Useful and harmful impacts of lithospheric processes for the humanity case studies 4. The lithosphere and the soil as power equipment and hazard Minoan eruption Geographical position of Santorini Tectonic profile of the Aegean Sea (TIBALDI ET AL. 2008) Spreading of the volcanic ash of the Thera Geological profile of Thera The radiocarbon dates have significant implications for the accepted chronology of Eastern Mediterranean cultures. The Minoan eruption is a key marker for the Bronze Age archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean world. It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption is found throughout the region. Despite this evidence, the exact date of the eruption has been difficult to determine. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists placed it at approximately 1500 BCE, but this date appeared to be too young as radiocarbon dating analysis of an olive tree buried beneath a lava flow from the volcano indicates that the eruption occurred between 1627 BCE and 1600 BCE with a 95% degree of probability. Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 In the year of 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius erupted in one of the most catastrophic and famous eruptions in European history. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet. Geographical position of Vesuvius Map of the Vesuvius Model of the Vesuvius type explosion 3D model of the explosion of Vesuvius at 79 AD Mount Vesuvius spawned a deadly cloud of volcanic gas, stones, ash and fumes to a height of 20.5 miles, spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic flows. An estimated 16,000 people died from the eruption. The 79 AD eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years beforehand on 5 February, AD 62, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted. The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii reported by Seneca the Younger leads Haraldur Sigurdsson to compare them to similar deaths of sheep in Iceland from pools of volcanic carbon dioxide and to speculate that the earthquake of 62 was related to new activity by Vesuvius 1755 Lisbon earthquake The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on Saturday, 1 November 1755, the holiday of All Saints' Day, at around 09:40 local time. In combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami, the earthquake almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas. Seismologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude in the range 8.5 9.0) on the moment magnitude scale, with its epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. The spread of tsunami waves at the Lisboa earthquake, 1755 Although seismologists and geologists had always agreed that the epicentre was in the Atlantic to the West of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early theories had proposed the Gorringe Ridge until simulations showed that a source closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores-Gibraltar fault has revealed a 50 km-long thrust structure southwest of Cape St. Vincent, with a dip-slip throw of more than 1 km, that might have been created by the primary tectonic event. Size and frequency of earthquakes at Cape St. Vincente 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on Sunday, 26 December 2004, with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The quake itself is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra Andaman earthquake. The resulting tsunami was given various names, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, and the Boxing Day tsunami. With a magnitude of Mw 9.19.3, it is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. The earthquake had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes. It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia. The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. Movement of the lithosphere plates at the Sumatra earthquake, 2004 3D model of movement of the tsunami wave Spreading of the tsunami wave at Sumatra Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The Geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. Distribution of thermal water of East Hungary Even though geothermal power is globally sustainable, extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion. Over the course of decades, individual wells draw down local temperatures and water levels until a new equilibrium is reached with natural flows. The three oldest sites, at Larderello, Wairakei, and the Geysers have experienced reduced output because of local depletion. Heat and water, in uncertain proportions, were extracted faster than they were replenished. If production is reduced and water is reinjected, these wells could theoretically recover their full potential. Such mitigation strategies have already been implemented at some sites. The long-term sustainability of geothermal energy has been demonstrated at the Lardarello field in Italy since 1913, at the Wairakei field in New Zealand since 1958, and at The Geysers field in California since 1960. Magmatic metallogeny The largest ore deposits of Hungary can be bite to the pegmatite hydrothermal mart of magmatic system. On the area of Matra Mountains can be found two important ore deposits. Haznk rctelepeinek legnagyobb rsze is magms krnyezetben, a pegmatitos- hidroterms rendszerben kpzdtek. A Mtra terletn kett, kiemelkeden fontos rckpzdsi folyamat jtszdott le a fldtrtnet sorn. 1. In the region of Recsk and Pardfrd, ore enrichments in genetic relationship are known on the surface as well as at shallow and deep levels. This is associated with the Oligocene magmatism. On the surface, in the Pardfrd district, a hydrothermal, low sulphidisation ore deposits of gold (-silver) in veins associated with shallow depth quartz-porphyre intrusion is known. To the stratovolcanic levels of the Lahca Hill at Recsk, an ore deposit of Cu, Au and Ag starting at a meso-epithermal temperature is related. This energetic-luzonitic-bournonitic-pyritic siliceous massive ore formation in hydrothermal explosive breccias provided the most important ore material to the mining at Lahca. Geological map of ore deposit of Cu -Au-Ag at Recsk 2. Following the extinction of volcanic activity taking place in the Western and Central Mtra during the Mid-Miocene, a post-volcanic activity along with tectonic movements began resulting in the formation of hydrothermal lithologic deformation and ore-bearing veins. In the Gyngysoroszi- Mtrakeresztes-Mtraszentimre area of nearly 30 km2, Hungarys largest occurrence of lead-zinc ore in veins was explored. The ore-bearing veins of the ore deposits in the Central Mtra were exposed by several smaller study adits and the deep adit of Pardsasvr. In the vein filling, predominantly spharelite and wurtzite and marginally galenite and chalcopyrite as well as rich disseminated pyrite are typical ore minerals Map of ore deposit of Cu Zn-Pb at Gyngysoroszi REFERENCES B LDI T. (2003). A trtneti fldtan alapjai. Nemzetei Tanknyvkiad, Budapest, p B LDI T. (1991). Elemz (ltalnos) fldtan I.-II. Nemzeti Tanknyvkiad, Budapest, p B ALOGH K. (1991). Szedimentolgia I-II-III Akadmiai Kiad Budapest H ARTAI . (2003). A vltoz Fld. Egyetemi tanknyv. Miskolci Egyetemi Kiad, p H AAS J. (1998). Karbontszedimentolgia. ELTE Etvs Kiad, Budapest, p K UBOVICS I. (2008). ltalnos kzettan. A fldvek kzettana Mundus Magyar Egyetemi Kiad p T RK . (2007). Geolgia mrnkknek. Megyetemi Kiad, Budapest, p. 383. Thank you for your attention!