``bsq*

Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl

Mj |gomy {n{oy _qoq njl Niuqoq bh Ybaeoymoq, Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl'?-

{ybxmlo cojoyn``}

{yoqaym{|mxo loqmcj q|njlnylq hby ybaeoymoq, iu| sm|g duag dbyo lo|nm` njl hby |n`òy ybaeoy}

g m g g g m m ` l m lm l m ` Sg Cmhh l l Em e` l



37/176

Ybaeoymoq nyo qmdm`ny |b yo|nmjmjc sn``q, iu| |gn| sgoyoxoy n ybaeoy} mq ium`|, n

yomjhbyaol abjayo|o sn`` sbu`l io n io||oy quiq|m|u|o* \go {n{oy lboq jb| ow{`nmj gbs

by sg} n yomjhbyaol abjayo|o sn`` sbu`l io abjqmloyol io||oy*

Ybaeoymoq gnxo yo`n|mxo`} `bs |bòynjao hby dbxodoj|q ioanuqo |go ybaeq nyo jb|

q|yua|uyn``} |mol |bco|goy* Mh qo||òdoj| baauyq, |go ybaeq dn} bqo abj|na| sm|g onag

b|goy, ònlmjc |b iu`cmjc by |b{{`mjc hnmùyo*

Ybaeoymoq nyo cojoyn``} ioq| hby noq|go|ma md{ybxodoj| by oybqmbj abj|yb` uqoq* N

ybaeoy} qgbu`l jb| io uqol ujòqq |go q`b{o m| hnaoq mq q|niò sm|gbu| qu{{by| hybd |go

ybaeoy}*

Ybaeoymoq nyo cojoyn``} jb| loqmcjol, iu| yn|goy fuq| ium`| uqmjc {yoqaym{|mxo

q|njlnylq* Bh|oj, ybaeoymoq nyo ium`| i} abj|yna|byq sm|gbu| {`njq* Loqmcj, sgoyo{oyhbydol, uqun``} mjxb`xoq q|njlnylq |gn| gnxo oxb`xol bxoy |mdo uqmjc |ymn`$njl$

oyyby do|gblqloqmcjq |gn| {oyhbyd so`` nyo youqol njl |gbqo |gn| hnm` nyo yoxmqol*

Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl yohoyojao nj uj{ui`mqgol yo{by| {yo{nyol i} N* F* Gojlybj, Fy* mj >=8;*

\go bymcmjn` yo{by| i} Gojlybj abu`l jb| io `ban|ol* [oy Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl, Gojlybj

lo|oydmjol |go q|nim`m|} bh ybaeoymoq mq abj|yb`òl i} bxoy|uyjmjc, yn|goy |gnj mj|oy$ybae by c`bin`

q`mlmjc, njl |gn| |go ybaeoy} q|nim`m|} mq gmcg`} lo{ojloj| bj |go ybaeoy} hnao mja`mjn|mbj* \go

yoqonyag mjaùlol loxo`b{doj| bh n loqmcj agny|, nq qgbsj mj Hmcuyo =, sgmag {yoqoj|q aym|man`

gomcg|$|b$inqo$sml|g 'G"I- yn|mbq hby {yoqaymiol qbm` abjlm|mbjq inqol bj bxoy|uyjmjc q|nim`m|}*

\go jn|uyo bh |go |oyd aym|man` mq jb| lmqauqqol mj |go Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl {n{oy, njl ioanuqo

|go bymcmjn` sbye i} Gojlybj abu`l jb| io `ban|ol, m| mq jb| aòny mh |go aym|man` xnùo yo{yoqoj|q

n hna|by bh qnho|} bh >*; by nj n``bsniò xnùo* Hby |go {uy{bqoq bh |gmq q|ul}, m| gnq iooj

nqqudol aym|man` md{`moq hnmùyo mq mddmjoj|, }mo`lmjc n hna|by bh qnho|} bh >*;*



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|go ybaeoy} hby SAYq* Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl yoabddojlol |gn| ioanuqo |gmq quifoa|mxo donquyo

bh sbyednjqgm{ snq lmhhmau`| |b oxnùn|o, |go auyxoq hby [AYq qgbu`l io uqol hby loqmcj*

\go agny| mq uqol i} lo|oydmjmjc |go sn`` gomcg| 'G-, mj|oyjn` qbm` hyma|mbj njcò '-, njl q`b{o

mja`mjn|mbj 'm-* Ioanuqo |go agny| snq abjq|yua|ol nqqudmjc n xnùo bh >3*8 eJ"d1 '>>; {ah- hby

|go qbm` ujm| somcg| '-, |go agny| qgbu`l io yocojoyn|ol, uqmjc |go o~un|mbjq qgbsj bj Hmcuyo =,

hby `nycoy xnùoq bh nq n `nycoy `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyo sm`` io md{bqol bj |go ybaeoy}* \go

xnùoq bh m njl nyo |goj uqol, n`bjc sm|g |go [AY auyxo, |b lo|oydmjo |go aym|man` G"I yn|mb*\gmq yn|mb mq mj |uyj uqol |b lo|oydmjo |go dmjmdud nxoynco inqo ybae sml|g 'I-*

Hby ownd{ò, cmxoj n ybaeoy} gomcg| bh 1 d '>; h|-, n q`b{o mja`mjn|mbj bh 7; locyooq, njl n qbm`

hyma|mbj njcò bh 1; locyooq, |go aym|man` G"I yn|mb yonl hybd |go Gojlybj agny| mq nibu| *8 h|-* Mj {yna|mao, `nycoy xnùoq sbu`l `meo`} io uqol hby loqmcj

ioanuqo |goqo nyo aym|man` xnùoq njl meo`} yo{yoqoj| n hna|by bh qnho|} bh >*;* N`|oyjn|mxo`}, mh

I mq ejbsj, |go agny| anj io uqol |b lo|oydmjo |go aym|man` gomcg|, nibxo sgmag |go hna|by bh

qnho|} mq òqq |gnj >*;* Hby ownd{ò, cmxoj n inqo sml|g bh >*9 d '< h|-, n q`b{o mja`mjn|mbj bh 7?

locyooq, njl n hyma|mbj njcò bh 1; locyooq, |go G"I yn|mb mq 9 njl |go dnwmdud 'aym|man`- ybaeoy}

gomcg| mq nibu| 9**3 eJ"d1'>>; {ah-* Hby b|goy

xnùoq, |go uqoy qgbu`l cojoyn|o jos auyxoq uqmjc |go o~un|mbjq qgbsj mj Hmcuyo =*



39/176



40/176

Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl mjlman|ol |gn| |go dnwmdud ybaeoy} inqo |gmaejoqq 'I- |go} gnxo biqoyxol

mq nibu| >*9 d '< h|-, sm|g nj nxoynco ybaeoy} |gmaejoqq bh nibu| ;*= d '1 h|-* Mj nllm|mbj, dbq|

ybaeoymoq |go} biqoyxol gnl hnao in||oyq io|sooj >9X6>G |b >9X69 njl 18 h|-*

Gbsoxoy, Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl n`qb jb|ol |gn| dbq| hnmùyoq biqoyxol |gybucg |gomy {yna|mao

baauyyol |b ybaeoymoq abjq|yua|ol |b gomcg|q owaoolmjc ? h|-

mq n yonqbjniò dnwmdud qmjcò$|moy loqmcj gomcg|* Huy|goydbyo, sgoyo ybaeoy} hnmùyoq gnxo

iooj biqoyxol, |go} mjlman|ol |gn| m| cojoyn``} yo~umyol dbyo ybaeq |b yo{nmy n hnmòl ybaeoy} |gnj

soyo bymcmjn``} yo~umyol |b abjq|yua| m|, quccoq|mjc |gn| hnmùyoq nyo gmcg`} lo{ojloj| bj |go

bymcmjn` lojqm|} '{naemjc- bh |go ybaeq njl |gn| n lojqoy {naemjc yoqu`|q mj n dbyo q|niò ybaeoy}*

Nj mj|oyoq|mjc q|n|odoj| mj |go Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl yo{by| mq |gn| |go} abj|ojl dbq| bsjoyq

ujloyq|njl |goyo mq n `bsoy q|njlnyl bh ojcmjooymjc hby ybaeoymoq |gnj hby b|goy ojcmjooyol

yo|nmjmjc q|yua|uyoq, quag nq anq|$mj${`nao by abjayo|o dnqbjy} ujm| sn``q, njl |gn| ybaeoy} hnmùyo

mq n {bqqmim`m|}* Gbsoxoy, |gmq {b|oj|mn` hby hnmùyo mq bu|somcgol i} abjq|yua|mbj abq| qnxmjcq*

