use of by-products in construction in nigeria · • ensuring conversion of waste to wealth •...

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN

CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

By

Olonade, Kolawole Adisa (PhD, Engr.)

Department of Civil Engineering

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

1. NIGERIA AT A GLANCE

2. OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

3. USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

4. USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION

5. CHALLENGES AND PANACEA

6. CONCLUSION

OUTLINE

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-as Salaam, Tanzania

• Most Populous Black Nation: 170 million; 130 persons per sq. km (2014 World Bank);

• 1 Nigerian in 4 Africans (1:4)

• 6 Geopolitical Zones; 36 States and a FCT

• 123 Universities and Research Institutions related to Construction

• Abundant Natural and Human Resources

NIGERIA AT A GLANCE


Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria

OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION

ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

• Civil engineering projects, real estates and their maintenance.

• Organised construction began in the early 1940’s.

• Construction Industries:

is a multi-billion dollars business.

contributes about 3.2% of the Nation’s GDP

Grows rapidly: Growth rate of 18.08%. May meet up with China by 2020

• It is dominated by foreigners

• More than 40% of Nation’s budget.


REASONS FOR RAPID GROWTH OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

• Discovery of oil about 10 years after Independence

• Migration and urbanization

• Rise in middle class

• Societal needs for social infrastructure

• Need to foster inter-state and inter-regional trade and movement.

• Emergency of democracy



SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA

National railway revival Bridge construction, Ogun State

Housing units, Bayelsa Township stadium, Jos


SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA CONTD.

Hotel & Convention Centre, Onitsha Ado Bayero Mall, Kano

World Trade Centre, Abuja Law School, Yenegoa

USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA


Construction Materials

2010 2011 2012

Cement 154,411.70 (919.12)

178,458.12 (1,062.25)

231,398.41 (1,377.37)

Blocks 65,801.33 (391.67)

61,347.73 (365.17)

53,266.71 (317.06)

Steel 596,312.79 (3,549.48)

706,411.87 (4,204.83)

778,632.24 (4,634.72)

Sand 519,012.35 (3,089.36)

651,362.34 (3,877.16)

700,294.15 (4,168.42)

Timber 308,416.40 (1,835.81)

368,658.76 (2,194.40)

416,315.5 (2,478.07)

Stone 94,522.12 (562.63)

194,503.86 (1,157.76)

244,647.96 (1,456.24)

Granite/Gravel 192,980.67 (1,148.69)

66,153.2 (393.77)

311,333.3 (1,853.17)

Table 1: Construction Materials Input in Construction in million Naira ($m)

CONCRETE AS A MAJOR MATERIAL

CONSUMED

Concrete = Water + Cement +

Aggregate (Fine and Coarse) +

Admixtures

•The most widely consumed material

•Steel: Concrete = 1:4

•World consumption:11 billion tonnes/year

•1 tonne for every human being on earth

•Cement is essential to concrete production


CEMENT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION:

WHERE LIES NIGERIA?

•Global cement demand in 2013: 3.9bmt (6.6% growth rate).

•Africa represented only 5% of world cement consumption

•Nigeria ranked amongst the world’s top 10 importers of cement in 2011

•Now, Nigeria’s production capacity was 29.2mmtpa in 2013 and was expected 38.2mmtpa in 2014

•It is now top 19 largest cement producing countries in the world) (Table 2)

•Demand > Supply Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Table 3:Major Players in Cement Production in Nigeria


Company Date Present mmtpa (2013)

Future mmtpa (2015)

Ranking

Dangote Cement Plc

2007 20.25 29.25 Largest Producer; 27th in the World

Lafarge Cement WAPCO Nig. Plc

1960 8.5 17 Second Producer

Ashaka Cement Plc. 1979 0.9 3.9 Third

Cement Company of Northern Nigeria Plc

1967 0.1 0.5 Fourth

Total 29.75 50.65


Fig. 1: Distribution of Cement Products in Nigeria

Cement is still Expensive in Nigeria

•Hence, low per capita consumption


USD178 in

Nigeria

USD158 other African Countries

USD65 World

Average


125 kg

World average: 560kg

South Africa: 233kg

Egypt: 554kg

Fig. 2: Per Capital Consumption of Cement (kg)

AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE IN NIGERIA:

SOURCES & CONSUMPTION


NIGERIA OFFERS THE HIGHEST GROWTH OPPORTUNITY IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR



Figure 3: Projected Cement Consumption Growth Rate and GDP

USE OF CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS IS NOT SUSTAINABLE

• Challenges of CH in concrete. (Fig.4)

• Next to automobile. (Fig. 5).

