SCHOOL AGRICULTURA NORTH-EAST

Mendez Garcia, Jorge Eduardo

5to. P.A. Agrónomo Expert “A”

English II

ING. Oscar García

Grupo #3Use Verbs and Quantifiers

Zacapa March 12th

Present Perfect There is:Has the meaning of "having". Is formed with "there" followed by the present of the verb "to be" in the singular or plural, as appropriate.

'There is' se utiliza con los sustantivos contables en singular y con sustantivos incontables. There is used when the subject is:A singular count noun:Example:There is an apple in the basket.

Present Perfect • There are:"There are" used only with plural countable nouns. There is a short form.There are "generally is not contracted, although sometimes it is done in informal language.Example:

• There are some shops• There are some books

Future Tense• Have to:

Is a semiauxiliar which is usually translated as "have to".

The difference with "must" is that "must" is used to give orders or express an inner moral obligation to the person speaking or orders and "have to" indicates that the obligation comes from external standards, third person or circumstance .There are several time expressions that are used in all of the different forms of the future tense. They are generally used at the end of the sentence or question. The most common are: tomorrow, next week (Sunday/month/year), in two days (weeks, months years), the day after tomorrow.

Example:• I must go to work.Tengo que ir a trabajar. • I have to do what my parents say.Tengo que hacer lo que mis padres dice

Introduction to the Pasive Voice.Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.• Example: My bike was stolen.In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:• Example: A mistake was made.In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Exampls

Present Simple PasiveIn spoken English is not widely used passive, and many style guides say that writers should not use it either.The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."

Exercise on Passive Voice• Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.:__________________________• He opens the door. - _________________________________________• We set the table. - ___________________________________________• She pays a lot of money. - _____________________________________• I draw a picture. - ____________________________________________• They wear blue shoes. - _______________________________________• They don't help you. - _________________________________________• He doesn't open the book. - ___________________________________• You do not write the letter. - ____________________________________• Does your mum pick you up? - __________________________________• Does the police officer catch the thief? - ___________________________

Past perfect tense “Yet already”Yet

‘Yet’ is used to talk about something which is expected to happen. It means ‘at any time up to now’. It is used in questions and negatives.• Have you finished your homework yet? The speaker expects that the

homework will be finished.• I haven’t finished it yet. I’ll do it after dinner.‘Yet’ usually comes at the end of the sentence.

AlreadyAlready’ is used to say that something has happened early – or earlier than it might have happened.• I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day.• The train’s already left! What are we going to do?‘Already’ usually comes in mid-position.

• ExamplesI've already drunk three coffees this morning. (= and you're offering me another one!)Don't write to John, I've already done it.

Quantifiers• The words in italics are quantifiers. There exists no simple way of reformulating

any one of these expressions as a conjunction or disjunction of sentences, each a simple predicate of an individual such as That wine glass was chipped. These examples also suggest that the construction of quantified expressions in natural language can be syntactically very complicated. Fortunately, for mathematical assertions, the quantification process is syntactically more straightforward.

• The study of quantification in natural languages is much more difficult than the corresponding problem for formal languages. This comes in part from the fact that the grammatical structure of natural language sentences may conceal the logical structure. Moreover, mathematical conventions strictly specify the range of validity for formal language quantifiers; for natural language, specifying the range of validity requires dealing with non-trivial semantic problems. For example the sentence "Someone gets mugged in New York every 10 minutes" does not identify whether it is the same person getting mugged every 10 minutes, see also below.

a). How MuchSe utilizan para preguntar por cantidades de algo.

Si se trata de sustantivos incontables, se usa How much.• How much money do you have?

¿Cuánto dinero tienes?• How much is also used to asking prices.How much is this car?¿Cuánto cuesta este auto?

How much are the potatoes?¿Cuánto cuestan las papas?

b). How Many• You can respond with a precise quantity: one, two, three, one

hundred, million, etc .; in relative: few (few), some (few), many (many), none (none), a lot (many), etc.What you use to ask about countable.

• How many cups of coffee do you drink a day? (How many cups of coffee shots a day?)

• How many pants did you buy in the last sale? (¿Cuántos pantalones compraste en la última venta especial?)

a) Some• (some, some) relates an indefinite quantity (number of ...) is used in affirmative and

interrogative sentences when you expect an affirmative answer:Leave us some apples / Déjanos algunas manzanas.I have some money / Tengo algo de dineroWould you like some coffee? / Quiéres un poco de café?

• Some puede ser sustituido por las siguientes expresiones:• a) ‘A little’, con sustantivos singulares que carecen de plural (tea, sugar, coffee, water):• I have a little tea / Tomo un poco de té• b) ‘A few’, con sustantivos en plural:• I have a few books about Mexico / Tengo algunos libros sobre México

b) Any

• Can be used in negative interrogative sentences (indefinitely many) or (in this case the absence of expressed amount). In the case of interrogative sentences, unlike 'some', an affirmative answer is not expected (we expect both the affirmative and negative).

• Are there any Argentinians here? / ¿Hay algún argentino aquí?There isn’t any problem / No hay ningún problema

• En las frases afirmativas any significa cualquier:• Bring me any book you can find / Tráeme cualquier libro que puedas

encontrar

Must• MUST is a modal verb is used primarily to express obligation and prohibition.

We recall the English modal verbs are verbs used to express different functions such obligation, ability, need, deduction, ban ... recommend viewing the modal verbs before study entry must.

• ¿CÓMO SE FORMA? Must es un verbo modal que se traduce por "deber" y se utiliza en afirmativas y en negativas. Como verbo modal, seguirá las reglas de todos los verbos modales, es decir:

→ En frases afirmativas irá seguido de infinitivo sin to.I must study, You must study, He/she/it must study, We must study, They must study

→ En frases negativas hará la negación usando not o n't I mustn't smoke, You mustn't smoke, He/she mustn't smoke, We mustn't smoke, They mustn't smoke

Might• "Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in

conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

• Examples:• Your purse might be in the living room. possibility• If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditional• You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestion• Might I borrow your pen? request• REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not"

"Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen.

Past Simple of Can• "Can" significa "poder" en el sentido de "tener capacidad". También

se utiliza para pedir permiso. Para pedir permiso de manera informal se utiliza el presente simple, y para pedir permiso de manera más educada se usa elcondicional (could).

• Can es uno de los verbos modales junto con may, must, etc. Esto significa que usualmente estos verbos necesitan completar su significado con otro verbo.

• La conjugación de can es muy especial sólo se puede conjugar en 3 tiempos verbales: presente simple, pasado simple y condicional.

Verbs• Can• Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:• talk about possibility and ability• make requests• ask for or give permissionStructure of canThe basic structure for can is:

subject + auxiliary verbcan + main verb

• Use of can• can for possibility and abilityWe use can to talk about what is possible, what we are able or free to do:• She can drive a car.• John can speak Spanish.• I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.)• Can you hear me?

Must Not• "Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express

necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.

• Examples:• This must be the right address! certainty• Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity• You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation• Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition • Using "Must" in Present, Past, and Future • Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart

below to learn how "must" behaves in different contexts.