Sgoyo hnmùyoq gnxo iooj biqoyxol, |go} `mq|ol |go qmw dbq| abddbj anuqoq 'nllm|mbjn` lo|nm`qsoyo jb| {ybxmlol i} Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl-6

@m||ò by jb lynmjnco snq {ybxmlol*

\go inaehm`` snq bh {bby ~un`m|} by {bby`} {`naol njl abd{na|ol*

Ybaeoy} hnao snq abjq|yua|ol |bb q|oo{ by |bb gmcg*

\go ybaeoy} snq abjq|yua|ol bxoy n {bby hbujln|mbj*



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God{gm`` Abjqu`|mjc Ojcmjooyq

Mj >==;, God{gm`` Abjqu`|mjc Ojcmjooyq 'God{gm``- bh Io`òxuo, Snqgmjc|bj, {yoqoj|olnjn`}|man` do|gblq hby ybaeoy} loqmcj mj n yo{by| |m|òl \go Ojcmjooymjc Do|gbl hby Ybaeoy}

Loqmcj*'uj{ui`mqgol, >==;-

God{gm`` jb|ol |gn| ybaeoymoq anj huja|mbj nlo~un|o`} nq yo|nmjmjc sn``q mh

|go} nyo {yb{oy`} loqmcjol* Gbsoxoy, dnj} abj|yna|byq io`moxo |go} duq| loqmcj ybaeoymoq mj

|go hmo`l |gybucg {yb{oy {`naodoj| njl hmo`l hm||mjc ioanuqo |go {`njq njl q{oamhman|mbjq {ybxmlol

nyo qb ndimcubuq nq |b io jony`} uqoòqq* God{gm`` am|oq |go smloq{yonl uqo bh |go dnj ybae

loqmcjn|mbj nq bjo {ybiòdn|ma hon|uyo ioanuqo |go lmdojqmbjq bh |go ybaeq nyo {bby`} lohmjol

njl bh|oj xny} io|sooj dujmam{n`m|moq* Gbsoxoy, n| |go |mdo bh gmq yo{by|, |go uqo bh dnj ybae

loqmcjn|mbjq n{{onyq |b gnxo iooj q|njlnyl bh {yna|mao mj |go nyon*

Hby |go God{gm`` {ybaoluyo, |go na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo bj |go inae bh |go ybaeoy} mq abd{u|ol mj

;*1$d '>$h|- mjayodoj|q, iocmjjmjc n| |go |b{ bh |go ybaeoy} njl ojlmjc n| |go inqo* Hby onag

mjayodoj|, n ybae sml|g mq abd{u|ol |gn| qn|mqhmoq hna|by bh qnho|} yo~umyodoj|q hby ib|g mj|oy$

ybae q`mlmjc njl bxoy|uyjmjc* \go abd{u|n|mbjq naabuj| hby |go somcg| bh |go |ymn` ybae n| |go

mjayodoj| iomjc agoaeol, nq so`` nq |go somcg|q bh n`` bxoy`}mjc ybaeq* \go bxoy|uyjmjc dbdoj|

luo |b |go `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyo mq |goj abd{u|ol nibu| |go |bo bh |go ybae n| onag òxo`* \go

sml|g bh |go ybae mq xnymol uj|m` |go loqmyol hna|by bh qnho|} sm|g yoq{oa| |b ib|g q`mlmjc njlbxoy|uyjmjc mq abd{u|ol* Io`bs hmjmqg cynlo, |go dmjmdud ybae sml|g mq abd{u|ol i} agoaemjc

hby nlo~un|o hna|by bh qnho|} |b yoqmq| q`mlmjc uqmjc ib|g hyma|mbj bj |go ib||bd bh |go inqo ybae

njl {nqqmxo {yoqquyo ncnmjq| |go hnao bh |go ybaeoy}* N qnd{ò anàu`n|mbj, owaoy{|ol hybd |go

God{gm`` yo{by|, mq qgbsj mj Hmcuyo >;*



42/176



43/176

God{gm`` quccoq|q |go hna|byq bh qnho|} ncnmjq| bxoy|uyjmjc njl q`mlmjc uqol mj |go njn`}qoq io

qoòa|ol inqol bj |go locyoo bh abj|yb` njl òxo` bh biqoyxn|mbj |go loqmcj ojcmjooy sm`` gnxo

luymjc abjq|yua|mbj6

HQB\ 4 HQQ@ 4 >*? hby hu``$|mdo mjq{oa|mbj njl so``$lohmjol {yb{oy|moq*

HQB\ 4 HQQ@ 4 9*; hby {oymblma mjq{oa|mbjq*

HQB\ 4 HQQ@ 4 9*? hby {bby mjq{oa|mbj by {bby`} lohmjol {yb{oy|moq*

Qomqdma [oyhbydnjao Luymjc |go Jmq~un``} Ony|g~uneo

Bjo |b{ma jb|maoni`} niqoj| hybd ib|g |go Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl njl God{gm`` {n{oyq mq qomqdma

loqmcj* Gbsoxoy, |go [namhma Jby|gsoq| mq n qomqdman``} na|mxo nyon, njl m| mq ow{oa|ol |gn|

ybaeoymoq abjq|yua|ol mj |go yocmbj sm`` `meo`} io quifoa|ol |b qomqdman``}$mjluaol cybujlqgnemjc luymjc |gomy uqohu` `mho* \go Jmq~un``} ony|g~uneo, sgmag baauyyol bj Hoiyuny} 97, 9;;>

jony B`}d{mn, Snqgmjc|bj, {ybxmlol n anqo gmq|by} |b oxnùn|o ybaeoy} {oyhbydnjao luymjc n

qomqdma oxoj|*

\go ony|g~uneo gnl n dbdoj| dncjm|ulo 'Ds- bh 8*7 njl snq aoj|oyol n{{ybwmdn|o`} >3*3 ed

'>> dmjby|gonq| bh B`}d{mn, Snqgmjc|bj* Yoabylol {one cybujl naaoòyn|mbjq '[CNq- ynjcol

hybd ;*> |b ;*9 |mdoq cynxm|} 'c-*'[namhma Jby|gsoq| Qomqdbcyn{g Jo|sbye, uj{ui`mqgol- Bj Dnyag 7, 9;;>, n

yoabjjnmqqnjao bh hmxo qm|oq sm|g abd{ò|ol ybaeoymoq snq {oyhbydol |b lbaudoj| |gomy

{yb{oy|moq njl abjlm|mbjq* \gmq yoabjjnmqqnjao snq {oyhbydol i} Q|oxoj G* Qnjloyq bh Qnjloyq

( Nqqbamn|oq Cobq|yua|uyn` Ojcmjooymjc 'QNCO- njl Cbylmo DaAny|} bh [nyqbjq Iyb|goyq

Ybaeoy} Yo|nmjmjc Sn``q* N quddny} bh |gomy biqoyxn|mbjq mq {yoqoj|ol nq \niò 9* [gb|bcyn{gq

hybd onag bh |go hmxo qm|oq xmqm|ol nyo {yoqoj|ol nq Hmcuyoq >> |gybucg >?*

Jb ybaeoy} hnmùyoq soyo biqoyxol luymjc |go yoabjjnmqqnjao, njl |go bxoyn`` abjaùqmbj snq



44/176

\ni`o 9* Quddny} bh ybaeoy} biqoyxn|mbjq hb``bsmjc |go 9;;> Jmq~un``} ony|g~uneo*

Biqoyxol [yb{oy|moq Qm|o > Qm|o 9 Qm|o 1 Qm|o < Qm|o ?

Lmq|njao hybd O{maoj|oy,ed

19*9 19*9 >3*3 >? ;*> ;*>? ;*>9 ;*>

Oq|mdn|ol Abjq|yua|mbjAbd{`o|mbj, }ony

9;;>'bjcbmjc-

>=7;q |b>==?

