Use of Pheromones and Kairomonesin Pest management

&Standard experimental designs

Oscar E. Liburd, Ph.D.Professor of Entomology

Department of EntomologyUniversity of Florida

Semiochemicals

PheromonesAllelochemics

defensive chemicals

Communicationmembers of the

same species

repellents, oviposition& feeding deterrents

Kairomones Allomones

Promoteshost finding,oviposition

attractants

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Uses of pheromones in pest management

1) To monitor populations of insect pests

2) They are used in attract-kill-programs

3) To prevent mating in orchards

pestmortem.com/pherotrap.html

Sex pheromones - Usually produced by females to attract males for mating, but they may also be produced by males to attract females

Aggregation pheromones – responsible for the aggregation / congregation of insects at food sites or reproductive habitats. They are very common in bark beetles

Trail-marking pheromones – These chemicals are produced by ants and termites which allow other members of the colony to follow or locate their position

Alarm pheromones – Common in social insects such as ants and bees. They stimulate attack or retreat behaviors

Types of Pheromones

Sex pheromones

Detection of sex pheromones

Antennae

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Pheromone versus non-pheromone trap

How does mating disruption works?

Washington State Univ

1) Hand-applied dispensers

Rate: 200-500 / acre

2) Aerosol emitters

Rate: 1-2 / acre

3) Sprayable microencapsulated formulations

Commercially available disruption techniques

Greatly magnified

Photo credit: ISCA Tech.

Stelinski 2007

Grape root borer study using different deployment techniques

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Grape root borer study using different deployment tech

Potential mechanisms in mating disruption

Sensory fatigueunresponsive receptors on antennae

habituation in central nervous system

False trail-following – male moths follow synthetic pheromone plume as opposed to the plume from a female moth

Rubber septumrelease device

Baited sticky trap

Methods to evaluate pheromone efficacy

Trap-shut down

Fruit injury counts

Counting of pupal skins

Dissecting females to determine whether or notthey have mated

Mating disruption control techniques

Advantages

• Specific

• Long Lasting

• Difficult for insects to develop resistance

• Non-toxic

Disadvantages

• Mostly effective for low to moderate pest populations

• Can be costly

• Does not kill pest (immigration)

• Not a stand alone control method

LastCallGRB®

Newly applied versus 6 wk

Attract-and-kill systems with pheromone

A pest control device consisting mainly of an attractant and a toxicant

3 droplets per vine

Contained 0.16% of the GRB pheromoneand 6% Pyrocide

Conducting an ExperimentHypothesis

Reduced-risk pesticides can perform as well as conventional pesticides in reducing populations of blueberry gall midge

Specific Objectives

• Evaluate conventional and reduced-risk insecticides for their effectiveness in controlling blueberry gall midge

• To identify potential reduced-risk insecticides that can be used in an IPM program for controlling blueberry gall midge

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Plot 6 Treatments replicated 4 times

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Split Plot Design

Whole plot treatment (two insecticides) and subplot (4 varieties)

Malathion Bt

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Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12 Mating disruption control techniquesSlide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18