• Depletion of natural resources (Fig 6).

• High cost of materials: Cement, Sand and

Aggregate.

• High energy consumption

18

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION

By-Products include :

• Agricultural By-Products

• Industrial By-Products

By-Products are used as:

• Pozzolan

• Aggregates

• Reinforcement


BENEFITS USING OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION

• Improve concrete performance

• Reduce cost of construction

• Conserve energy

• Conserve natural resources

• Sustainable ‘Green’ construction

• Ensuring conversion of waste to wealth

• Local content development

• Sustainable environment


USE OF CASSAVA PEEL ASH AS POZZOLAN

Figure 1: (a). Cassava production distribution (b). cassava tubers (c). Heap of cassava peels

and (d). Cassava peel ash.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

60mmtpa

PERFORMANCE OF CPA IN CONCRETE

•Combined Silica and Alumina > 70% (Table 4)

•Suitable replacement for cement = up to 15%

• Strength Activity Index > 75% (Table 5)

•Delay setting times = about 60%

•Limit drying shrinkage = about 10% (Figure 10)

•Heat resistance up to 200⁰C for 2 hours.

(Salau and Olonade, 2011; Salau et al., 2012; Salau et al., 2013; Olonade et al. 2013

and Salau et al. 2014)


USE OF STEEL SLAG AS AGGREGATE


c.145 mmtpa (Akinwumi et. al, 2012).


Steel Slag

Content

(%)

Water-Cement Ratio

at Constant Slump of

60 mm

Density (kg/m3)

Curing Ages (Days)

7 14 28 56

0 0.62 2385 2388 2378 2389

25 0.57 2391 2396 2395 2397

50 0.53 2398 2401 2398 2404

75 0.52 2411 2408 2412 2413

100 0.50 2420 2424 2422 2423

Table 6: Water Demand and Density of SS Concrete


Steel Slag

Content (%)

Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

Curing Ages (Days) Curing Ages (Days)

7 14 28 56 7 14 28 56

0 9.85 14.70 21.48 21.61 2.27 2.54 2.74 3.03

25 10.42 15.56 23.59 24.14 2.24 2.52 2.72 3.16

50 10.67 15.93 23.95 24.28 2.25 2.45 2.42 3.23

75 10.76 14.14 21.16 21.59 2.21 2.34 2.38 3.23

100 10.96 14.37 21.06 21.46 2.25 2.37 2.34 3.30

Table 7: Compressive and Flexural Strength of SS Concrete


Figure 11: Compressive strength of SS Concrete

COCONUT COIR AS FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE

(Olonade et al. 2013)



Coconut Fibre

(CF) Content

(%)

Flexural Strength (𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 ) Strength Ratio (SR)

Curing Age (Days) Curing Age (Days)

3 7 28 56 3 7 28 56

0 1.52 1.96 2.54 2.73

0.173 0.136 0.132 0.131

1 2.1 2.44 2.73 2.92

0.222 0.149 0.133 0.133

2 2.31 2.72 2.79 3.01

0.256 0.206 0.154 0.157

3 2.41 2.84 2.88 3.09

0.311 0.239 0.183 0.184

4 2.51 2.85 3.01 3.23

0.367 0.253 0.213 0.212

Table 8: Flexural Strength of and Strength Ratio of CFRC


0% CC 1% CC 3% CC

3% CC 4% CC

Figure 12: Crack Pattern of Concrete with Various Content of CF

Table 8: Some other By-Products used as Construction

Materials

Material Researcher Year % Replacement

Rice Husk Ash Tashima et al. 2004 20

Oyekan and Kamiyo 2008 15

Oyetola and Abdullahi 2006 15

Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash

Alabadan et al. 2005 10

Groundnut Husk Ash Ketkukah and Ndububa 2006 10

Corn Cob Ash Adesanya and Raheem 2008 8

Steel suave and steel-file particles

Salau et al 2014 25


CHALLENGES AND PANACEA

Challenges:

• Lackadaisical attitude to R & D

• Lack of policy

• Low participation of private sector

• Lack of adequate and modern testing material

equipment

• Dormancy nature of most research institutes


CHALLENGES AND PANACEA

Panacea

• Government should create an appropriate means for delineation and implementation of research results.