'1 sn``q-

J"N J"N J"N

Ybaeoy} Gomcg|, d 1 9*3 |b 3*1'|moyol

{by|mbjq-

>*9 9*> 9*< 3*8

Ybaeoy} @ojc|g, d


45/176

* Hmcuyo >>* [gb|bcyn{g* Qmjc`o$|moy, 1$d '>;$h|- ybaeoy}, Dm`m|ny} Ybnl n| Ojagnj|ol

[nyesn}, Holoyn` Sn}, Snqgmjc|bj 'Qm|o >-*

Hmcuyo >9* [gb|bcyn{g* \sb$|moy, 3*1$d '9?|g Nxojuo n| >9|g Q|yoo|,

[u}n``u{, Snqgmjc|bj 'Qm|o 9-, sm|g cu} smyo njagbyol n| inqo bh ybaeoy}*



46/176

Hmcuyo >1* [gb|bcyn{g* Qmjc`o$|moy, >*9$d '


47/176

Hmcuyo >?* [gb|bcyn{g* Qmjc`o$|moy, 3*8$d '9?$h|- ybaeoy} mj \nabdn, Snqgmjc|bj 'Qm|o ?-*

Cyn} ( Qb|my

Bjo bifoa|mxo bh |gmq q|ul} snq |b mloj|mh} qagb`ny`} yohoyojaoq, fuymol {n{oyq, by |ow|ibbeq

yocnylmjc ybaeoy} loqmcj njl abjq|yua|mbj* _jhby|ujn|o`}, xoy} hos bh |goqo |}{oq bh lbaudoj|q

soyo ujabxoyol* Sm|g |go owao{|mbj bh Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl'?- njl |go Hbyoq| Qoyxmao loqmcj

cumlo, dbq| bh |go yohoyojaoq {yoxmbuq`} am|ol gnxo iooj om|goy uj{ui`mqgol by abj|nmjol sm|gmj

am|} by abuj|} dujmam{n` abloq*

Bjo owao{|mbj mqImb|oagjman` njl Qbm` Imbojcmjooymjc Q`b{o Q|nim`mvn|mbj, n|ow|ibbe sym||oj i}

Cyn} ( Qb|my*

'


48/176

|}{man``} jb| owaool 1* Huy|goydbyo, |go} mjlman|o |gn| |}{man` inqo ybae sml|gq nyo nibu| ;*8 d

'9 h|-, njl, |goyohbyo, |}{man``} ybaeoy} gomcg|q nyo nibu| >*7 d '8 h|-*

\go Cyn} ( Qb|my |ow| {ybxmloq n a`bqol hbyd qbù|mbj |gn| anj io uqol |b oxnùn|o ybaeoy}

q|nim`m|} ujloy |go {yb{oy abjlm|mbjq* Ioanuqo, `meo {yoxmbuq yoqonyagoyq, |go} abjaùlol

q|nim`m|} mq |}{man``} cbxoyjol i} bxoy|uyjmjc 'mj `mou bh mj|oy$ybae qgony njl iu`cmjc-, |gomy

o~un|mbjq soyo loxo`b{ol |b qb`xo hby bxoy|uyjmjc q|nim`m|}* Hmcuyoq >8 njl >3 {yoqoj| |go Cyn}

( Qb|my o~un|mbjq |gn| anj io uqol |b abd{u|o G"I yn|mbq nq n huja|mbj bh |go {yb{oy|moq bh |go

yo|nmjol qbm`, hnamjc ybaeq, njl loqmyol bxoy|uyjmjc hna|by bh qnho|}* M| qgbu`l io jb|ol |gn| |goyo

mq n dmjby oyyby mj |go o~un|mbjq {yoqoj|ol mj |go |ow|ibbe |gn| gnq iooj abyyoa|ol mj |go

o~un|mbjq {yoqoj|ol |gybucgbu| |gmq yo{by|* \go abyyoa|ol o~un|mbjq gnxo iooj abjhmydol nq

abyyoa| i} [ybhoqqby Cyn} '{oyqbjn` abddujman|mbj-*

Hmcuyo >8* O~un|mbj* Gomcg|$|b$inqo$sml|g 'G"I- nq n huja|mbj bh hna|by bh qnho|}, ybaeoy}

mja`mjn|mbj, inaeq`b{o mja`mjn|mbj, njl qbm` njl ybae {yb{oy|moq, hybd Cyn} ( Qb|my*

Hmcuyo >3* O~un|mbj* Lohmjm|mbj bh |go |oyd i mj Hmcuyo >8*

\go o~un|mbjq {yoqoj|ol mj Hmcuyoq >8 njl >3 soyo loxo`b{ol nqqudmjc njcu`ny ybaeq5

dblmhman|mbjq nyo yo~umyol hby ybujlol ybaeq* \goqo o~un|mbjq n`qb jocòa| inaehm`` abgoqmbj,

njl, |goyohbyo, dn} io abjqoyxn|mxo hby qbdo amyaudq|njaoq* \go o~un|mbjq mjlmyoa|`} nllyoqq



49/176

G

I

Hmcuyo >7* Cyn{gma* Nqqudol cobdo|yma yo`n|mbjqgm{q |b io uqol hby o~un|mbjq qgbsj mjHmcuyoq >8 njl >3*

Mj nllm|mbj |b |go o~un|mbjq {ybxmlol nibxo, Cyn} ( Qb|my n`qb {ybxmlo n qagodn|ma ybaeoy}

lmncynd sm|g qoxoyn` yuòq bh |gudi, mjaùlmjc6

Odiollmjc |go inqo ybae n dmjmdud bh 1;; dd '>9 mj- io`bs |go cybujl quyhnao*

_|m`mvmjc n ybaeoy} hnao in||oy òqq |gnj 1X6>G*

_qmjc n an{ ybae sm|g n dmjmdud sml|g bh ;; dd '9 njl < mj-*

Loqmcjmjc hby n dnwmdud gomcg| bh 1 d '>; h|-*

Dnj} bh |goqo yoabddojln|mbjq nyo qmdm`ny |b |gbqo {yoxmbuq`} lmqauqqol, mjaùlmjc |go

dmjmdud odioldoj|, ybaeoy} lynmjnco, njl dnwmdud inaeq`b{o mja`mjn|mbj*



50/176

loqmcj do|gblq {yb{bqol i} Cyn} ( Qb|my n{{ony duag òqq ymcbybuq |gnj |go `n|oy |ow|ibbe, m|

n{{onyq |goGnjlibbemq q|m`` mj uqo i} qbdo Holoyn` ncojamoq*

Jby|goyj An`mhbyjmn Yocmbj

Ybaeoymoq gnxo iooj loqmcjol njl abjq|yua|ol mj jby|goyj An`mhbyjmn hby nibu| |go `nq| >; }onyq*

Qmjcò |moy ybaeoymoq nyo cojoyn``} an{niò bh qu{{by|mjc au| q`b{oq u{ |b nibu| 9 h|-* Hby hm``q io|sooj 1*3 njl


51/176

Hmcuyo 9;* [gb|bcyn{g* [yb|oa|mjc ybaeoy} uqol nq n hnamjc hby n =*>$d$gmcg '1;$h|$gmcg-

DQO sn`` sm|g n ?*?$d '>7$h|- dnwmdud |moy gomcg| mj Gojloyqbj, Joxnln '9;;>-*

Hmcuyo 9>* [gb|bcyn{g* [yb|oa|mjc ybaeoy} uqol nq n hnamjc dn|oymn` hby n |sb$|moy, 3*8$

d$gmcg '9?$h|$gmcg- qbm`$jnm` sn`` mj Ybae`mj, An`mhbyjmn '>===-*



52/176

Hmcuyo 99* [gb|bcyn{g* \gyoo$|moy, =*>$d$gmcg '1;$h|$gmcg- DQO q`b{o sm|g {yb|oa|mjc

ybaeoy} hnamjc, mj Hb`qbd, An`mhbyjmn '9;;1-*

\go nu|gbyq 'QNCO- gnxo loxo`b{ol mj$gbuqo njn`}qmq {ybcyndq hby ybaeoy} loqmcj |gn| nyoinqol bj |go abjao{|q abddbj |b abjxoj|mbjn` cynxm|} sn`` loqmcj* \goqo abjao{|q cojoyn``}

hb``bs |go yn|mbjn` n{{ybnag {yoqoj|ol mj |go Ndoymanj Nqqbamn|mbj bh Q|n|o Gmcgsn}

\ynjq{by|n|mbj Bhhmamn`q 'NNQG\B- hby cynxm|} sn`` loqmcj* Lymxmjc hbyaoq nyo inqol bj `n|oyn`

ony|g {yoqquyoq anuqol i} |go yo|nmjol qbm` 'Abu`bdi do|gbl- nq so`` nq nj} nllm|mbjn`

quyagnycoq, quag nq q`b{ol inaehm`` by |ynhhma* Yoqmq|mjc hbyaoq nyo inqol bj qbm`$ybae hyma|mbj njl

qbm` ionymjc an{nam|}, cojoyn``} uqmjc {nyndo|oyq {ybxmlol i} |go {ybfoa| cob|oagjman` ojcmjooy*

Nq yoabddojlol i} |go NNQG\B, {nqqmxo yoqmq|njao n| |go |bo bh |go ybaeoy} mq uqun``}

joc`oa|ol* \go njn`}qmq do|gbl abjqmq|q bh nqqudmjc n inqo ybae qmvo njl agoaemjc |b lo|oydmjo

mh |go bxoyn`` hna|byq bh qnho|} ncnmjq| ionymjc, bxoy|uyjmjc, njl q`mlmjc nyo naao{|ni`o* \go

hb``bsmjc q|n|ma hna|byq bh qnho|} nyo uqol6

HQB\ 4 9*;

HQQ@ 4 >*?


hna|byq bh qnho|} `mq|ol nibxo Loqmcjn|mbj bh n q{oamhmol inqo sml|g n`qb yodbxoq qbdo bh |go


53/176

hna|byq bh qnho|} `mq|ol nibxo* Loqmcjn|mbj bh n q{oamhmol inqo sml|g n`qb yodbxoq qbdo bh |go

abjq|yua|mbj ujaoy|nmj|} njl xnymnim`m|} {yoxmbuq`} nqqbamn|ol sm|g dnj ybae loqmcjn|mbjq*

Qmvoq bh bxoy`}mjc ybaeq nyo |goj lo|oydmjol i} q{oamh}mjc n xoy|man` inae bh ybaeoy}, n G

in||oy hby |go hybj| hnao bh |go ybaeoy}, njl n dmjmdud an{ ybae qmvo*

Ioanuqo |go qomqdma na|mxm|} mq yo`n|mxo`} gmcg |gybucgbu| An`mhbyjmn, |go ybaeoymoq nyo loqmcjol

hby uqo mj _jmhbyd Ium`lmjc Ablo '_IA- Qomqdma Vbjoq 1 njl 7 |b < 7 mj- \go qmcjmhmanjao bh |gmq do|gbl mq |gn| qdn``oy inqo ybaeq nyo yo~umyol hby qomqdma


54/176

'>*7 |b ?; dd '8 mj- bh |go nxoynco ybaeoy} hnao5 |gn| mq, |go

abj|na| {bmj| mq n|, by xoy} a`bqo |b, |go hybj| bh |go ybaeoy}* \gmq yoqu`|q mj nj naao{|niò hna|by

bh qnho|} hby mj|oy$ybae bxoy|uyjmjc, njl, ioanuqo mj|oy$ybae bxoy|uyjmjc gnq iooj qgbsj |b io

dbyo aym|man` |gnj mj|oy$ybae q`mlmjc,mj|oy$ybae q`mlmjc mq n`qb yoqb`xol* Qmdm`ny |b b|goy do|gblq

loqaymiol {yoxmbuq`}, qoxoyn` {yoqaym{|mxo yo~umyodoj|q nyo q{oamhmol hby onag ybaeoy}, mjaùlmjc6

\go `bjc ybae lmdojqmbj qgbu`l io {`naol {oy{ojlmau`ny |b |go q`b{o*

\go ybaeq qgbu`l q`b{o lbsj |bsnylq 'mj|b- |go q`b{o n| nj mja`mjn|mbj bh n| ònq| ?/*

N| ònq| 1;; dd '>9 mj- bh cynju`ny lynmjnco dn|oymn` abjqmq|mjc bh >;;$ |b >?;$dd ';;$dd$lmndo|oy '?; '8 m - g `l i gm e l l gm em e g `l i


Hnamjc ybaeq qgbu`l abjhbyd |b dn|oymn`q njl {`naodoj| q{oamhman|mbjq loqaymiol mj


55/176

Hnamjc ybaeq qgbu`l abjhbyd |b dn|oymn`q njl {`naodoj| q{oamhman|mbjq loqaymiol mj

Qoa|mbj 39Q`b{o [yb|oa|mbj bh |go Q|n|o bh An`mhbyjmn, Lo{ny|doj| bh \ynjq{by|n|mbj

'An`\ynjq- Q|njlnyl Q{oamhman|mbjq,'>9-

njl qgbu`l io njcu`ny, mjluyn|o, njl jbj$

hyna|uyol*

\b xoymh} |gn| |go ybaeoymoq nyo abjq|yua|ol naabylmjc |b |goqo q{oamhman|mbjq, mj|oydm||oj|

biqoyxn|mbj i} nj ow{oymojaol ojcmjooy mq yo~umyol luymjc abjq|yua|mbj bh n`` ybaeoymoq |n`òy |gnj

>*7 d '8 h|-* Lohmamoj| abjq|yua|mbj dn|oymn`q by {ybaoluyoq anj |goj io mloj|mhmol njl abyyoa|ol*

Q_DDNY] BH OWMQ\MJC LOQMCJ DO\GBLQ

Nq oxmlojaol i} |go {yoaolmjc qoa|mbjq, |go `m|oyn|uyo qonyag {oyhbydol hby |gmq q|ul} quccoq|q

|gn| |go njn`}|man` do|gblq uqol hby |go loqmcj njl oxnùn|mbj bh ybaeoymoq mq `mdm|ol njl xnymoq

abjqmloyni`}* Gbsoxoy, n`|gbucg |go loqmcj do|gblq xny}, dnj} bh |go cojoyn` yuòq$bh$|gudi

uqol |b cumlo ybaeoy} loqmcj nyo yo`n|mxo`} abjqmq|oj|* \go xnymbuq loqmcj {ybaoluyoq njl yuòq$

bh$|gudi nyo quddnymvol 'i} qbuyao- mj \niò 1 '[yoqaym{|mxo Do|gblq- njl \niò < 'Njn`}|man`

Do|gblq-*

N`|gbucg jb| qgbsj mj \niò 1, jbjo bh |go {yoqaym{|mxo do|gblq q{oamh} dmjmdud xnùoq hby

|go inqo ybae sml|g5 agmjemjc5 ybae qgn{o by njcu`nym|}5 by |go dmjmdud an{ ybae sml|g by

somcg|*


\niò 1* Abd{nymqbj bh {yoqaym{|mxo loqmcj do|gblq mj lmhhoyoj| am|moq*


56/176

{ { { c

Loqmcj[nyndo|oy

Am|}bhQon||`o,

SN

'9-

Am|}bhIymoy,

SN'

1-

Am|}bhEjbwxm``o,

\J

'>1-

Am|}bhQ{nyeq,JX

'uj{ui`mqgol-

Dnwmdud gomcg|, d 'h|- >*7 '8- 'n- >*7 '8- >*9 '9- J"N

8;; |b =;;

'9< |b 18-1;; '>9-

Dnwmdud in||oy G J"N >9X6>G G

Dnwmdud inaeq`b{o 1X67G >X61G J"N >X61G

Ybae qmvo loqmcjn|mbj Dnj ybaeq J"NSml|g

9; |b 8; ad Dnj ybaeq

Ybaeoymoq n``bsol mj hm``

abjlm|mbjq2Jb 'i- ]oq J"N ]oq 'i-

Inaelynmj yo~umyol2 ]oq ]oq ]oq ]oq

Dmjmdud inaelynmj

|gmaejoqq, dd 'mj-1;; '>9- J"N J"N


57/176

{ } c

Loqmcj [nyndo|oyCyn} (

Qb|my'==;5 uj{ui`mqgol-

QNCO

'uj{ui`mqgol-

Loqmcj do|gblb`bc}

Qb`xo o~un|mbj hby

gomcg|$|b$inqo$

sml|g 'G"I- yn|mb

inqol bj qbm`

hyma|mbj njcò '-,bxoy|uyjmjc hna|by

bh qnho|} 'HQB\-,

njl hnamjccobdo|y}

Qb`xo hby aym|man`

G"I yn|mb inqol bj

njl q`b{o mja`mjn|mbj

'm- xnùoq5 uqo

{bby`} abjq|yua|ol

ybaeoy} '[AY-

auyxoq

Loqmcj ybaeoy} mj

;*1$d '>$h|- mjayodoj|q

hybd |b{ lbsj5 qb`xo

hby HQB\ nibxo hmjmqg

cynlo n| inqo bh

ybaeoy}, njl q`mlmjc

hna|by bh qnho|} 'HQQ@-

hby odiollol {by|mbjbh ybaeoy}

Loqmcj nq n cynxm|}

yo|nmjmjc q|yua|uyo5

qn|mqh} mj|oyjn`

q|nim`m|} |gybucg ybae

{`naodoj|

q{oamhman|mbj5 mjaùlo

qomqdma hbyaoq

Dmjmdud hna|byq bh

qnho|}6

Bxoy|uyjmjc 'HQB\-Jb dmjmdud

q{oamhmol>*; 'n- >*? |b 9*? 'i- 9*;

Q`mlmjc 'HQQ@- J"N J"N >*? |b 9*?'i- >*?