• A realistic National Policy for Scientific Research

• Promote science-based industries for commercial exploitation of inventions.

• Offshore Collaboration

• Government should evolve policy that will mandate private sector participation


CONCLUSION

• Nigeria offers the largest construction opportunities in Africa

• Conventional construction materials are available in adequate quantity but the use is not sustainable

• Large quantity of various by-products are available to utilize in Construction in Nigeria

• There is need to evolve policy to develop these by-products for use in life projects.


Thank you


Figure 5: Depletion of natural resources (Back)

35

Figure 4: Air pollution from a cement plant (Back)

36

Figure 3: Effect of alkali-silica reaction (Back)

37

Table 4: Comparison of Chemical Specifications of Produced CPA with

other pozzolanic materials and ASTM Standard C618-03 (Back)

Chemical Requirement

ASTM RHAa SCSAb BLAc BGSAd GHAe CPA

Si2O + Al2O3 + Fe2O3,

min., %

70 91.18 75.32 81.25 37.32 76.35 72.22

SO3, max. % 4 0.25 4.35 1.06 6.40 0.94 2.18

Loss on Ignition (LOI),

max. %

6 2.49 0.52 na na na 4.18

Alkali content (Na2O),

max. %

1.5 1.00 3.10 0.21 9.30 na 0.03

38

a Rice Husk Ash [Tashima et al., 2004]

b Sugar Cane Straw Ash [ Moises et al., 2006]

c Bamboo Leaf Ash [Dwivedi et al., 2006]

d Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash [Alabadan et al. 2005]

e Grounut Husk Ash [Ketkukah and Ndububa, 2006]

Table 5: Comparison between Strengths of normal mortar/concrete and the strengths of 15% CPA mortar/concrete (Back)

39

Properties Mortar Concrete

Normal 15% CPA Normal 15% CPA

Compressive Strength

(28- day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐

41.1

37.1

18.7

14.7

Compressive Strength

(90- day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐

51.2

49.7

21.9

18.7 a28-day SAI (%) 90.3 78.6

Flexural Strength (28-

day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐

6.4

5.8

1.56

1.21

Flexural Strength (90-

day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐

7.1

6.7

2.2

1.95

SR (28-day) - - 0.083 0.082

a Minimum of 75% is recommended for 28-day strength (ASTM C 618-08). b Strength Ratio is the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength. (Shetty, 2006)

Figure 10: Shrinkage strain vs. time for CPAC specimen. (Back)

40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 50 100 150 200 250

Shri

nka

ge S

trai

n (×

10

-6)

Time (Days)

0% CPA

5% CPA

10% CPA

15% CPA

20% CPA

25% CPA


Coconut Fibre

(CF) Content (%) Flexural Strength (𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) Strength Ratio (SR)

Curing Age (Days) Curing Age (Days)

3 7 28 56 3 7 28 56

0 1.52 1.96 2.54 2.73 0.173 0.136 0.132 0.131

1 2.1 2.44 2.73 2.92 0.222 0.149 0.133 0.133

2 2.31 2.72 2.79 3.01 0.256 0.206 0.154 0.157

3 2.41 2.84 2.88 3.09 0.311 0.239 0.183 0.184

4 2.51 2.85 3.01 3.23 0.367 0.253 0.213 0.212


Figure 7: Tuber Crops Production Distribution in Nigeria


Figure 8: Heap of Cassava Peels in a Processing Centre in Ogun State, Nigeria


Figure 9: Sample of Cassava Peel Ash


Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria


•Source: Global Cement Directory 2013, USGS Mineral Program Cement Report (February 2014)

Table 2: World Cement Production in 2013 (Back)

use of by-products in construction in nigeria · • ensuring conversion of waste to wealth •...

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