Ionymjc 'HQIA- J"N J"N J"N 1*;

Dnwmdud gomcg|, d 'h|- 1*; '>;- ?-

Dmjmdud inqo sml|g J"N G"1 J"N G"9

Odioldoj|

lo|oydmjn|mbj

[yoqaym{|mxo5

1;; dd '>9 mj-

dmjmdud

[yoqaym{|mxo5

1;; dd '>9 mj-

dmjmdud 'a-

Anàu`n|ol5 inqol bj

HQQ@

[yoqaym{|mxo5

1;; dd '>9 mj-

dmjmdud

Dnwmdud hnao

in||oy1X6>G G J"N G

Dnwmdud inaeq`b{omja`mjn|mbj >X69G H`n| J"N >X6>*?G

Ybae qmvo loqmcjn|mbj Sml|g Dnj ybaeq Sml|g Sml|g

_qol hby hm`` abjlm|mbjq Jb [bqqmiò ]oq ]oq 'l-

Inaelynmj yo~umyol2 ]oq ]oq ]oq ]oq

Dmjmdud inaelynmj

|gmaejoqq, dd 'mj-9;; '7-

Xnymoq5 inqol bj

inae au|J"N 1;; '>9-

Dmjmdud an{ ybae

somcg|, ec 'ì- J"N J"N J"N =; '9;;-

Dmjmdud an{ ybae

sml|g, dd 'mj-8 |b 9


58/176

AGN[\OY 1 ABD[NYMQBJ BH OWMQ\MJC LOQMCJ DO\GBLQ



59/176

Qoxoyn` lmhhoyoj| loqmcj do|gblb`bcmoq soyo mloj|mhmol mj Agn{|oy 9 |gn| gnxo iooj uqol |b

loqmcj ybaeoymoq* [yoqaym{|mxo loqmcj do|gblq inqol bj nqqudol ybae lmdojqmbjq nyo

n{{yb{ymn|o hby ybaeoymoq `oqq |gnj >*7 d '7 h|- gmcg mj au| abjlm|mbjq* '9,1- Njn`}|man` by a`bqol$

hbyd qb`u|mbj do|gblq, quag nq |gbqo quccoq|ol i} Cyn} ( Qb|my, ' @oxo` inaeq`b{o, 7X6>G inae au|, `bbqo cynju`ny inaehm`` ' 4 1;-*

Anqo !9 @oxo` inaeq`b{o, 7X6>G inae au|, dolmud lojqo |b lojqo cynju`ny inaehm``

' 4 18-*

Anqo !1 >X69G inaeq`b{o, 7X6>G inae au|, dolmud lojqo cynju`ny inaehm``

' 4 1G inae au|, `bbqo cynju`ny inaehm`` ' 4 1;-*


{uy{bqoq bh abd{nymjc njl abj|ynq|mjc |go yoqu`|q hybd |go xnymbuq njn`}qmq {ybaoluyoq, md{na|q


60/176

luo |b b|goy hna|byq, mjaùlmjc hybq| gonxo by qabuy, soyo jocòa|ol*

\niò ?* Qbm` njl ybaeoy} {yb{oy|moq uqol hby iojagdnyemjc bh njn`}qmq {ybaoluyoq*

Loqmcj [yb{oy|} Anqo !> Anqo !9 Anqo !1 Anqo !7*8

'>9;-

>7*8

'>9;-

>7*8

'>9;-

>7*8

'>9;-

Ybaeoy} Hnamjc Lojqm|}

Y, eJ"d1 '{ah-

'nqqudol-

91*?'>?;-

91*?'>?;-

91*?'>?;-

91*?'>?;-

Jb|oq6 OH[ 4 O~umxnòj| Hùml [yoqquyo'n-

Hby Anqo !


61/176

ANQO !>

G 4 >*9d, 9*>d, 1*;d

>

4 ;*1;

>

4 1;

q 4 >7*8 eJ"d

[NQQMXO YOQMQ\NJAO 4

13*1 eJ"d

4 91*? eJ"dY

I

G 4 >*9d, 9*>d, 1*;d

>

>

4 18

q 4 >7*8 eJ"d



62/176

>

4 ;*1?

>

4 17*8 eJ"d


*9d, 9*>d, 1*;d

G 4 >*9d, 9*>d, 1*;d

>7*8 eJ"d

[NQQMXO YOQMQ\NJAO 413*1 eJ"d

Y

aY 4 8*3 eJ"d

4 91*? eJ"d


ABD[NYMQBJ BH DO\GBLQ


63/176

\go yo~umyol dmjmdud ybaeoy} inqo ybae sml|g snq lo|oydmjol hby onag bh |go |}{man` anqoq

`mq|ol nibxo uqmjc |go do|gblb`bcmoq i} Cyn} ( Qb|my'*? mq uqol* \gmq mq mj abj|ynq| |b q|n|odoj|q dnlo i} b|goy

nu|gbyq |gn| bxoy|uyjmjc abj|yb`q ybaeoy} loqmcj njl qmvmjc*

Hby |go God{gm`` do|gbl, n hna|by bh qnho|} bh 9*; snq n`qb uqol hby ib|g HQB\ njl HQQ@* \gmq

xn`uo mq inqol bj cumlnjao mj |go God{gm`` yo{by| yocnylmjc ybaeoymoq abjq|yua|ol sm|g

mj|oydm||oj| biqoyxn|mbj i} |go loqmcjoy* Ioanuqo ybaeoy} abjq|yua|mbj mq |}{man``} jb| biqoyxol

bj n hu``$|mdo inqmq, so io`moxo |gmq mq nj n{{yb{ymn|o nqqud{|mbj hby loqmcj abjqmq|oj| sm|g |gmq

do|gbl*

N loqmcj hna|by bh qnho|} mq jb| {yb{bqol i} Cyn} ( Qb|my'


64/176

om|goy ujmhbyd by |b |n{oy hybd ib||bd |b |b{ sm|g n yo`n|mxo`} qgn``bs mja`mjn|mbj 'G |b

8X6>G-* \goyohbyo, |go abd{u|ol dnqq uqol |b yoqmq| bxoy|uyjmjc mq qmdm`ny hby onag {ybaoluyo,njl |goqo do|gblq yoqu`| mj qmdm`ny inqo ybae sml|gq sgoj abd{u|mjc HQB\*

Gbsoxoy, |go God{gm`` do|gbl agoaeq hby bxoy|uyjmjc mj n q|o{$smqo hnqgmbj hybd |go |b{ lbsj*

Nq n yoqu`|, u{{oy ybaeq |ojl |b io duag qdn`òy |gnj `bsoy ybaeq, sgmag yoqu`|q mj n òqq

ujmhbyd, njl dbyo q|o{smqo, ybaeoy} |gmaejoqq* Huy|goydbyo, ioanuqo |go qmvo njl somcg| bh |go

u{{oydbq| hnamjc ybaeq mq dmjmdmvol ony`} mj |go loqmcj {ybaoluyo, |goyo mq òqq jbydn` hbyao

'somcg|- sm|g sgmag |b cojoyn|o hyma|mbjn` yoqmq|njao, njl, nq n yoqu`|, |go loqmcj {ybaoluyo |ojlq

|b yoqu`| mj smloy inqo ybaeq |gn| |go b|goy do|gblq* Mj nllm|mbj, |go inqo ybaeq abd{u|ol uqmjc

|go God{gm`` do|gbl |ojl |b io dbyo loo{`} odiollol |gnj |go b|goy do|gblq mj sgmag

hbujln|mbj lo{|g mq cojoyn``} {yoqaymiol*

\go abd{u|ol inqo ybae sml|gq hby onag do|gbl njl loqmcj anqo nyo {yoqoj|ol mj \niò 8* \go

anàu`n|mbjq cojoyn``} }mo`lol inqo sml|gq |gn| nyo òqq |gnj |go dmjmdud {yoqaym{|mxo xnùoq

yoabddojlol mj onag yohoyojao* \goyohbyo, mh |goqo do|gblq soyo uqol hby loqmcj, |go

{yoqaym{|mxo inqo ybaeq sml|gq sbu`l abj|yb` |go loqmcj*

Sgmò {oyhbydmjc |go njn`}qoq hby onag bh |go lmhhoyoj| do|gblq, mjqmcg|q soyo cnmjol yocnylmjc

q{oamhma do|gblq njl yoqu`|q* \goqo mjqmcg|q nyo loqaymiol mj |go hb``bsmjc quiqoa|mbjq*

Cyn} ( Qb|my Do|gbl

Nq lmqauqqol mj Agn{|oy 9, |go o~un|mbjq {yoqoj|ol mj |go Cyn} ( Qb|my'


65/176

Abd{u|ol Inqo Sml|g I 'do|oyq-'n-

Do|gblb`bc}

Loqmcj Anqoq[yoqaym{|mxo

I4;*1G $;*?G

QNCO

HQB\ 9HQQ@ >*?

God{gm``

HQB\ 9HQQ@ 9

Cyn} (Qb|my

HQB\ 9Gojlybj

'i-

HQB\ 4 >

>*9 d ;**< ;*1 ;* d ;*8$>*> >*; 9*1 ;*? ;*3

Anqo!>

1*; d ;*=$>*? >*< 1*9 ;*3 >*;>*9 d ;* d ;*8$>*> ;*7 >*8 ;*< ;*?

Anqo!9

1*; d ;*=$>*? >*; 9*> ;*? ;*3

>*9 d ;**8 ;*1 J"N 'a-

9*> d ;*8$>*> >*> 1*; ;*? J"N'a-

A

nqo!1

1*; d ;*=$>*? >*? ;*7 J"N'a-

>*9 d ;* ';*9- 'l- ;*> '>*;- 'l-

9*> d ;*8$>*> ';*7-'l-

>*1 '9*;-'l-

;*9 ';*1?-'l-

;*> '>*3-'l-

Anqo!*? '>*>- 'l- >*7 '9*7- 'l- ;*1 ';*?- 'l- ;*9 '9*8*3 eJ"d1, 4;/ `bsoy |gnj |go bymcmjn` Cyn} ( Qb|my agny| hby

inaeq`b{o mja`mjn|mbjq '- io|sooj >? njl 9; locyooq* So io`moxo |gmq lmhhoyojao mq yo`n|ol |b

|go do|gbl mj sgmag |go EN xn`uo mq abd{u|ol hby q`b{mjc inaehm`` abjlm|mbjq* \go do|gbl uqol

` ` m E lm l m g C ( Q m


Qb|my gnxo quiq|m|u|ol |go |oyd i 'qoo Hmcuyo 93- mj|b |go o~un|mbj, sgoyonq Gojlybj syb|o bu|

n`` |go |oydq


66/176

n`` |go |oydq*

Hmcuyo 9?* O~un|mbj* Abd{u|n|mbj bh na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo abohhmamoj| 'EN- i} |go Abu`bdi

do|gbl*

Hmcuyo 98* O~un|mbj* Abyyoa|ol o~un|mbj hby gomcg|$|b$inqo$sml|g 'G"I- yn|mb hby uqo sm|g

Cyn} ( Qb|mynjn`}qmq do|gbl*

Hmcuyo 93* O~un|mbj* Abyyoa|ol lohmjm|mbj bh |go |oyd i mj Hmcuyo >7*

G


\niò 8 n`qb mjlman|oq |gn| inqo ybae sml|gq abd{u|ol uqmjc |go Cyn} ( Qb|my do|gbl

'HQB\ 4 9 ;- nyo na|un``} qdn`òy 'òqq abjqoyxn|mxo- |gn| |gbqo abd{u|ol uqmjc |go Gojlybj


67/176

'HQB\ 4 9*;- nyo na|un``} qdn`òy 'òqq abjqoyxn|mxo- |gn| |gbqo abd{u|ol uqmjc |go Gojlybj

do|gbl 'HQB\ 4 >*;-* Jbydn``}, bjo sbu`l nqqudo |go qdn`òy ybae sml|gq sbu`l io abd{u|oluqmjc |go do|gbl sm|g |go `bsoy hna|by bh qnho|}* Gbsoxoy, Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl'?-

yoabddojlol |go Gojlybj [AY loqmcj auyxoq io uqol hby loqmcj mj `mou bh |go SAY auyxoq 'qoo

Agn{|oy 9 njl Hmcuyo =-, njl nq n yoqu`|, |go Gojlybj do|gbl mq dbyo abjqoyxn|mxo |gnj |go Cyn}

( Qb|my do|gbl*

God{gm`` Q`mlmjc njl Bxoy|uyjmjc Q|nim`m|} Njn`}qoq

Nq lmqauqqol {yoxmbuq`}, |go |nyco| hna|by bh qnho|} hby ib|g HQQ@ njl HQB\ mj |go God{gm``

njn`}qoq mq yoabddojlol |b io io|sooj >*? njl 9*?* God{gm`` yoabddojlq `bsoy hna|byq bh

qnho|} io uqol nq |go ndbuj| bh abj|yb` njl biqoyxn|mbj |go loqmcj ojcmjooy gnq luymjc

abjq|yua|mbj mjayonqoq* N hna|by bh qnho|} bh 9*; snq uqol mj |go njn`}qoq {oyhbydol hby |gmq

q|ul}, sgmag mq abjqmq|oj| sm|g God{gm``q yoabddojln|mbjq hby mj|oydm||oj| abjq|yua|mbj

biqoyxn|mbj* \gmq hna|by bh qnho|} mq n{{`mol |b ib|g mj|oyjn` 'mj|oy$ybae- q`mlmjc njl bxoy|uyjmjc

nibxo |go cybujl `mjo njl ow|oyjn` q`mlmjc io`bs |go cybujl `mjo*

Nq lmqauqqol {yoxmbuq`}, |go God{gm`` do|gbl |ojlq |b dmjmdmvo |go qmvo njl somcg| bh |go ybaeq

n| |go |b{ bh |go ybaeoy}, sgmag yoluaoq |go bxoyn`` q|yua|uyo somcg| bxoy |go ow{bqol hnao bh |go

ybaeoy}* \go jo| md{na| mq |gn| |goyo mq òqq somcg| |b {ybxmlo n jbydn` hbyao |b yoqmq| q`mlmjc

n`bjc |go ib||bd bh |go inqo ybae* Huy|goydbyo, |go xnùo bh HQQ@ uqol mq gmcgoy |gnj b|goy

njn`}qmq do|gblq, njl dbyo yoqmq|mjc hbyao mq yo~umyol |b yoqmq| q`mlmjc sgmò bi|nmjmjc |go

loqmyol hna|by bh qnho|}* Nq \niò 8 lodbjq|yn|oq, |go abdimjol md{na| bh |goqo hna|byq yoqu`|q mj

inqo ybae qmvoq |gn| nyo `nycoy |gnj |go b|goy |gyoo do|gblq* Sgmò |go uqo bh n gmcgoy hna|by bhqnho|} 'HQQ@- sm|g |gmq do|gbl ònlq |b qbdosgn| bh nj n{{òq$|b$bynjcoq abd{nymqbj |b |go

b|goy do|gblq, |go xnùo bh HQQ@ snq qoòa|ol inqol bj |go aym|oymn {ybxmlol mj |go God{gm``

yo{by| \gmq |}{o bh abd{nymqbj gnq xnùo ioanuqo m| mq md{by|nj| |b ujloyq|njl |go lmhhoyojaoq


Hby |go b|goy |gyoo do|gblq uqol, |go odioldoj| mq cojoyn``} n {yoqaymiol lo{|g inqol bj |go

abjlm|mbjq n| |go |bo bh |go ybaeoy} njl xnymoq io|sooj ; 1 njl ; 8 d '> njl 9 h|-


68/176

abjlm|mbjq n| |go |bo bh |go ybaeoy} njl xnymoq io|sooj ;*1 njl ;*8 d '> njl 9 h|-*

Qgn``bs Inae Au|q 'Loqmcj Anqo !


69/176

n s n s n c n { x } { An x s ~ n

|gmq do|gbl mjlman|oq |go inqo sml|gq mjayonqo yo`n|mxo`} ~umae`} nq |go nqqudol inae au| 'mj |gmqanqo, |go inae bh |go ybaeoy}- jonyq xoy|man`* \go hu`` loymxn|mbj bh |go Gojlybj o~un|mbjq mq jb|

{yoqoj|ol mj Cmhhbyl njl Emye`njl, qb m| mq lmhhmau`| |b nqaoy|nmj sg} |gmq baauyq* Gbsoxoy, m|

n{{onyq |gn| ioanuqo |go o~un|mbjq soyo bymcmjn``} loymxol hby {yb|oa|mjc ybaeoymoq, nqqud{|mbjq

soyo dnlo |gn| `onl |b abjqoyxn|mxo ybaeoy} loqmcjq hby yo|nmjmjc n{{`man|mbjq*

Q_DDNY]

Yo`n|mxo`} q{onemjc, |go Cyn} ( Qb|my njl Gojlybj do|gblq {ybluaol |go jnyybsoq| bxoyn`` inqo

sml|gq nq abd{nyol |b |go b|goy do|gblq, owao{| hby Anqo ! ;


ABJA@_QMBJQ

Yo|nmjmjc Ybaeoymoq


70/176

Yo|nmjmjc Ybaeoymoq

Inqol bj |go oxnùn|mbj {oyhbydol hby |gmq yo{by|, m| anj io abjaùlol |gn| onag do|gbl {ybxmloq

xnùniò |bb`q hby ybaeoy} oxnùn|mbj by loqmcj* \go do|gblq {yb{bqol i} Cyn} ( Qb|my,

Gojlybj, njl God{gm``, n`|gbucg lmhhmau`| |b nln{| |b n ymcbybuq loqmcj do|gblb`bc}, anj n`` io

onqm`} nln{|ol hby oxnùn|mbj bh |go q|nim`m|} bh owmq|mjc ybaeoymoq* N`|gbucg |go God{gm``

do|gbl qoodq |b yoqu`| mj |go dbq| abjqoyxn|mxo ybaeoy} loqmcjq, m| gnq |go nlxnj|nco |gn| m| anj

io nln{|ol |b qomqdma loqmcj ioanuqo |go `bnlq nyo abd{u|ol sm|gmj |go njn`}qmq* \go Gojlybj

njl Cyn} ( Qb|my do|gblq nllyoqq q|n|ma `bnlq bj`}*

N| n dmjmdud, |goqo do|gblq {ybxmlo xn`ml qayoojmjc do|gblq |gn| anj io uqol |b lo|oydmjo mh

huy|goy njn`}qmq mq snyynj|ol* Agny|q loxo`b{ol hybd |go Cyn} ( Qb|my njl Gojlybj njn`}qoq, mj

{ny|mau`ny, anj io uqol hby yn{ml oxnùn|mbj bh n {ny|mau`ny abdimjn|mbj bh qbm` abjlm|mbjq njl

q`b{o cobdo|y}* Nq ownd{ò agny| loxo`b{ol uqmjc |go Cyn} ( Qb|my do|gbl mq {yoqoj|ol nq

Hmcuyo 9=*

Hby |go yoabddojlol loqmcj do|gblb`bc} |b io uqohu`, gbsoxoy, m| duq| io nln{|mxo |b du`|m{ò

loqmcj xnymniòq, mjaùlmjc ybaeoy} qmvo njl gomcg|, inaeq`b{o abjlm|mbjq, qbm` abjlm|mbjq, njl

n{{`mol `bnlmjc* _`|mdn|o`}, n a`bqol$hbyd njn`}|man` njn`}qmq do|gbl, quag nq |go do|gbl uqol

i} QNCO, n{{onyq |b io |go dbq| xoyqn|mò hby ybaeoy} loqmcj* Ioanuqo |gmq qoymoq bh o~un|mbjq mq

inqol bj cynxm|} sn`` loqmcj do|gblb`bc}, |go o~un|mbjq anj io onqm`} nln{|ol |b xnymbuq qm|o

njl qbm` abjlm|mbjq, xogmaò quyagnycoq, cunylynm` `bnlq, njl qomqdma `bnlmjc abjlm|mbjq* \gmq

do|gbl anj n`qb io nln{|ol |b owmq|mjc HGSN yo~umyodoj|q hby qocdoj|n` cynxm|} sn`` loqmcj*

Dbyobxoy, |goqo a`bqol$hbyd o~un|mbjq |}{man``} yoqu`| mj ybaeoy} inqo sml|gq, I, bj |go byloy bh;*1G |b ;*?G, sgmag mq abjqmq|oj| sm|g |go yuòq bh |gudi hby dbq| bh |go do|gblq yoxmosol

luymjc |gmq q|ul}*



71/176

Hmcuyo 9=* Agny|* \}{man` agny| {`b||mjc q`b{o mja`mjn|mbj '- xq* gomcg|$|b$inqo$sml|g 'G"I-yn|mb uqmjc |go Cyn} ( Qb|my do|gbl* Agny| loxo`b{ol hby 4 19, 4 >7*7 eJ"d1

'>9; {ah-, njl HQ 4 9*

Nj nllm|mbjn` nlxnj|nco bh n a`bqol$hbyd do|gbl mq |gn| m| anj io nln{|ol |b ujm~uo qm|un|mbjq,

sgmag cmxoq |go Loqmcj Ojcmjooy by Cob|oagjman` Ojcmjooy hòwmim`m|}* Ioanuqo |go do|gbl

oxnùn|oq nj} lymxmjc by yoqmq|mjc hbyaoq na|mjc bj |go ybaeoy} q|yua|uyo, |go o~un|mbjq anj io

onqm`} nln{|ol |b mjaùlo hbyaoq b|goy |gnj `n|oyn` ony|g hbyaoq* \guq, |go ojcmjooy mq hyoo |b uqo

ojcmjooymjc fulcdoj| sgoj n{{`}mjc `bnlq |b |go ybaeoy} q}q|od*

[yb|oa|mjc Ybaeoymoq

[yb|oa|mjc ybaeoymoq, sgmag nyo cojoyn``} uqol hby oybqmbj {yb|oa|mbj n| |go |bo bh q`b{o by

agnjjo`, nyo jb| |go {ymdny} hbauq bh |gmq yo{by|* Gbsoxoy, sgoyo q`b{oq nyo mjgoyoj|`} q|niò

g h g e m i l m e m g h `` i e


qgbu`l {oyhbyd n c`bin` q|nim`m|} njn`}qmq uqmjc n{{yb{ymn|o q`b{o q|nim`m|} qbh|snyo |b abjhmyd

|go c`bin` q|nim`m|} bh |go qbm` q`b{o*


72/176

\go Gojlybj njl Cyn} ( Qb|my do|gblq n{{ony |b io dbq| n{{`maniò hby loqmcjmjc {yb|oa|mjc

ybaeoymoq* Ioanuqo |goqo do|gblq nyo inqol bj |go oxnùn|mbj bh bj`} bjo do|gbl bh {b|oj|mn`

mjq|nim`m|} 'bxoy|uyjmjc-, |go} lb jb| naabuj| hby b|goy hnmùyo doagnjmqdq, quag nq q`mlmjc by

qomqdma `bnlmjc* Huy|goydbyo, |goqo do|gblq nyo inqol bj n `mdm|ol qo| bh nqqud{|mbjq njl nyo

lmhhmau`| |b ow|yn{b`n|o |b b|goy loqmcj anqoq, quag nq qomqdma `bnlmjc by |ynhhma quyagnycoq*

AGN[\OY < YOABDDOJLOL YBAEOY] LOQMCJ C_MLO@MJOQ



73/176

Inqol bj |go |gbuqnjlq bh abddoyamn` ybaeoymoq mj owmq|ojao |gn| nyo {oyhbydmjc so``, ybaeoymoq

anj io n lo{ojlniò njl ohhoa|mxo yo|nmjmjc qbù|mbj {ybxmlol |go} nyo {yb{oy`} loqmcjol,

lo|nmòl, njl abjq|yua|ol* Mj |gmq yoq{oa|, ybaeoymoq nyo jb lmhhoyoj| hybd abjxoj|mbjn` yomjhbyaol

abjayo|o yo|nmjmjc sn``q by doagnjman``} q|nim`mvol ony|g by odinjedoj| 'DQO- sn``q* Sgmò

|goyo mq jb ~uoq|mbj |gn| n so``$loqmcjol ybaeoy} |gn| mq abjq|yua|ol {bby`} sm`` {oyhbyd {bby`},

|go oxmlojao mjlman|oq |gn| so``$abjq|yua|ol, dbloyj ybaeoymoq q|m`` {oyhbyd so`` oxoj |gbucg |go

loqmcj {ybaoluyoq uqol dn} xny} abjqmloyni`}*

N {ymdny} bifoa|mxo bh |gmq q|ul} mq |b loxo`b{ yn|mbjn` loqmcj {ybaoluyoq |gn| anj io uqol i}

Holoyn` @njlq Gmcgsn} 'H@G- cob|oagjman` ojcmjooyq hby |go loqmcj bh hu|uyo ybaeoymoq njl

oxnùn|mbj bh owmq|mjc ybaeoymoq* Ybaeoymoq nyo abd{bqol bh `nyco i`baeq bh q|naeol ybae, gonx}

ojbucg njl lmdojqmbjn``} nlo~un|o |b hbyd n q|yua|uyo |gn| yoqmq|q bxoy|uyjmjc njl q`mlmjc

hbyaoq* Mj |gmq yoq{oa|, ybaeoymoq anj io |yon|ol nq cynxm|} sn``q, njl anj io njn`}vol yn|mbjn``}

uqmjc dblmhmol hbydq bh abjxoj|mbjn` cynxm|} yo|nmjmjc sn`` loqmcj do|gblb`bcmoq*

Q\N\MA LOQMCJ

Loqmcj bh nj} yo|nmjmjc q|yua|uyo mjxb`xoq |go lo|oydmjn|mbj bh |sb an|ocbymoq bh hbyaoqlymxmjc

hbyaoq njl yoqmq|mjc hbyaoq* Hby ybaeoymoq, lymxmjc hbyaoq dn} mjaùlo `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyoq

iogmjl |go ybaeoy}, quyagnyco {yoqquyoq 'ib|g xoy|man` njl gbymvbj|n`-, g}lybq|n|ma hùml

{yoqquyoq, njl qomqdma {yoqquyoq* Yoqmq|mjc hbyaoq anj mjaùlo |go |b|n` somcg| bh |go ybaeoy} njl

mjlmxmlun` ybaeq, mj|oy$ybae hyma|mbj, inqo ybaehbujln|mbj hyma|mbj, njl, mj qbdo anqoq, {nqqmxo

{yoqquyo n| |go |bo bh |go ybaeoy}* Sgoyo Abu`bdi ony|g {yoqquyoq nyo uqol, |go xoy|man`

abd{bjoj| bh |go na|mxo ony|g {yoqquyo anj n`qb nml mj q|nim`mvmjc |go ybaeoy}*


|go na|mxo qbm` {yoqquyo 'HN- njl quyagnyco `bnlq 'HQ-* Yoqmq|mjc hbyaoq mjaùlo inqo hyma|mbj 'H-

njl {nqqmxo yoqmq|njao 'H[-, mh uqol*


74/176

Y

L

I

h, h, h,a

G, ,a

Na|mxo [yoqquyo

G"1

H

Hq

G"9

q

E G

~

q

Quyagnyco [yoqquyo

l

E 'L$l-[ h

[nqqmxo [yoqquyo

H{

E ~ % Abj|ymiu|mbj

hybd iybeoj inaeq`b{o

q

Yo|nmjolQbm`

H

Hbujln|mbj

Qbm`

N

NN

Hmcuyo 1;* Cyn{gma* Qagodn|ma ybaeoy} qoa|mbj qgbsmjc aym|man` lmdojqmbjq njl {nyndo|oyq

|b io lo|oydmjol hby loqmcj*

Hby loqmcj, |go {ybfoa| Cob|oagjman` Ojcmjooy qgbu`l {ybxmlo |go hb``bsmjc cob|oagjman`

{nyndo|oyq6

Hyma|mbj njcò '- njl |yuo abgoqmbj 'a- hby ib|g yo|nmjol njl hbujln|mbj qbm`q* Mj dbq|

anqoq, |go ohhoa|mxo q|yoqq xnùoq '# njl a#- sm`` io uqol hby loqmcj* Hby |go {uy{bqoq bh

|gmq yo{by|, |goqo xnùoq nyo qmd{`} `nioòl nq njl a njl m| mq nqqudol |go uqoy sm``

uqo |go n{{yb{ymn|o {nyndo|oyq*

b \b|n` q|yoqq {nyndo|oyq dn} baanqmbjn``} io yo~umyol, quag nq mj |go anqo bh yn{ml

sn|oy lynslbsj hby n ybaeoy} uqol mj n qgbyo`mjo n{{`man|mbj by sgoj agoaemjc


gmcgoy na|mxo {yoqquyo bj |go inae bh |go ybaeoy} njl yodbxoq ujaoy|nmj|}

yocnylmjc jbj$ujmhbyd by {ybiòdn|ma qbm`q, quag nq yoqmlun` qbm`q* Dblmhman|mbjq


75/176

|b |go o~un|mbjq {yoqoj|ol goyomj sbu`l io yo~umyol mh n jbj$voyb xnùo bh a mq

uqol*

Mj|oyhnao hyma|mbj njcò '-* [oy Abu`bdiq ony|g {yoqquyo do|gblq, |go mj|oyhnao hyma|mbj

njcò mq bh|oj nqqudol |b io o~un` |b qbdo hyna|mbj bh |go qbm` hyma|mbj njcò, |}{man``} bj

|go byloy 9"1 |b *

N``bsniò inae au| njcò '-*

Qbm` ujm| somcg| 'Q-5 |}{man``} io|sooj >3*9 njl 9;*< eJ"d1 '>>; njl >1; {ah-*

_jm| somcg| hby ybae 'Y-5 |}{man``} nqqudol |b io 91*? eJ"d1

'>?; {ah-, mjaùlmjc xbml

q{nao*

Dmjmdud yo~umyol odioldoj| lo{|g 'L-* Ioanuqo {nqqmxo yoqmq|njao n| |go |bo mq

abddbj`} jocòa|ol hby ybaeoy} loqmcj, |go xnùo bh L mq |}{man``} abjq|ynmjol i} |go

{b|oj|mn` hby lmq|uyinjao bh |go qbm` n| |go |bo* Nq n dmjmdud, L qgbu`l io 1;; dd

'> h|- hby òxo` |bo abjlm|mbjq, njl qgbu`l ow|ojl io`bs |go lo{|g bh hybq| {ojo|yn|mbj by

nj|mam{n|ol qabuy* Hby q`b{mjc |bo abjlm|mbjq, L qgbu`l io quhhmamoj| |b nagmoxo >7;; d

'8 h|- bh `n|oyn` qbm` abxoy mj hybj| bh |go inqo ybae*

Nj u{{oy |gmaejoqq bh qbm` 'l- mq bh|oj jocòa|ol n| |go cybujl quyhnao sgoj abd{u|mjc

|go {nqqmxo yoqmq|njao* \go xnùo bh l mq abddbj`} nqqudol |b io 1;; dd '>9 mj- hby

òxo` |bo abjlm|mbjq*

N``bsniò ionymjc {yoqquyo njl oq|mdn|ol qo||òdoj| luo |b |go somcg| bh |go ybaeoy}* Mj

|go anqo sgoyo |gmae hm``q sm`` hbyd |go hbujln|mbj hby |go ybaeoy}, |go oq|mdn|ol |b|n` njl


abjlm|mbjq* M| mq ynyo hby quyagnyco `bnlq |b io {`naol bj nj mjhmjm|o inaeq`b{o iogmjl n

ybaeoy}* Gbsoxoy, sgoyo iybeoj inaeq`b{o abjlm|mbjq owmq|, |go abdimjol mjhùojao bh


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ib|g |go iybeoj inaeq`b{o njl nj} u{q`b{o quyagnycoq qgbu`l io abjqmloyol*

@n|oyn` Ony|g [yoqquyoq

Mj dbq| anqoq, ybaeoymoq nyo nqqudol hyoo |b yb|n|o nibu| |go inqo, njl |go ony|g {yoqquyo mq

|}{man``} abd{u|ol i} du`|m{`}mjc |go `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyo abohhmamoj| hby na|mxo qbm` abjlm|mbjq

'EN- i} |go ujm| somcg| bh |go qbm` '

q-* Ioanuqo |go yoqu`|mjc xnùo gnq |go ujm|q bh lojqm|}

'Hbyao"@ojc|g1-, m| mq bh|oj ow{yoqqol mj |oydq bh nj o~umxnòj| hùml {yoqquyo 'OH[- bh yo|nmjol

qbm`* N dbyo lo|nmòl lmqauqqmbj bh `n|oyn` ony|g {yoqquyoq dn} io hbujl mj dbq| hbujln|mbj

ojcmjooymjc |ow|ibbeq, quag nq |gbqo i} Lnq'>


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|go inae bh |go ybaeoy} hnamjc oòdoj|q* Ioanuqo |go hyma|mbj njcò bh |go ayuqgol ybae mq n`dbq|

n`sn}q cyon|oy |gnj |gn| bh |go yo|nmjol qbm`, |gmq qmd{`mh}mjc nqqud{|mbj mq uqun``} abjqoyxn|mxo*

Gbsoxoy, nq lodbjq|yn|ol {yoxmbuq`} i} ownd{ò Anqo !< 'Hmcuyo 9


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{yoqquyo n{{`mol i} |go ayuqgol ybae inaehm`` qgbu`l io agoaeol |b lo|oydmjo mh m| mq dbyo aym|man`|gnj |go yo|nmjol qbm`* Mj nllm|mbj, n c`bin` q`b{o q|nim`m|} njn`}qmq dn} io yo~umyol |b lo|oydmjo

mh |go bxoyn`` q|nim`m|} bh |go q`b{o mq naao{|ni`o*

\go {yoaolmjc lmqauqqmbj nqqudoq |gn| jbj$ow{njqmxo dn|oymn`q nyo ow{bqol mj |go inae au|* Mh

gmcg`} {`nq|ma jn|mxo a`n} by ow{njqmxo iolybae

usdot fhwa cfltd-06-006 - rockery design and construction guidelines

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